Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
ENVS3M/AH/109556/Jun15/E5(JUN15ENVS301)
General Certificate of Education
Advanced Level Examination
June 2015
Environmental Studies ENVS3
Unit 3 Energy Resources and Environmental Pollution
Thursday 11 June 2015 9.00 am to 10.30 am
You will need no other materials.You may use a calculator.
Time allowed 1 hour 30 minutes
Instructions Use black ink or black ball-point pen. Fill in the boxes at the top of this page. Answer all questions. You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. Do not write
outside the box around each page or on blank pages. Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not
want to be marked.
Information The marks for questions are shown in brackets. The maximum mark for this paper is 80.
Two of these marks are for the Quality of Written Communication. You will be marked on your ability to: – use good English – organise information clearly – use specialist vocabulary where appropriate. Question 8 should be answered in continuous prose.
Quality of Written Communication will be assessed in this answer.
Centre Number Candidate Number
Surname
Other Names
Candidate Signature
For Examiner’s Use
Examiner’s Initials
Question Mark
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
TOTAL
A
2
M/Jun15/ENVS3
Do not write outside the
box
(02)
There are no questions printed on this page
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGEANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED
3
(03)M/Jun15/ENVS3
Do not write outside the
box
Turn over
Answer all questions in the spaces provided.
1 Table 1 shows some abbreviations and technical terms that are linked to pollution issues.
Add one tick to each row to show the pollution issue to which the term is mainly linked.
The first row has been completed for you.[5 marks]
Table 1
Abbreviation /technical term
Pollution issue
Noise Sulfur dioxide
Photo-chemical
smogSmoke Ionising
radiation Oil
Dry FGD
Critical Pathway Analysis (CPA)
PANs
NNI
SPM
Bacterial Bioremediation
____5
Turn over for the next question
4
(04)M/Jun15/ENVS3
Do not write outside the
box
2 Figure 1 shows details of an insulation scheme for a house roof.
Figure 1
20 30 400 10Insulation thickness / cm
Costper year
KeyCost ofreplacinglost heat
50
Insulationcost
2 (a) What thickness of insulation is the economic optimum, producing the lowest total expenditure?
[1 mark]
.............................cm
2 (b) Suggest two reasons why some people may choose to install insulation which is thicker than the economic optimum.
[2 marks]
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
2 ..........................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
5
(05)M/Jun15/ENVS3
Do not write outside the
box
Turn over
2 (c) Explain how the design of a house can be changed to increase passive solar heating.[2 marks]
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
____5
Turn over for the next question
6
(06)M/Jun15/ENVS3
Do not write outside the
box
3 Figure 2 shows how the energy density of three battery types changed between 1985 and 2006.
Figure 2
KeyLithium-ion batteriesNickel-metalhydride batteriesNickel-cadmiumbatteries
1995 2000 200519850
500
1000
1500
2000
1990Year
Energydensity /Wh dm –3
3 (a) Compare the trend in energy density for lithium-ion batteries with that for nickel-metal hydride batteries.
[2 marks]
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
3 (b) Suggest one reason for the trend in energy density for nickel-cadmium batteries.[1 mark]
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
7
(07)M/Jun15/ENVS3
Do not write outside the
box
Turn over
3 (c) Explain how the change in energy density affects the usefulness of batteries to power cars.
[1 mark]
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
3 (d) What form of energy is stored in batteries?[1 mark]
Tick () one box.
chemical energy
electrical energy
gravitational potential energy
nuclear energy
3 (e) A new design of battery is the ‘bio-battery’. This design is based on glucose rather than on metals such as lead, nickel or cadmium.
Suggest three advantages of using bio-batteries rather than batteries based on metals.[3 marks]
1 .........................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
2 .......................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
3 .......................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
Question 3 continues on the next page
8
(08)M/Jun15/ENVS3
Do not write outside the
box
3 (f) Give one method used in industry to protect workers from lead.[1 mark]
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
3 (g) Batteries that use mercury are banned in most countries.
Why are greater safety precautions needed when using organic mercury compounds than when using inorganic mercury compounds?
