Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Environmental Work in the German License Area
Carsten Rühlemann, Marco Blöthe, Thomas Kuhn, Axel Schippers
Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR)
Pedro Martínez-Arbizu, Annika Tiltack, Sabine Schückel,
Ulrike Schückel, Maria Miljutina
German Center for Marine Biodiversity Research (DZMB)
Konstantin Mewes, Sabine Kasten
Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI)
Aude Picard
Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology
Environmental Work in the German License Area
► Contract with ISA in July 2006 (75,000 km², two subareas)
► Three cruises in Oct/Nov 2008 and 2009, April/May 2010
► Bathymetry and backscatter data (completed)
► Magnetic profiling: paleogeographic reconstruction
► Water column T, S, O2, Chl a (4 stations), water sampling (2x)
► Sediment properties and nodule facies (45 box cores)
► Pore water geochemistry (13 MUCs, 8 long sediment cores)
► Biodiversity (5 EBS, 20 box cores, 15 MUCs)
► Microbiology (14 MUCs, 13 box cores, 7 long cores 236 nod.)
Hawaii
Los Angeles
Honolulu
San Francisco
Location of the German License Area
Manzanillo
Area West
Area East
SWATH ship:
(small waterplane
area twin hull)
First two Exploration Cruises: R/V Kilo Moana
Oct/Nov 2008
and 2009
Third Exploration Cruise with R/V Sonne
April/May 2010
Bathymetry of Area East
► 58,000 km², avg. Depth = 4200 m
► hull-mounted Simrad EM 120 multibeam echosounder
► 9 knots speed, 15 km swath width
► 125 x 125 m grid resolution
► ~80% low-relief areas, N-S horst / graben structures
► seamounts: 2 >2000 m, 6 >1000 m, 307 >100 m
fracture zones
Area East
Backscatter Strength
Hydroacustic signal amplitude
Information about seafloor properties
Plate Tectonic Drift (53 Ma to Present)
Present-day equatorial high productivity zone
Oceanography
► Physical oceanography: 4 CTD deployments (T, S, O2, Chl a), 3 in Area E, 1 in Area W
► Chemical oceanography: water column samples at 2 CTD stations (5 – 4350 m) in Area E
bottom water samples at 9 MUC stations in Area E
► Lab analyses: radiogenic isotope analyses (IFM-Geomar)
trace elements (AWI)
respiration rate measurements (MPI Microbiology)
microbiology/incubation experiments (BGR)
► Gaps: current measurements (ADCP moorings, numerical modeling incl. particle transport)
seasonality (2-4 cruises per year)
CTD Stations in Oct/Nov 2008
Hawaii
Los Angeles
Honolulu
San Francisco
Manzanillo
CTD West CTD East
SBE 911 plus CTD profiler attached to a Sea Bird SBE 32 carrousel water sampler
SBE 43 oxygen Clark-sensor with Teflon membrane, twenty four 10 L Niskin-bottles
SBE 911 plus
7x West
Bottom water
T: 1.5°C
O2: 3.2 ml/l
100-700 m: O2 minimum
100m:Chl amax.
Surface Chlorophyll Concentration in Nov 2008
NASA (http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi/l3)
Los Angeles
Honolulu
San Francisco
0.05 0.1
CTD Stations in Area East in Nov 2010
40 km
N
SO205-01CTD
SO205-21CTD
CTDs: Area East
Sediment Properties and Nodule Facies
► Shear strength: 46 box cores (30 in Area East, 6 in Area West), 8 long sediment cores
► Sediment grain size: box core samples (BGR, to be carried out)
► Pore water chemistry: 25 box cores, 13 MUCs, 8 long sediment cores (BGR, AWI)
► Solid phase geochemistry: element concentrations (XRF core scanner) (BGR, AWI)
► Organic matter: TOC, TN (box cores and long sediment cores) (BGR)
► Nodules facies: 46 box cores (size distribution, metal conc.), backscatter (EM 120, side
scan sonar) (BGR)
► Gaps: particulate matter flux (sediment trap deployments)
Seafloor Sampling Locations
N OMI (Preussag): 196 stations (1976-1977)metal conc., nodule abund.
