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ENVIRONMENTALEDUCATION
MMMMMULTICOLOURULTICOLOURULTICOLOURULTICOLOURULTICOLOUR E E E E EDITIONDITIONDITIONDITIONDITION
AS PER THE LATEST ICSE SYLLABUS
Dr. M.P. MishraM.Sc., Ph.D., B.Ed., B.J.
Chief Editor (Hon.) ECOSOC (Environmental Newsletter)President, People For Animals-Ranchi (Jharkhand)
Advisor, Prithvi Foundation - JharkhandConsultant, Ministry of Environment & Forests (AWD), Govt. of India
Vice President, All India Science Writers AssociationSecretary, Science for Society, Jharkhand
Class IX
ICSEICSEICSEICSEICSE
According to the Latest Syllabus for CISCE (Class-IX) prescribed by theCouncil for Indian School Certificate Examination, New Delhi.
S. Chand’s
S. CHAND & COMPANY LTD.(AN ISO 9001 : 2000 COMPANY)
RAM NAGAR, NEW DELHI - 110055
S. CHAND & COMPANY LTD.(An ISO 9001 : 2000 Company)Head Office: 7361, RAM NAGAR, NEW DELHI - 110 055Phone: 23672080-81-82, 9899107446, 9911310888Fax: 91-11-23677446Shop at: schandgroup.com; e-mail: [email protected]
Branches :AHMEDABAD : 1st Floor, Heritage, Near Gujarat Vidhyapeeth, Ashram Road, Ahmedabad - 380 014,
Ph: 27541965, 27542369, [email protected]
BENGALURU : No. 6, Ahuja Chambers, 1st Cross, Kumara Krupa Road, Bengaluru - 560 001,Ph: 22268048, 22354008, [email protected]
BHOPAL : Bajaj Tower, Plot No. 243, Lala Lajpat Rai Colony, Raisen Road, Bhopal - 462 011,Ph: 4274723. [email protected]
CHANDIGARH : S.C.O. 2419-20, First Floor, Sector - 22-C (Near Aroma Hotel), Chandigarh -160 022,Ph: 2725443, 2725446, [email protected]
CHENNAI : 152, Anna Salai, Chennai - 600 002, Ph: 28460026, 28460027, [email protected] : No. 5, 30 Feet Road, Krishnasamy Nagar, Ramanathapuram, Coimbatore -641045,
Ph: 0422-2323620 [email protected] (Marketing Office)
CUTTACK : 1st Floor, Bhartia Tower, Badambadi, Cuttack - 753 009, Ph: 2332580; 2332581, [email protected]
DEHRADUN : 1st Floor, 20, New Road, Near Dwarka Store, Dehradun - 248 001,Ph: 2711101, 2710861, [email protected]
GUWAHATI : Pan Bazar, Guwahati - 781 001, Ph: 2738811, 2735640 [email protected] : Padma Plaza, H.No. 3-4-630, Opp. Ratna College, Narayanaguda, Hyderabad - 500 029,
Ph: 24651135, 24744815, [email protected]
JAIPUR : A-14, Janta Store Shopping Complex, University Marg, Bapu Nagar, Jaipur - 302 015,Ph: 2719126, [email protected]
JALANDHAR : Mai Hiran Gate, Jalandhar - 144 008, Ph: 2401630, 5000630, [email protected]
JAMMU : 67/B, B-Block, Gandhi Nagar, Jammu - 180 004, (M) 09878651464 (Marketing Office)
KOCHI : Kachapilly Square, Mullassery Canal Road, Ernakulam, Kochi - 682 011, Ph: 2378207, [email protected]
KOLKATA : 285/J, Bipin Bihari Ganguli Street, Kolkata - 700 012, Ph: 22367459, 22373914, [email protected] : Mahabeer Market, 25 Gwynne Road, Aminabad, Lucknow - 226 018, Ph: 2626801, 2284815, [email protected]
MUMBAI : Blackie House, 103/5, Walchand Hirachand Marg, Opp. G.P.O., Mumbai - 400 001,Ph: 22690881, 22610885, [email protected]
NAGPUR : Karnal Bag, Model Mill Chowk, Umrer Road, Nagpur - 440 032, Ph: 2723901, 2777666 [email protected]
PATNA : 104, Citicentre Ashok, Govind Mitra Road, Patna - 800 004, Ph: 2300489, 2302100, [email protected]
PUNE : 291/1, Ganesh Gayatri Complex, 1st Floor, Somwarpeth, Near Jain Mandir,Pune - 411 011, Ph: 64017298, [email protected] (Marketing Office)
RAIPUR : Kailash Residency, Plot No. 4B, Bottle House Road, Shankar Nagar, Raipur - 492 007,Ph: 09981200834, [email protected] (Marketing Office)
RANCHI : Flat No. 104, Sri Draupadi Smriti Apartments, East of Jaipal Singh Stadium, Neel Ratan Street, Upper Bazar, Ranchi - 834 001,Ph: 2208761, [email protected] (Marketing Office)
SILIGURI : 122, Raja Ram Mohan Roy Road, East Vivekanandapally, P.O., Siliguri-734001,Dist., Jalpaiguri, (W.B.) Ph. 0353-2520750 (Marketing Office)
