JAYARAJ ANNAPACKIAM CSI COLLEGE OFENGINEERING

Department of Information Technology

Environmental Science And EngineeringAnna University 2 & 16 Mark Questions & Answers

Year / Semester: II IT A & B / III

Regulation: 2013

Academic year: 2017 - 2018

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UNIT-I1, Describe the types , characteristic features, structure and function of

i) Forest eco system ii) Aquatic Eco System (june 2005)

A forest ecosystem is a natural woodland unit consisting of all plants, animals and micro-organisms (Biotic components) in that area functioning together with all of the non-livingphysical (abiotic) factors of the environment. The forest ecosystem is very important.

An aquatic ecosystem is an ecosystem in a body of water. Communities of organisms that aredependent on each other and on their environment live inaquatic ecosystems. The two maintypes of aquatic ecosystems are marine ecosystems and freshwaterecosystems.

2, Explain Eco System (Dec 2005)

An ecosystem is a community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonlivingcomponents of their environment (things like air, water and mineral soil), interacting asa system. These biotic and abiotic components are regarded as linked together through nutrientcycles and energy flows.

3, Discuss the components of Eco system

i)Abioticcomponents

Those include the non-living factors like air, soil, water and the basic compounds and elementsof the environment.ii) Biotic components

It consists of the living parts of the environment, including the association of a lot ofinterrelated populations that belong to different species inhabiting a common environment.

4,Briefly explain energy flow through eco system

primary producers (plants, algae, and some bacteria) use solar energy to produce organic plantmaterial through photosynthesis. Herbivores—animals that feed solely on plants—make up thesecond trophic level. Predators that eat herbivores comprise the third trophic level; if largerpredators are present, they represent still higher trophic levels. Organisms that feed at severaltrophic levels (for example, grizzly bears that eat berries and salmon) are classified at thehighest of the trophic levels at which they feed. Decomposers, which include bacteria, fungi,molds, worms, and insects, break down wastes and dead organisms and return nutrients to thesoil.

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5) Write short notes on the following

i)Pond Eco system

I. Biotic components

1) Producer Organisms

It includes submerged, free floating and amphibious macrophytes (like; Hydrilla,

Utricularia, Wolfia, Azolla, Typha etc.) and minute floating and suspended lower

phytoplanktons (like; Ulothrix, Spirogyra, Oedogonium etc.)

2) Consumer Organisms

a) Primary consumers:These are zooplanktons (ciliates, flagellates, otherprotozoan,

small crustaceans) and benthos.

b) Secondary consumers: These are carnivores like insects and fishes feeding on

herbivores

c) Tertiary consumers: These are the large fishes feeding on small fishes.

3) Decomposers Micro – organisms like bacteria, fungi and actinomyctes.

II. Abiotic component

These are the inorganic as well as organic substances present in the bottom soil or

dissolved in water. In addition, to the minerals, some dead organic matter is also present.

6,Energy Flow in various components (Producers,Consumers ,Decomposers)

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7,Explain Char. and features of forest eco s/m?

A forest is an area with a high density of trees.

World’s total land area is 13,076 million hectares - (Source: FAO; 1989) of which

total forests account for about 31% of the world’s land area.

In India, the forest cover is roughly 19% of the total land area.

The forest ecosystems are of great concern from the environmental point of view.

It provides numerous environmental services like;

Nutrient cycling Maintaining biodiversity Providingwildlife habitat Affecting rainfall patterns Regulating stream flow Storing water Reducing flooding Preventing soil erosion Reclaiming degraded land & many more….Apart from environmental values, forest ecosystems have some traditional values as

well. Examples are: Fire Wood & Timber,Fruits,Gums, Herbs & drugs

8, Explain the features of aquatic eco s/m?

Aquatic ecosystems deal with biotic community present in water bodies.

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In terrestrial ecosystem, carbon dioxide & oxygen are present in gaseous form

whereas in aquatic ecosystem, these are available in dissolved state.

Depending upon the quality and nature of water, the aquatic ecosystem are

categorized into:

ii) Freshwater Ecosystem and

iii) Marine Ecosystem.

