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EOC Final Review. SHORT-TERM (quick) ENERGY. 1. BENEDICTS SOLUTION. 1. SUGAR. 2. STARCH. 1. IODINE SOLUTION. 1 GLYCEROL & 3 FATTY ACIDS. LONG-TERM (quick) ENERGY. BROWN PAPER BAG TEST. MAINTAINING HOMEOSTASIS IN THE BODY. AMINO ACIDS. BIURET’S SOLUTION. NUCLEOTIDE - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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1. SUGAR
2. STARCH
1. BENEDICTS SOLUTION
1. IODINE SOLUTION
SHORT-TERM (quick) ENERGY
LONG-TERM (quick) ENERGY
1 GLYCEROL & 3 FATTY ACIDS
BROWN PAPER BAG TEST
AMINO ACIDS MAINTAINING HOMEOSTASIS IN THE BODY
BIURET’S SOLUTION
NUCLEOTIDE(1 phosphate, 1 sugar, 1 nitrogen base)
HOLD GENETIC INFORMATION
HOLD RECIPE TO MAKE PROTEINS
1. ALL LIVING THINGS
2. DNA FINGERPRINTING
BOTH Stores ALL of the important information for the cell
BOTH
PLANTS ONLY
BOTH
BOTHPlants have 1 LARGE vacuole
Animals have multiple small ones
PLANTS ONLY
BOTH
Decides what comes in and out of cell
Extra support and protection for plant cells
Provides energy for the cell (ATP)
Stores material
Photosynthesis to make food for plant (glucose)
Makes proteins (site of protein synthesis)
MITOCHONDRIA
NUCLEUSCELL MEMBRANE
RIBOSOMES
RIBOSOMES
CELL MEMBRANE
CELL WALL
CHLOROPLAST
VACUOLE
PLANTANIMAL
CELL WALLCHLOROPLAST
VACUOLE (large)
PROKARYOTIC EUKARYOTIC
NO NUCLEUS
NO MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES (ONLY RIBOSOMES)
PLASMIDS (circular DNA)
SMALL, SIMPLE, OLDER
HAS A NUCLEUS
HAS MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES
LARGER, COMPLEX, YOUNGER
DNA IN NUCLEUS (in chromosomes)
Unit 3 Reminders:
1. Cell specialization/differentiation:– Where do all cell originally come from (what type of
cell)?– Do all cells have the same DNA?– Do all cells have the same function (job)?– What makes a muscle cell and a nerve cell different?– REMEMBER: all cells have the same DNA, but
different jobs! The only difference are the GENES that are turned on or off in each cell – this determines their job!
Transport Reminders:
1. ALWAYS draw you box-circle model2. When the molecules CANNOT move it is OSMOSIS– WATER moves high to low– Use the salt concentration. Subtract from 100% (inside
and outside). The left remaining amount is the water concentration. Move the water from the high concentration to the low concentration.
3. If water moves…– OUT = the cell will SHRINK or SHRIVEL– IN = the cell will SWELL or BURST
100% water
0% salt
20% salt80% water LOW (water)
HIGH (water)
Water will move out of the cell and it will SHRINK
LOW (water)
0% salt
100% water
80% water
20% salt
HIGH (water)
Water will move into of the cell and it will SWELL
Real life application of osmosis…
• What happens when you don’t water your plants…
The VACUOLE loses water (water leaves the cell), so the cell SHRINKS or SHRIVELS, causing the plant to wilt and die.
PROTEINS
THE SHAPE OF THE ACTIVE SITE
YES – ENZYMES ARE REUSED FOR THE SAME SPECIFIC TYPE OF REACTIONS, UNLESS THE ACTIVE SITE IS DENATURED (the shape is changed).
pH AND TEMPERATURE CAN DENATURE THE ACTIVE SITE OF THE ENZYME. IF THE ACTIVE SITE CHANGES SHAPE, THE ENZYME CAN NO LONGER PERFORM AT AN OPTIMAL LEVEL AND MAY STOP WORKING.