[1 mark]
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
____10
9
M/Jun15/ENVS3
Do not write outside the
box
Turn over
(09)
Turn over for the next question
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGEANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED
10 Do not write outside the
box
M/Jun15/ENVS3(10)
4 Figure 3 shows the sources of public exposure to ionising radiation.
Figure 3
Radon42%
Food/drink/water
11%
Nuclearindustry
1%
Buildings/soil18%
Cosmic14%
Medical14%
4 (a) Suggest three factors that may cause an individual’s exposure to ionising radiation to be different from the average public exposure.
[3 marks]
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
11 Do not write outside the
box
Turn over
M/Jun15/ENVS3(11)
4 (b) Explain the difference between the terms exposure and contamination as applied to ionising radiation.
[2 marks]
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
____5
Turn over for the next question
12 Do not write outside the
box
M/Jun15/ENVS3(12)
5 Figure 4 shows the ranges of conditions under which three different types of hydroelectric turbine can operate.
Figure 4
Water flow rate / m3 s–1
Head ofwater / m
11
5 10 50 100 500 1000
5
10
50
100
500
1000
KeyPelton turbines
Francis turbines
Kaplan turbines
13 Do not write outside the
box
Turn over
(13)M/Jun15/ENVS3
5 (a) What is the lowest flow rate at which Kaplan turbines can operate?[1 mark]
................................................... m3 s–1
5 (b) Which turbine type operates over the smallest range of head of water?[1 mark]
...........................................................................
5 (c) What are the lowest and highest flow rates at which both Kaplan and Francis turbines can be used if the head of water is 50 m?
[1 mark]
lowest = .................................................... m3 s–1
highest = ................................................... m3 s–1
5 (d) The generating capacity of hydroelectric power (HEP) in the UK is 3% of the total electricity supply.
Explain why it is difficult to find suitable sites in the UK for a big expansion of HEP output.
[3 marks]
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
Question 5 continues on the next page
14 Do not write outside the
box
M/Jun15/ENVS3(14)
5 (e) All energy resources result in the release of some carbon emissions.
Discuss the extent to which HEP may be considered a carbon-free energy resource.[4 marks]
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
____10
15
M/Jun15/ENVS3
Do not write outside the
box
Turn over
(15)
Turn over for the next question
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGEANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED
16 Do not write outside the
box
M/Jun15/ENVS3(16)
6 Agrochemicals such as pesticides and fertilisers increase food production, but they may also cause environmental damage.
6 (a) Explain how the properties of different pesticide groups affect the environmental damage they cause.
[5 marks]
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
17 Do not write outside the
box
Turn over
M/Jun15/ENVS3(17)
6 (b) Outline an experiment to investigate the effect of inorganic nutrients on the growth of aquatic plants or algae.
[5 marks]
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
____10
Turn over for the next question
18 Do not write outside the
box
M/Jun15/ENVS3(18)
7 The continued increase in air travel is a very controversial issue. Heathrow Airport, west of London, is an important source of noise nuisance. Great efforts have been made to control noise emissions.
Aircraft operations are given values called Quota Counts (QCs), based on their noise levels.
Table 2 shows the Quota Counts (QCs) for particular noise ranges.
Table 2
Noise Level / dB Quota Count (QC) Night flights permitted?
> 101.9 16 No
99 – 101.9 8 No
96 – 98.9 4 Yes
93 – 95.9 2 Yes
90 – 92.9 1 Yes
87 – 89.9 0.5 Yes
84 – 86.9 0.25 Yes
< 84 exempt Yes
7 (a) Suggest why the QC doubles for each 3 dB increase in noise level.[1 mark]
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
19 Do not write outside the
box
Turn over
M/Jun15/ENVS3(19)
7 (b) The noise emissions for each type of aircraft are given two QCs, one for landings and one for take-offs.
Table 3 shows the landing and take-off QCs for a range of aircraft types.
Table 3
Aircraft type QC landing QC take-off
Airbus A320 family 0.25 – 0.5 0.5 – 1
Airbus A380 0.5 2
Boeing 737 Classic 1 0.25 – 0.5
Boeing 747-400 2 4
Boeing 747-8 1 2
Boeing 757-200 0.25 0.5
Boeing 767-300 1 1 – 2
Boeing 777-200ER 1 2
Embraer 145 0.25 0.25
The number of night landings and take-offs at Heathrow Airport is limited to a total of
5800 per year. The total permitted QC for all night flights at Heathrow Airport is 9180 per year.
