EPA-450-2!78!041 Measurement of VOC

7/28/2019 EPA-450-2!78!041 Measurement of VOC

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&EPA

United StatesEnvironmental ProtectionAgencyOffice of Air Quality EPA-45012-78-041Planning and Standards OAQPS No. 1.2-115Research Triangle Park NC 27711 October 1978

Guideline SeriesMeasurement ofVolatile OrganicCompounds


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EPA-450/2-78-041OAQPS No. 1.2-115

Measurement of VolatileOrganic Compounds)


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- ' - - - - - - - - - ' ' - ~ c " ~ - . : ; ; o - . . , . - ; . . . o o ; , . . _ . . . ; . . .

OAOPS GUIDELINE SERIESThe guideline series of reports is being issued by the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS) toprovide information to state and local air pollution control agencies; for example. to provide guidance on theacquisition and processing of air quality data and on the planning and analysis requisite for the maintenance ofair quality. Reports published in this series will be available- as supplies permit- from the Library Services Office(MD-35). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Research Triangle Park. North Carolina 27711; or. fo r a nominalfee. from the National Technical Information Service. 5285 Port Royal Road. Springfield. Virginia 22161.

Publication No . EPA-450/2-78-041

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PREFACE

Emphasis on the control of volatile organic compounds through theState Implementation Plans, new source performance standards, andnational emission standards for hazardous air pollutants hascreated a need for standardized test procedures. In setting nationalperformance standards for new sources and national emission standardsfor hazardous air pollutants, the Environmental Protection Agency hasfollowed a policy of establishing a reference method for each regulatedsource category and pollutant. Under the State Implementation Planprocess, however, test methods and erocedures are defined by the States.Thus, the case-by-case approach used by the Environmental ProtectionAgency for national standards could conflict with State establishedmethods. In addition, the case-by-case approach does not pro-vide sufficient guidance to the States in their efforts to developregulations for a large number of sources and organic compounds.

The purpose of this document, therefore, is to provide guidanceto the States on the measurement of volatile organic compounds from a


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CONTENTS

Page No.METHODS FOR DETERMINING VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

AS CARBON IN STATIONARY SOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .INTRODUCTION......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1RETIONALE FOR SELECTING ORGANIC CARBON... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1RECOMMENDED REFERENCE METHOD 6ALTERNATE METHODSSCREENING METHODS

89

REGULATORY LANGUAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10ATTACHMENT 1. REFERENCE METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF TOTAL

GASEOUS NONMETHANE ORGANIC EMISSIONS AS CARBON - AUTOMATEDANALYZER VERSION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

1. Principle and Applicability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112. Range and Sensi t iv i ty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113. In ter ferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114. A ppa ra t u s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 115. R eag en ts . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. 126. Analyzer Performance Speci fi cat ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147. Procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158. Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179. References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

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CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

7 Page No.'ATTACHMENT 3.

6. System Performance Specifications.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487. Procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498. Calculations . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . o 529. References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

TECHNICAL REPORT DATA SH EE T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 55


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IntroductionMETHODS FOR DETERMINING VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDSAS CARBON IN STATIONARY SOURCES

Volatile organic compound (VOC) emission control regulations arebeing developed by EPA and by State and local agencies to meet theoxidant control needs. In some cases, the regulations are interms of the volatile organic content of solvents. In other cases,they cover organic volume or mass concentrations, mass emissionrates, and control equipment efficiencies. Regardless of theapproach taken in the regulation, consideration must be given to theexpression of emission limits terms of what can be measured, andto the cost and practicality of the test methods.

One concept of volatile organic emission measurement isthe determination of organic carbon mass concentration.The rationale for selecting this concept and conceptual approachfor writing regulations in terms of volatile organic carbon are dis-cussed herein, and two specific test methods are presented to implement


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2Such is the case of the flame ionization detector (FID), the

most commonly used detector for organic measurements. The FID re-sponse can vary from compound to compound because i t is a functionof the number of carbon atoms, the type of bonds, and the elementspresent in the organic molecules. Thus, if the volatile organicemission limit is expressed in terms that require the measurementof the total molecular structure of the organic emissions, the vari-able response of the flame ionization detector must be overcome byone of the methods described below.