SUN (energy) + CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) + WATER (H2O) OXYGEN (O2) + GLUCOSE (C6H12O6)
CHLOROPLAST
CO2 O2
AEROBIC REPIRATION USES OXYGEN AND CREATES 36 ATPANAEROBIC REPIRATION DOES NOT USE OXYGEN AND CREATES 2 ATP
IN ANIMAL MUSCLE
IN YEAST AND BACTERIA
Remember: FERMENTATION is another name for ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
THE PRODUCTS ARE: 2 ATP, CARBON DIOXIDE, and ETHYL ALCOHOL
RIBOSE
A, G, C, U A, G, C, T
DEOXYRIBOSE
1 (single helix) 2 (double helix)
NUCLEUS & CYTOPLASM NUCLEUS
DELIVERS GENETIC MESSAGES TO MAKE PROTEINS
HOLDS GENETIC INFORMATION TO CODE FOR PROTEINS
PEPTIDE BONDS
TRANSCRIPTON TRANSLATION PROTEINS
STORES GENETIC INFORMATION FOR LIFE
TRANSPORT DNA MESSAGE FROM NUCLEUS TO RIBOSOME
READ mRNA MESSAGE (anticodon) AND BRING CORRECT AMINO ACID TO THE RIBOSOME
MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS IN BODY (health, repair, communication, digestion, speed up reactions)
NUCLEUS mRNA
CYTOPLASM RIBOSOME
tRNA
AMINO ACID PROTEIN
TRUE
EVERY CELL HAS THE SAME DNA, BUT A DIFFERENT JOB. THE DIFFERENT JOBS ARE DETERMINED BY THE GENES THAT ARE TURNED ON OR OFF IN A CELL.
ASEXUAL SEXUAL
2N = DIPLOID 2N = DIPLOID
2N = DIPLOID N = HAPLOID
1 2
2 4
50 chromosomes 25 chromosomes
BEFORE CELL DIVISION BEFORE 1st CELL DIVISION
NO
NO
NO
YES
YES
YESYES
YESYES
YES
INTERPHASE
PROPHASE (first)
METAPHASE(middle)
ANAPHASE (away)
TELOPHASE(2 new cells)
Interphase= DNA Replication
Prophase = chromosomes form; nucleus breaks down; spindle fibers appear
C
Metaphase = chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
B
E
Anaphase = chromosomes pulled apart by spindle fibers
Telophase= nucleus reforms; cytoplasm divides; 2 new cells
A
D
MEIOSIS
MEIOSIS
GAMETE(egg)
GAMETE(sperm)
FERTILIZATION ZYGOTE(1st diploid cell)
MITOSIS EMBRYO ADULT
Phenotype = Tall Genotype = _____ _____ ______
Phenotype = _________ _________
TT Tt tt
TALL
SHORT
1 (25%) 2 (50%) 1 (25%)
3 (75%) 1 (25%)1:2:1
3:1
1. Nutrition and health
2. Environment may favor tall trait = trees (food) may grow taller favoring tall organism. Tall would be able to eat, survive and reproduce. Short ones would die off.
Phenotypes: RED, WHITE, PINK
Genotypes: RR= RED
RR’= PINK
R’R’= WHITE
Parents: ______ x _______RR R’R’
R R
R’
R’
R
R
R
R
R’
R’ R’
R’
Genotype = _____ _____ ______
Phenotype = ______ _______ _______
RR RR’ R’R’
RED PINK WHITE
0 (0%) 4 (100%) 0 (0%)
0 (0%) 4 (100%) 0 (0%)
100% PINK FLOWERS
100% RR’
Parents:
______ x _______
Genotype = _____ _____ ______
Phenotype = ______ _______ _______
RR RR’ R’R’
RED PINK WHITE
RR’RR’
R
R’
R’
R R
R
R’
R’
R R
R’ R’1 (25%) 2 (50%) 1 (25%)
1 (25%) 2 (50%) 1 (25%)
25% RED; 50% PINK; 25% WHITE
25% RR; 50% RR’; 25% R’R’
Phenotypes: BlackBlack-and-TanTan
Genotypes: BB = BlackBT = Black + Tan
TT = Tan
Parents:
_______ x _______BB TT
B B
T
T
B
BB
BT T
TT
Genotype = _____ _____ ______
Phenotype = _____ _____ ______
BB BT TT
Black Black+Tan Tan0 (0%) 0 (0%)
0 (0%)0 (0%) 4 (100%)
4 (100%)
100% Black-and-Tan offspring
100% BT
BB x TT
XY
XX
Sex-linked traits travel on the X-chromosome
