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Enzymes
Enzymes- are special proteins responsible for certain chemical reactions.
They aid in digestion. Activation energy- the energy that
supplies the force needed for a reaction
eg. Strike a matchfriction---enough energy--- burst into flame
When a chemical reaction occurs between 2 substances
Chemical reaction
Bonds break New ones form New product
Catalyst
Speeds up the rate of reactions without being changed itself.
Allows the cells to survive.
Able to be used over and over.
catalyst
faster Lower temperature
Enzymes act as catalysts.
Enzyme names end in – ase
Maltase- breaks down maltose
Amylase- breaks down amylose
catalyst
biological protein
22 digestive enzymes
Amylase- starches, CHO Protease- proteins Lipase- fats [ lipids] Lactase- milk [ lactose]
Substrates
Enzymes act on specific molecules or sets of molecules called substrates
They fit into an area of the enzyme called an active site.
Enzymes hold the substrate until the reaction occurs.
After the reaction the enzyme releases the product and then can be reused.
Coenzyme
Sometimes an enzyme needs a partner to help the enzyme work.
One that is heat stable with organic molecules.
It helps shape the enzyme to fit better. Influences the active site .
LOCK + KEY + OIL
Enzymes and digestion
Needed for many aspects of digestion to happen.
MOUTH- saliva contains amylase
breaks down amylose [ starch in bread]
To the sugar maltose
STOMACH
Enzymes work on the acid in the stomach
Rennin- curdles the milk protein
Pepsin- denatures protein
Stomach enzymes are the only ones not destroyed by the acid.
Small Intestine
Proteases- breaks down protein
Lipases- break down fats [ lipids]
Carbohydrases- break down carbohydrates
Enzymes are vital to good health. They metabolize [ digest] food. Nutrients are now available in useable
forms.
Things that affect enzyme activity.
Temperature pH balance Water
All these things affect how we treat food to preserve it.
Enzymatic Browning
Enzymes cause some foods- fruits- to turn brown when cut exposing them to the air.
1. substance 2. enzyme 3. oxygen Must limit one of the above to stop this
browning.
Heat- slows this happening Lower the pH- add an acid
Eg. Fruit- sugar + water - ascorbic acid [ vitamin C ]
Eg vegetables – soak in salt water
Yeast
Contains maltase Stops when bread
baked as the heat kills the yeast
maltase
Breaks down maltose Releases CO2 Cause bread to rise
Meat
Meat tenderizers are enzymes that break down the connective tissue in meat.
Fruit juices [Pineapple juice]
Vinegar Wine
Marinate-use an acid
M.S.G.-breaks down connective tissue
Papain-enzyme found in papaya
Uses of enzymes
Food scientists have learned to use enzymes to aid in preservation.
Chocolates- used in centers to keep them soft.
.
Apple/ grape juice- enzymes used – juice appears less cloudy
Tomatoes- enzymes- enhance flavor - give longer shelf life