ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND TR ANSITIONS FROM C ONFLICT TO PEACE

1

Environmental Protection and Transitions from Conflict

to Peace

Edited byCARSTEN STAHN

JENS IVERSON and

JENNIFER S . EASTERDAY

1Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP,

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Preface

For many years, the Jus Post Bellum Project has updated and further enlightened prac-titioners and researchers on the theoretical framework and practical consequences of jus post bellum and its link to sustainable peace. Within the context of this discourse, the environment and the exploitation of natural resources have not been the centre of attention.

In this volume, Carsten Stahn, Jens Iverson and Jennifer S. Easterday have chosen to focus on environmental protection as a more visible part of jus post bellum. This is an important and welcome choice. Not only is post bellum environmental protection a conditio sine qua non for the rebuilding of a war- torn society, it is still an overlooked matter, only occasionally dealt with by the international community on a case- by- case basis. UN Environment (formerly UNEP) is doing crucial work through its Disasters and Conflicts programme, but as a UN program, it needs a mandate from States when choosing which steps to take — and those steps need to be financed. That said, we see a light on the horizon. In the recently proposed Global Pact for the Environment, the proposed Article 19 provides that “States shall take pursuant to their obligations under international law all feasible measures to protect the environment in relation to armed conflicts.”1

In an attempt to corroborate that post- war environmental protection is not solely a policy matter but also a legal matter, a seminar was arranged by the Jus Post Bellum Project in the Hague in 2014. I was privileged to attend that seminar and listen to the interesting and pioneering research presented. This volume is in part a further elabora-tion of some of the research presented there. But it also contains more recent research that assists us to deepen our understanding of this complex issue.

The result is a comprehensive and impressive volume that presents up- to- date research and comments on environmental protection of jus post bellum. It is fair to say that this volume is the first of its kind. It is needed and welcome.

Following an excellent and helpful introduction, the volume is divided into four parts:  Foundations, Legal Norms and Frameworks, Tension and Dilemmas and Remedying and Preventive Damage and Harm. It contains valuable tables of legal cases, treaties and other documents as well as a list of abbreviations. It is a proper piece of aca-demic work. But it is more than that. It fills a gap.

When the United Nations International Law Commission (ILC) decided to place the topic Protection of the Environment in Relation to Armed Conflicts on its agenda, it did so as a result of a growing environmental apprehension among States, interna-tional organizations, such as the ICRC and civil society, the latter represented for exam-ple by the Environmental Law Institute. It was out of concern “that the environment

1 Presented by Laurent Fabius, President of the Conseil constitutionnel, Former President of the COP21, and President of the Pact Experts Group, to President Macron in Paris 24 June 2017. Available at http:// pactenvironment.org, last accessed 31 July 2017.

http://pactenvironment.orghttp://pactenvironment.org

viii Preface

continues to be the silent victim of modern warfare” that UNEP and the Environmental Law Institute “undertook a joint assessment of the state of the existing legal framework protecting natural resources and the environment during armed conflict” in 2009. The result was the UNEP’s report, Protecting the Environment During Armed Conflict – An Inventory and Analysis of International Law (2009). The report suggested that the ILC “examine the existing international law for protecting the environment during armed conflict and recommend how it can be clarified, codified and expanded”.2

Although the title of the UNEP Report indicates that the focus of the report is envi-ronmental protection “during” armed conflict, the innovative approach of the report was to look at other areas than international humanitarian law, namely environmental law, human rights and international criminal law. While the report does not refer to jus post bellum, the references to the post- war consequences for the environment and natu-ral resources were plentiful. The jus post bellum was ever- present.

When the ILC takes up a new topic, it does so on the basis of its mandate. The focus must be on progressive development of international law or its codification. At the same time the Commission should not restrict itself to traditional topics, but should also consider those that reflect new developments in international law and pressing con-cerns of the international community as a whole. It was on this basis the Commission took up the topic of Protection of the environment in relation to armed conflict.

When I was appointed Special Rapporteur for the topic I suggested that the work should focus on three temporal phases: before, during and after armed conflict. It seemed to be the only practical way to move the topic forward. At the same time it was evident that the temporal phases could not be entirely separated from each other. The pre- conflict phase and the post- conflict phase had much in common if viewed through a legal lens. The “during armed conflict phase” was already regulated through the law of armed conflict. Even if the existing environmental protection was not strong enough, there was little prospect of modifying that particular body of law.

Concurrently the Commission had recognised that [t] he existence of an armed con-flict does not ipso facto terminate or suspend the operation of treaties as between States parties to the conflict or as between a State party to the conflict and a State that is not.3 The Commission had presented an indicative list of treaties that involves an implica-tion that they continue in operation, in whole or in part, during armed conflict.4 This list included treaties for the international protection of human rights, international protection of the environment, international watercourses and related installations and facilities, and treaties relating to aquifers and related installations and facilities among others. It was clear that the law applicable during armed conflict was wider than merely the lex specialis on the law of armed conflict. Legal principles and rules are often inter-linked throughout all phases of a conflict.

2 UNEP, Protecting the Environment During Armed Conflict – An Inventory and Analysis of International Law (2009), Recommendation 3, p. 53.

3 ILC, Draft articles on the effect of armed conflict on treaties, Article 3. Available at http:// legal.un.org/ docs/ ?path=../ ilc/ texts/ instruments/ english/ draft_ articles/ 1_ 10_ 2011.pdf&lang=EF, last accessed 31 July 2017.

4 Article 7 (Continued operation of treaties resulting from their subject- matter).

http://legal.un.org/docs/?path=../ilc/texts/instruments/english/draft_articles/1_10_2011.pdf&lang=EFhttp://legal.un.org/docs/?path=../ilc/texts/instruments/english/draft_articles/1_10_2011.pdf&lang=EF

Preface ix

From a more practical perspective every topic the ILC places on its agenda needs to be confined. It cannot cover all angles or all aspects. The ILC decided not to address root causes of armed conflict, natural resources, protection of cultural property per se, or peacebuilding, to give but a few examples. Many of these issues are dealt with by other UN bodies, such as the Security Council and the Peacebuilding Commission. It is still an open question whether the Commission will proceed to define “environment” or to address in more detail issues of liability and responsibility.

In addressing environmental protection in relation to armed conflicts, the pre- and post- armed conflict phases are of crucial importance. A post- war situation is legally complex: matters such as establishing the critical time and dates of conduct, clarifying applicable legal subjects, liability, responsibility, compensation, remediation, statutes of limitation — these are but a few matters that need to be addressed. At the same time it is obvious that the environment will not be repaired through a lengthy court proce-dure — as important as that may be. Innovative jus post bellum is required.

Sustainable peace cannot be achieved if environmental consequences are disre-garded. In this context, women play a crucial role and need to be actively involved. This is a matter of law and justice. This comprehensive volume will add to the debate, and provide a space for further discussions on approaches in transitions from conflict to peace. The contributions show that jus post bellum clearly links into the pre- conflict and during armed conflict phases. I envy those who have not yet read the book, but will shortly be enlightened by it.