1. Gas Chromatograph/Flame Ionization Detector. This methodinvolves the separation of the organic components into dis-crete compounds using gas chromatography (GC). The compoundsare identified, and the FID is calibrated for each of theidentified compounds. The compounds are then measuredindividually, and the total mass concentration is determinedby adding the individual mass concentration values; methane


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3with prior characterization of the gas stream and knowledgethat the detector responds predictably to the organiccomponents in the stream. If present, methane will, ofcourse, also be measured.In practice, this method can be applied to the determina-

tion of the mass concentration of the total molecular struc-ture of the organic emissions under the following limited con-ditions: (1) where only one compound is known to exist, (2)when the organic compounds consist of only hydrogen and carbon,(3) where the relative percentage of the compounds is known orcan be determined, and the FID response to the compounds isknown; (4) where a consistent mixture of compounds exists be-fore and after emission control and ~ the relative concen-trations are to be assessed, or (5) where the FID can be cali-brated against mass standards of the emissions (solvent emis-sions, for example).


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4solvent standards; therefore even the determination of percent control efficiency can be a difficult problem.

Another applicable measurement technique involves an oxidation-reduction analysis; however, the results of this techniqueare in terms of organic carbon and not a mass concentration of thetotal molecular structure. In this approach, the nonmethane organiccompounds are separated from other carbon compounds and are thenoxidized to co2. The resultant co2 is subsequently reduced tomethane, which is then measured with an FID. The co2 from thecombustion step can also be measured with a nondispersiveinfrared (NDIR) analyzer; however, the NDIR is not as sensi-tive as the FID and is therefore limited to high concentrationlevels. One limitation to the oxidation-reduction analysisis that the equipment required is somewhat complex and isunlikely to be made available in a portable form.

Consideration of the various measurement approaches

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5content of solvents or surface coatings.

Costs, logistics, and other practicalities of source testingmay, under limited conditions, make other test methods moredesirable for routine compliance determinations. Three distinctcategories of test methods are therefore recommended for use withvolatile organic compound regulations expressed in terms of organiccarbon: a reference method, alternate methods, and screening methods.These categories are described as follows:

1. Reference Method. This method would be applicable toall regulated sources and would be accurate in referenceto the emission standard. OAQPS recommends that thereference method be based on the oxidation-reductionmethod of analysis to measure organic carbon.

2. Alternate Methods. These are methods not necessarilydemonstrated to be equivalent to the reference method,but demonstrated to the satisfaction of the control


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6methods are normally characterized by portability ofequipment, procedural simplicity, and low cost. Methodsbased on thermal conductivity or low-cost portable FIDanalyzers would be candidates for approval as screening methods.

Recommended Reference MethodA reference method that involves indirect measurement of volatile

organic carbon by an oxidation-reduction is recommended. This necessitates that the emission limits be expressed in terms of organiccarbon. If the emission limits and a universal reference method areboth based on organic carbon, the volatile organic standard will beexpressed in clear, unambiguous terms. No other known practical testmethod could accomplish this objective for a wide range of volatileorganic compounds.

A draft 11 Reference Method for Determination of Total GaseousNonmethane Organic Emissions as Carbon 11 is included as Attachment 1.


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7There is at least one private laboratory that is able to performthe analysis on a fee basis. The oxidation-reduction analysisconcert for measurement of gaseous nonmethane organic compoundsis also offered commercially by at least one instrument vendor.Although the availability of instruments is admittedly verylimited, there is no serious technical impediment that would prevent additional vendors from designing and producing acceptableinstruments.

Because of the somewhat limited use potential for the LosAngeles laboratory-oriented procedure and the present limitedproduction of commerical instruments for field use, the OAQPSrecommendation of the oxidation-reduction reference methodfor the definition of organic emissions is recognized asleading the technology. Wide acceptance of the organic carbonreference method will, however, procide the needed inducementfor additional vendors to enter the market and thereby increase


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8Alternate Methods

An "Alternate method" may have only 1 mited appl icabi 1 tyor other deficiencies that prevent its designation as a referencemethod. Such methods may offer practical advantages and produceresults adequate for determining compliance in certain applications.Where such methods are applicable, the results may be accepted inlieu of reference method results.

As a specific example, methods based on direct measurement withflame ionization detectors are often practical for hydrocarboncompounds, and, in addition, the equipment is widely available.An FID analyzer will be less costly and may be less complicatedfor field application that an oxidation-reduction analyzer; therefore,for those applications where such methods can be made to produceaccurate results, approval of them as alternate methods isdesirable.

The Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, EPA,has drafted

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9the contents of the stream under test and the limitations of thedetector.Screening Methods

In addition to the limitations associated with alternatemethods, screening methods may also lack precision. In spiteof such shortcomings, screening methods may play animportant role in any volatile organic control program. As a practicalmatter, the cost of applying a reference or alternate method to allor even a majority of the regulated effluent streams in a jurisdiction may be unreasonable; therefore, less expensive, simpler testingtechniques will be needed.