9, Discuss about grass land eco s/m

Grasslands are found in most ecoregions of the Earth. For example, there are five terrestrialecoregion classifications (subdivisions) of the temperategrasslands, savannas, and shrublandsbiome (ecosystem), which is one of eight terrestrial ecozones of the Earth's surface.

10,Discuss about Temperate grasslands

Latitude: Found in continental interiors i.e. midway of equator and poles.

Altitude: 1200 - 1600 m.

Temperate and climate: warm temperature 20°C to 30°C

Annual rainfall: 25–75cm.

Vegetation: variety of grasses are found.

Life forms: large herbivores like horse, bison

11, Explain oxygen cycle with a neat diagram

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12, Conservation of Bio diversity

Conservation is the protection, preservation, management, or restoration of wildlife and naturalresources such as forests and water. Through theconservation of biodiversity and the survival ofmany species and habitats which are threatened due to human activities can be ensured.

13, discuss the threats faced by indian biodiversity? (june2014,may2016)

i,Extinction of many species: The biodiversity of earth’s surface has now been faced withmass extinction of many species on a global scale. Rising sea levels, warmer temperatures andmelting ice caps destroy animals’ habitats

ii,Massive destruction of forest land

to extract wood and other precious herbs,

for expansion of agricultural land,

for expansion of habitable area,

for industrialization.

14, discuss the 4 kinds of diversity (may2014,2016)

1. SPECIES DIVERSITY

Every ecosystem contains a unique collection of species, all interacting with each other.

2. GENETIC DIVERSITY

Genetic diversity describes how closely related the members of one species are in a givenecosystem.

3. ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY

A region may have several ecosystems, or it may have one. Wide expanses of oceans or desertswould be examples of regions with low ecological diversity. A mountain area that has lakes,forests and grasslands would have higher biodiversity, in this sense.

4. FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY

The way species behave, obtain food and use the natural resources of an ecosystem is known asfunctional diversity.

15, Explain in-situ and Ex-situ conservation (2005, 2007,2014)

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Ex-situ conservation is the preservation of components of biological diversity outside theirnatural habitats. This involves conservation of genetic resources, as well as wild and cultivatedor species, and draws on a diverse body of techniques and facilities.

In conservation of genetic resources, "in situ conservation" (also "on-site conservation") is theprocess of protecting an endangered plant or animal species in its natural habitat, as opposed toex situconservation

16, short notes on endanger and endemic species in India

ENDANGEREDSPECIESOFINDIAA plant, animal or microorganism that is in immediate risk of biological extinction is calledendangered species or threatened species.In India, 450 plant species have been identified as endangered species. 100 mammals and 150birds are estimated to be endangered.India's biodiversity is threatened primarily due to:

Habitat destruction

Degradation and

Over exploitation of resources

Endemic species of IndiaSpecies that are found only in a particular region are known as endemic species. Almost 60%the endemic species in India are found in Himalayas and the Western Ghats. Endemic speciesare mainly concentrated in:

North-East India

North-West Himalayas

Western Ghats and

Andaman & Nicobar Islands.17, what is hot spot of bio diversity? (Dec 2009)A biodiversity hotspot is a biogeographic region that is both a significant reservoirof biodiversity and is threatened with destruction. The term biodiversity hotspotspecificallyrefers to 25 biologically rich areas around the world that have lost at least 70 percent of theiroriginal habitat.

18, Why is Biodiversity rich in tropics?Biodiversity is rich in tropics.- more stable climate, warm temperatures and high humidity,opportunity for many species to coexist, rate of out crossing appear to be higher in tropics.19,What is the significance of Biodiversity?Significance of biodiversity. – very important for human life, as we depend on plants,microorganisms, animals for food, medicine and industrial products., protects fresh air, cleanwater and productive land., important for forestry, fisheries and agriculture.