Ambassador Marie G. JacobssonFormer Member of the United Nations International Law Commission

and Special Rapporteur for the topic: Protection of the environment in relation to armed conflicts 2013–2016

July 2017

Acknowledgements

This volume is the continuation of a collaborative research effort led by the editors, known as the Jus Post Bellum Project. This project investigates whether and how a con-temporary jus post bellum may facilitate greater fairness and sustainability in conflict termination and peacemaking.

Many of the contributions grew out of expert seminars on jus post bellum and the environment organized by the Project at the Peace Palace in June 2014. The conference and the project were made possible by the kind support of the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) who provided the funding for this research through a Vidi grant for the Jus Post Bellum Project. The research is part of the broader research programme of the Leiden Law School on ‘Exploring the Frontiers of International Law’.

We would like to thank all contributors to this volume for their care, dedication, and efforts to provide fresh thinking on the theme of jus post bellum, and their openness to editorial suggestions. We would also like to express our gratitude to other individu-als who contributed to the creation of this volume, particularly Marie Jacobsson. This work would not be possible without the support of the Grotius Centre for International Legal Studies at Leiden University, which hosts the Project. In particular we would like to thank Jordan Hawthorne for her invaluable assistance.

At Oxford University Press we would like to thank Emma Endean- Mills and Merel Alstein for supporting this project and ensuring publication of this volume. We hope that this work will contribute to broader discourse and concrete improvements in envi-ronmental protection and transitions to peace.

Carsten Stahn, Jens Iverson, Jennifer S. Easterday, March 2017

Contents

Preface viiMarie G. Jacobsson

Table of Cases  xixTable of Legislation  xxvAbbreviations  xxxviiList of Contributors  xli

Introduction: Protection of the Environment and Jus Post Bellum: Some Preliminary Reflections  1Carsten Stahn, Jens Iverson, and Jennifer S. EasterdayI.1 State- of- the- Art  1I.2 Jus Post Bellum and Environmental Protection  5I.3 The ILC Draft Principles on the Protection of the Environment

in Relation to Armed Conflicts  11I.4 Content of the Book  15I.5 Not a Conclusion  24

I . FOUNDATIONS

1. Considerations in Framing the Environmental Dimensions of Jus Post Bellum  29Carl Bruch1.1 Introduction  291.2 Jus Post Bellum and Environmental Peacebuilding  301.3 Challenges Ahead  38

2. Defining the Environment: Environmental Integrity  40Cymie R. Payne2.1 Introduction  402.2 The Classic Approach in International Law  442.3 Environmental Integrity  622.4 Lessons for Jus Post Bellum  68

I I . LEGAL NORMS AND FR AMEWORKS

3. The Ability of Environmental Treaties to Address Environmental Problems in Post- Conflict  73Britta Sjöstedt3.1 Introduction  733.2 Problems in Environmental Protection Work Related to Armed Conflicts  743.3 Environmental Treaties’ Alternative Approach  773.4 Conclusions  90

xiv Contents

4. The Environment and Armed Conflict: Employing General Principles to Protect the Environment  93Kirsten Stefanik4.1 Introduction  934.2 The Power of Principles: General Principles of International Law  954.3 The Role of General Principles in International Law  984.4 International Environmental Law  1024.5 The Precautionary Principle  1064.6 Precaution and Proportion: The Precautionary Principle Versus

International Humanitarian Law  1134.7 Principles of IEL in Jus Post Bellum  1154.8 Conclusion  117

5. Using a Framework of Human Rights and Transitional Justice for Post- Conflict Environmental Protection and Remediation  119Karen Hulme5.1 Introduction  1195.2 Post- Conflict Legal Frameworks  1205.3 Environmental Damage as a Human Rights Issue  1235.4 Environmental Damage as a Post- Conflict Human Rights Issue  1265.5 Conclusions  141

6. The Law of Pillage, Conflict Resources, and Jus Post Bellum  143Olivia Radics and Carl Bruch6.1 Introduction  1436.2 Background  1466.3 The Law of Pillage and Jus Post Bellum  1516.4 Conclusion: Alternative Avenues for Accountability and Prevention  167

7. Standard- setting Practices for the Management of Natural Resources in Conflict- Torn States: Constitutive Elements of Jus Post Bellum  169Daniëlla Dam- de Jong7.1 Introduction  1697.2 The Role of Natural Resources in Fuelling Armed Conflict

in West Africa and the DRC  1707.3 Standards Developed in UN Security Council Resolutions  1757.4 Implementation of Standards in the Mandates

of Peacekeeping Operations  1857.5 Implementation of Standards in Management Reform Programmes  1887.6 Lessons for Jus Post Bellum  190

8. Environmental Implications of Disarmament: The CWC Case  192Ayṣe- Martina Böhringer and Thilo Marauhn8.1 The CWC Obligation to Disarm  1928.2 Environmental Implications of Chemical Disarmament  1948.3 From Fragmentation to Integration  1958.4 The Syrian Case  1998.5 Lessons Learned  201

Contents xv

9. Legal Protection of the Environment: The Double Challenge of Non- International Armed Conflict and Post- Conflict Peacebuilding  203Dieter Fleck

9.1 Introduction  2039.2 Environmental Obligations in Non- International Armed Conflict  2059.3 Environmental Obligations Post- Conflict  2159.4 Conclusions  218

10. Eco- Struggles: Using International Criminal Law to Protect the Environment During and After Non- International Armed Conflict  220Matthew Gillett10.1 Introduction  22010.2 Environmental Harm During and After Armed Conflicts  22210.3 The Application of International Criminal Law to Environmental

Harm During Non- International Armed Conflicts  22410.4 Extending Environmental Protections to Non- International

Armed Conflicts  23410.5 Accountability for Environmental Harm as a Facet of Jus Post Bellum  24810.6 Conclusion  252

II I . TENSIONS AND DILEMMAS

11. Reparation for Environmental Damage in Jus Post Bellum: The Problem of Shared Responsibility  257Ilias Plakokefalos11.1 Introduction  25711.2 The Bundle of Primary Obligations and their Relevance to Shared

Responsibility and Reparation  25911.3 Shared Responsibility and Reparation  26511.4 Concluding Remarks  272

12. Conflict, Cash, and Controversy: Protecting Environmental Rights in Post- Conflict Settings  274Jennifer S. Easterday and Hana Ivanhoe12.1 Introduction: Sustainable Development, Environmental

Protection, and Jus Post Bellum  27412.2 Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Degradation  27712.3 Ensuring Corporate Social Responsibility and Respect

for Human and Environmental Rights in Post- Conflict Countries  27912.4 UN and International Financial Organizations  29012.5 Challenges and Gaps in Existing Frameworks Addressing

Environmental Degradation Resulting from External Involvement in Post- Conflict Settings  293

12.6 Conclusions  297

xvi Contents

13. Private Security Companies and Other Private Security Service Providers (PSCs) and Environmental Protection in Jus Post Bellum: Policy and Regulatory Challenges  299Onita Das and Aneaka Kellay13.1 Introduction  29913.2 PSCs and Environmental Issues: An Overview  30013.3 PSCs: Law and Policy and its Relevance to Environmental

Protection— an Overview  30513.4 Law and Policy in Practice: Attaching Liability for PSC Wrongdoing  31513.5 Conclusion  323

