Environmental IssuesEnvironmental Issues

Forest Ecology Issues & NGOsForest Ecology Issues & NGOs

Chapter 16Chapter 16

International Boreal Conservation Campaign

ForestsForests old growth old growth

forestforest: original : original treestrees

1990s: 1990s: 96% of original 96% of original

California California redwoods redwoods (cedar) had been (cedar) had been forestedforested

problemsproblems forest has a right forest has a right

to exist for its to exist for its own sakeown sake

nesting site of nesting site of endangered endangered marbled murreletmarbled murrelet

SolutionsSolutions selective selective

environmentalismenvironmentalism work within the (political, work within the (political,

economic, social) systems economic, social) systems that existthat exist

use courtsuse courts pressure politicianspressure politicians business negotiationsbusiness negotiations ally with scientistsally with scientists

deep ecologydeep ecology militantmilitant confrontationalconfrontational direct actiondirect action

Spectrum of Environmental Spectrum of Environmental ManagementManagement

frontier economicsfrontier economics resource resource

managementmanagement sustainable sustainable

developmentdevelopment selective selective

environmentalismenvironmentalism deep ecologydeep ecology

Frontier EconomicsFrontier Economics

little thought to the little thought to the environmentenvironment

infinite supply of infinite supply of resourcesresources

development of development of resource-based resource-based sciences, engineering, sciences, engineering, technologiestechnologies

cornucopiancornucopian innovation & adaptationinnovation & adaptation

Resource ManagementResource Management

economic growth comes economic growth comes before the environmentbefore the environment

polluter payspolluter pays environmental environmental

assessments and assessments and mitigationmitigation

multidisciplinary multidisciplinary specializations in specializations in traditional sciences & traditional sciences & engineeringengineering

Selective EnvironmentalismSelective Environmentalism

environment comes before environment comes before the economythe economy

environmentally friendly environmentally friendly (“green”) products (“green”) products

environmental preservation environmental preservation and planningand planning

development of development of multidisciplinary multidisciplinary specializations within specializations within traditional sciences & traditional sciences & engineeringengineering

Deep EcologyDeep Ecology

little thought to the little thought to the economyeconomy

natural resources limitednatural resources limited development of narrowly development of narrowly

based sciences, based sciences, researchresearch

philosophy: all life has philosophy: all life has inherent, equal value inherent, equal value (do not have to have (do not have to have value to humans)value to humans)

Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable Development

society, economics & society, economics & environment part of a environment part of a mutually supporting systemmutually supporting system

long-term consideration of long-term consideration of environment and economy environment and economy seen as inseparableseen as inseparable

healthy environment healthy environment essential for healthy essential for healthy economyeconomy

eco-scienceseco-sciences

Some ResultsSome Results by activists:by activists:

Forest Stewardship Council: Forest Stewardship Council: forest certification systemforest certification system

identify forest products produce identify forest products produce from managed forestsfrom managed forests

by the logging companies:by the logging companies: re-forestationre-forestation ““green” wood (second growth)green” wood (second growth) reduced impact loggingreduced impact logging selective cuttingselective cutting reduce wastagereduce wastage

by the consumer:by the consumer: re-use of lumberre-use of lumber

by government:by government: conservationconservation