Phenotype: Healthy, carrier, Hemophilia (sick)
Genotype: XRXR = healthy femaleXRXr = carrier female
XrXr = sick female
XRY = healthy male
XrY = sick male
Parents: ______ x ______XRXr XRY
XR Xr
XR
Y
XR
XR
Xr
Xr
XR XR
Y Y
H C S
Male
Female
01 1
1 1 0
25% chance of child with hemophilia (1 son)
0% chance of daughter with hemophilia
25% chance of daughter being a carrier
Males only have 1 X – so they have it or they don’t
Phenotype: Type A, B, AB, or O
Genotype:
Type A: AA or Ao
Type B: BB or Bo
Type AB: AB
Type O: oo
What we know:
Mom: Type A (AA or Ao)Dad: Type B (BB or Bo)Baby: Type O (oo)
o o
A
B
o
oParents: _____ x _____Ao Bo
A B B
A o
o
Genotype: ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____
Phenotype: _______ _______ _______ _______
AA Ao BB Bo AB oo0 (0%) 1 (25%) 0 (0%) 1 (25%) 1 (25%) 1 (25%)
Type A Type B Type AB Type O1 (25%) 1 (25%) 1 (25%) 1 (25%)
25% change of child with Type O
0% change of child with homozygous Type A
25% change of child with Type AB
Phenotype: Type A, B, AB, or O
Genotype:
Type A: AA or Ao
Type B: BB or Bo
Type AB: AB
Type O: oo
What we know:
Mom: Type A (AA or Ao)
Baby: Type O (oo)
Dad: 1. Type AB (AB) 2. Type A (AA or Ao) 3. Type O (oo)
Narrowing it down:
If the child is blood Type O, then both parents have to give an ‘o’ allele.
This leaves means Mom has to be heterozygous Type A (Ao).
Dad 3 could be the father because he is Type O (oo) and can give an ‘o’ allele.
Dad 2 could be the father only is he is heterozygous Type A (Ao), because he must have an ‘o’ allele to give.
Dad 1 could NOT be the father because he is blood Type AB (AB). He does not have an ‘o’ allele to give, so he cannot be the father of a child with Type O (oo) blood.
SKIN COLOR, HAIR COLOR, EYE COLOR
MULTIPLE ALLELES HAVE MORE THEN TWO ALLELES THAT CAN CODE FOR A DIFFERENT TRAITS, BUT ALL OF THE ALLELES ARE LOCATED ON THE SAME GENE. AN EXAMPLE OF MULTIPLE ALLELES ARE BLOOD TYPES (A, B, O).
POLYGENIC TRAITS HAVE MORE THEN TWO ALLELES THAT CAN CODE FOR A DIFFERENT TRAITS, BUT THE ALLELES ARE LOCATED ON THE DIFFERNT GENES. THIS CREATES A VERY WIDE RANGE OF PHENOTYPES. EXAMPLES OF POLYGENIC TRAITS ARE HAIR COLOR, EYE COLOR, AND SKIN COLOR.
Autosomal = because there are an equal number of males and females affected.
Recessive = because it is not present it every generation AND affected children do not have affected parents.
AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE
aa
aaAa Aa
A_ A_Aa Aa
A_
A_
aa
Aa
FEMALE - XX
DOWN SYNDROME – 3 chromosomes on #21
NON-DISJUNCTION – chromosomes do not separate properly during meiosis
AN INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH EFFORT TO DETERMINE THE SEQUENCE OF HUMAN GENOME (all DNA) AND IDENTIFY THE GENES IT CONTAINS.
THE PRODUCTION OF MULTIPLE, IDENTICAL OFFSPRING USING BIOTECHNOLOGY.
What is this technologytypically used to produce?
GENETIC ENGINEERING
THE DESIRED GENE (insulin) IS CUT OUT USING RESTRICTION ENZYMES.
THE DESIRED GENE (insulin) IS THEN GLUED INTO A BACTERIAL PLASMID (circuluar DNA) USING THE ENZYME LIGASE.