IV. REMEDYING AND PREVENTING DAMAGE AND HARM

14. Developments in the Law of Environmental Reparations: A Case Study of the UN Compensation Commission  329Cymie R. Payne14.1 Introduction  32914.2 Constitution of the UNCC and Choice of Civil or Criminal Law  33314.3 Structure, Procedures, and Substantive Law  33714.4 UNCC Environmental Reparations and Jus Post Bellum  36014.5 What Jus Post Bellum Adds to Environmental Integrity  36414.6 Conclusion  365

15. Victims of Environmental Harm During Conflict: The Potential for ‘Justice’  367Merryl Lawry- White15.1 Introduction  36715.2 The Environmental Imperative 36915.3 The Patchwork of Relevant Protections  37115.4 The Parameters of Reparation  37915.5 Implementation: Institutions, Considerations, and Precedents  38715.6 Conclusions  394

16. Post- Conflict Mine Action: Environment and Law  396Ursign Hofmann and Pascal Rapillard16.1 Introduction: Nexus Between Peacebuilding, Mine Action,

and the Environment  39616.2 Normative Framework  39816.3 Environmental Impact of Remnants of Conflict on Land  40416.4 Environmental Impact of Mine Clearance on Land  40616.5 Measures to Ensure Mine Clearance on Land Does

No Harm to the Environment  40816.6 Challenges and Ways to Address Liability for Environmental

Degradation and Damage to Individuals from Remnants of Conflict and their Removal  409

16.7 Conclusion  418

Contents xvii

17. ‘After the War is Before the War’: The Environment, Preventive Measures Under International Humanitarian Law, and their Post- Conflict Impact  420Anne Dienelt17.1 Introduction  42017.2 Preventive Measures Under IHL  42217.3 Preventive Measures Under IHL and their Post- Conflict Impact  43117.4 Conclusion  436

18. Reframing the Remnants of War: The Role of the International Law Commission, Governments, and Civil Society  438Doug Weir18.1 Introduction  43818.2 Context  43918.3 The Historic Decoupling of the Environment from Mine Action  44018.4 The Emergence of the Toxic Remnants of War Framing  44218.5 The ILC’s Draft Principle on the Toxic and Hazardous

Remnants of War  44418.6 The ILC’s Other Post- Conflict Draft Principles that Intersect

with Toxic Remnants of War 45018.7 Conclusion  453

Index 457

Table of Cases

n denotes a footnote reference

PERMANENT INTERNATIONAL COURTS

International Court Of Justice (ICJ)Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v Democratic Republic of the Congo), 19 June

2012, ICJ Reports 639 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128n64Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide

(Bosnia and Herzegovina v Serbia and Montenegro), Judgment, 26 February 2007, ICJ Reports 43 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242n123, 270

Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (DRC v Uganda), Judgment, 19 December 2005, ICJ Reports 168 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123n29, 145, 147, 158– 9, 173– 4, 173n21,

231– 2, 237, 373, 376, 382Case Concerning the Gabčikovo- Nagymaros Project (Hungary v Slovakia), Judgment, 25

September 1997, ICJ Reports 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197, 354, 369, 379n69Certain Activities carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v Nicaragua),

Judgment, 16 December 2015, ICJ Reports 358 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197, 387Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v Costa Rica),

Judgment, 16 December 2015, ICJ Reports 358 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197, 387Corfu Channel (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland v Albania) Merits

[1949] ICJ Rep 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266, 415– 16Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South

West Africa) Notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276 (1970), Advisory Opinion, 21 June 1971, ICJ 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, 9 July 2004, ICJ Reports 136 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123n29, 361n209, 376n43

Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, 8 July 1996, ICJ Reports 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2n12, 9, 9n55, 16, 40– 1, 46, 68, 93– 4, 105, 123n29, 197,

229n53, 259– 60, 377, 378, 426Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v USA)

(Merits), Judgment of 27 June 1986, ICJ Reports 147 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .415– 16North Sea Continental Shelf Cases (Federal Republic of Germany v Denmark; Federal

Republic of Germany v Netherlands) Judgment, 20 February 1969, ICJ Reports 3 . . . . 96, 96n20, 238n102

Nuclear Tests Case Order (New Zealand v France), Order, 22 September 1995 [1995] ICJ Rep 288 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106, 112

Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v Uruguay), Judgment, 20 April 2010, ICJ Reports 113 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70, 112– 13, 197, 260n28, 379n69

Right of Passage Over Indian Territory (Portugal v India), Judgment, 12 April 1960, ICJ Reports 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100, 100n59

South- West Africa Cases (Ethiopia v South Africa; Liberia v South Africa), Judgment, 18 July 1966 (Second Phase) ICJ Reports 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

International Criminal Court (ICC)Decision on the Prosecution’s Application for a Warrant of Arrest against Omar Hassan

Ahmad Al Bashir, ICC- 02/ 05– 01/ 09, 4 March 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126n56Prosecutor v Bemba Gombo, ICC- 01/ 05- 01/ 08- 803, 21 March 2016 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49n52

xx Table of Cases

Prosecutor v Katanga, Judgment Pursuant to Article 74 of the Statute, Trial Chamber II, ICC- 01/ 04- 01/ 07, 7 March 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165, 237

Prosecutor v Lubanga Dyilo, Judgment Pursuant to Article 74 of the Statute, Trial Chamber I, ICC- 01/ 04- 01/ 06- 2842, 14 March 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223, 224

Prosecutor v Lubanga Dyilo, Judgment, Appeals Chamber, ICC- 01/ 04- 01/ 06- 3129, 3 March 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384, 385– 386

Prosecutor v Mbarushimana, Decision on the Confirmation of Charges, (ICC- 01/ 04- 01/ 10- 465- Red, Pre- T.Ch. I, 16 December 2011) 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36n92

Prosecutor v Ntaganda, Public redacted version of Prosecutor’s Pre- Trial Brief, Trial Chamber VI, ICC- 01/ 04- 02/ 06- 503- Conf- AnxA, 9 March 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

Situation in Darfur, The Sudan, ICC- 02/ 05-152, Summary of Prosecution’s Application under Article 58, 14 July 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225, 225n31, 226

International Tribunal of the Law of the Sea (ITLOS)Advisory Opinion on Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and

Entities with Respect to Activities in the Area, ITLOS Reports, 1 February 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)Iron Rhine Railway (Belgium v Netherlands) (2005) 27 RIAA 35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ)Case Concerning the Factory at Chorzow, PCIJ Series A No. 9, 26 July 1927 . . . . . . . . . . . . 8– 9n49, 42,

265, 265n56, 352, 354, 380, 382Diversion of Water from Meuse (Netherlands v Belgium), PCIJ Series A/ B No. 70, 28 June 1937 . . .97

World Trade Organization (WTO)EC - Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones) (Canada and United States

v European Community), 16 January 1998, AB- 1997- 4, WTO Doc WT/ DS26/ AB/ R and WT/ DS48/ AB/ R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108n123