BGR: 40 box core stations (2008-2010)Nodules: metal conc., abundance, size distribribution,
Sediments: shear strength, phys. prop., micropal.,
microbiol., pore water chemistry, biodiversity
Side scan sonar
SSS
Sediment Shear Strength (Area East)
25 box cores
Area W: 7.3 kPa in 10-40 cm (7 box cores)
Sediment Core (14 m): XRF Analysis with Core Scanner
Calcium
Manganese
Iron
Copper
Nickel
Barium
Chlorins
calcareous ooze
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
Core depth (cm)0
20
40
60
Lig
htn
ess L
*
Ch
lorin
s
0.0
10,000.0
20,000.0
30,000.0
Ba
Inte
nsity
500
750
1000
1250
1500
Ni In
ten
sity250
500
750
1000
1250
Cu
In
ten
sity
50,000
150,000
250,000
350,000
Fe I
nte
nsity
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
Mn
In
ten
sity
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
Ca
In
ten
sity
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
high
low
SO205-14KL
Lightness
Quat./Plio.siliceous clay (1mm/ka) n
od
ule
s
Hiatus (16-3.6 Ma)
middle Miocene?reddish brown clay
Total Organic Carbon Content (upper 40 cm)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6
Corg (%)
40
30
20
10
0
De
pth
(c
mb
sf)
Area West
Area East
West East
Se
dim
en
t d
ep
th (
cm
)
Surface Water Chlorophyll (mg/m³)0 0.2 0.4 0.6
Corg (%)
40
30
20
10
0
De
pth
(c
mb
sf)
Area West
Area East
0.1-0.2
mg/m³
West East0.07-0.08
mg/m³2200 km
Strong backscatter,
high topography –
vulcanic seamounts
Strong backscatter,
low topography –
Mn nodule field?
Bathymetry Backscatter signal20 km
Backscatter Strength
Backscatter Strength
12 Locations with high backscatter
12 Locations with medium/low backscatter
Nodule Size Distribution at Medium / High Backscatter
medium / low
backscatter
(light gray)
high
backscatter
(medium gray)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Re
lative
fre
qu
en
cy
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Maximum diameter (cm)
Backscatter values: 114-138- 69 nodules per box core- 19 kg/m²- Mn/Fe: 4.3- Ni+Cu: 2.6%
12 KGs, 824 nodules
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Backscatter values: 69-90- 239 nodules per box core- 16 kg/m²- Mn/Fe: 3.4- Ni+Cu: 2.4% 12 KGs, 2862 nodules
SO205-24KG
SO205-44KG
Standard Deviation of Nodule Size vs Backscatter
60 80 100 120 140
Backscatter gray value
0
1
2
3
4
Sta
nd
ard
de
v. (
of
nod
ule
siz
e
R2 = 0.35
60 80 100 120 140
Backscatter gray value
0
2
4
6
8
10
Ari
thm
etic m
ea
n o
f n
od
ule
siz
e
R2 = 0.23
60 80 100 120 140
Backscatter gray value
12
16
20
24
28
32
No
dule
ab
und
an
ce
(kg m
-2)
R2 = 0.19
60 80 100 120 140
Backscatter gray value
0
200
400
600
Nu
mb
er
of
nod
ule
s
R2 = 0.15
standard dev. arithmetic mean
nodule abund. no. of nodules
Porewater Geochemistry
► Pore water sampling: 13 MUCs, 8 long sediment cores (6 – 14 m) with rhizon samplers
► Shipboard / home lab analyses:
O2 with Clark-type oxygen electrodes directly in sediment
Eh, pH (micro electrodes), alkalinity (titration), silica
Anions: Fe2+, NO2
-, NO3-, PO4
3-, SO42-, Cl- (photometrically)
Cations: Ca, Mg, Sr, K, Ba, S, Mn, Si, B, Li (ICP-AES and AAS)
Marine
Geochemistry
Marine
GeochemistryPore Water O2 Conc. in MUC Sediment
06MUC/15KL
no nodules
05MUC/14KL
12.8 kg/m²
Se
dim
en
t d
ep
th (
µm
)
Marine
GeochemistryPore Water Geochemistry
Location of piston cores 14 KL and 15KL
15KL14KL
Backscatter
Porenwasserprofile KL 14
► medium backscatter, 12.8 kg/m² nodule abundance
► low Mn2+ conc. (<0.5 µmol/l) and no nitrate reduction detected
oxic
suboxic
Sed
imen
t d
ep
th (
m)
Marine
GeochemistryPore Water Geochem: Piston Core 14KL
Mewes, Kasten et al. (in prep.)
