Environmental Policy Making in Developing Countries and States (Re-post)

7/27/2019 Environmental Policy Making in Developing Countries and States (Re-post)

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Environmental Policy Making in Developing

Countries / States

Vanessa F. Manalang

UP SURP

P280 A - 1st Semester S.Y. 2013 - 2014


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S U S T A I N A B I L I T Y

- Our Common Future, Brundtland Commission

meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of

future generations to meet their own needs

Reference: BERDE 102 Lecture on PHILGBC OVERVIEW, courtesy of the Philippine Green Building Council (PHILGBC and TV Rheinland Philippines, Inc.


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Photo: NASA



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The Department of Energy targets to increase the

Philippines current oil and gas reserves from theyear 2004 level of 69.5 million metric tons of oil

equivalent (MMTOE) to 83.6 MMTOE by 2014 due

to increased energy demand



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Developing countries are

the most vulnerable and the

least able to address thenegative impacts of Climate

Change.



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LANDLORD TENANT PARADOX

Source: The Kyoto Protocol, The Clean Development Mechanism and

Building and Construction Sector - A Report for the UNEP

Sustainable Buildings and Construction Initiative. United Nations,

2008.

The person deciding about energy efficient

investments in buildings is seldom affected

directly by the consequences of the decision.



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Those who contribute least to the process of climate

change, such as the Philippines, producing only one third

of one percent of the global greenhouse gases, are also,

ironically, the most vulnerable to the devastation inflictedby forces of nature. Adverse climatic conditions disrupt

agricultural productivity and economic livelihoods,

diminish capacity to sustain food security, and endanger

biodiversity and ecosystems that put millions of our

peoples at risk. The Philippines multiple vulnerabilities

thus demand that we prioritize adaptation to ensure that

our communities become more resilient.

- President Aquino during the 13th ASEAN-China

Summit



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UN

SustainableDevelopment

Indicators



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1. SOCIAL

1.1.Equity

1.1.1. So-Eq-1. Contribution to employment, hiring local firms,workers

1.2 Health1.2.1. So-He-1. Contribution to health of children

1.2.2. So-He-2. Contribution to reproductive health

1.2.3. So-He-3. Contribution to improvement of sewagedisposal incorporated into the project

1.2.4. So-He-4. Contribution to access to safe drinking waterincorporated into the project

1.2.5. So-He-5. Contribution to healthcare and comfort

1.2.6. So-He-6. Systems, procedures for managing andmaintaining job safety

UN

Sustainable

Development

Indicators



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1.3 Human Rights

1.3.1. So-HR-1. Use of child labor

1.4 Education

1.4.1. So-Ed-1. Contribution to primary and secondary schoolcompletion

1.4.2. So-Ed-2. Contribution to Literacy

1.5 Housing

1.5.1. So-Ho-1. Contribution to housing

1.6 Security1.6.1. So-Se-1. Efforts to reduce crime related to the project at

all phases

1.7 Population

1.7.1. So-Po-1. Contribution in improving conditions in formal

and informal settlements

UN

Sustainable

Development

Indicators



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1.8 Culture

1.8.1. So-Cu-1. Impacts on local culture and historic buildings

1.8.2. So-Cu-2. Effects of project In displacement of localpopulation

1.9 Integrity

1.9.1. So-In-1. Reduction of bribery and corruption associatedwith projects

2. ECONOMIC

2.1 Economic Structure

2.1.1. Ec-ES-1. Effect of the project on the improvement of GDPto the local economy

2.2 Consumption and Production Patterns

2.2.1. Ec-CP-1. Design and delivery of project geared to reduce

use of materials

UN

Sustainable

Development

Indicators



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2.2.2. Ec-CP-2. Design and delivery of project to reduce the

intensity of energy use

2.2.3. Ec-CP-3. Design and delivery of project to reduce industrial,

municipal solid waste generation and disposal

2.2.4. Ec-CP-4. Design and delivery of project to reduce

hazardous waste generation and disposal


radioactive waste generation and disposal

2.2.6. Ec-CP-6. Design and delivery of project to maximize wasterecycling and reuse


inefficient transport

UN

Sustainable

Development

Indicators



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2.2.8. Ec-CP-8. Design and delivery of project to maximize

length of service of the building

2.2.9. Ec-CP-9. Design and delivery of project for ease of

service and maintainability of the facility

2.3 Institutional Framework

2.3.1. Ec-IF-1. Contribution to the National Sustainability

Development Strategy

2.3.2. Ec-IF-2. Contribution to Ratified Global Agreements

2.4 Institutional Capacity2.4.1. Ec-IC-1. Contribution to increase an interest use

2.4.2. Ec-IC-2. Contribution to increase in telephone lines

UN

Sustainable

Development

Indicators



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2.4.3. Ec-IC-3. Contribution to research and development