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20, What are the values of biodiversity?Values of biodiversity – consumptive, productive, social, ethical, aesthetic and optionalsome medicinal values of biodiversity.Medicinal values of biodiversity – around 70% are derived from plant and plant extracts. Egs –penicillin, quinine etc.commercial values of biodiversity.Commercial values of biodiversity – these products are marketed and sold, derived from plantsand animals. Egs – silk – silk worm, wool – sheep, leather – all animals, wood – pulp and paperindustry, cotton – textile industry, etc

PART B Describe the types, characteristic features, structure and function of

types(Grassland, forest, aquatic, desert) of ecosystem (AU 2009)

Explain in-situ and ex-situ conservation of biodiversity and various threats tobiodiversity (AU 2009,2012,2015)

Explain Nitrogen and oxygen cycle in detail (AU 2010,2011,2016)

Write briefly on (i) Ecological succession (ii) Energy flow through an ecosystem

Hot spot of Bio diversity in India (2016)

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UNIT-21. Define Environmental Pollution. (NOV/DEC 2013)Environmental Pollution is defined as any undesirable change in the physical, chemical, orbiologicalcharacteristics of any component of the environment (air,water,soil)which can cause harmfuleffectson various forms of property.2. Define biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand. Write itsenvironmentalimpacts. (NOV/DEC 2015)Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is defined as the amount of DO required to aerobicallydecompose biodegradable organic matter over a period of 5 days at 20○C.Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is commonly used to indirectly measure the amount oforganiccompounds in water.Increase in BOD and COD values degrades the quality of water. It is harmful to aquaticorganismsand causes toxic effects at various levels of food chain.3. What are the effects of various air pollutants on human health? (NOV/DEC 2013)Name of the Pollutant Name of the DiseasesNO2Chronic Bronchitis, EmphysemaCO Suffocation ,dizziness, Unconsciousness, Long4. Give any 4 steps to control air pollution.Exposure lead to deathBenzene, PCB, dioxins Mutations, reproductive problems, cancer

Siting of Industries after proper EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment) studies.

Using low sulphur coal inindustries

Using mass transport system

Planting more trees5. What is the effect of air pollution on plant life? (NOV/DEC 2014)Air pollutants affect plants by entering through stomata destroy chlorophyll and affectphotosynthesis.Damage to leaf structure causes necrosis (dead areas of leaf), chlorosis (loss or reduction ofchlorophyll causing yellowing of leaf), epinasty (downward curling of leaf), abscission(dropping ofleaves).6. Define SPL.The noise measurements are expressed as Sound Pressure Level (SPL) which is the logarithmicratioof the sound pressure to a reference pressure. It is expressed in decibels. The internationalreference

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pressure is 2 x 10-5Pa which is the average threshold of hearing for a healthy ear.9. Define water pollution & give the sources of water pollution. (NOV/DEC 2013)Water pollution can be defined as alteration in physical, chemical or biological characteristicsofwater making it unsuitable for designated use in its natural state.There are 2 sources of water pollution. They are point sources – specific sites near water whichdirectly discharge effluents into them & non point sources – sources are scattered andindividuallycollect pollute water.10. What do you mean by DO & BOD? (NOV/DEC 2014)

Dissolved Oxygen (DO) is the amount of O2dissolved in a given quantity of water at a particulartemperature & atmospheric pressure. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is defined as theamount ofDO required to aerobically decompose biodegradable organic matter over a period of 5 days at20oC11. Explain thermal pollution. What are the effects of thermal pollution? (NOV/DEC2013)Thermal pollution can be defined as the presence of waste heat in the water which can causeundesirable changes in the environment.

a. The solubility of O2is decreased at high temperature.

b. Toxicity of pesticides increases with increase in temperaturec. Discharge of heated water can even kill young fishes.d. Fish migration is affected.

12. How cooling ponds are used to reduce the thermal pollution?Water from condensers is stored in ponds where natural evaporation cools the water which canthenbe recirculated or discharged in nearby water body13. What are the sources of marine pollution?The sources here areRivers – bring pollutants from their drainage basinsCoastline settlements in the form of hotels,industries.Oil drilling & shipmentRadioactive disposal into deep sea14. Define nuclear pollution.Radioactive substances undergo natural radioactive decay in which unstable isotopesspontaneouslygive out fast moving particles, high energy radiations or both, at a fixed rate until a new stableisotopeis formed.15. What are the damages caused by the nuclear radiations?

