Enzymes

Protein structures that lower activation energy

Enzyme names Ends in –ase

Based on reaction catalyzed

Ex: hydrolysis of amylose – enzyme amylase

Spontaneity - S

Catabolism vs. Anabolism

Factors that change the rate of chemical reactions

Changing pH Agitation Increase temperature Removing product Enzymes: ideal

because highly efficient and specific

Enzyme-Substrate Complex

Enzyme models Fischer’s “lock and key” Jenk’s “strain” Koshland’s “induced fit”

All three = modern induced fit theory of enzymes

Induced fit model

Inactive until regulated

Inhibition Inhibitor =

chemical similar in shape and size to substrate

Competitive vs. Noncompetitive

Allosteric inhibition

Regulatory molecule

Cofactors metal ions activator coenzymes (vitamins) prosthetic groups

Optimal conditions for enzymes

Temperature

pH Saline

concentration

Etc.