To date, OAQPS has made effective use of an explosimeter to detectvapor leaks in gasoline marketing operations. In addition, an inexpensivehydrocarbon monitor using a solid-state ionization detector was designedby OAQPS and has been used successfully as an emissions breakthroughdetector on the exit of a carbon adsorber. More recently, OAQPS has


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10event the FID may be used as an alternative method for determiningcompliance, provided that sufficient buffer is included to accountfor the possible inaccuracy.Regulatory Language

Examples of how general regulations may be expressed in terms ofthe reference method that measures organic carbon concentration areas follows:

1. To regulate concentration:11 Emissions of organic carbon shall not exceed ---grams carbon per cubic meter. 11

2. To regulate mass rate:11 Emi ssi ons of -organic carbon shall not exceed ---grams carbon per hour 11 or 11 Emissions of organic car-bon shall not exceed 9rams carbon per kilogramof solvent used. 11


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11 8/29/77

ATTACHMENT 1. REFERENCE METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF TOTAL GASEOUSNONMETHANE ORGANIC EMISSIONS AS CARBON--AUTOMATED ANALYZER VERSION1. Principle and Applicability

1.1 Principle. Conditioned stack gas is transported to andanalyzed by a semiportable gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with a flameionization detector (FID). The total gaseous nonmethane organic (TGNMO)fraction is separated by means of various GC columns from the otherconstituents, oxidized to co2 and then reduced to methane (CH 4) beforei t is introduced to the FID. In this manner, the variable response ofthe FID associated with different types of organics is eliminated, and acount of TGNMO carbon atoms is obtained.

1.2 Applicability. The method is applicable to the semicontinuousmeasurement of total gaseous nonmethane organics in source emissions.2. Range and Sensitivity

2.1 Range. Signal attenuators shall be available -so that aminimum signal response of 10 percent of full scale can be producedwhen analyzing calibration gas or sample.


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12primary components of the analyzer are an FID preceded by aGC column to achieve the necessary separation of TGNMO from othercarbon compounds. Oxidation and reduction catalysts then convertthe TGNMO to CH 4 prior to detection. The analyzer shall beaccompanied by an instruction manual (supplied by the manufactureri f the analyzer was commercially produced) describing proper operationand maintenance procedures. In addition to the specific proceduresrequired by this method, the analyzer shall be demonstrated prior toinitial use to be capable of proper separation, oxidation, andreduction. As a minimum this demonstration shall include measurementof a known TGNMO concentration present in a mixture that also containssimilar amounts of CH4, co2, and CO. Certification of such demon-stration by the manufacturer is acceptable.

4.2 Sample Conditioning or Interface System (see Figure 1) .Probe with filter, 6.4 mm O.D. Tef1on1 sample line, Teflon-coateddiaphragm pump, and Teflon flow control valves. A heating system


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II FATED1'1\0l\E (-100 C)13

HEATEDTEFLONSAl'tPLE LINE(-100C)

STACK/

HEATEDFLOH CONTROLVALVE(-100C)

\,'ALL

Hf..ATED T G ~ ' } 1 0A:;:\LYZER(-100C)

HEATEDTEFLON-COATEDDIAPHRAG:I PlTHI'(LEAKLESS)

CHROHA.TOGRAPHICSEPARATION

Optional(CO , CO2 , CHJ

TGNMO

EXCESS SAHPBLEED VALV

SPAN GASESZERO GASCARRIER GAS


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145.2 Fuel. Hydrogen or a mixture of hydrogen and inert gas

containing less than 1 ppm organics (methane or carbon equivalent).5.3 C a r r ~ e r Gas. Helium, nitrogen, air or hydrogen containing

less than 1 ppm organics (methane or carbon equivalent).5.4 Zero' Gas. Air containing less than 1 ppm organics (methane

or carbon equivalent).5.5 Calibration Gases (2). Gas mixture standards with knownpropane (C3H8) concentrations corresponding to ranges of 5-10 ppm and5-10 percent (methane or carbon equivalent) are prepared and certifiedby a gas manufacturer. The mixture shall consist of c3H8, CO, C02,and CH4 in nitrogen. The gas manufacturer must recommend a maximumshelf life for each cylinder so that the c3H8 concentration does notchange more than ~ 5 percent from its certified value. The date ofgas cylinder preparation, certified c3H8, CO, co2, and CH 4 concentrationsand recommended maximum shelf life must be affixed to the cylinderbefore shipment from the gas manufacturer to the buyer. These gas

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15to initial use to meet this specification through a 5-point (minimum)calibration. There shall be at least one calibration point in eachof the following ranges: 5-10, 50-100, 500-1,000, 5,000-10,000, and50,000-100,000 ppm (methane or carbon equivalent). Certificationof such demonstration by the manufacturer is acceptable. An additionallinearity performance check (see Section 7.2.1) must be made beforeeach use.