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Genetic damages – The damage is caused by radiations, which induce mutations in DNA. Thedamageis often seen in the offsprings and may be transmitted upto several generations.Somatic damage – This includes burns, miscarriages, eye cataract, bone cancer etc16. Name some green house gases present in the atmosphere. (NOV/DEC 2014)Carbon dioxide (CO2); methane (CH4); nitrous oxide (N20); chlorofluorocarbons (CFC); watervapour (H2O) and troposphere ozone (03) are some of the green house gases present in theatmosphere17. Mention the sources of soil pollution. (MAY/JUNE 2013)Domestic wastes include garbage, rubbish material like glass, plastics, metallic cans, paper,fibers,cloth rags, containers, paints, varnishes etc.18. Define green house effect. (MAY/JUNE 2015)The greenhouse effect is a naturally occurring process that makes the earth warmer bytrapping moreenergy in the atmosphere. The green house gases absorb and hold heat from the sun, preventingitfrom escaping back into the space; much like a green house absorbs and holds the sun’s heat19. List the ozone depleting chemicals. (MAY/JUNE 2013)Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) are responsible for ozone layer depletion.20. Define the term Noise Pollution. (NOV/DEC 2013)Noise pollution is the disturbing or excessive noise that may harm the activity or balance ofhuman oranimal life. The source of most outdoor noise worldwide is mainly causedby machines and transportation systems, motor vehicles, aircraft, and trains.

PART BDescribe briefly environmental pollution and pollutant. (NOV/DEC 2014)

1. Air pollution (Atmosphere)

2. Water pollution (Hydrosphere)

3. Soil pollution (Lithosphere)

Give a brief account of purification of water for public use.

Explain the mechanism of acid rain formation. (NOV 2014)

Discuss the causes, effects and control of marine pollution. (may 2016)

Write a detailed note on Municipal Solid waste management.

UNIT-2. Define Environmental Pollution. (NOV/DEC 2013)Environmental Pollution is defined as any undesirable change in the physical, chemical, orbiological

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characteristics of any component of the environment (air,water,soil)which can cause harmfuleffectson various forms of property.2. Define biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand. Write itsenvironmentalimpacts. (NOV/DEC 2015)Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is defined as the amount of DO required to aerobicallydecompose biodegradable organic matter over a period of 5 days at 20○C.Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is commonly used to indirectly measure the amount oforganiccompounds in water.Increase in BOD and COD values degrades the quality of water. It is harmful to aquaticorganismsand causes toxic effects at various levels of food chain.3. What are the effects of various air pollutants on human health? (NOV/DEC 2013)Name of the Pollutant Name of the DiseasesNO2Chronic Bronchitis, EmphysemaCO Suffocation ,dizziness, Unconsciousness, Long4. Give any 4 steps to control air pollution.Exposure lead to deathBenzene, PCB, dioxins Mutations, reproductive problems, cancer

Siting of Industries after proper EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment) studies. Using low sulphur coal in industries Using mass transport system Planting more trees

5. What is the effect of air pollution on plant life? (NOV/DEC 2014)Air pollutants affect plants by entering through stomata destroy chlorophyll and affectphotosynthesis.Damage to leaf structure causes necrosis (dead areas of leaf), chlorosis (loss or reduction ofchlorophyll causing yellowing of leaf), epinasty (downward curling of leaf), abscission(dropping ofleaves).6. Define SPL.The noise measurements are expressed as Sound Pressure Level (SPL) which is the logarithmicratioof the sound pressure to a reference pressure. It is expressed in decibels. The internationalreferencepressure is 2 x 10-5Pa which is the average threshold of hearing for a healthy ear.9. Define water pollution & give the sources of water pollution. (NOV/DEC 2013)Water pollution can be defined as alteration in physical, chemical or biological characteristicsofwater making it unsuitable for designated use in its natural state.There are 2 sources of water pollution. They are point sources – specific sites near water which