AD HOC INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNALS

International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)Prosecutor v Boškoski, Case No. IT- 04- 82- T, Judgment, Trial Chamber, 10 July 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . 224Prosecutor v Delalić et al, Case No. IT- 96- 21- T, Trial Judgment, 16 November 1998 . . . . . . . . .147n32Prosecutor v Furundžija, Case No. IT- 95- 17/ 1- T, Judgment, 10 December 1998 . . . . . . . . . . .101, 102Prosecutor v Karadžić, Case No. IT- 95- 5/ 18, Judgment, 24 March 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .226n32Prosecutor v Kunarać and Others, Case No. IT- 96- 23- A, Appeals Chamber, 12 June 2002 . . . . . . 153Prosecutor v Kupreškić, Case No. IT- 95- 16- T, Judgment, 14 January 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Prosecutor v Kupreškić, Case No. IT- 95- 16- T,Judgment, 14 January 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24n137, 97Prosecutor v Naletelić and Martinović, IT- 98- 34- A, Judgment, Appeals Chamber, 3

May 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .226n33Prosecutor v Popović et al, Case No. ICTY- 05- 88, Trial Judgment, 10 June 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . .226n32Prosecutor v Simic, Case No. IT- 95- 9- T, Judgment, 17 Oct 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147n27Prosecutor v Tadić, Case No. IT- 94- I- AR72, Decision on the Defence Motion for

Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction, Appeals Chamber, 2 October 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2n4, 13,220nn1– 2, 228n42, 235n87, 243

Prosecutor v Tolimir, Case No. IT- 05- 88/ 2, Trial Judgment, 12 December 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . .226n32

Eritrea– Ethiopia Claims CommissionDamages Claim, Final Award: Ethiopia’s Claims, UNRIAA XXVI 2009, 631 . . . . . . . . . . 263, 265, 270Decision 7, 27 July 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347

Table of Cases xxi

Partial Award: Western Front, Aerial Bombardment and Related Claims— Eritrea’s Claims, 19 December 2005, RIAA XXVI, 291 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373, 382– 3

International Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)Prosecutor v Barayagwiza et al, ICTR- 99- 52- T, Judgment and Sentence,

Trial Chamber I, 3 December 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160Prosecutor v Musema, ICTR- 96- 13- A, Judgment and Sentence,

Trial Chamber I, 16 November 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160, 161Prosecutor v Nahimana, ICTR- 99- 52- T, Judgment, Trial Chamber I, 3 December 2003 . . . . . . . . . 160

Special Tribunal for Lebanon (STL)Case Against New TV S.A.L. Karma Mohamed Tahsin Al Khayat, STL- 14- 05/ PT/ AP/

ARI26.1, Decision On Interlocutory Appeal Concerning Personal Jurisdiction In Contempt Proceedings, 2 October 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .224n25

Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL)Prosecutor v Alex Tamba Brima, Brima Bazzy Kamara and Santigie Borbor Kanu

(the AFRC Accused), Judgment (SCSL- 04- 16- T, 20 June 2007) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151Prosecutor v Charles Ghankay Taylor, Judgment Summary, SCSL- 03- 1- T, 26 April 2012 . . . . . . . . 161

International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg (and subsequent tribunals)Hostages case (US v List et al), US Military Tribunal V, 19 February 1948 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154n94IG Farben case (US v Krauch et al), US Military Tribunal VI, 29 July 1948 . . . . . . . . . . . . 147n29, 150,

150nn61– 2, 159, 160, 318– 19In re Krupp and Others, US Military Tribunal, Judgment of 30 June 1948, 15 AD 620,

Case No. 214 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155, 159, 160Major War Criminals Trial, International Military Tribunal, 1 October 1946, 6

Fed. Rules Dec. (1947) 69 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157Trial of Alois and Anna Bommer and their Daughters, Permanent Military Tribunal,

Metz, 19 February 1947, 9 Law Report of Trials of War Criminals 64 . . . . . . . . . . . . 160, 160n145Trial of Erich Heyer and Six Others (Essen Lynching case), British Military Court

for the Trial of War Criminals, Essen, 22 December 1945, 1 Law Reports of Trials of War Criminals 88– 92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160n145

US v Flick et al, US Military Tribunal IV, 22 December 1947 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157, 159, 160Zyklon B case (Trial of Bruno Tesch and Two Others), British Military Court,

Hamburg, 8 March 1946, Law Report of Trials of War Criminals 93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

Other Ad Hoc TribunalsLac Lanoux Arbitration (France v Spain), Arbitral Tribunal (1957)

12 RIAA 281, 24 ILR 101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61n114Trail Smelter case (United States v Canada), Arbitral Tribunal, Montreal (1941) 3

RIAA 1907 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18n114, 61n114, 196, 357, 379

REGIONAL COURTS

European Court of Human RightsAkdivar et al v Turkey, Judgment, App no. 99/ 1995/ 605/ 693, ECtHR,1 April 1998 . . . . . . . . . 388n127Al- Skeini and Others v the United Kingdom, App no. 55721/ 07, ECtHR, 7 July 2011 . . . . . . . .123n29Guerra and Others v Italy, App no. 116/ 1996/ 735/ 932, ECtHR, 19 February 1998 . . . . . . . . . .125, 136Hassan v United Kingdom, App no. 29750/ 09, ECtHR, 16 September 2014 . . . . . . . . 123n29, 128, 377Kyrtatos v Greece, App no. 41666/ 98, ECtHR, 22 May 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377López Ostra v Spain, App no. 16798/ 90, ECtHR, 9 December 1994. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

xxii Table of Cases

Oneryildiz v Turkey, App no. 48939/ 99, ECtHR, 30 November 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124Taşkin and Others v Turkey, App no. 46117/ 99, ECtHR, 10 November 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136, 376

African Commission on Human RightsCOHRE (Sudan Human Rights Organisation & Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions) v

Sudan, AHRLR 153, 27 March 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124, 135, 141Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights and Interights v Egypt, AHRLR 90, 1 March 2011 . . . . . . . 135SERAC (Social and Economic Rights Action Centre) and Another v Nigeria, Communication

no. 155/ 96 (Ogoni case), AHRLR 60, 27 October 2001 . . . . .124, 125, 135, 136, 309– 10, 377, 385

Inter- American Court of Human RightsCase of the Plan de Sanchez Massacre v Guatemala, Judgment (Series C no. 105),

IACHR, 29 April 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .376– 7Case of the Saramaka People v Suriname (Series C no. 185), IACHR, 28

November 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136, 377, 393Case of Velasquez- Rodriguez v Honduras (Series C no. 4), IACHR, 29 July 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381Case of the Yakye Axa Indigenous Community v Paraguay (Series C no. 125),

IACHR, 17 June 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingni Community v Nicaragua, Judgment (Series C no. 79),

IACHR, 31 August 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376– 377Rio Negro Massacres v Guatemala, Judgment (Series C no. 250), IACHR, 4

September 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384– 385

NATIONAL COURTS

NetherlandsProsecutor v Kouwenhoven, Netherlands, LJN: AY5160, Rechtbank’s- Gravenhage,

09/ 750001- 05 (28 July 2006) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160Prosecutor v Van Anraat, Netherlands, LJN: BA6734, Gerechtshof ’s- Gravenhage,