6.2 Zero Drift. One percent full scale per test period.6.3 Span Drift. One percent full scale per test period.

7. Procedure7.1 Sampling7.1.1 Assemble the system as shown in Figure 1. Locate the

analyzer in a suitable environment. Take particular care that samplewill be introduced to the system under the same conditions of pressureand flow rates as are used in calibration. For specific operatinginstructions for the TGNMO analyzer, refer to the operation manual.


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167.1.4 Begin Actual Sampling. Set the signal attenuation

to yield a minimum response of 10 percent of full scale, unless thestack concentration is less than 1 ppm. Adjust the flow and bleedvalves to minimize sample line residence time. Perform the analysisa minimum of four times. Report the average of the final fourreadings. The analyzer cycle time is normally 10 to 15 minutes.7.1.5 At the conclusion of the sampling tests, but at least onceevery day, introduce zero and span gas to the analyzer to determinezero and span drifts. If the analyzer has drifted beyond the allowableperformance specification, the tests shall be considered invalid.

7.2 Calibration7.2.1 Calibration Curve. Maintain a record of performance of

each item. Determine the linearity of the analyzer for TGNMO asfollows: With the signal attenuation at the most sensitive setting,introduce zero gas and adjust the respectivezeroing controls toindicate a reading of less than 1 percent of full scale. With the

't


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7.3 Catalyst Performance Check. These checks should beperformed on a frequency established by the amount of use of theanalyzer, and the nature of the organic emissions to which i t isexposed. To confirm that the oxidation catalyst is functioning inthe correct manner, the operator must turn off or bypass the reductioncatalyst while operating the analyzer in an otherwise normal fashion.If oxidation is adequate, the only gas that will then reach thedetector will be C0 2, to which the FID has no response. If responsesare noted, then the oxidation catalyst must be replaced. To confirmthe operation of the reduction catalyst, reverse the above procedure.If co2 in the calibration gases is not reduced to CH 4 as i t should be,then the reduction catalyst must be replaced.8. Calculations

8.1 Determine concentrations of TGNMO {propane equivalent)directly from the calibration curves. Multiply this number by 3 toobtain ppm TGNMO (methane or carbon equivalent).


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where:Molecular weight of carbon = 12Standard conditions: 20C, 1 atm.

9. References9.1 Albert E. Salo, Samuel Whitz, and Robert D. MacPhee.

11 Determination of Solvent Vapor Concentrations by Total CombustionAnalysis: A Comparison of Infrared With Flame Ionization Detectors ...Presented at the 68th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution ControlAssociation, Boston, Ma. Paper No. 75-33.2. June 15-20, 1975.

9.2 Instruction Manual, Byron Model 401 Total Emission Analyzer,Byron Instruments, Inc., 520 1/2 S. Harrington Street, Raleigh, N.C. 27601.

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A T T A C H ~ 1 E N T 2. DETERMINATION OF TOTAL GASEOUS NONMETHANEORGANIC EMISSIONS AS CARBON: MANUAL SAMPLING ANDANALYSIS PROCEDURE1. Principle and Applicability

1.1 Principle. An emission sample is anisokineticallydrawn from the stack through a heated filter and a chilledcondensate trap by means of an evacuated gas collection tank.Total gaseous non-methane organics (TGNMO) are determined bycombining the analytical results obtained from independentanalyses of the condensate trap and evacuated tank fractions.After sampling is completed, the organic contents of thecondensate trap are oxidized to carbon dioxide which isquantitatively collected in an evacuated vessel; a portionof the carbon dioxide is reduced to methane and measured bya flame ionization detector (FlO). A portion of the samplecollected in the gas sampling tank is injected into a gaschromatographic {GC) column to achieve separation of thenonmethane organics from carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide


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components fabricated in a machine shop. The primary com-ponents of the sampling system are a heated filter, condensatetrap, flow control system, and gas sampling tank. (Figure 1).The primary components of the analytical system are anoxidation system for recovery of the sample from the condensatetrap and a TGNMO analyzer. The TGNMO analyzer is a FIDpreceded by an oxidation catalyst, a reduction catalyst, anda GC column with backflush capability (Figure 2). The systemfor the removal and conditioning of the organics captured inthe condensate trap consists of a heat source, oxidationcatalyst, Non-Dispersive Infrared (NDIR) analyzer and an inter-mediate gas collection tank (Figure 3).