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directly discharge effluents into them & non point sources – sources are scattered andindividuallycollect pollute water.10. What do you mean by DO & BOD? (NOV/DEC 2014)

Dissolved Oxygen (DO) is the amount of O2dissolved in a given quantity of water at a particulartemperature & atmospheric pressure. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is defined as theamount ofDO required to aerobically decompose biodegradable organic matter over a period of 5 days at20oC11. Explain thermal pollution. What are the effects of thermal pollution? (NOV/DEC2013)Thermal pollution can be defined as the presence of waste heat in the water which can causeundesirable changes in the environment.

a. The solubility of O2is decreased at high temperature.

b. Toxicity of pesticides increases with increase in temperaturec. Discharge of heated water can even kill young fishes.d. Fish migration is affected.

12. How cooling ponds are used to reduce the thermal pollution?Water from condensers is stored in ponds where natural evaporation cools the water which canthenbe recirculated or discharged in nearby water body13. What are the sources of marine pollution?The sources here areRivers – bring pollutants from their drainage basinsCoastline settlements in the form of hotels,industries.Oil drilling & shipmentRadioactive disposal into deep sea14. Define nuclear pollution.Radioactive substances undergo natural radioactive decay in which unstable isotopesspontaneouslygive out fast moving particles, high energy radiations or both, at a fixed rate until a new stableisotopeis formed.15. What are the damages caused by the nuclear radiations?Genetic damages – The damage is caused by radiations, which induce mutations in DNA. Thedamageis often seen in the offsprings and may be transmitted upto several generations.Somatic damage – This includes burns, miscarriages, eye cataract, bone cancer etc16. Name some green house gases present in the atmosphere. (NOV/DEC 2014)Carbon dioxide (CO2); methane (CH4); nitrous oxide (N20); chlorofluorocarbons (CFC); watervapour (H2O) and troposphere ozone (03) are some of the green house gases present in the

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atmosphere17. Mention the sources of soil pollution. (MAY/JUNE 2013)Domestic wastes include garbage, rubbish material like glass, plastics, metallic cans, paper,fibers,cloth rags, containers, paints, varnishes etc.18. Define green house effect. (MAY/JUNE 2015)The greenhouse effect is a naturally occurring process that makes the earth warmer bytrapping moreenergy in the atmosphere. The green house gases absorb and hold heat from the sun, preventingitfrom escaping back into the space; much like a green house absorbs and holds the sun’s heat19. List the ozone depleting chemicals. (MAY/JUNE 2013)Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) are responsible for ozone layer depletion.20. Define the term Noise Pollution. (NOV/DEC 2013)Noise pollution is the disturbing or excessive noise that may harm the activity or balance ofhuman oranimal life. The source of most outdoor noise worldwide is mainly causedby machines and transportation systems, motor vehicles, aircraft, and trains.

PART BDescribe briefly environmental pollution and pollutant. (NOV/DEC 2014)

4. Air pollution (Atmosphere)5. Water pollution (Hydrosphere)6. Soil pollution (Lithosphere)

Give a brief account of purification of water for public use. Explain the mechanism of acid rain formation. (NOV 2014) Discuss the causes, effects and control of marine pollution. (may 2016) Write a detailed note on Municipal Solid waste management.

UNIT-3

PART A

1) Define renewable resources and non-renewable resources.(Nov/Dec 2015)The renewable resources are those resources which have the inherent capacity to

reappear, or replenish themselves by quick recycling , reproduction, and replacement within areasonable time ,and to maintain themselves. Example; air, water, soil (land), and plants, andanimals

The non-renewable resources are those that do not have the ability for recycling andreplacement within a reasonable period of time.Example; minerals, coal oil, natural gas, groundwater.2)What is land degradation? (Nov/Dec 2015)

Land degradation is the process of deterioration of soil or loss of fertility of the soil.3) What is desertification? (May/June 2015)

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Desertification is a progressive destruction or degradation of arid or semiarid landsto desert. It Is also a form of land degradation. Desertification is characterised by devegetation,depletion of ground water, salination and soil erosion.4) Mention any two environmental effects of mining for natural resources? (May/June2016)

During mining operations, vibrations are developed which leads to earthquake. Mining reduce the shape and size of the forest areas. Noise pollution is the major problem from mining operations. Destroy trees, but also pollute soil, water and air with heavy metal toxins.