2200050906- 2 (9 May 2007) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

PakistanShehla Zia v WAPDA, PLD, 1994 Supreme Court 693 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111n157

SingaporeNV de Bataafsche Petroleum Maatschaap v The War Damage Commission, 23 ILR 810

(Court of Appeal, Singapore 1956) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155, 155n101, 157

South AfricaMazibuko and Other v City of Johannesburg and Others (06/ 13865) 30 April 2008,

ZAGPHC 491 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

United KingdomRustomjee v The Queen (1876) II QBD 74 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48n44, 359n192

United StatesDoe v Unocal Corporation, US Federal District Court, 110 F. Supp. 2d. 1294

(C.D. Cal. 2000), Judgment of 31 August 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319Fantham v RONCO (2011) 1:2011cv00762 (DC District Court, April 20 2011) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418Jobes v KBR, US District Court for the District of Maryland (5 April 2010) 7 . . . . . . . . . . 303, 317– 18Re KBR Inc Burn Pit Litigation, US District Court for the District of Maryland,

no. 8:09- md- 02083- RWT, 8 September 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

Table of Cases xxiii

Re KBR Inc Burn Pit Litigation, US Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, no. 13- 143, Judgment of 7 March 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .317– 18

Presbyterian Church of Sudan v Talisman Energy, US District Court for the Southern District of New York, 224 F.Supp.2d289, 19 March 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319

Presbyterian Church of Sudan v Talisman Energy, US Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, 582 F.3d 244, 2 October 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319

Vietnam Association for Victims of Agent Orange/ Dioxin et al v Dow Chemical Co. et al, 517 F.3d 76 (2d Circuit, 2008) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53– 4n70

INTERNATIONAL LEGISLATION

INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND CONVENTIONSAarhus Convention on Access to

Information, Public Participation in Decision- making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136, 344

Art 9(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345Additional Protocol I to the Geneva

Conventions 1977. . . . . . . . . . . 29, 46, 50– 2, 57, 63, 160n145, 219, 228, 239– 40,

261– 2, 422Art 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152– 3n83

(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213, 224n24Art 4(2)(g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148Art 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422n12, 423n19Art 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239– 40n108Art 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .422n12Art 33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420n3, 432n74Art 34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420n3, 432n74Art 35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3– 4, 4n22, 50– 1,

50– 1n56, 311, 404, 441– 2(3) . . . . . . . . . . 2, 16, 45, 52, 57– 8, 203, 206,

218, 229, 239– 40, 239n107, 243, 245, 247, 261, 307, 372, 399, 410, 424,

424n26, 425– 6, 425nn29– 30, 427, 435– 6, 437

Art 36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420n2, 421– 2, 422n12, 430– 1, 431n71, 433– 6, 437

(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Art 43 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .422n12Art 51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404

(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431n71Art 52(2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427Art 53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .307– 8Art 54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 232n72, 373, 382Art 55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3– 4, 4n22, 13, 16, 45,

50– 1n56, 51– 3, 55, 58– 9, 239n107, 243, 247, 307, 336– 7, 399,

424n26, 441– 2(1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51, 203, 206, 218,

229, 261, 372, 410, 423n16, 424, 425– 6, 427, 437

(2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 51Art 56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47, 47nn37– 8,

239– 40n108, 422n12(1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239– 40n108(2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239– 40n108

Art 57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421Art 58 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .422n12Art 59 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23n132, 428– 9, 430

(2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428Art 60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23n132, 428, 429– 30,

431, 432– 3, 5437Art 66 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .422n12Art 74 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420n3, 432n74Art 78 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420n3, 432n74Art 79 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .422n12Art 80 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .422n12Art 81 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .422n12Art 82 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422n12, 423n19Art 83 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420n2, 422n12, 423n19Art 84 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422n12, 423n19Art 85 . . . . . . . . . 239– 40n108, 420n3, 432n74Art 86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420n3, 432n74Art 87 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420n3, 432n74

(2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423n19Art 88 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420n3, 432n74Art 89 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420n3, 432n74Art 90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420n3, 432n74Art 91 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251, 382, 420n3, 432n74Annex I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .422n12Annex II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .422n12

Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions 1977. . . . . . . . . . .240, 373, 422

Preamble, para 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213Art 1(1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207n14Art 4(2)(g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207, 214Art 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207, 232– 3, 232n72

Antarctic Treaty 1959 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .238n101Anti- Personnel Mine Convention

1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2– 3n12, 11, 23, 137, 212, 401, 401n28, 410– 11, 417, 445

Art 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138, 410Art 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .410– 11Art 7(1)(f) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401Art 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410Cartagena Plan of Action for 2010– 14. . . . 401

Table of Legislation

n denotes a footnote reference

xxvi Table of Legislation

Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa and the Control of Transboundary Movement and Management of Hazardous Wastes within Africa 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197– 8

Barcelona Convention for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea Against Pollution 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197– 8

Protocol on Liability and Compensation 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198,

265– 6n59Biodiversity Convention 1992 . . . . . 103n80, 275

Art 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196n21Charter of the International Military

Tribunal (Nuremberg) 1945 Art 6(b). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

Charter of the United Nations 1945 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29, 175– 6

Art 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175n27, 199Art 41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176Art 103 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

Chemical Weapons Convention 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . 2– 3n12, 18– 19, 192– 202,

262, 374Art I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193– 4Art II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193– 4

(5). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193n9Art IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193– 4

(6). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194(10). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195(11). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194– 5(12). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194(16). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

Art V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193– 4(11). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

Art VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193– 4(3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

Annex on Implementation and Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193– 4

Pt IV(A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193– 4para c.13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196CITES (Convention of International Trade

in Endangered Species) 1973 . . . . . . . . . 105Art 2(1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74– 5n8App 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74– 5n8

Cluster Munitions Convention 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 137– 8, 401,

401n28, 410– 11, 445Art 2(2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138n143

Art 3(2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401Art 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410

(1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11(2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138(4). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 138

Art 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .410– 11Art 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .410– 11Art 7(1)(f) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401Art 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410

Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage see World Heritage Convention 1972

Convention on Long- range Transboundary Air Pollution 1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

Art 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .378n59Art 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .378n59

Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons 1980 (CCW). . . . . . 62n116, 240– 1,

262, 374, 401, 442, 445Preamble. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .240n113Art 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241Protocol II on the Use of Mines,

Booby- Traps and Other Devices (Amended 1996) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374

Art 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2– 3n12, 138Protocol III on the Use of Incendiary

Weapons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62n116Art 2(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240n113

Protocol V on Explosive Remnants of War 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401– 2, 447,

448, 449, 453Convention on Supplementary

Compensation for Nuclear Damage 1997 Annex, Art 3(5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214– 15

Convention on the Law of the Non- Navigational Uses of International Watercourses 1997 . . . . . . 379

Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques see ENMOD Convention

Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction see Chemical Weapons Convention

Convention on the Prohibition on the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti- Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction see Anti- Personnel Mine Convention

Table of Legislation xxvii

Convention on Third Party Liability in the Field of Nuclear Energy 2004

Amending Protocol, Art 9 . . . . . . . . . . .214– 15Convention relative aux transports

internationaux ferroviaires 1980 . . . . . . 198ENMOD Convention 1977 . . . . 2, 16, 29, 45, 46,