Surface
0 20 40 60
Mn (µmol/l)
16
12
8
4
0
De
pth
(m
)
0 20 40 60 80 100
O2 (µmol/l)
16
12
8
4
0
0 20 40 60
NO3 (µmol/l)
16
12
8
4
0
14 KL
0 20 40 60
Mn (µmol/l)
16
12
8
4
0
De
pth
(m
)
0 20 40 60 80 100
O2 (µmol/l)
16
12
8
4
0
0 20 40 60
NO3 (µmol/l)
16
12
8
4
0
14 KL
0 20 40 60
Mn (µmol/l)
16
12
8
4
0
De
pth
(m
)
0 20 40 60 80 100
O2 (µmol/l)
16
12
8
4
0
0 20 40 60
NO3 (µmol/l)
16
12
8
4
0
14 KL
2+
0 20 40 60
Mn (µmol/l)
16
12
8
4
0
De
pth
(m
)
0 20 40 60 80 100
O2 (µmol/l)
16
12
8
4
0
0 20 40 60
NO3 (µmol/l)
16
12
8
4
0
14 KL
► low backscatter, no nodules or small nodules
► increasing Mn2+ and decreasing NO3 conc. under suboxic conditions
► Mn(IV)O2 becomes reduced to Mn2+
Marine
Geochemistry
Surface
Mewes, Kasten et al. (in prep.)
0 20 40 60
Mn (µmol/l)
16
12
8
4
0
De
pth
(m
)
0 20 40 60 80 100
O2 (µmol/l)
16
12
8
4
0
0 20 40 60
NO3 (µmol/l)
16
12
8
4
0
14 KL
0 20 40 60
Mn (µmol/l)
16
12
8
4
0
De
pth
(m
)
0 20 40 60 80 100
O2 (µmol/l)
16
12
8
4
0
0 20 40 60
NO3 (µmol/l)
16
12
8
4
0
14 KL
0 20 40 60
Mn (µmol/l)
16
12
8
4
0
De
pth
(m
)
0 20 40 60 80 100
O2 (µmol/l)
16
12
8
4
0
0 20 40 60
NO3 (µmol/l)
16
12
8
4
0
14 KL
oxic
suboxic
Nitrate
reduction
Manganese
reduction
2+
0 20 40 60
Mn (µmol/l)
16
12
8
4
0
De
pth
(m
)
0 20 40 60 80 100
O2 (µmol/l)
16
12
8
4
0
0 20 40 60
NO3 (µmol/l)
16
12
8
4
0
14 KLS
ed
imen
t d
ep
th (
m)
Pore Water Geochem: Piston Core 15KL
Composition and Diversity of the Benthic Community
General objectives
► Determine benthic communities and diversity in dependence of nodule facies
(dense nodule abundance versus low abundance or nodule-free areas)
► Influence of topography on faunal assemblage and diversity (seamounts vs. deep-
sea plain)
► Comparison with own investigations in the French license area (Nodinaut project)
and results from the KAPLAN project
► Influence of ocean surface bioproductivity (E-W, S-N gradients) on faunal
assemblage and diversity
German Center for Marine Biodiversity ResearchPedro Martínez-Arbizu, Annika Tiltack, Sabine Schückel, Ulrike Schückel,
Maria Miljutina
Sampling (OFOS, MUC, Box Cores, EBS)
► Photo sledge (OFOS): 5x video tracks, 2x tracks with high resolution photos
► 15x Multicorer (159 tubes in total):
66 samples (3-5 per station) for Meiofauna community (formol)
10 samples (1 per station) for vertical distribution (1 cm slices) (formol)
15 samples (at least 1 per station) for DNA studies (DESS)
► 20x box corer: 40 samples (Ethanol), single animals on nodules (DESS)
► 5x EBS → 10 Macrofauna Proben (Ethanol), 9 Meiofauna (DESS)
► Megafauna (>4 cm, detectable on photos) → photo sledge
Macrofauna (1 mm - 4 cm) → box corer
Meiofauna (32 µm - 1 mm) → multicorer
Photo Sledge: Megafauna
Photo Sledge: Megafauna
? Peniagone leander (Pawson & Foell, 1986) (length 22-23 cm)
Locations of Epibenthos Sledge Deployments
Taxonomic Groups in Epibenthos Sledge Samples
Protozoa:Foraminifera
Komokiacea
Xenophyophora