5) What are the reasons for land degradation? (May/June 2016) Population increase Urbanization Increased applications of fertilizers and pesticides Damage of top soil Water logging, soil erosion and salination

6) What is biogas? Mention it uses. (Nov/Dec 2016)Biogas is a collection of various gases formed by the anaerobic degradation of biological

matter(cow dung) in the absence of free oxygen.Uses:Used for cooking food and heating water.Used to run engines.7) Define sustainable lifestyle? (Nov/Dec 2016)

sustainabledevelopment is the development of healthy environment without damagingthe natural resourcesCondition for sustainable lifestyle

It is essential to achieve a more balanced and equitable distribution of land resources andincome to meet everyone’s basic needs.

The rich countries should lower down their consumption levels.8) What is hydrological cycle?

The water from various water bodies gets evaporated by the solar energy, and falls againon the earth in the form of rain or snow and enter into the living organisms and plants andultimately returns to the ocean .this process is called hydrological cycle.

Clouds →water (ocean, lake, river) →living organisms &plants9) Define drought.

Drought is nothing but scarcity of water which occurs due to inadequate rainfall, latearrival of rains and excessive withdrawal of ground water.10) Define LPG.

The petroleum gas obtained during the cracking and fractional distillation can be easilyconverted into liquid under high pressure called as LPG.LPG is colorless and odorless gas. Butduring bottling some mercaptans is added, which produces bad odour.11) Write short note on blue baby syndrome.

When the nitrogenous fertilizers are applied in the fields they leach deep into the soil thecontaminate the ground water. the nitrate concentration in the water gets increased. When thenitrate concentration exceeds 25mg /lit they cause series health problems called blue baby

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syndrome this disease affects infants and leads even to death.12) Give the classification of Mineral Resources.

Energy resources(coal, oil, natural gas, uranium, and geothermal energy; metallic mineralresources (iron, copper and aluminum) and nonmetallic minerals resources (salt, gypsum andclay, sand, phosphates, water, and soil).13) List some ways to protect soil.

a. When the buildings are constructed, all the trees shall be saved.b. Setting a composite bin and it shall be used for producing mulch and soilc. Conditioner for yard and garden planetso organic methods can be used forgrowingvegetables.d. Strictly enforcing laws and policies that minimize soil erosion, salt buildup and waterlogging.

14) What is equitable use of resources?The Equitable use of resources is a concept that deals with the rational use of resources

so that a harmony between man‟s resource requirement and its availability can be established.15) List some of the renewable energy sources.

a. Solar energyb. Wind energyc. Hydro energyd. Geo-thermal energye. Ocean thermal energyf. Biogas

16) Define geo thermal energy.Temperature of the earth increases at a rate of 20-75º per km, when we move down

the earth surface. High temperature and high pressure steam fields exist below the earth’ssurface in many places. The energy harnessed from the high temperature present inside theearth is called geothermal energy.17) Define wind energy.

Moving air is called wind. Energy recovered from the force of the wind is called windenergy. The energy possessed by wind because of its high speed. The wind energy is harnessedby making use of wind mills.18) Define Soil Erosion.

Soil erosion is the movement of soil components, especially surface litter and top soil,from one place to another. The two main movers are flowing water and wind.19) Write short notes on Tidal energy.

Tides, the alternate rise and fall of sea water possess lot of energy. The identified tidalpower potential in India is around 9000 MW. Currently France, Russia, china and Canada areeffectively utilizing the tidal energy to produce 2 to 3% of their energy demand.20) Define food resources.