47n37, 50, 57, 59– 60, 105, 206, 218, 219, 228, 244– 5, 262, 373– 4,

424, 425– 6, 442Art 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2n6, 53, 229, 245, 425– 6

(1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203, 245n133Art 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53, 245n133

European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Inland Waterways 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198– 9

European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road 1957 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198– 9

Framework Convention on Climate Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

Art 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Art 91 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Geneva Convention I for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field . . . . . 422

Art 47 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420n2, 423n19Geneva Convention II for the Amelioration

of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422

Art 48 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420n2, 423n19Geneva Convention III relative to the

Treatment of Prisoners of War . . . . . . . . 422Art 127 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420n2, 423n19

Geneva Convention IV relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War 1949 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46, 373, 422

Art 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23n132Art 33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23n132, 148, 231n70Art 53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23n132Art 144 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420n2, 423n19Art 147 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154n95, 307, 336, 375

Geneva Conventions I- IV (Common Articles) . . . . . . . . 160n145, 307

Art 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152– 3n83, 422Art 3 . . . . . . . . . 61– 2, 152– 3n83, 207n14, 413

(3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212see also Additional Protocol I;

Additional Protocol IIHague Convention IV respecting the Laws

and Customs of War on Land 1907 Art 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214, 251, 382

Art 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47n37Hague Convention IX concerning

Bombardment by Naval Forces in Time of War 1907 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

Hague Convention X for the Adaptation to Maritime Warfare of the Principles of the Geneva Convention 1907 . . . . . . . . . 148

Art 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148n40Hague Declaration (IV, 3) concerning

Expanding Bullets 1899 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212Hague Regulations 1907, Annex to Hague

Convention IV . . . . . . . . . . . 46, 154– 8, 373Art 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47n37, 49n50Art 23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47n37, 49n50

(g). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336Art 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Art 28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49, 148Art 46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154n95, 155, 155n98Art 47 . . . . . . . . . . . . 148, 154n95, 231n70, 319Art 52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154n95Art 53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154n95, 156

(1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155Art 55 . . . . . . . . . . . .49, 49n51, 155– 7, 308n64Art 56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1969. . . . . . . . 379

Art 1(6). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265– 6n59International Covenant on Civil

and Political Rights 1966 (ICCPR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122n21, 128

Art 1(2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .236– 7Art 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376Art 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124, 309Art 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311Optional Protocol I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1966 (ICESCR) . . . . . . . . . . . . .120, 128, 141

Art 1(2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .236– 7Art 2(1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130Art 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130, 132n93

(1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123– 4(2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

Art 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124, 310(2)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124, 133– 4

Optional Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128Art 8(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

International Whaling Convention 1946 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

Iraqi Special Tribunal Statute 2003 Art 2(b)(17) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

Ottawa Convention 1997 see Anti- Personnel Mine Convention 1997

xxviii Table of Legislation

Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare 1925 . . . . . . . . .230n60

Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance 1971. . . . . 68, 79,

89– 90, 378– 9Art 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Art 4(1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83n52

Rio Declaration on Environment and Development 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . 103nn81– 2,

275, 378n58Principle 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .260n28Principle 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136, 344, 394Principle 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107, 108Principle 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136Principle 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .356n173Principle 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 222

Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46, 57, 239n104, 252

Preamble. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .234n79Art 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

(c). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225Art 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

(1)(k) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226Art 8(2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213– 14, 220n2

(a)(iv) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149(b)(iv) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 19– 20, 45, 52– 3,

52– 3n66, 58– 9, 145– 6, 221, 228– 30, 234, 237– 8, 237n97,

239– 40, 244, 245, 246– 7, 248, 253, 335n39, 375

(b)(xiii) . . . . . . . . . . . .149, 230n55, 232, 233(b)(xvi) . . . . 149, 149n52, 151, 230n57, 231(b)(xvii) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230n58(b)(xviii) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230n59(b)(xxv) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232(e). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234(e)(v) . . . . . . . . . . 149– 50, 149n52, 230, 231(e)(xii) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149, 230(e)(xiii) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230, 238n98(e)(xiv). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230, 238n98(e)(xv) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238n98(f). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224n24

Art 8 bis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .227– 8(2)(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

Art 9(1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149n56Art 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239Art 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .224n24Art 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .224n24Art 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251n167

(1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159(3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

Art 28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251n167(a). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160– 1(b). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160– 1

Art 38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45(1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

(a). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95(b). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95(c). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95, 96– 7(d). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Statute of the International Court of Justice Art 38(1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242

(d). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242n123Statute of the International Criminal

Tribunal for Rwanda 1994 Art 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375

(1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226Art 4(f) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149Art. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

(1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251n167(3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251n167

Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia 1993

Art 2(d). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375Art 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375

(e). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149Art 5(i) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226Art 7

(1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251n167(3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251n167

Statute of the Special Court for Sierra Leone 2002

Art 3(f) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149Stockholm Declaration on the Human

Environment 1972 para 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124Principle 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124, 376Principle 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18– 19n114, 196Principle 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Tlatelolco Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear weapons in Latin America 1967 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .238n101

Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere 1963 . . . . . . . . . . . .238n101

Treaty on the Prohibition of the Emplacement of Nuclear Weapons and Other Weapons of Mass Destruction on the Sea- Bed and the Ocean Floor and in the Subsoil Thereof 1971 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .238n101

UN Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 (UNCLOS). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200, 208– 9

Art 32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .379n67Art 56(2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

Table of Legislation xxix

Art 60(3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209Art 194 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .356n173

(2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208(3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208(4). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196n21

Art 234 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209Art 236 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208, 259n16

Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412

Art 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309Vienna Convention for the Protection of

the Ozone Layer 1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for

Nuclear Damage 1963 . . . . . . . . . . . .379n66Amending Protocol, Art IV(3) . . . . . . .214– 15Art IV(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214– 15

Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969 Art 12(2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .248n151Art 13(b). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .248n151Art 31(3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101Art 34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .248n151

Waigani Convention to Ban the importation into Forum Island Countries of Hazardous and Radioactive Wastes and to Control the Transboundary Movement of Hazardous wastes within the South Pacific Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198n34

World Heritage Convention 1972 . . . . . 4, 17, 57, 64n129, 74, 74n6, 77– 92, 378– 9

Art 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50, 78Art 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78, 81Art 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81, 82Art 6(3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50, 78Art 11

(2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78(4). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78– 9, 79n30

Art 13(1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84n57(7). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Art 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84Art 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84Operational Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80n34

UNITED NATIONS INSTRUMENTS

Security Council ResolutionsResolution 232 (1966) concerning an

import ban on certain natural resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176n29

Resolution 253 (1968) concerning an import ban on all commodities and products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176n29

Resolution 660 (1990) on the Iraq- Kuwait situation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330, 333n29

Resolution 661 (1990) on the Iraq- Kuwait situation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330, 333n29

Resolution 674 (1990) on the Iraq- Kuwait situation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330, 333n29

Resolution 678 (1990) on the Iraq- Kuwait situation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .333n29