2.2 Sampling.2.2.1 Probe. 1/8 11 stainless steel tubing heated to

approximately 120C.2.2.2 Filter Holder. Stainless steel with a stainless

f


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STACKWAL l,_

HEATED PROBE. . - -

HEATEDAREA,...-\----,I -r - - -' \1I II II I1 II Il I II IL--------CONDENSATETRAP

DRY ICEAREA

Figure l . SAMPLING APPARATUS

FlOWMETER

LEAK CHECK VALVE

FLOW VALVE

GASSAMPLETANJL

VACUUMGAUGE

N


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1-Q:::ac:l.....'-.1


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5.4 Calibration Gases (2). Gas mixture standards with knownconcentrations corresponding to ranges of 5 to 10 ppm and 5 to 10percent (methane or carbon equivalent) are prepared and certifiedby a gas manufacturer. The mixture will normally consist ofc3H8 in air. Other organic(s) can be used, if appropriate. Thegas manufacturer must recommend a maximum shelf life for eachcylinder so that the concentration does not change more t h a n ~ 5percent from the certified value. The date of gas cylinder pre-paration, certified propane concentration and recommended maximumshelf life must be affixed to the cylinder before shipment fromthe gas manufacturer to the buyer. These gas mixture standardsare to be used to prepare a calibration curve as described inSection 7.2.

5.5 Span Gas. The calibration gas corresponding to 5 to10 percent (methane or carbon equivalent) is used to span theanalyzer.


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carbon equivalent) calibration point. The analyzer shall bedemonstrated prior to initial use to meet this specificationthrough a 5-point (minimum) calibration. There shall be atleast one calibration point in each of the following ranges:5-10, 50-100, 500-1,000, 5,000-10,000, and 50,000-100,000 ppm(methane or carbon equivalent). Certificat ion of such demon-stration by the manufacturer is acceptable. An additionallinearity performance check (see Section 7.2.1) must be madebefore each use.

6.2 Zero Drift. One percent full scale per test period.6.3 Span Drift. One percent full scale per test period.

7. Procedure7.1 Sampling.7.1.1 Assemble the systems as shown in Figure 1. Locate

the FIA in a suitably protected environment. Take particularcare that sample will be introduced to the FIA under the same


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probe plugged, open the flow control valve and the excess samplebleed valve. Use leak detection fluid or immerse the tubingleading from the bleed valve in a jar of water to check thatsample flow has ceased. At the conclusion of the sampling tests,recheck for leaks.

7.1 .4 Begin Actual Sampling. Set the signal attenuationto yield a minimum response of 10 percent of full scale unlessthe stack concentration is less than 1 ppm. Adjust the flowand bleed valves to minimize sample line residence time. Com-pare instrument readings with the calibration curve to obtainemission concentrations based on the calibration gas.

7.1 .5 At the conclusion of the sampling tests, but atleast once every day, introduce zero and span gases to theanalyzer to determine zero and span drifts. If the analyzerhas drifted beyond the allowable performance specification,the tests shall be considered invalid.

' II


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two steps until adjustments are no longer necessary. Calculate apredicted response for the 5 to 10 ppm calibration gas. Introducethat calibration gas and note the value obtained. If the valueis not within + 5 percent of its predicted value, then theanalyzer may need repairs, or one or both of the calibration gasesmay need replacement. In any event, this linearity performancespecification shall be met before the analyzer is placed inactual use.

7.2.2 Preparation of Solvent Standard Gas Mixtures. (Optional-see Sections 1.2 and 5.6). Assemble the apparatus shown in Figure 2.Evacuate a 50-liter Tedlar or aluminized Mylar bag that has passeda leak check (described in Section 7.2.2.1} and meter in about50 liters of air. Measure the barometric pressure, the relativepressure at the dry gas meter, and the temperature at the dry gasmeter. While the bag is filling use the 10. lll syringe to inject10 lll of the solvent through the septum on top of the impinger.