Food is an essential requirement for the human survival. Each person has minimum foodrequirement, the main components of food are carbohydrates, fats protein, minerals, andvitamins.

PART B

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1) How is biogas produced. What are its advantages? (May/June 2016)2) Explain about miningprocessn and its impact? (May/June 2015)3) Explain the effects of deforestation. Is deforestation justified? Comment. (Nov/dDec

2015)4) Explain the stages in desertification. (Nov/Dec 2016)5) Write a notes on 1) use of fertilizers and pesticides 2) soil salinity problems. (Nov/Dec

2016)6) Write notes on i) Food resources ii) Mineral resources. (April/May 2015)7) Renewable and non-renewable energy resources.

UNIT-4

. Define HDI.HDI is an estimate of human resources development, as measured by three parameters – lifespan, literacy and standard of living. It determines the quality of life in a country.2. What is disaster?It is defined as the sudden calamity which brings misfortune and miseries to the humanity.3. What is earthquake? It is defined as sudden, violent, and shaking of part of the earth.4. What is cyclone and mention the prevention taken at the time of cyclone? It is an area of low pressure in the centre and high pressure outside. Store all the loose itemsinside the home Fuel your car and park it under solid cover Close the shutters or heavilytape all the windows Disconnect all the electrical appliances Turn off the gas5. What is landslide?It is a sudden collapse of larger mass of hill slide.6. What is Rain water harvesting?In urban areas, the construction of houses, footpaths and roads has left little exposed earth forwater to soak in. In parts of the rural areas of India, floodwater quickly flows to the rivers,which then dry up soon after the rains stop. If this water can be held back, it can seep into theground and recharge the groundwater supply.7. Define sustainable development. (NOV/DEC 2013)Sustainable development is defined as, “meeting the needs of the present without compromisingthe ability of future generation to meet to meet their own needs”.8. List the objectives of Forest Conservation Act. (NOV/DEC 2013)Illegal non-forest activity within a forest area can be immediately stopped under this act.Provides conservation of all types of forests. Non forest activities include clearing of forest landfor cultivation of any types of crops.9. What is development?Development should bring benefits to all, not only for the present generation, but also for thefuture generation10. State the aspects of sustainable development.Inter- generational equity & Intra –generational equity11. What is urbanization?It is the movement of human population from rural areas to urban areas for the want of bettereducation, communication, health, employment, etc.,12. State the causes of urbanization.

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Since cities are the main centers of economic growth, trade, transportation, education, medicalfacilities and employment, rural people moves to cities.13. State the solutions for urban energy problem.Urban people may use public transport instead of using motor cycles and cars. Productioncapacity may be increased.14. State the need for water conservation.Over exploitation of ground water leads to drought. Agricultural and industrial activities requiremore fresh water.15. State the different strategies for water conservation.Reducing evaporation losses; Reducing irrigation losses; Re-use of water: Preventing wastageof water; Decreasing run-off losses: Avoid discharge of sewage.16. What are the advantages of rain water harvesting?Increasing the availability of water from well. Rise in ground water levels.17. What are the factors affecting watershed?The watersheds are found to be degraded due to uncontrolled, Unplanned and unscientific landuse activities; Droughty climate also affects the watershed.18. What are the objectives of watershed management?To minimize the risks of floods, droughts and landslides; To raise the ground water level.19. State the causes for displacement of people.Due to developmental activities; Due to disaster; Due to conservation initiatives.20. What is resettlement?It is the simple relocation (or) displacement of human population.

PART B1. Write a detailed note on Disaster Management.)

2. What are the salient features of the Air pollution Act1981 and Environment Act 1986?

3. Explain in detail the strategies adopted for conservation of water.4. What are green house gases and green house effect? Discuss the potential and contributionof green house gases to global warming phenomenon?

5,Write short notes on Forest Conservation Act. (MAY/JUNE 2013)

\6, Discuss the salient features of Wild life protection act 1972 (b) Discuss the salient featuresof Forest conservation act 1980.

