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Environmental Monitoring and Environmental Monitoring and Assessment in the Lower Assessment in the Lower
Mekong BasinMekong Basin
Wijarn SimachayaWijarn SimachayaDirector, Environment ProgramDirector, Environment Program
Mekong River CommissionMekong River CommissionVientiane, Lao PDRVientiane, Lao PDR
Outlines of the PresentationOutlines of the Presentation
IntroductionEnvironmental Monitoring
Water QualityToxic SubstancesBiological Monitoring
Status of Environment QualityEnvironmental Flow ManagementConclusion and Recommendations
-- One of worldOne of world’’sslongest riverslongest riversapprox 4,800km approx 4,800km -- Most diverse and Most diverse and abundant biodiversityabundant biodiversity-- Six riparian nationsSix riparian nations
CountryCatchment Area Average Flow
km2 % m3/s %China 165,000 21 2,410 16Myanmar 24,000 3 300 2Thailand 184,000 23 2,560 18Lao PDR 202,000 25 5,270 35Cambodia 155,000 20 2,860 18Viet Nam 65,000 8 1,660 11Total 795,000 100 15,060 100
Contribution to Contribution to mainstream flowmainstream flow
“1995 Agreement on the Cooperation for the Sustainable Development of the Mekong River Basin”
Source of water for irrigated and naturally watered cropsSource of water supply
0
20
40
60
80
100
millio
ns
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Cambodia Lao PDR Thailand LMB Viet Nam LMB
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Cambodia Lao PDR Thailand NEThailand
Viet Nam VN MekongDelta
GD
P pe
r cap
ita (U
SD)
1990199519982000
Poverty
Deforestation, Shifting Cultivation Deforestation, Shifting Cultivation and Soil Erosionand Soil Erosion
DroughtsDroughts
FloodsFloods
Increasing risks of Increasing risks of water pollutionwater pollution
industryindustryurban development urban development agricultureagriculture
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
dry season wet season
High seasonal variabilityHigh seasonal variability
Development GoalDevelopment Goal
More Effective Use of the Mekong’s Water and Related Resources to Alleviate Poverty While Protecting the
Environment
VisionVision for the Mekong Basinfor the Mekong Basin
an economically prosperous,an economically prosperous,socially justsocially just
and environmentally soundand environmentally soundMekong River BasinMekong River Basin
Environment ProgrammeEnvironment ProgrammeMekong River Commission (MRC)Mekong River Commission (MRC)
Address environmental and related Address environmental and related social issues to ensure balanced social issues to ensure balanced development in the Basin.development in the Basin.
An environmentally sound, An environmentally sound, economically prosperous and economically prosperous and socially just Mekong River Basinsocially just Mekong River Basin
It provides the Environmental It provides the Environmental framework for the MRC.framework for the MRC.
Environmental MonitoringEnvironmental Monitoring
Water Quality MonitoringWater Quality MonitoringSampling stations:
55 Primary Stations35 Secondary Stations
Parameters: Physio-chemical, biological parameters include: Temp, Tur, TSS, Ca, Mg, Na, K, HCO3, Cl, SO4, pH, EC, DO, COD, AlNew Parameters: Chlorophyll-a, Fecal BacteriaSampling: monthly basisSampling and Analysis by four riparian countries
Toxic Substances StudyToxic Substances Study
Water and Sediment in 2003-2004BTEX, PAHs, Total Hydrocarbons, Heavy metals As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Hg), Pesticides (organochlorine, organophosphate, and triazine), Dioxin and furans, CyanideThe concentrations of most analysedtoxicants in most sampling sites are low and only minor impact in some areas.
Biological MonitoringBiological MonitoringAims to assess and monitor the long-term ecological health of the lower Mekong River
Based on analysis of biological communities (biomonitoring)
Supported by physical and chemical measurements Ecosystem health monitoring, using bio-assessment techniques. Covers the basin (3 year cycle).
2006 will focus on flood plains and delta in Cambodia and Vietnam.Parameters:- Channel and bottom macroinvertebrates- Littoral and rock macroinvertebrates- Benthic diatoms- Zooplankton
Why Why biologicalbiological monitoring?monitoring?Biological monitoring is used worldwide for ecological health assessment of rivers
Complements physical and chemical monitoring – not a substitute
Biological indicators– Indicate past as well as present pollution– Can detect impacts that may be missed by standard
chemical tests– Are often of concern to the general public
How do we assess ecological health of How do we assess ecological health of the Mekong?the Mekong?