VISAKHAPATNAM : Plot No. 7, 1st Floor, Allipuram Extension, Opp. Radhakrishna Towers, Seethammadhara North Extn., Visakhapatnam - 530013, (M) 09347580841, [email protected] (Marketing Office)
© 2009, Dr. M.P. Mishra
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrievalsystem or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Publishers.
First Edition 2009Reprint with Corrections 2011
ISBN : 81-219-3136-3 Code : 34 005
PRINTED IN INDIA
By Rajendra Ravindra Printers Pvt. Ltd., 7361, Ram Nagar, New Delhi -110 055and published by S. Chand & Company Ltd., 7361, Ram Nagar, New Delhi -110 055.
PREFACEIssues of environment have gained sufficient momentum throughout the world now. Through the last few
decades, the nature itself has taught people the world over, the lesson that conservation is not just an optionfor some responsible persons but a way of life for all the citizens of the world. As the sense of conservationsprouted, various social organizations and governments started educating the people about its different aspectsand resources. Currently, some of the major issues being seriously talked about are different types of pollutionscausing problems on local, national and global levels; problems of wastes; deforestation and its consequences;poaching of wild animals; extinction of species; loss of biodiversity; profligate use of common propertyresources; erosion of traditional indigenous knowledge, ethos and values.
Our children are future custodians of the earth, its environment and resources. Hence, it is very importantto sensitize them to the environment and associated problems, and at the same time to equip them with all thenecessary knowledge and skills in a holistic manner, so as to enable them solve the environmental problemsthrough positive and sustainable ways. For this, it is further required that positive attitudes, social values andserious concern towards sustainable development are stimulated in them. The infusion of environmental aspectsin syllabi of different subjects was welcomed by responsible people in the initial stage but later it was foundthat the experiment could not produce the desired results. Some educationalists are of the opinion that theoriginal components of environmental knowledge and mechanism infused in fragments in different subjects,burdened the spirits of those subjects (like literature), secured for themselves the images of “weeds in the cropfields” and hence, remained neglected by testing and evaluation. Various surveys conducted earlier, reveal thatstudents retain 10% of what they read, 50% of what they see and 90% of what they do. The ‘‘doing”component probably missed somewhere in our earlier integrated or infusion model .The conditions ofenvironment we experience today, are matters of serious concern and hence, can not be taken up lightly.
THIS BOOKThis book has been prepared according to the latest ICSE syllabus of Environmental Education incorporating
all the significant elements of the content, process, teaching- learning strategies & expected learning outcomes.It is hoped that this book will provide direct and systematic knowledge of environmental concepts, theories,considerations, issues, and actions through classroom- and outdoor learning. It is further hoped that this bookwill stimulate among students a true love for nature by encouraging them to undertake project formulation,surveys, observations, interviews, field trips, collections, compilations and documentations of mini researchactivities. With the expression of intrinsic abilities for fact finding through classroom- and outdoor learning,students can bring about improvements in their local environment.
I am heartily thankful to Shri Ram Sagar Pathak, my father-in-law, for his blessings and emotional supports.I am thankful to Smt. Kumud Lata Mishra, Latika, Prabhanshu and Rolie for their physical, emotional andtechnical supports during the preparation of the manuscript of this book.