Resolution 686 (1991) on the Iraq- Kuwait situation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330, 333n29

Resolution 687 (1991) on the Iraq- Kuwait situation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 2n8, 60– 1,

222, 262– 3, 270, 330, 333– 4, 337, 339, 340, 345, 347, 355– 6, 391– 2, 414– 15

para 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354para 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .334n32para 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .340– 1

Resolution 692 (1991) on the Iraq- Kuwait situation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333

para 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334n32, 337Resolution 705 (1991) on Iraq. . . . . . 353– 4n157Resolution 788 (1992) on an arms embargo

to Liberia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177Resolution 1173 (1998) concerning an

import ban on diamonds. . . . . . . . . .176n30Resolution 1279 (1999) concerning the DRC 185Resolution 1306 (2000) concerning an

import ban on diamonds from Sierra Leone . . . . . . . . . . .176n30, 177n35, 178n37

Resolution 1343 (2001) concerning Liberia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171n9, 177– 8, 179

para 2(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178para 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178para 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

Resolution 1395 (2002) concerning Liberia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172n12, 178

Resolution 1408 (2002) concerning Liberia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178– 9

Resolution 1458 (2003) concerning Liberia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172n13

Resolution 1478 (2003) concerning Liberia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

Resolution 1483 (2003) on the situation between Iraq and Kuwait. . . . . . 353– 4n157

Resolution 1493 (2003) concerning an arms embargo on the DRC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87n79, 181– 2

Resolution 1509 (2003) concerning Liberia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184– 5

Resolution 1521 (2003) concerning an import ban on diamonds from Liberia . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172n14, 176n30, 177

Preamble. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177n34, 180

xxx Table of Legislation

Resolution 1533 (2004) concerning the DRC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182n68

Resolution 1569 (2005) concerning the DRC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182n67

Resolution 1579 (2004) concerning Liberia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180– 1

para 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180Resolution 1607 (2005) concerning

Liberia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180– 1, 185Resolution 1647 (2005) concerning

Liberia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172n16, 180– 1, 185, 189n113

Resolution 1689 (2006) concerning Liberia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

Resolution 1698 (2006) concerning the DRC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

Resolution 1753 (2007) concerning DRC . . . 181Resolution 1756 (2007) concerning the

DRC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184para 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186– 7

Resolution 1856 (2008) concerning the DRC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187, 223

para 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187Resolution 1857 (2008) concerning the DRC 182Resolution 1896 (2009) concerning the

DRC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182– 3para 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183n77para 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183n75

Resolution 1906 (2009) concerning the DRC 187Resolution 1925 (2010) concerning the DRC 402Resolution 1952 (2010) concerning the

DRC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183, 187para 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183n79para 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

Resolution 1961 (2010) concerning Liberia . 185Resolution 1991 (2011) concerning the DRC

para 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184n83, 187Resolution 1996 (2011), Reports of the

Secretary- General on the Sudan. . . . . . . 403Resolution 2021 (2011) concerning the

DRC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175n25Resolution 2053 (2012) concerning the

DRC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184Resolution 2078 (2012) concerning the DRC

Preamble. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184n83Resolution 2098 (2013) on the DRC. . . . . . . . 188

para 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188n107Resolution 2118 (2013) on Syrian chemical

weapons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199– 201Resolution 2136 (2014) concerning the

DRC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175n26, 188Resolution 2147 (2014) concerning the DRC

para 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188n107

General Assembly ResolutionsResolution 1803 (XVII), Declaration on

Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources, 14 December 1962 . . . . . .236– 7

Resolution 2675 (XXV), Basic Principles for the Protection of Civilian Populations in Armed Conflict, 9 December 1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123n29

Resolution 2997 (XXVII) following the 1972 Rio Conference on the Human Environment, 12 December 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .434– 5

Resolution 3435 (XXX) establishing the UNEP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441

Resolution 31/ 72 (1976) on the ENMOPD Convention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

Resolution 41/ 128, Declaration on the Right to Development, 4 December 1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

Resolution 45/ 94, ‘Need to Ensure a Healthy Environment for the Well- being of Individuals,’ 14 December 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

Resolution 46/ 216, 20 December 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .356n173

Resolution 47/ 37, Protection of the Environment in Times of Armed Conflict, 25 November 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244, 434n87

Resolution 47/ 151, International cooperation to mitigate the environmental consequences resulting from the situation between Iraq and Kuwait, 18 December 1992 . . . . . . .356n173

Resolution 49/ 50 (1994) on the UN Decade of International Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Resolution S- 19/ 2, Programme for the Further Implementation of Agenda 21, 19 September 1997. . . . . . . . 108

Resolution 56/ 4 (2001) on the International Day for Preventing the Exploitation of the Environment in War and Armed Conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

Resolution 60/ 147, Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law, 16 December 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383– 4, 385

Art 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383Art 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252, 252n169Annex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383

Table of Legislation xxxi

Resolution ES- 10/ 17 (2007), Establishment of the United Nations Register of Damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68n150

Resolution 64/ 292, The Human Right to Water and Sanitation, 3 August 2010. . . 132

Resolution 69/ 212, Oil slick on Lebanese shores, 29 December 2014. . . . . . . . . . . . 222

World Heritage Committee DecisionsDecision 27 COM 7A.2, Doc.

WHC- 03/ 27.COM/ 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . .87n80Decision 28 COM 15A.3, Doc. WHC- 04/

28/ COM/ 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82, 87Decision 30 COM 7A.4, Doc. WHC- 06/

30.COM/ 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82Decision 30 COM 7A.7, UN Doc.

WHC- 06/ 30.COM/ 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87n80Decision 34 COM 7A.4, Doc.

WHC- 10/ 34.COM/ 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82– 3

Compensation Committee DecisionsDecision . . . . . . . 1, S/ AC.26/ 1991/ 1 337, 338n60Decision 3, S/ AC.26/ 1991/ 3, 23

October 1991. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .361n210Decision 7, S/ AC.26/ 1991/ 7. . . . . . . . 337– 8, 347,

349, 353para 34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339

(b). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349para 35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .355– 6

(d). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355para 37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345

Decision 10, S/ AC.26/ 1991/ 10 (Procedural Rules) . . . . . . . . . . 338n60, 340

Art 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337Art 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341Arts 18- 27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341Art 28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341Art 30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344Art 35(1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345Art 41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342

Decision 13, S/ AC.26/ 1991/ 13. . . . . . . . . . . . . 337Decision 19, S/ AC.26/ 1991/ 19. . . . . 338, 338n58,

356– 7Decision 46, S/ AC.26/ 1997/ 46. . . . . . . . . . .345– 6Decision 73, S/ AC.26/ 1999/ 73,

25 June 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .353n156Decision 100, S/ AC.26/ 2000/ 100,

19 June 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .353n156Decision 114, S/ AC.26/ Dec.114, 7

December 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343Decision 124, S/ AC.26/ 2001/ 124 . . . . . . . .343– 4Decision 132, S/ AC.26/ Dec.132,

21 June 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359

Decision 226, S/ AC.26/ 2004/ 124 . . . . . . . . . . 344Decision 258, S/ AC.26/ Dec.258,