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527.2.2.1 Solvent Standards Bag Leak Checks. While performance

of this section is required subsequent to bag use, it is also advisedthat i t be performed prior to bag use. After each use, make surea bag did not develop leaks as follows: to leak check, connect awater manometer and pressurize the bag to 5-10 em H20 (2-4 in. H20).Allow to stand for 10 minutes. Any displacement in the water manometer indicates a leak. Also, check the rigid container for leaksin this manner. (Note: an alternative leak check method is topressurize the bag to 5-10 em H20 or 2-4 in. H2o and allow to standovernight. A deflated bag indicates a leak.) For each sample bagin its rigid container, place a rotameter in line between the bagand the pump inlet. Evacuate the bag. Failure of the rotameter toregister zero flow when the bag appears to be empty indicates a leak.8. Calculations

All measurements or calculations must be corrected for CH4, ifrequired by the emission regulation.


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8.1 .2.1 Establish Standard Conditions. Find the volumeoccupied by 1 mg. mole of ideal gas at these conditions. Thenfind the number of mg. moles in 1m3 (at saturation).

8.1 .2.2 Determine the molecular weight of the assumed organiccompound in which the emission is to be expressed.

8.1.2.3 Use the values obtained in 8.1.2.1 and 8.1 .2.2 todetermine the mass concentration (mg/m3) at saturation. Divide thisnumber by 106 to find the mg/m3 equivalent to 1 ppm.

8.1.2.4 Multiply the result obtained in 8.1 .2.3 by the volumeconcentration obtained in 8.1 .1. The result is the mass concen-tration expressed in terms of the compound whose molecular weightwas determined in 8.1 .2.2.

8.2 Organic Solvent Concentration8.2.1 Solvent Standards Concentrations. Calculate each solvent

standard concentration prepared in accordance with Section 7.2.1 .2as follows: 3


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548.2.2 Solvent Emission Concentrations The emission values

in J.IQ/ml are taken from the solvent standards response curve. Nofurther calculations are required.9. References

1. Method 108, 43101-02-71T, "Tentative Method for ContinuousAnalysis of Total Hydrocarbons in the Atmosphere {Flame IonizationMethod)." Methods of Air Sampling and Analysis, IntersocietyCommittee, Amer. Pub. Health Assn., Washington, D. C., 1972.

2. M. Johnson, "Oxygen Synergism in the Model 400 FIA."Beckman Instruments, Inc., Fullerton, Ca. Oct., 1970.

3. Instruction Manual 82132-A, "Model 402 HydrocarbonAnalyzer ... Beckman Instruments, Inc., Fullerton, Ca. Feb., 1971.4. 11 Air-Hydrocarbon Monitoring Instrumentation," Lawrence

Berkeley Laboratory, Univ. of Ca., Berkeley, Ca. Nov., 1973.5. A. J. Andreatch and R. Feinland, "Continuous Trace Hydro

carbon Analysis by Flame Ionization." Anal. Chern. 32 (8) 1021-4.

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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA(Please read Instructions on lh l! reverse before completing)1. REPORT NO. 12. 3 . RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO .EPA-450/2-78-0414. Tl 1 LE AND SUBTITLE 5 . REPORT DATEOctober, 1978

Measurement of Volatile Organic Compounds 6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE7 . AUTHOR(S) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO .

Emission Measurement Branch9 . PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10 . PROGRAM ELEMENT NO .

Emission Measurement Branch (MD-13)Environmental Standards and Engineering Division 11 . CONTRACT/ GRANT NO .u. s. Environmental Protection AgencyResearch Trianqle Park. North Carolina 2771112 . SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS 13 . TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVEREDDAA for Air Quality Planning and Standards ( r ~ D - 1 0 )Office of Air, Noise, and Radiation 14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODEu. s. Environmental Protection AgencyResearch Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711 EPA/200/04

15 . SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

16 . ABSTRACTThis document discusses the rationale of total volatile organics stationarysource emission measurement through the determination of organic carbon massconcentration. A conceptual approach for writing emission regulations in termsof volatile organic carbon is recommended, and drafts of two specific test methodsare presented for regulation implementation. The methods are the measurement oftotal gaseous nonmethane organics as carbon by the chromatographic oxidation/reduction procedure, and the relative organic measurement derived by direct appli-

cation of the flame ionization analyzer.


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United StatesEnvironmental ProtectionAgency

Offic1al BusmessPenalty for Pr ivale UseS300

Office of Air, Noise, and RadiationOffice of Air Quality Planning and StandardsResearch Triangle Park NC 27711

Publication No. EPA-450/2-78-041

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EPA-450-2!78!041 Measurement of VOC