Porifera:Hexactinelida
Nematoda
Crustaceans:Peracarida:
Isopoda
Amphipoda
Cumacea
Tanaidacea
Maxillopoda:
Copepoda
Ostracoda
Tantulocarida
Mollusca:Aplacophora
Polyplacophora
Bivalvia
Gastropoda
Bryozoa
Cnidaria:Hydrozoa
Anthozoa
Annelida:Polychaeta
Echinodermata:Ophiuridea
Echinoidea
most common
taxa
„so far no differences
between EBS sites
could be detected“
Cumacea
Tanaidacea
Amphipoda
Tanaidacea
Isopoda
Cumacea
Copepoda Calanoida Isopoda
Desmosomatidae
Selected Species Sampled in Epibenthos Sledge
Porifera Hexactinenelida
Ophiuridae
Mollusca
Aplacophora Mollusca Bivalvia
Komokiacea Lana
Komokiacea
Septuma
Biodiversity Studies15 multicorer + 20 box corer
sample locations
Multicorer
Box corer
total abundanc e
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
10 11 17 18 24 27 29 32 34 41 44 45 49 53 56 58 62 63 68
K G - S tations
ab
un
da
nc
e (
0.2
5 m
²)
10 KG
29 KG
49 KG
53 KG
Organisms on Nodules: Species Abundance (separated animals)N
um
ber
of
sp
ecie
s / 0
.25 m
²
Box core #
14
3
7
3
Polychaeta
Porifera
Bryozoa
Echinodermata
► sessile: filtrating organisms (filter feeder) dominate
► mobile: deposit und subsurface deposit feeder
Proportions of Currently Identified Species on Major Group Level
Box cores
seperated animals
Box Core Sample: Komokis on Nodule
Box Core Samples: Bryozoa
undefined specimen of Bryozoa
Maldanidae species 1
Maldanidae species 2
habitation tubeOphelina sp. Serpulidae
Spirorbinae
(found in 9 box cores)
Phyllodocidae
tube builders, sessilemobile
Terebellidae
Box Core Samples: Polychaeta
habitation tube
Molecular-Genetic Analyses
PCR Analysis: Amplification of Gene Fragments COI and 28s
Main objectives
► Gene flow: determination of population size, similarities in species assemblage
and genetic similarities
► Collection of molecular data of all organisms (Barcoding)
Methods► Amplification of Cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI), 12 S and 28 S ribosomal DNA
Percentage of Successful Amplifications of Selected Genes
Macrofauna(95 individuals) (240 individuals)
► Most common taxa in EBS: Isopoda, Polychaeta, Copepoda,
Tanaidacea
► Macrofauna in sediment (0-10 cm) dominated by polychaetes,
tanaids, cumaceans, amphipods, bivalves
► Higher abundance of sessile macrofauna organisms in areas
with small-sized nodules
► Megafauna in German license area strongly resembles those of
the French license area
► Megafauna on the seamounts in the license area is similar to
the benthic community of the deep-sea plains
Main Biodiversity Results (preliminary onboard observations)
Microbiology: Main Objectives
► Evaluation of microbiota living on/in nodules and in sediment
► Identification of microorganisms possibly involved in Mn nodule
formation
A. Kappler et al., Geobiology (2005), 3, 235–245
Example:
Fe(III)-precipitates formed
around cells by the Fe(II)-
oxidizing bacterium BoFeN1
Microbiology: Samples and Lab Analyses