7 (b) (i) Calculate the maximum number of night take-offs per year that would be permitted for the following aircraft.
[2 marks]
Boeing 747-400 ................................................................................................................
Boeing 757-200 ................................................................................................................
7 (b) (ii) Suggest how the QC system encourages airlines to buy quieter aircraft.[1 mark]
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
Question 7 continues on the next page
20 Do not write outside the
box
M/Jun15/ENVS3(20)
7 (c) Figure 5 shows how aircraft noise emissions have changed as new aircraft designs have been introduced.
Figure 5
Year of introduction
90
Noiselevel(450 mfromaircraftattake-off /dB)
Comet 4Caravelle
VC10CV 990CV 880
B720B707
DC-8
DC-9Trident 1
1955
100
110
120
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Each represents the introduction of a new aircraft design.
B747-100
B747-200B737
F28 DC-10-30L-1011-500A310B787
B757DC-8-70
B787ERA320
B747-400
MD-11 A330
B777Fokker 100
B737-300
MD-80
DC-10-10
L-1011-1 A300
VFW614
BAe 146
B727BAC111Caravelle 10
Outline how one change in aircraft design has contributed to the trend shown in Figure 5.
[2 marks]
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
21 Do not write outside the
box
Turn over
M/Jun15/ENVS3(21)
7 (d) Figure 6 shows changes in air travel and noise exposure around Heathrow Airport.
Figure 6
1986 1990Year
1994 1998 2002 2006 20101974
Aircraftmovements
Populationwithin 57 dBALeq contour area/thousands
01978 1982
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
KeyAircraft movements (thousands) per annumPopulation (thousands) within the 57 dBA area
7 (d) (i) Describe the trends shown in Figure 6.[1 mark]
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
7 (d) (ii) Apart from changes in aircraft design, outline the changes that may have resulted in the change in noise exposure shown in Figure 6.
[2 marks]
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
22 Do not write outside the
box
M/Jun15/ENVS3(22)
7 (e) Outline an experiment to investigate the effect of increasing distance from an airport on the volume of aircraft noise detected.
[6 marks]
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
____15
23 Do not write outside the
box
Turn over
M/Jun15/ENVS3(23)
8 Write an essay on one of the following topics.
Credit will be given for your understanding of the relationship between different areas of the subject, also for the organisation and presentation of the essay and for grammar, punctuation and spelling.
You should answer this question in continuous prose.
Either
8 (a) Discuss the problems that would be caused by a greater dependence on renewable energy resources and outline the methods that may be used to reduce these problems.
[20 marks] or
8 (b) Explain how the choices about energy use made within a country may affect development and quality of life in other countries.
[20 marks] or
8 (c) Compare the advantages and disadvantages of the methods that are used to deal with solid wastes.
[20 marks]
Which question have you chosen?
Tick () one box.
8 (a)
8 (b)
8 (c)
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
24 Do not write outside the
box
M/Jun15/ENVS3(24)
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
25 Do not write outside the
box
Turn over
M/Jun15/ENVS3(25)
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
26 Do not write outside the
box
M/Jun15/ENVS3(26)
Extra space for Question 8 ................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
27 Do not write outside the
box
M/Jun15/ENVS3(27)
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
____20
END OF QUESTIONS
28
M/Jun15/ENVS3
Do not write outside the
box
(28)
DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGEANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED
There are no questions printed on this page
Acknowledgement of copyright-holders and publishers
Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright-holders have been unsuccessful and AQA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements in future papers if notifi ed.
Figure 5 Cambridge University Press/Dr Sjoerd Rienstra, adapted from Michael J.T. Smith, Aircraft Noise 2009Figure 6 Heathrow Airport Ltd
Copyright © 2015 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.
![JSS UNIVERSITY · 2:00 PM- 3:30 PM Environmental Studies Environmental Studies Environmental Studies Environmental Studies (1381) (138]) (1381) (1381) Centre](https://img.pdfslide.net/doc/110x75/5b6fc5ce7f8b9aad128c7c84/jss-university-200-pm-330-pm-environmental-studies-environmental-studies.jpg)