I am thankful to Smt. Nirmala Gupta, CMD, Shri Amit Gupta, CEO, Shri Navin Joshi, Executive VicePresident, S. Chand & Company Limited, New Delhi, its Editors and all the Associated Persons, for undertakingthis publication and bringing it out in a record time.
All the constructive suggestions to improve the quality and standard of this book will thankfully beacknowledged. Hon’ble Teachers and dear students are requested to send feed backs so as to enable the authorimprove the quality and standard of the book.
This book is dedicated to all the school teachers and students who can jointly lead the world towards apeaceful, pleasant and sustainable environment.
Dr. M. P. MISHRAPhones: 0651 2551095 (R), 09431357604(M)
E-mail:[email protected]
ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATIONSYLLABUS
AS PER THE COUNCIL OF INDIAN SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION (CISCE)
CLASS IXThere will be one paper of two hours duration carrying 80 marks and Internal Assessment of 20 marks.
The theory paper will have two sections:Section A (Compulsory) will contain short answer questions covering the entire syllabus
Section B will consist of questions, which will require detailed answers. There will be a choice of Questionsin this section.
THEORY – 80 Marks
1. Understanding Ecosystem
(a) Types of ecosystem - forest, grassland, desert, aquatic, coastal, marine,(b) Interaction between biotic and abiotic factors in an eco-system.(c) Energy flow and its importance, cycles of nutrients in terrestrial and aquatic (fresh water and marine)
ecosystems, nature’s mechanism in maintaining balance.(d) Destruction of ecosystem due to changing patterns of land use; factors responsible for this - population
growth, migration, industrialization and urbanization, dwelling units, transport, encroachment on waterbodies, forests and agricultural land, shifting cultivation, facilities for tourism, pilgrimage, recreation andadventure; construction of large dams, war and mining.
(e) Impact of ecosystem destruction - loss of habitat, stress on resources.(f) Conservation of ecosystem – alternative practices including indigenous conservation practices,
planning for proper land use.(g) Role of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in maintaining the quality of the environment.
2. Depletion of Resources
(a) Natural resources: - air, water, soil, metals, minerals, forests and fuels.(b) Causes of depletion of resources - overuse/ irrational use, non-equitable distribution of resources,
technological and industrial development, and population growth.(c) Impact of resource depletion - imbalance in nature, shortage of materials, struggle for existence;
Slackening of economic growth.(d) Practices for conservation of resources - search for alternatives, promotion of renewable resources.
3. Waste Generation and Management
(a) Sources of waste - domestic, industrial, agricultural, Commercial and other establishments.(b) Classification of waste - bio-degradable, nonbiodegradable; toxic, non-toxic, bio-medical.(c) Impact of waste accumulation - spoilage of landscape, pollution, health hazards, effect on terrestrial,
aquatic (fresh water and marine) life.(d) Need for management of waste.(e) Methods of safe disposal of waste - segregation, dumping, composting, drainage, treatment of effluents
before discharge, incineration, use of scrubbers and electrostatic precipitators.(f) Need for reducing, reusing and recycling waste.(g) Legal provisions for handling and management of waste.
4. Environmental Values and Ethics
(a) Human rights, fundamental duties and value education.(b) Women and Child Welfare.
INTERNAL ASSESSMENT – 20 MarksStudents are required to complete one case study and one project from the list given. The activities
suggested below are neither exhaustive nor prescriptive. Teachers may design their own set of activities keepingin view the overall objectives of teaching and learning of Environment Education at this stage. They will haveto make use of local flora and fauna and the available resources and facilities and take cognizance of localenvironmental problems. The learners should be encouraged to initiate action on their own.
SUGGESTED LIST OF ASSIGNMENTS
1. Visit a few establishments in the locality, such as motor repair workshops, kilns, pottery making units,fish and vegetable markets, restaurants, dyeing units. Find out the types of wastes and methodsprevalent for their disposal. On the basis of the information collected, suggest measures to improve theenvironmental conditions.
2. Prepare a report on the changing patterns of land use during the last five years in the village, city, regionand state through collection of information from different sources about the area of land utilized for:- Housing,- Markets, hospitals, schools and other Facilities,- Construction of roads, and- Industries.
3. To identify economically and environmentally friendly alternatives in order to deal with the scarcity ofresources such as fuels in the locality.
4. Visit a nearby hospital or health center and collect information about diseases caused due to theprevailing environmental conditions.