2.4.4. Ec-IC-4. Contribution to protection of economics andhuman loss due to natural disasters

3. ENVIRONMENTAL

3.1. Atmosphere

3.1.1. En-At-1. Quantity of GHG emitted

3.1.2. En-At-2. Quantity of Ozone Depleting Substance used

3.1.3. En-At-3. Effect of project on air pollution in area

3.1.4. En-At-4. Effect of project on indoor air pollution3.2. Land

3.2.1. En-La-1. Effect of project on arable and permanentcropland area

3.2.2. En-La-2. Effect of project on use of fertilizers

UN

Sustainable

Development

Indicators



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3.2.3. En-La-3. Effect on project on use of agricultural pesticides

3.2.4. En-La-4. Effects of project on wood harvesting

3.2.5. En-La-5. Effects of project on land affected bydesertification

3.2.6. En-La-6. Effect of project on urban formal andinformal settlements

3.3. Oceans

3.3.1. En-Oc-1. Effects of project on algae concentration incoastal waters

3.3.2. En-Oc-2. Effect of project on population living incoastal waters

3.3.3. En-Oc-3. Effects of project on marine life

UN

Sustainable

Development

Indicators


UN


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3.4. Fresh Water

3.4.1. En-FW-1. Use of water in relation to total available

water

3.4.2. En-FW-2. Effects of water on BOD in water bodies3.4.3. En-FW-3. Effects of project on faecal coliform in

freshwater

3.5. Biodiversity

3.5.1. En-Bi-1. Area of key ecosystems affected by project

3.5.2. En-Bi-2. Effects of project on abundance of keyspecies

UN

Sustainable

Development

Indicators



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POLICY BENCHMARKING IN THE DEVELOPING

COUNTRIES AND THE ECONOMIES IN

TRANSITION: PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE

January 1998

- UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

ORGANIZATION (UNIDO)


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Reference: POLICY BENCHMARKING IN THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND THE ECONOMIES IN TRANSITION: PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE, January 1998

- UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION (UNIDO)

Policy-makers in developing countries and economies intransition face the daunting challenge of coming forth with ever

more relevant, focused and effective policies to attain

susta ined g rowth, imp rove l iv ing standardsand el iminate

poverty and d isease.


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Recent experience demonstrates that unilateral liberalizationprogrammes in developing countries and economies in

transition need to be coupled with policies aimed at assisting

the econom ic struc turecope with unprecedented levels ofexposu re to internat ional com pet it ion.

Framework policies to promote manufacturing

competitiveness are particularly needed at a time of ever moreintense competition in the world market as well as offensive

and defensive project ionis tmeasures in the developed

wor ld.




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Co-operation among countries in the policy field may consistof:

harmonizat ion

co-ordination o r jo int assessment benchmark ing

A salient feature of these three levels of co-operation is the

declining need for top-down intervention and centralized

execution

In contrast to the first two, experience of policy

benchmarking is very limited, especially across regions,

where it offers the greatest potential.




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Policy Harmon ization

Steps towards policy harmonization often focus on

compliance with international covenants and codesvoluntarily adhered to on a bilateral or multilateral basis

Adherence in this case usually entails acceptance of some

constraints on the scope for autonomous decision-making inspecific policy areas to gain access to markets, technology

or finance.




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Policy Co-ordinat ion

Policy co-ordination takes place when two or more countries

decide to take a common stand in international fora.

a more flexible and looser form of co-operation than policy

harmonization since its scope, objectives and length may

vary from case to case.




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Policy Benchmark ing

Competitiveness policy benchmarking is a relatively new

tool to monitor process and to assess the situation against

continuously improving best practice worldwide on anongoing basis.

Its effective use requires close consultation and joint work

with the enterprises sector. It serves to assess not just wellor poorly firms, specific subsectors and entire sectors

perform in a given country as compared with their

counterparts in other countries but also the factors that

determine competitive performance.




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Policy Benchmark ing

It goes beyond competitive analysis by providing an

understanding of the processes, skills and capabilities thatcreate superior performance.

Policy benchmarking links up with the key medium- and

long-term issues of concern to industrial development policy.




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Environmental Policy Making in Developing

Countries / States

Vanessa F. Manalang

UP SURP

P280 A - 1st Semester S.Y. 2013 - 2014

THANK YOU!

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Environmental Policy Making in Developing Countries and States (Re-post)