Environmental safety №4-2010: Environmental programmes of nuclear industry

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AIMING TO ASSURE LONG-TERM ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY

: GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP PROGRAMME: EIGHT YEARS OF COOPERATION

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ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMMESOF NUCLEAR INDUSTRY


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- / THE EDITORIAL BOARD OF EXPERTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

/ EXPERTS FOREWORD

Environmental sa ety is the essential condition or development o nuclear technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

: HIGHLIGHT: IMPLEMENTATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMMES OF NUCLEAR INDUSTRY

Solving ecological problems under the Federal Nuclear

and Radia t ion Sa ety Assurance Programme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

Dra t law on radioactive waste management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

Environmental policy o the Rosatom Corporation and the system or its implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

Aiming to assure long-term environmental sa ety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20

Radio-geo-ecological aspects o the frst and back end stages o the nuclear uel cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26

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Environmental department o FSUE RosRAO: objectives and results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34

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Reliability o natural barriers: orecast, reality and corrective measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39

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Greg Meyer:We share common interests with Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

/ DECOMMISSIONING

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Scientifc and technical support o spent uel and radwaste management during decommissioning . . . . . . . . .48

Preparation or decommissioning o the MR and RTF research reactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

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Decommissioning o the open liquid radwaste storage pool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60

/ CONTENTS4'2010

4 2010 , e-mail: [email protected] -, , ./ : +7 (499) 128-0959, 128-8959, +7 (495) 720-9555e-mail: in [email protected] www.atomic-energy.ru , . . : 2 000 . - . .

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ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 4 2010General Director, Editor-in-Chie Alena Yakovlevae-mail: [email protected] Elena Ter-Martirosova, Maria Vyalukhina, Oleg SpoyalovDesigner Denis RomanovEditorial ofce tel./ ax : +7 (499) 128-0959, 128-8959, +7 (495) 720-9555e-mail: in [email protected] by Atomic relations Ltd.www.atomic-energy.ruRegistred in the RF Ministry o Press, Television,Radio and Mass Communication Media. Atomic relations Ltd.Printed by Nemetskaya abrica pechati Ltd. Circulation: 2 000 copies. The editorial ofce does not bear responsobility or authenticity o promotionalmaterials. Editorial opinion may not coincide with opinion o authors o the publica-tions.

Reprinting or reproduction o any materials in any language o the EnvironmentalSa ety journal is permissible only with the ofcial approval o the editorial ofce.

/ Cover:

/ Techensky Reservoir Cascade

"" /Photo by the Mayak Production

Association


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4'2010 / CONTENTS

/ INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

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Global partnership programme: eight years of cooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

The frst IAEA/ICTP Nuclear Energy Management School . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

/ RADIATION SAFETY

Justifcation or operating li e extensions o radwaste storage sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74

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RITEG IEU-1 accident and its clean-up at Cape Navarin lighthouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78

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Problems and consequences of radwaste characterisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

/ TECHNOLOGIES

LaBr 3

New spectrometer based on LaBr 3 crystal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87 -1000

Feasibility o new VVER-1000 spent uel casks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91

/ PROBLEM

Problems o remediation o ormer uranium production sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

/ FSUE MAYAK END THE CHELYABINSK REGION

:

Tatiana Meshkova:

"Environmental programs are being fnanced by income rom SNF reprocessing" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

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Nuclear enterprises, society, sa ety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

/ MONITORING

Monitoring o public health near nuclear sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110

Environmental monitoring o nuclear and radiation sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

/ MONITORING

Academician Boris Petrovich Nikolsky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

/ EXHIBITIONS AND CONFERENCES

Remediation o nuclear legacy sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122

Sustainable management o radioactive sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126


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-EDITORIAL BOARD OF EXPERTS

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The economic growth that Russia has declared it is ex-pecting to achieve cannot be feasible without increased powerconsumption and, accordingly, increased power generation.

This increased power output can be provided by varioustypes of power plants: thermal, nuclear, wind, solar, hydraulic,and others. The specific choice of power plant design depends

on its capacity, environmental friendliness, safety, constructioncost and complexity of operation. All of the plant options men-tioned above have their advantages and disadvantages.