7,What is sustainable development and explain its concepts? (MAY/JUNE 2013)

8,Write an account on urban problems and detail how to solve them. (MAY/JUNE 2013)

9,Discuss the phenomenon of global warming and the factors contributing to it. (NOV/DEC2013)

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.10,Why do we refer to environmental protection act, 1986 as an umbrella act? Discuss themajor environmental protection rules, 1986? (NOV/DEC 2013)

UNIT-5. Define HDI.HDI is an estimate of human resources development, as measured by three parameters – lifespan, literacy and standard of living. It determines the quality of life in a country.2. What is disaster?It is defined as the sudden calamity which brings misfortune and miseries to the humanity.3. What is earthquake? It is defined as sudden, violent, and shaking of part of the earth.4. What is cyclone and mention the prevention taken at the time of cyclone? It is an area of low pressure in the centre and high pressure outside. Store all the loose itemsinside the home Fuel your car and park it under solid cover Close the shutters or heavilytape all the windows Disconnect all the electrical appliances Turn off the gas5. What is landslide?It is a sudden collapse of larger mass of hill slide.6. What is Rain water harvesting?In urban areas, the construction of houses, footpaths and roads has left little exposed earth forwater to soak in. In parts of the rural areas of India, floodwater quickly flows to the rivers,which then dry up soon after the rains stop. If this water can be held back, it can seep into theground and recharge the groundwater supply.7. Define sustainable development. (NOV/DEC 2013)Sustainable development is defined as, “meeting the needs of the present without compromisingthe ability of future generation to meet to meet their own needs”.8. List the objectives of Forest Conservation Act. (NOV/DEC 2013)Illegal non-forest activity within a forest area can be immediately stopped under this act.Provides conservation of all types of forests. Non forest activities include clearing of forest landfor cultivation of any types of crops.9. What is development?Development should bring benefits to all, not only for the present generation, but also for thefuture generation10. State the aspects of sustainable development.Inter- generational equity & Intra –generational equity11. What is urbanization?It is the movement of human population from rural areas to urban areas for the want of bettereducation, communication, health, employment, etc.,12. State the causes of urbanization.Since cities are the main centers of economic growth, trade, transportation, education, medicalfacilities and employment, rural people moves to cities.13. State the solutions for urban energy problem.Urban people may use public transport instead of using motor cycles and cars. Productioncapacity may be increased.14. State the need for water conservation.

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Over exploitation of ground water leads to drought. Agricultural and industrial activities requiremore fresh water.15. State the different strategies for water conservation.Reducing evaporation losses; Reducing irrigation losses; Re-use of water: Preventing wastageof water; Decreasing run-off losses: Avoid discharge of sewage.16. What are the advantages of rain water harvesting?Increasing the availability of water from well. Rise in ground water levels.17. What are the factors affecting watershed?The watersheds are found to be degraded due to uncontrolled, Unplanned and unscientific landuse activities; Droughty climate also affects the watershed.18. What are the objectives of watershed management?To minimize the risks of floods, droughts and landslides; To raise the ground water level.19. State the causes for displacement of people.Due to developmental activities; Due to disaster; Due to conservation initiatives.20. What is resettlement?It is the simple relocation (or) displacement of human population.

PART B1. Write a detailed note on Disaster Management.)

2. What are the salient features of the Air pollution Act1981 and Environment Act 1986?

3. Explain in detail the strategies adopted for conservation of water.4. What are green house gases and green house effect? Discuss the potential and contributionof green house gases to global warming phenomenon?

5,Write short notes on Forest Conservation Act. (MAY/JUNE 2013)

\6, Discuss the salient features of Wild life protection act 1972 (b) Discuss the salient featuresof Forest conservation act 1980.

7,What is sustainable development and explain its concepts? (MAY/JUNE 2013)

8,Write an account on urban problems and detail how to solve them. (MAY/JUNE 2013)

9,Discuss the phenomenon of global warming and the factors contributing to it. (NOV/DEC2013)

.10,Why do we refer to environmental protection act, 1986 as an umbrella act? Discuss themajor environmental protection rules, 1986? (NOV/DEC 2013)

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