Very little ecological health assessment has been done on large tropical rivers
Assessment methods mostly developed for shallow streams in Europe, North America, Australia
We are making use of international experience BUT
The program is developing methods specifically suited to the Mekong
Proposed 21 Sampling Sites for Ecological Health Assessment in 2005-2007 in LMB
Sites studies in 2005
Proposed sites for 2006
Proposed sites for 2007
Option for 2007
Proposed 21 Sampling Sites for Ecological Health Assessment for 2006 in LMB
- Sites in Cambodia (13)
- Sites in Vietnam (8)
1
2
34
5
6
7
8
9
10
1113
12
14
15
20
1916
17
18
21
Four biological communitiesFour biological communities
Benthic diatoms
Zooplankton
Littoral invertebrates
Benthic invertebrates
Collecting samplesCollecting samplesReal area for collecting samples in Mekong River
5 m.
100 m.
Sampling CollectionSampling Collection
Status of Environmental QualityStatus of Environmental Quality
Water qualityOverall good qualitySmall number of sites with deteriorating quality A small number of sites with sediment toxicity
Indicative Mekong Basin Report Card on Environment Condition
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
TOTN
_mg/
L
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
.5
0.02004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
TOTP
_mg/
L
.200
.175
.150
.125
.100
.075
.050
.025
0.000
Total P in The Mekong River Total N in The Mekong River
Social Impact Monitoring (SIM)Social Impact Monitoring (SIM)SIM is an important activity that aims at establishing a system of continued observation, measurement and evaluation for the defined purpose of promoting sustainable development in the basin
More than 20 indicators have been used with division into three sub-groups :
Healtheg. Access to safe drinking water
Prevalence of diarrhea Livelihoods
eg. Income from landsIncome from forest product and fisheriesFood security
Vulnerabilityeg. Households rendered homeless from floods/landslides
per yearNumber of deaths from disasters and water related activities
Water Management Tool Decision Support Framework
K n o w le d g e B a s e (K B )
P la n n in g a n d m o n ito r in g d a ta s u c h a s :
M R C D e c is io n S u p p o rt F ra m e w o rk (D S F )
D S F U s e r In te r fa c e a n d T o o ls
B a s in S im u la tio n M o d e llin g P a c k a g e
S W A T
IQ Q M
IS IS
Im p a c t A n a ly s is T o o ls ( IA T )
R e p o rtin g T o o ls
• h y d ro lo g ic a l re c o rd s
• p h y s ic a l d a ta • s o c io -e c o n o m ic
a n d e n v iro n m e n ta l d a ta
• s c e n a r io d e s c r ip tio n d a ta
• s im u la tio n m o d e l in p u t d a ta
• s im u la tio n m o d e l re s u lts
Hydrological model
Hydrodynamic model
Simulation model
Environmental Flow Environmental Flow Management Management (Integrated Basin Flow Management)(Integrated Basin Flow Management)
Environmental Flow is?– Flow regime that left in the river to
ensure downstream environmental, social and economic benefits
– Goal of EF is to provide a flow regime that is adequate in terms of quantity, quality and timing for sustaining the health of the rivers and other aquatic ecosystems.
What is the process followed in an What is the process followed in an holistic environmental flow holistic environmental flow assessment?assessment?
Understand the riverUnderstand the riverUnderstand how people use the riverUnderstand how people use the riverPredict how the river could change with flow Predict how the river could change with flow changechangePredict how this could affect the river usersPredict how this could affect the river usersPlace predictions into regional economic Place predictions into regional economic contextcontextProduce findings in a form that stakeholders Produce findings in a form that stakeholders can understand and decisioncan understand and decision--makers can usemakers can use
ConclusionConclusion
Environmental analysis indicate overall healthy river, a small number of minor impacted sites.
RecommendationsRecommendations
Regional environmental management plan Total catchmentmanagement (TCM)Capacity building and public participation
Irrig
atio
n, A
gric
ultu
re a
ndFo
rest
ry
Floo
d m
anag
emen
t
Hyd
ropo
wer
Nav
igat
ion
Fish
erie
s
Tour
ism
EnvironmentManagement
Information andknowledge management
Integrated Capacity Building
Water Utilization
Mekong Programme
Regional Cooperation for Sustainable Development of Water and Related Resourcesin the Mekong River Basin
Dro
ught
man
agem
ent
Basin Development Plan
Historic changeHistoric change
Major dams in China
Small to medium dams in LMB
Irrigation development
Forest cover reduction
Freshwater fisheriesBrackish water fisheries
High population densities