Efficiency and practicability analysis of various electric en-ergy generation options has demonstrated that nuclear powercurrently is and will for the near future remain the most efficientand environmentally clean source of power. This is attributableto its usage of the most advanced and progressive technologies,high capacity of the power installations and practically zero re-leases and discharges of contaminants into the atmosphere andwater objects during normal operation.

Thanks to the efforts of many generations of nuclear en-gineers and state-of-the-art management practices in theRosatom Corporation, a system of environmental policy imple-mentation has been created and put in place, which meets thehighest international environmental standards, helping in itsturn the development of the nuclear power and industry in theinterests of Russia and facilitating active promotion of Russianservices in the international nuclear technologies market. Aspart of their operations in the nuclear energy field, individualcompanies have also produced their own environmental poli-cies, which identify the objectives, principles and commitmentsof the companies with respect to environmental protection andenvironmental safety assurance.

Ecological safety is an essential pre-condition to furtherdevelopment of nuclear technologies and continued operationof nuclear energy sites. It is made up of two components. Thefirst is associated with accident-free operation of nuclear en-ergy facilities. On sites operated by the Rosatom Corporation,

ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY IS THE ESSENTIAL CONDITION FOR

DEVELOPMENT OF NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY

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6/75 4 2010 ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY

EXPERT'S FOREWORD

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assurance of environmental safety and environmental protec-tion at all stages of the sites life cycles are among the highestpriorities. As part of environmental policy implementation,the industry is undertaking a range of systematic measures toassure a high level of industrial standard, and accordingly, highreliability indicators. Over the recent years, for example, the

state supervision authorities have not recorded a single seriousviolation on Russian nuclear sites.Another aspect of environmental safety assurance is as-

sociated with clean-up of the negative consequences left overfrom past operations. Modern Russia, just like other pioneeringnuclear nations, has inherited a very serious nuclear legacy.Technological shortcomings during the early years of nuclearpower and industry produced a range of negative effects uponthe environment and public health. This is especially true forareas of Chelyabinsk region around Mayak one of Russiasfirst nuclear sites. During the 1950s, the area became radioac-tively contaminated as a result of discharge of radioactive efflu-ents into the Techa river, followed by the accident on the liquid

radwaste storage facility. Other leftovers from past operationsinclude large quantities of radioactive waste and spent nuclearfuel available on nuclear sites. These issues of spent fuel andradwaste management need to be resolved as soon as possibleas they are both affecting adversely the level of environmentalsafety and harming the public perception of the industry, ham-pering its accelerated growth.

Practical implementation of spent fuel and radwaste man-agement activities, decommissioning of nuclear energy sitesthat have ended their life cycle, and resolution of the nuclearlegacy problems in the Russian Federation are all being per-formed under the Federal Programme Assurance of Nuclearand Radiation Safety in 2008 and Until 2015.

Cleaning-up of the nuclear legacy often calls for new,non-conventional approaches, new technological and techni-cal solutions for management of spent fuel and radwaste, landremediation, etc. Achievement of that goal requires joining inthe efforts of many organisations scientific research, designand engineering, production which in its turn demands asystematic approach to be applied to work organisation andperformance, and integrated strategic planning from the verystart. This planning should provide for, in particular, analysisof environmental and social circumstances in regions aroundthe sites, modelling of various environmental situations, devel-opment of the appropriate software, assignment of future landuses after remediation, cost estimation, etc.

The activities currently being performed under theFederal Programme and in cooperation with other countrieshave not only huge environmental, but also social signifi-cance. They aim to reduce global threats and serious nuclearand radiation risks, work to facilitate public confidence innuclear power and industry.

As a result of implementation of systematic environmentalpolicy of the Rosatom Corporation, built upon a sound scien-tific and environmental foundation of large-scale advancementof nuclear power, the environmental indicators demonstratedby the industry operators have improved considerably, andthe perception of nuclear power has become more favourableamong the European community and other countries.

Vladimir GRACHEV, Advisor to the Direcor General

of the Rosatom State Corporation


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Environmental safety №4-2010: Environmental programmes of nuclear industry