► 236 nodule samples (111 at -20°C, 125 in sterile sea water at 4°C)
► 264 sediment samples from 13 MUCs, 12 box cores and 7 long
sediment cores (in formaldehyde-PBS solution at -20°C)
► Numbers of living bacteria / archaea by CARD-FISH
► Numbers of different groups of prokaryotes by Q-PCR
► DNA extraction of
- hydrogenetic/diagenetic nodules
- sediment
► DNA analysis by
- DGGE (density gradient gel electrophoresis)
- Clone data base
► Cultivation of Mn oxidizers and reducers
CARD-FISH method
strain BoFeN1
Microbiology Sample Locations in Area East
13 MUCs
12 box cores
7 long sediment cores
XY
Bacteria Archaea(1) Rim 3.05 x 108 1.14 x 108
(2) Hydrogenetic 0.27 x 108 0.01 x 108
(3) Diagenetic 1.72 x 108 0.10 x 108
(4) Nodule core 1.81 x 108 0.30 x 108
(5) Sediment 1.18 x 108 no data
Manganese
nodule
Microbiology: Bacteria Abundances on/in Nodules
1
2
3
4
5
National and International Cooperation
► German Center for Marine Biodiversity Research (DZMB)
► Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI)
► Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences (IFM-Geomar)
► Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology (MPI)
► French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea (Ifremer)
German
license area
NODBIO Project: French – German Cooperation
General objectives (joint cruise planned for 2012) Lénaick Menot
► Description and understanding of fauna/habitat relationships at regional and local scales
► Evaluation of distribution of benthic species
► Quantification of connectivity between populations of the two areas
French
license area
German Environmental Impact Studies (Peru Basin)
► DISCOL (1989-1993): University Hamburg (Biology)
► TUSCH / ATESEPP (1993-1997): BGR, Geomar, AWI, Univ
Berlin, Univ Hamburg, Univ Hannover (DISCOL extended by
Geology, Geochemistry, Oceanography)
► Five research cruises from 1989 to 1997
(4-8 weeks)
► >100 publications including
„Environmental Imapct Studies for the
Mining of Polymetallic nodules from the
Deep Sea“ in Deep-Sea Research
TUSCH (Deep-Sea Environment Protection)
DISCOL (Disturbance and Recolonization Experiment)
ATESEPP (Effects of Technical Interventions into the Ecosystem of the Deep Sea in the Southeast Pacific Ocean off Peru
Major Conclusions of DISCOL / TUSCH
► Seven years after seafloor disturbance the benthic community
structure seemed to be quite similar to that before disturburb.
(based on individual counts and taxonomic investigations)
► Hard bottom fauna did not return
► Experiments: most of the sediment suspended during mining
process should resettle at distances of up to 2 km
► Impact evaluation is difficult because of high numbers of
undescribed and rare species (species distribution need to be
studied on scales of kilometers by international cooperation)
► Species living on the abyssal plains are probably widely
distributed
Thiel et al. (2005), Mar. Georesour. Geotechnol., 23: 209