THE PLASMID (now recombinant DNA with the bacterial host and desired gene) IS INSERTED BACK INTO THE BACTERIAL HOST.
THE BACTERIAL WILL NOW PRODUCE COPIES OF THE DESIRED GENE EVERY TIME IT DIVIDES (using binary fission). So, the insulin gene is reproduced every time the bacteria divides.
FOSSILS ARE USED TO COMPARE AGE AND FETURES TO HELP DETERMINE COMMON ANCESTRY
COMPARING DNA, AMINO ACIDS, AND PROTEIN SEQUENCES TO DETERMINE COMMON ANCESTRY. FEWER DIFFERENCE MEANS A CLOSER COMMON ANCESTOR.
VARIATION IS NECESSARY FOR EVOLUTION. THERE MUST BE DIFFERENCES AMONG ORGANISMS IN ORDER FOR THERE TO BE COMPETITION. COMPETITION CREATES NATURAL SELECTION – THOSE WITH THE MOST FAVORABLE TRAITS FOR THE ENVIRONMENT SURVIVE AND REPRODUCE.
GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION CREATES A PHYSICAL DIVIDE BETWEEN ORGANISMS. NATURAL PHYSICAL BARRIERS INCLUDE MOUNTAINS, LAKES< RIVERS, OCEANS AND ISLANDS. THE PHYSICAL SEPARATION MEANS THE ENVIRONMENTS ARE DIFFERENT. THE DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS WILL SELECT DIFFERENT TRAITS AS BEING BETTER FIT FOR THE SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENT.
SO, OVER TIME THE MOST SUCCESSFUL ORGANISMS WILL DIFFER IN APPEARANCE BASED UPON THE ENVIRONMENT THEY ARE IN. THE SPECIES ARE ALSO NO LONGER MATING, DUE TO THE PHYSICAL SEPARATION. OVER A LONG PERIOD OF TIME THE SPECIES ARE NO LONGER ABLE TO REPRODUCE WITH ONE ANOTHER TO PRODUCE FERTILE OFFSPRING. THIS CREATE A NEW SPECIES – SPECIATION.
THE ENVIRONMENT PLAYS A VERY IMPORTANT ROLE IN EVOLUTION. THE ENVIRONMENT SELECTS WHICH TRAITS AND ADAPTATION ARE BENEFITIAL TO AN ORGANISM. THE ORGANISM WITH THE DESIRABLE TRAITS SURVIVE AND PASS ON THEIR GENES.
EVOLUTION OF CELLS…No OXYGEN, which means NO PHOTOSYNTHESIS, which means organisms found food and did NOT make it
Anaerobic Heterotrophic Prokaryotic Cells
SUN, WATER & CARBON DIOXIDE available on early earth – the organisms use these to begin doing PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Photosynthetic Prokaryotic Cells
PHOTOSYNTHESIS creates OXYGEN – this allows heterotrophic organisms to make MORE ATP than with no Oxygen…
Aerobic Heterotrophic Prokaryotic Cells
Aerobic Heterotrophic Prokaryote (mitochondria) & Photosynthetic Prokaryote (chloroplast) form a partnership…(Endosynbiotic Theory)
Eukaryotic Cells
ABIOGENESIS = LIFE COMES FROM NON-LIVING THINGS
BIOGENESIS = LIFE COMES FROM OTHER LIVING THINGS
REDI
PASTEUR
VARIATION(Differences among members of the species)
Most with SHORTER necks
Occasionally some with LONGER necks
COMPETITION(More organisms than resources. Must compete for food, shelter and mates)
LONGER neck = easier time getting food
Food = survival
LONG NECK = BETTER TRAIT
LONG Neck giraffes more successful in obtaining food and mates
LONG neck gene is passed on because it is the more successful trait
Future generations look more and more like the successful traits – LONG NECK giraffes
NATURAL SELECTION
(Those with the best traits and adaptations for the environment are able to survive and reproduce.)
KING
PHILIP
CAME
OVER
FOR
GOOD
SOUP
KINGDOM
PHYLUM
CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIESUSED FOR SCIENTIFIC NAMING: Genus species