5. Plan and execute awareness campaigns through community participation on major environmentalproblems at the local and/or national levels, like deforestation, energy conservation, air pollution dueto automobiles and noise pollution.
6. Disseminate information through bulletin boards/school magazines about the impact of construction oflarge dams, natural disasters like floods, droughts or cyclones on the ecosystem.
7. List different types of industries in the States and collect information about the types of raw materialsused, modes of their procurement and disposal of wastes generated. Classify these industries aspolluting or environment friendly and suggest possible ways of reducing pollution caused by theseunits.
AIMS
1. To develop an understanding of eco-systems and their interrelations.2. To develop an awareness about the utilization, overexploitation of natural resources.3. To recognize the need for keeping pollution under control in order to maintain the quality of life.4. To develop the ability to identify, analyze and reflect upon different environmental concerns.5. To acquire skills to collect, analyze and interpret data and information relating to environmental problems.6. To develop skills for effectively tackling problems related to the local environment.7. To adopt practices that help in promoting balance in nature by making judicious utilization of resources
and materials.8. To acquire leadership qualities through participation in specifically designed activities.9. To develop love, affection, sensitivity and a sense of responsibility towards all living beings.
10. To participate in activities and programmes for protecting, preserving and conserving the Environmentand its resources.
11. To appreciate and respect legal provisions for protection of animals and plants.12. To imbibe the essence of environmental values and ethics in order to live in harmony with nature.
CONTENTS1UNDERSTANDING ECOSYSTEM .................... 1 – 45
1. Ecosystem ... 3–19
2. Destruction of Ecosystemand its Impact ... 20–32
3. Conservation of Ecosytem andEnvironmental Impact Assessment ... 33–45
2DEPLETION OF RESOURCES .................... 47 – 79
4. Our Natural Resources ... 49–53
5. Depletion of Resources andImpacts ... 64–72
6. Conservation of Natural Resources ... 73–79
3WASTE GENERATION AND MANAGEMENT .................... 81 – 125
7. Wastes : Sources and Classification ... 83–95
8. Impact of Waste Accumulation ... 96–110
9. Waste Management ... 111–125
4ENVIRONMENT : VALUES AND ETHICS .................... 127 – 145
10. Human Rights, Fundamental Dutiesand Value Education ... 129–138
11. Women and Child Welfare ... 139–145
1.1.1.1.1. EcosystemEcosystemEcosystemEcosystemEcosystem
2.2.2.2.2. Destruction of Ecosystem and its ImpactDestruction of Ecosystem and its ImpactDestruction of Ecosystem and its ImpactDestruction of Ecosystem and its ImpactDestruction of Ecosystem and its Impact
3.3.3.3.3. Conservation of Ecosystem and EnvironmentalConservation of Ecosystem and EnvironmentalConservation of Ecosystem and EnvironmentalConservation of Ecosystem and EnvironmentalConservation of Ecosystem and EnvironmentalImpact AssessmentImpact AssessmentImpact AssessmentImpact AssessmentImpact Assessment
UNDERSTANDINGECOSYSTEM
1
1.1. INTRODUCTION : WHAT IS ECOSYSTEM ?
The environment of our earth has a number of life zones that support birth and development ofall types of organisms. All the life zones of the earth are collectively called as Biosphere. Thebiosphere vertically extends into the atmosphere upto about 10 km and downwards into the oceansupto the depth of about 10.5 km. Inside the earth, it extends upto the depth of about 6.9 km. Each lifezone of the biosphere is made up of several small and independent units comprising plants, animals,micro-organisms, soil, water and climatic factors. Each one of these units is called as ecosystem.
The unit of biosphere comprising different types of life forms interacting closely amongthemselves and with their physical environment is called as Ecosystem.
Introduction : What is Ecosystem?
Biotic and Abiotic Components
Interaction between Biotic and Abiotic Components
Types of Ecosystem
Major Ecosystems
Flow of Energy
Food Chain and Food Web
Loss of Energy in Ecosystem
Cycling of Nutrients
Nature’s Mechanisms in Maintaining Balance
FACTS & CONCEPTS
Ecosystem
1C H A P T E R
ICSE Environmental Education Class IX
Publisher : SChand Publications ISBN : 9788121931366 Author : M P Mishra
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