8 December 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360Decision 269, S/ AC.26/ Dec.269, 7 April

2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360Decision 272, S/ AC.26/ Dec.272

(2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .353– 4Decision 273, S/ AC.26/ Dec.273

(2015) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .353– 4

Intra- National Peace AccordsAbuja Peace Agreement 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171Chapultepec Agreement between the

Government of El Salvador and the Frente Farabundo Mart í para la Liberacíon Nacional, 16 January 1992, A/ 46/ 864 116

Art 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .250n160Art 17(12). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .250n160

Colombian Peace Agreement, 2016 . . . . .122n23Guatemalan Peace Agreements 1996 . . . . . . . 129Lom é Accord (Peace Agreement between

the Government of Sierra Leone and the Revolutionary United Front of Sierra Leone), S/ 1999/ 777 . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

Northern Ireland Peace Agreement (Good Friday Agreement), Belfast, 10 April 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

Sun City Agreement (Final Act of the Inter- Congolese Political Negotiations), 2 April 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . 116

Rules/ Guidelines/ Other Miscellaneous InstrumentsBasic Principles see General Assembly

Resolution 60/ 147Environment Assembly Resolution on the

Protection of the Environment in Areas Affected by Armed Conflict, UN Doc. UNEP/ EA.2/ Res.15 . . . . . . . . . 450

Food and Agriculture Organization, Technical Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111n157

Food and Agriculture Organization, Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282– 3

Human Rights Council, Draft of a Possible Convention on Private Military and Security Companies . . . . . . . . . 311– 12, 323

Art 3(1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322(3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312

xxxii Table of Legislation

Art 10(2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311– 12(3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312

Human Rights Council, Ruggie Framework on Business and Human Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 280– 2, 286,

287, 296– 7, 298ICC Rules of Procedure and Evidence

r 94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385r 98(3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385r 98 ter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385r 105 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385r 106 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385

International Ammunition Technical Guidelines (IATG) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .403– 4

Guideline 10.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404International Mine Action Standards

(IMAS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417, 442n17IMAS 4.10

Art 3.176 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406Art 3.249 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417

IMAS 7.11 Art 11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417, 418

IMAS 8.30 Art 4.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417

IMAS 9.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409IMAS 10.70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408

Art 6.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408– 9IMAS 11.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403IMAS 11.20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403

Kimberley Process for the Certification of Rough Diamonds . . . . . . . . .172, 172– 3n18,

178– 9, 188– 9Limburg Principles on the Implementation

of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1987) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

Non- Legally Binding Instrument on All Types of Forests, UN Doc. A/ C.2/ 62/ L.5, 22 October 2007

Art III(4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189n112Pinheiro Principles on Housing and

Property Restitution for Refugees and Displaced Persons 2005 . . . . . . . . . 367– 8n7

Principles for Responsible Agricultural Investment in the Context of Food Security and Nutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . .283– 4

Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods— Model Regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199

Register of Damage, Rules And Regulations Governing the Registration of Claims . . .330

Art 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68n150(1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Secretary- General’s Bulletin Concerning Observance of International Humanitarian Law by Forces under the command and control of the United Nations 1999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243– 4

s 1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243n126s 6.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

SOFT LAW OF OTHER ORGANIZATIONS

International Committee of the Red CrossGuidelines for Military Manuals and

Instructions on the Protection of the Environment in Times of Armed Conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450

Handbook on International Rules Governing Military Operations . . . .154n92

Montreux Document on international legal obligations relating to private military and security companies . . . . . 306,

308, 311, 312– 14, 323Section E, Art 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308

Study on Customary International Humanitarian Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . .238, 244

r 8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427r 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427r 36. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429r 37. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .428– 9r 43. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261– 2, 373, 399, 426, 427r 44. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 204, 208,

211, 238n101, 373, 399, 426, 427r 45. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2n7, 3– 4n20, 238n101,

239, 247– 8, 247– 8n149, 373, 399, 413, 426, 427

r 142 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .423n19r 150 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381n76, 382

International Finance CorporationSocial and Environmental Performance

Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .289– 90

International Institute of Humanitarian LawSan Remo Manual on International Law

Applicable to Armed Conflicts at Sea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

r 44. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424

Table of Legislation xxxiii

International Law CommissionDraft Articles on Responsibility of States

for Internationally Wrongful Acts (ARSIWA) . . . . . . . . . . . . .263– 4, 265– 6n59,

266– 7, 271, 322, 332n24, 380– 2, 410Art 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334Art 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334Art 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320

(2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321Art 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320Art 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320Art 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242n123, 264Art 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260Art 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260Art 30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352Art 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .258, 265, 265n56,

266, 334, 352, 380, 380n72Art 33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381Art 34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214, 352Art 35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352Art 36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .352, 354Art 37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352

Draft Articles on the Effects of Armed Conflict on Treaties 2011. . . . . . . . . .259– 60

Arts 3- 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378Art 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259, 430– 1Annex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378

Draft Articles on the Prevention of Transboundary Harm Arising out of Hazardous Activities . . . . . . . . 209– 10, 217

Draft Code of Crimes against the Peace and Security of Mankind 1996 . . . . . . . . 242

Draft Principles on the Allocation of Loss in the Case of Transboundary Harm Arising out of Hazardous Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54, 217, 386

Principle 2(b). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 16n105Principle 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214, 386Principle 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214

Draft Principles on the Protection of the Environment in Relation to Armed Conflicts 2016 . . . . . . 11– 15, 46n32,

204, 275, 405, 405n41, 439– 54Principle 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .433, 445Principle 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12n76, 450Principle 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13, 428Principle 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 12n75, 451Principle 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12, 12n77Principle 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 427n44Principle 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Principle 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13n81Principle 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13, 428

Principle 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13– 14, 451– 2Principle 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 14n96, 452Principle 16 (on Toxic and Hazardous

Remnants of War) . . . . . . . . . 14, 23, 402, 402n32, 438, 440, 445– 50, 453

Principle 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452Principle 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .452– 3

International Maritime OrganizationInternational Maritime Dangerous Goods

Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

International Union for Conservation of NatureGuidelines for Applying Protected Area

Management Categories 2008. . . . . . . . . . 54

OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development)Guidelines for Multinational

Enterprises. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .284– 5

Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical WeaponsDecision: Destruction of Syrian Chemical

Weapons, EC- M- 33/ DEC.1, 27 September 2013. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199– 200

Decision, OPCW- United Nations Joint Investigative Mechanism Reports on Chemical Weapons Use in the Syrian Arab Republic, EC- 83/ DEC.5, 11 November 2016. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200– 1

para 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201n62para 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201n62

Harvard University, Program on Humanitarian Policy and Conflict ResearchHarvard Manual on International Law

Applicable to Air and Missile Warfare 2003

r 88 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424r 89. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209, 424

Industrial/ Financial Collaborative InitiativesEquator Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288, 288n72International Code of Conduct for Private

Security Service Providers. . . . . . . . . 308– 9, 314– 15, 323– 4

Preamble Art 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308Art 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308

xxxiv Table of Legislation

Art 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308Art 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316Art 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316Art 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316Art 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308Art 62 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .314, 316Art 64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .314, 316Art 69 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .