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EPA 625/1 - 79 - 011

PROCESS DESIGN MANUALFOR

SLUDGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL

U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

Municipal Environmental Research LaboratoryOffice of Research and Development

Center for Environmental Research InformationTechnology Transfer

September 1979

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NOT ICE

The mention of t r a d e names o r c o m m e r c i a lp r o d u c t s in th i s publication is f o ri l lus t ra t ive purposes only an d does notconstitute endorsement or cecommendationfo r use by the USEPA.

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FOREWORD

The formation of the United States Environmental Protect ionAgency marked a new era of environmental aware nes s in America.Th is Agency ' s goals ar e n ational in scop e and encompass broadresponS1b111ty 1n the areas of air and water pollut i on , solidwastes, pesticides , and radiation . A vital part of EPA ' snational pOll u tion con t ro l effort is the constant de"elopmentand dissemination of new techno l ogy .

I t is now clear that only the mos t effective design and operationof p o l lution control fac i l i t ies using t he latest availabletechniques will be adequate to ensure continued protection of

th e n a t i o n ' s waters . I t is essential that this new technology beincorporated into the contemporary design of pollution co n trolfaci l i t ies to aChieve ma xim um benefit of our expenditures.

The purpose of this manual is to provide the engineer i ngcommunity and related industry wit h a new source of informationto be used in the p l a n n i n g , design , and operation of presentand f u t u r e wastewater pollution control fac i l i t ies . It isrecognized that t h e r e are a numb er of d e s i gn manuals and manualsof s t a n d a r d p r a c t i c e , s u ch as those published by t he WaterPollut ion Cont r ol Federation , available in th e field , andt h a t each o f these adequate ly d e s c r i b e s a n d interprets curren tengineering pr ac t ices as related to t radi t ional plant design .I t is th e intent of this m a n u a l to supplement this exist i ngbody of knowledge by describing new treatment methods an d bydiscussing the a p p l i c a t i o n of ne w techniques f o r more effect i velyremoving a broad spectrum of contaminants from wastewater".

Much of the information presen t ed is based on the evaluation andope r ation of pilot , demonstrat ion, and ful l-scale plants . Thedesig n criteria thus g e n e r a t e d r e p r e s e n t ty pical values. These values shoul d be used as a guide and should be tempered withsound engineeri ng ju d g ment based on a co mplete a n alysis of thespecific application .

This manual is one of se"eral avai la b l e from Technology Transfe rto descr ibe technological advances and new information . Futureeditions wi l l be i ss ue d a s warranted by advancing state - of-theart to include new data a s th ey become availab l e and to revisedesign criteria as additional full - scale opera t i onal i nformationa s generated .

i i i

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ABSTRACT

The purpose of this manual i s to present a contemporary reviewof sludge processing technology , with particular emphasis ondesign methodology . This is a revision of a manual orig i nallypublished in October 1974 .

The revised edition incorporates chap t ers on design approach,disinfection, composting , t ra ns po rt , s tor a ge , sidestreamtreatlnent, and instrumentation. Other sections have beenconsiderably expanded .

Design examples are used throughout the manu a l to i l lustrate

design principles .

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER 1. PURPOSE AND SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 . 1 Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 . 2 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Process Classification . .1 .4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER 2. GENERAL CONS IDE RAT IONS . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . 1 Introduction and Scope . .2 . 2 Legal and Regula t ory Cons idera t ions . . . . . . . . .

2 . 2 . 1 Effect of Effluent Discharge Limitationson Wastewater solids Management . . . . . . . . .

2 .2.2 Hestrictions on WastewaterSolids Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 . 2 . 2. 1 Ai r Emissions Limits . .2 . 2 . 2 . 2 Nuisances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . 2.2.3 Sta te and Local Requiremen t s . .

2 . 2 . 3 Laws a n d Regulations Governing WastewaterSolids Util izat ion and Disposal . . .

2 . 2 . 3 . 1 Federal Water Pollution Control Act . . .2 . 2 . 3 . 2 Resource Conservation and

Recovery Act . . . . . . . . . .2 . 2 . 3 . 3 To x ic Substances Control Act . . .2.2 . 3 . 4 Marine Protection, R e s e a r c h and

S a n c t u a r i e s Act . . . . .2.2 . 3 . 5 E n v i r o n m e n t a l Pol i cy Acts . .2 . 2 . 3 . 6 State and Local Reuse and

Disposal Requi r ements . . . . . . . 2 . 2 .4 Th e C o m p r e h e n s i v e N a t u r e of Section 405

of the Clean Wa t er Ac t .2 . 3 Other No n-Te chnical Factors Affecting

Wastewater Solids Management . . . . . . . 2 . 3 . 1 Avai l abil i ty of Construction Funds . . . .2. 3 . 2 Special Funding Requirements . . . . . . . . .

FOREWORD

ABSTRACT

LIST OF

LIST OF

................................................

.................. ....... .......................TABLES . . . . . . . . . . .

FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......

Page

i i i

i v

xxxxx vi

xl ix

I- II- I1 - 21 - 21 - 2

2- 12- 12 - 1

2- 1

2 - 22 - 22 - 3

2- 3

2- 32- 32- 42- 3

2- 52 - 5

2- 5

2- 5

2 - 6

2- 62- ,

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TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)

fo r Breakdowns .

Firs t Cut .

Second Cu t . .3.3.3 . 3 Choosing a Base Alternative :

Page

2 -7

2- 82 - ,2- ,

2- 102 - 11

3 - 13- 13- 13- 23- 23- 43- 63- 6

3- 73- 103- 113- 123- 123- 133- 18

3- 18

3- 243- "3- 293- 293 - 343- 3 43- 3S3- 363- 383- 39

4- 14- 14- 14- 1

4- 1,- 24 - 3,- 3

Time Span of Decisions .Uncertainties The Design Team . . . . . . . . . . . . Public Involvement . . . . . . . . . . Social and Polit ical Factors Affecting

2 . 3. 32 . 3.42 . 3.52 . 3.62 . 3.7

3.7 Other General Design Considerations . . 3 . 7 . 1 Site Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . 7 . 2 Energy Conservation . . . . . . . . . . .3.7.3 Cost - Effective Analyses .3.7.4 Checklists .

3 . 8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER 4. WASTEWATER SOLIDS PRODUCTION ANDCHARACTERIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER 3. DES I GN APPROACH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 Introduction .3 . 2 Systems Approach . . . . . . . . 3.3 The Logic of Process Selection .

3.3 . 1 Identification of Relevant Criteria . . . . . 3 . 3 . 2 Identi f ication of System Options . . . . . . . 3.3.3 System Selection Procedure . . . . . . . . .

3 . 3 . 3 . 1 Base an d Secondary Alterna t ives

3 . 3 . 3 . 2 Choosing a Base Alternative :

Waste Export . . . . . . 2 . 4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4. 1 Introduction . . . . 4 . 2 Primary Sludge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4. 2 . 1 P r i m a r y Sludge Production . .4.2.1 . 1 Basic Procedures for Estimat ,ing

Primary Sludge Produc t ion . . . . . . . . . 4 . 2 . 1.2 lndustrial Was te E ff e c t . .4 . 2 . 1. 3 Ground Garbage Effect .4 . 2.1 .4 Other Sludges and Sidest r eams . . . . . .

3.3 . 3.4 Third Cut .3 . 3 . 3 . 5 Subsequent Cuts . . . . . . . . . .

3 . 3. 4 P a r a l l e l Elements .3 . 3 . 5 Process Selection a t Eugene , Oregon . . . .

3. 4 The Quantitative Flow Diagram .3 . 4 . 1 Example : QFD for a Chemically Assisted

Primary Treatment Plant . 3.4 . 2 Example : QFD for Secondary Plant

WithFiltration . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 . 5 Sizing of Equipment . .3 . 6 Contingency P l anning

3.6.1 Example of Con t ingency Planning

vi

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, . 3

TABLE OF CON T ENTS (cont in ued)

4 . 2 . 1 . 5 Chemical a n dCoagu l a tion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4. 2 . 1 . 6 Pea k Loads . . . . . . . . . .4 . 2 . 2 Concentrat ion Propert i es . . . . . . .

4.2.3 Composit i on and Characteri stics . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Biological S l udges . . .4. 3 . 1 G e n e r a l Characteristics ....4. 3 . 2 Activated Sl u dg e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.3 . 2 . 1 Processes Included .4. 3 . 2 . 2 Computi ng Activated Sludge

Production - Dry Weight Basis , 4.3 . 2 . 3 Examp le: Determinatio n of

Biological Sludge Produc t ion . . . . .4.3.2.4 Interact i on of Yield Calcu la tions and

the Quantitative Flo w Diag ram (QFOj .4.3.2.5 Concent r ation of Wa s t e- Act ivated

4 34 34 64

74 94 94- 94 9

4 9

4- 19

4- 24

Sludge 4 . 3 . 2 . 6 Other Prope r t ies of Activated Sludg e . .

4. 3 . 3 Trickling Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. 3 . 3 . 1 Computing Trickling Filter Sludge

Produc t i on - Dry Weig ht Basis 4.3 . 3 . 2 Concentration of Trickling Fi l t er

Sludge . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.3.3 Prop e rties - Trickling Fil te r Sludge . . .

4. 3.4 Sludge f r om Ro tatin g Biologica l Reactors . .4. 3.5 Coupled Attached-Suspended Growth Sludges . . .4. 3. 6 Deni t r i f icat ion Sludge .

Chemical Sludges . ...4.4. 1 Introduction .4 . 4.2 Computing Chemical SludgeP r oduction - Dry Weight Basis .. . .4 .4 . 3 P r oper t ies of Chemical Sludges .4 . 4 . 4 Handling Chem i cal Sludg e s .

4.4.4.1 Stabil izat ion . .4 .4.4. 2 Chemical and By - Produc t Recove r y .

Elemental Analysis of Va r ious Sludges . . . . . . . 4.5.1 Controlling Trace Elements .4. 5 . 2 Site - Specific An alysis ...4.5.3 Cadmium . . . . . . . . . 4. 5 . 4 Inc r eased Concentration During Processing . . .

Trace Organic compounds i n Sludge . . . . . . . . . . .

M.iscellaneous Wastewater Solids . . . . . . .

4. 7 .1 Screenings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . 7.1.1 Quan t i ty of Coarse Sc r eenings .4. 7 . 1.2 Quan t i ty of Fine Screenings .4. 7 . 1. 3 Properties of Screenings .4.7 . 1.4 Handling Scree n ings . . . . . . . . . . 4 . 7 . 1 . 5 Sc r ee n ings From Miscellaneous

Locations . . . . . . . . . . .

4

'.5

' . 64.7

4. 7 . 2 Grit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. ... . ....... . . . .. ..

vi i

4- 254- 274- 29

4 - 29

4- 334- 344- 344- 354- 364- 364- 36

4- 374- 384- 384 - 394- 394- 394- 394- 4 14- 4 24- 434- 44

4- 454- 464- 464- 4 84- 484- 48

4- 494- 50

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TABLE OF CONTE NTS (con t i nued)

4 . 7 . 2 . 1 Quantity of Gr i t .4. 7.2.2 Prope r t ies of Grit .4. 7 . 2.3 Han d l i ng Grit . . . . . .

4.7. 3 Scum . . . . . . . . . . 4 . 7 . 3 .1 Qu a n t i t i e s of Scum .4 . 7 . 3 . 2 Properties of Scu m . . . . . . . . . . .

4. 7.3 . 3 Handl ing Scum .4. 7 .4 Septage . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4. 7 .4 . 1 Quant i t i e s of Septage .4. 7. 4. 2 Properties of Septage .4. 7 .4 . 3 T r e a t i n g Sep t age in Wastewater

Tre at men t Plants . . . . . . 4 . 7 . 5 Backwash . . . . . . . . .4. 7 . 6 Solids From Trea tm ent of Combined

Se",er Overflows . . . . . . . . . 4. 8 References . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER 5 . THIC KENING . . . . . .

5 .1 I nt roduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 . 1 . 1 Definition . .5 . 1 . 2 purpose . . . . . . . . . . 5 . 1 . 3 Process Evaluatio n . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 . 1 .4 Types and Occurrence of Thic k eni ng

Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . 2 Sedimentation Basins . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5 . 2.1 Primary Sedimentation .5 . 2 . 2 Secondary Sedimen t ation . . .

5 . 3 Grav i ty Th ickeners . . . . . . . . . .5 . 1 . 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . 5 . 3 . 2 Theory . . . . . . .

5 . 3 . 3 System Design Conside r ations . . . . .

5 . 3 . 3 . 1 Minimum Su rf ace Area Requirements . 5 . 3 .3. 2 Hydraulic Loading .5 . 3 . 3 . 3 Drive To r q ue Requirements . . . . . . . . . . 5 . 3 . 3 .4 To t al Tank Depth .5 . 3 .3. 5 Floor Slope .5 . 3 . 3 . 6 Ot he r Consi d erations . . . . . . .

5 . 3 .4 Design Example . . . . . . . . 5 . 3 . 5 Cost . . . . . . . . .

5 . 3.5.1 Capi t al Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 . 3.5.2 Oper a ting an d Maintenance Cost . .

5 . 4 Flotation Thickening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4.1 Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF)

5 .4 . 1 . 1 Theory .5 . 4 . 1 . 2 System Des i gn Considerations . . . . . . . .

5 .4 . 2 Design Example . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 . 4.3 Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5 . 4 . 3 . 1 Capital Cos t . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4.3.2 Operating and Maintenance Costs .

5 . 5 Centrifugal Thickening . . . . . .

vi i i

Page

,- 51,- 524- 534- 454- 554- 56

,- 57,- 59,- 59,- 59,- 604- 61

,- 62,- 6l5 - 1

5- 15 - 15- 15 - 1

5- 25- 25 - 25- 35- 35- 35 - 3

5 - 55 - 65- 85- 85- 95- 105- 115- 12S- ISS- ISS- IS5 - 165 - 185- 195- 195- I I5- 355- 355 - 165- 16

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TABLE OF CONTENTS ( c ontinued)

Page

5 - 36S- OB5- 395- 395- 4 55- 495- 535- 555- 555- 565- 595- 595- 605- 605 - 605 -60

6- 16- 16- 26- 26- 26- )6- 46- 56- 76- 7

6 - 76- 156- 166- 186- le6- 186- 206 - 2J6- 266 - 296 - 316- 346- 346- 366- 426- 426- 466- 526 - 626- 666- 676- 726- 74

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.

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..

...

.....

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....

..... ......... . . .. .

.... ...

...... .......... .. . . ... .........................

........ .

.. . . . . . ... . . ..

.............

. ...........

...... .. .. . . . ..... ...... . . .... .. .. .. .. ... .. . ...... .. ..

.. .. ...................... ....

.. ..

. . . . . . . . . .. ....

. ...... ......

Disc Nozzles . . . . . Imperforate Bas k et So l id Bowl Decante r

History . ... . .. .. . . . .. .. ..

Introduction Theory . . . . . . . .

5 . 5. 15 . 5 . 25 . 5 . 3 System Design Considera t ions

5 . 5 . 3. 15 . 5 . 3 . 25 . 5 . 3 . 3

5 . 5 . 4 Cas e5 . 5 . 5 Cos t

5 . 5 . 5 . 1 Capital Cost . .5 . 5 . 5 . 2 Operati ng and Maint e n a nc e Cost

Miscellaneous Thic k ening Methods 5 . 6 . 1 Elutriation Basin . 5 . 6. 2 Secondary Anaerobic Oigesters . . . 5 . 6 . 3 Facultative Sludge Lagoons .5 . 6 .4 Ul t ra f i l t ra t ion . . .

Referenc e s . . . . 5 . 7CHAPTE R 6. STABILIZATION. . . . . . . . 6 . 1 In t roduction .6 . 2 Anaerobic Digestion .

6 . 2 . 1 Process Description . . . . .6 . 2 . 1 .1 H istory and Current Status . . 6 . 2 . 1.2 Applicability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 . 2 . 1 . 3 Advantages and Disadva n tages . . . 6 . 2 . 1. 4 Microbiology . . . . . . . . .

6 . 2 . 2 Proc e ss Va r i a t io n s .6 . 2 . 2 . 1 Low - Rate Digestion . .

6 . 2 . 2 . 2 lIigh - Ra t e Digestion .

6 . 2 . 2 . 3 Anaerobic Contact Process6 . 2 . 2 .4 Phase Separation . .

6 . 2 . 3 Sizing of Anaerobic Diges t ers . .6 . 2 . 3 . 1 Load i ng Cr i t eria . . . 6.2.3 . 2 Solids Retention Time . . . 6 . 2 . 3 . 3 Recommended Sizing P r ocedure

6 . 2 . 4 Process Performance 6.2 . 4 . 1 Solids Reduction6 . 2 . 4 . 2 Gas Prod u ction .6 . 2 . 4 . 3 Supernatant Qua l ity

6 . 2 . 5 Ope r a t iona l Considerations6 . 2 . 5 . 1 pH .6 . 2 . 5 . 2 Toxicity . .

6 . 2 . 6 System Component Design6 . 2 . 6 . 1 Tank De sign ....6 . 2 . 6 . 2 lI eat i ng . 6 . 2 . 6 . 3 Mixing 6 . 2 . 6 . 4 Covers . . .6 . 2 . 6 . 5 Piping6 . 2 . 6 . 6 Cleaning

6 . 2 . 7 En ergyUsage .6 . 2 . 8 Cos t s . .

5 . 6

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6-1106-1106-1126 - 1126-1186-1216-1216-122

Page

6- 746- 746 - 75

6- 776 - 826- 826 - 826 - 826- 826- 826- 836 - 846- 846- 846- 856 - 866 - 86

6- 866- 886 - 896- 906- 916- 926 - 926- 936- 936- 996- 996 - 996-1006-1016-1016-1026-1026-1036-1036-1046-10 46-1076 - 1086- 1 09

. .

.

..

.. .....

.........

Design of Lime Handling F a c i l i t i e sMixing Tank Design ......... . and Energy Usage . . . . . . . .Capital and Operating CostsEnergy Usage . .

Capital Cost

6 . 2 . 9 Design Example . . . . . . . 6.2 . 9 . 1 Design Loadings . .6.2.9.2 System Description .

6.2.9.3 Component Sizing .... . . . ........Aerobic Digestion ............ 6 . 3 . 1 Process Description ..

6 . 3 . 1 . 1 History ........ . . 6.3 . 1 . 2 Current Status . .6.3 . 1.3 Applicability 6 . 3 . t . 4 A d v a n t a g e s and Disadvantages6 . 3 . 1.5 Microbiology .

6 . 3 . 2 Process variat ions .6 . 3.2 . 1 Conventional Semi-Batch Operation .6 . 3 . 2 . 2 Conventional Continuous Operation6 . 3 . 2 . 3 Au t o-Heated Mode of Operation . .

6 . 3 . 3Design Considerations

. . .

6 . 3 . 3.1 Temperature .6.3.3.2 Solids Reduction .6.3 . 3 . 3 Oxygen Requirements . . . . .6.3 . 3 . 4 Mi x ing . . . . .6.3.3 . 5 pH Reduction . . . .6.3 . 3 . 6 Dewatering .

6.3.4 Process Performance .6 . 3 . 4 . 1 Total Volatile Solids Reduction6 . 3. 4 . 2 Supernatant Quality .

6 . 3 . 5 Design Example . . . . . . .6 . 3 . 6 Cost . . . . . . . . . . . .

6 . 3. 6 . 16 . 3.6.2 Operation and MaIntenance Cost

Lime Stabil iza t ion ........ . . . 6.4.1 Process Description . ...... . . . . . . . .

6 . 4.1.1 His t ory ....... . . . . . . 6.4.1.2 Current Status .6 .4. 1 . 3 Applicability. . . ..... . .6.4.1. 4 Theory of the Process . .

6.4.2 Design Cri ter ia .- . . ..... .6 . 4 . 2 . 1 pH and Con t act Time .6 . 4 . 2.2 Lime Dosage . . . . . .

6 .4. 3 Process Performance .6 . 4 . 3. 1 Odor Control ...... . . .6 . 4 . 3 . 2 Pathogen Red u ction . . . . . 6 . 4 . 3 . 3 Dewatering and Sett l ing

Characteristics . .6 .4. 3 . 4 Chemical Characteris t ics .

6 . 4 . 4 Process Design . . . . . . . . 6 . 4.4 . 16.4.4.2

6 . 4.5 Costs6 .4. 5 . 16. 4 . 5. 2

6. 4

6 . 3

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TABLE OF CONTE NTS (continued)

Page

6- 1246-1246-124

6-1266-1276-1286-1316-132

6-1336-133

6-1346- 1346-1356-1366-138

,- I,- 1,- 17- 27- 27- 2,- 3,- ,- 6,- 6,- ,7- ,,- ,,- ,,- 9,- 10,- 10,- 10,- 10,- 11,- 11,- 11,- 11,- 12,- 12,- 13,- ",- IS,- 16,- 16

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..

....

..

.. .

.. .....

. , ,... , , .

.... ......

......

..............

........ ..

.......

.. .. , ... , . , ... "

........

......

......Opera t ing CostsCapital Costs , .

.............. ..

...............

6.5,5 Costs6 . 5 . 5 .16 , 5 , 5 .2

References

6.4.6 Design Example . . . . 6.4 .6 . 1 Design Loading 6.4.6.2 System Description6 .4. 6 . 3 Component Sizing

Chlorine Stabilization .6.5 . 1 Process Description 6.5.2 Uses, Advantages, and Disadvantages6.5 . 3 Chlorine Requirements . .6 . 5 . 4 Characterist i cs of Chlorine-Stabilized

Materials . . . . . . . . . 6.5.4.1 Stabil ized Slude .6.5.4 . 2 Supernatant!Fi1trate!Subnatant

Quality ........ . . .

6. 5

7.3

6. 6

CHAP TER 7 . DISINFECTION . .7 . 1 Introduction .7 . 2 Pathogenic Organisms .

7 . 2 . 1 Pathogen Sources .7 . 2 . 2 Pa t hogen Ch ar acteris t ic s . .

7 . 2 . 2 .1 Viruses . . . .7 . 2 . 2 . 2 Bacteria . . .7 . 2 . 2 . 3 Parasites. . . . . .7 . 2 . 2 .4 Fungi . .

7 . 2 . 3 Pathogen Occur r ence in the United St ates

Pathogen Survival Du ri ng Sludge StabilizationP r o c e s s e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . 3.1 Pathogen Reduction During Di gestion .

7.3.1 . 1 Vi r u s e s ...... . .7.3.1.2 Bacteria . . . . . .7.3.1 . 3 Parasites .

7 . 3 . 2 Long Term Storag e . .7 . 3 . 3 Chemical Disinfectio n .

7.3.3 . 1 Lime .7.3.3 . 2 Chlorine . . .7.3 . 3 . 3 Other Chemicals .

Pathogen Su r vival in t he Soil .

7 .4. 1 Viruses. .

. .7 . 4. 2 Bacteria . . . . . 7 . 4.3 Parasites .

Potential Human E xposure to Pathogens Heat Disin fe ction Processes . . . . . . .

7.6 . 1 Sludge Pasteurization . . .7 . 6 . 1 . 1 Process Description . .7 . 6 . 1 .2 Current Status . .7 . 6.1.3 Design Criter i a . .

,..

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CHAPTER 8 . CONDITIONING . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 . 1 introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 .2 Selectin g a Condition i nq Process .8.3 Factors Affectinq Wastewater Solids Condit i oning

8 . 3 . 1 General Wastewater Solids P r operties . 8.3.1 . 1 Particle Size and Distribution . . 8 . 3. 1 . 2 Surface Charge and Degree of

Hydration . . . . . . . . . . 8 . 3 . 1.3 Part icle Interact ion . . . . . . . . . .

8 . 3 . 2 Physical Facto r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. 3 . 2 . 1 Effect o f Processing Prio r to

Conditioning . . . . . . . . 8 . 3.2 . 2 Conditioner Application .

8 .4 Inorganic Chemic a l Conditioning .8 .4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . .

7 . 6 . 1 . 4 Instrumentation and . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7 . 6 . 1 . 5 Energy Impacts . . . . . . 7. 6 .1 . 6 Cost Information . . . . . . . . 7. 6 . 1 . 7 Design E xa mple . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7 . 6.2 Other Heat Processes .7 . 6 . 2 . 1 Heat - Conditioning . . . . . . . . . . . .7 . 6 . 2 . 2 Heat-Drying .7 . 6 . 2 . 3 H igh Temperature P r o c e s s e s . . . . . . . . . 7 . 6 . 2 . 4 Composting . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7 . 7 Pathogen Reduction With High-Energy Rad i ation . . . .7 . 7 . 1 Reduction of Pathogens i n Sludge Wi t h

Electron Irradia t ion . . . . . . . . . . 7 . 7.1.1 Process Descritpion .7 . 7 . 1 . 2 Status . . . . . . . . . . . 7.7.1.3 Design Considerations .7 . 7 . 1 . 4 Inst r umen t ation and Operational

Cons i derations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 . 7 . 1 . 5 Energy I mpacts . . . . . . . . . . . 7.7 . 1 . 6 Performance Data . . . . . . . . . . . 7 . 7 .1. 7 Produc t i on Production and Properties .7 . 7 . 1 . 8 Cost I n f o r m a t i o n .

7 . 7 . 2 Disinfection with Gammer Irradiation . . . . 7 . 7 . 2 . 1 Process Description . . . . . . . . 7.7.2.2 C u r r e n t Status - Liquid Sludge . .7.7.2.3 Cu r r ent S ta t us - Dried or Composted

7 . 8

7 . 7. 2 . 4

7 . 7. 2 . 5

7 . 7 . 2 .67. 7 . 2 .77 . 7 . 2.8

References

Sludqe . . . . . . . Des i gn Cr i t eria .

Instrumentation and OperationalConsiderations . . . . . . . . . . . Energy Impacts . . . . . . . .Performance Data . . . . . . . . . . . Cost Information . . . . . . . . ............ .. ........................ ...

7- 177- 177-

177- 207- 247- 257 - 257- 257- 257- 26

7- 267- 217- 287- 28

7- 307- 307 - 307- 317- 317- 327- 337- 33

7- 347- 35

7- 357- 367- 377- 387 - 448- 18- 18- 18- 18- 18 - 3

8 - 48- 8- 8 - 58- 58- 68 - 6

xii

Considerations

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8 .4. 5 Design Example . . . . . . . . . 8 .4. 6 Cost . . . . . . . . . . .

8.4 .6. 1 Capital Cost .8 .4.6. 2 operation an d Mai n tenance Cost . . .

8 . 5 Chemical Condi t ioning With Polyel e ct r olytes . .8.5 . 1 Introduction .8 . 5 . 2 Background on Polyelect r olytes . . .

8.5.2 . 1 Composition and Physical Form . . . . .8.5 . 2 . 2 Structure in SOlution . . . . . 8 . 5 . 2 . 3 Polyelectroly t e Conditioning

Works . . . . . . . .

8 . 5 . 3 Condit i oning for Thickening . . . .8 . 5 .3.1 Gr av ity Thickening .8 . 5 . 3.2 Dissolved Air Flotation Thickening 8 . 5 . 3 . 3 Centrifugal Thic k ening .

8 . 5 . 4 Cond i t i oning for De "wa t ering . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5 .4. 1 Dr ying Beds . .8.5 .4. 2 Vacuum Fi l t er s .8.5 .4. 3 Recessed Plate Pressure Filters 8 . 5 .4.4 Belt Filter Presses . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . 5.4 . 5 Ce ntr ifuges . .

8.5.5 S t orage , P r eparation , an d ApplicationEquipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8 .5. 6 Case His t ory .8 . 5 . 7 Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8 . 5.7 . 1 Capital Cost . .8 . 5 . 7 . 2 Operation and Main tenance Cost

8 . 6 Non-Chemical Additions . . . . .8 . 7 Thermal Cond i tioning . . . . . .

8 . 7 . 1 Advantages and Disadvantages . .8 . 7 . 2 Process Sidestreams . . . . . .

8 .7 . 2.1 Gaseous Sidestreams .8 . 7 .2. 2 Liquid Sidestreams .

8 . 7 . 3 Operations an d Cost . .8 . 7 . 3.1 General Cons i derations . .8 . 7.3 . 2 USEP A Survey Resu l ts . .

8 . 8 Elutr i ation .8. 9 Freeze-Tha w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8 . 9 . 1 Indirect Mechanical Freezing . . 8 . 9 . 2 Direct Mechan ic al F r eezing . .8 . 9 . 3 Natural Freezing .

8 . 10 Mechanical Screening and Gri n ding . . . . . . . . . . 8 .1 1 Miscellaneo u s Pr ocesses . . . . . . . .

8.11.1 Bac t eria .8.11 . 2 Electrici ty .8 . 11 . 3 Solvent E xt raction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8 .4. 28 . 4 . 38 . 4 . 4

TABLE OF CO NTEN TS (continued)

Dosage Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . Availability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Storage, P r eparation , an d ApplicationEq ui pment . . . . . . .

Page

8 - 68 - 7

8- 88 - 88 - 98- 98 - 108 - "e- "8- 148 - 148- 17

8- 17

8 - lB8 - lB8 - lB8- 208- 208 - n8- n8 - 218 - 238 - 24

8 - 2S

e-25

e- 27 8- n8- 298- 298- 318- 338- 148 - 148 - 3S8- 368- 368- 388- 398 - 408- 40e- 4le- 418- 4l8- 42e- 428- 4 28- 43

x ii i

How

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TABLE OF CONTE NT S ( co n t i nue d)

Page

8 - n8 - n

,- I,- I,- I,- 3,- 3,- 3,- 4,- 5,- ,,- 1 29- "9- 1 59- 159 - 169 - 17,- 17,- 189- 189 - 19,- 199- 1 99 - 239- n9 - 249 - 249 - 259 - 259 - 269 - 269 - 279- 289- 329- J )9 - 339- 39,- 4 19- n

,- 459 - ",- ",- 47,- 49,- 51,- 529 - 52,- 55,- 56

.. ..

.. ...

.

.. .

..... . .. .... ........ . ............... . ....... . .. .. . . ... . . . .

. . . . . . .DEWATERI NGlntroduction . . . . 9 . 1 . 1 Process E v alu a tion . 9 . 1 . 2 .'1ethods of De watering

Natural Sludge De wa t ering Syst e ms . . . 9 . 2 . 1 Dryin g Beds ...........

9 . 2 . 1 . 1 Ba sic Compo n e n ts an d Op erat io n 9 . 2 . 1. 2 Types of Dryi ng Beds 9 . 2 .1, 3 Process Desi') n C r i ter ia . . . .9. 2 . 1. 4 Costs .

9 . 2. 2 Drying Lagoon s .9. 2 . 2 . 1 Ba sic Conce p t . . . . .

9 . 2 . 2 . 2 Desig n Criteri a .9 . 2 . 2 . 3 Costs .Centrifugal Dew at e r i ng Systems . . .

9 . 3. 1 In t rod u c t i on .9 . 3 . 2 I mperfo r ate Bas k e t . .

9 . 3 . 2 . 1 Pr i nc i ples of Oper a t ion . .9 . 3 . 2 . 2 Ap plic a t io n . . . . . . .9. 3 . 2 . 3 Pe r f orm a n c e .. .9 . 3 . 2. 4 Case Hi sto ry . . . . . . . . . . .

9 . 3 . 3 Solid Bo wl De c an t e r s .9 . 3 . 3 . 1 Appl ic a t i o n . .9 . 3 . 3 . 2 Performa nc e . . . . 9 . 3 . 3 . 3 Other Co n si d e r at io n s

filt r ation De watering Sy stems . . . 9 . 4 . 1 Int r od u ction . . . . . . . . . .9 . 4 . 2 Basic Theory . . .9 . 4 . 3 Fi l ter Aids .. . .9 .4.4 Vacuum F i l ter s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9 . 4 . 4 . 1 P r i n ciples of Oper at i on . .9 . 4 . 4 . 2 Ap p l i cation . . . .9.4. 4 . 3 Pe r fo r mance . . . 9 .4.4.4 Other Co n sider at i o n s . . . .9 . 4 . 4 . 5 Ca se History ..9 . 4 . 4. 6 Cos t s . . . .. . .

9 . 4 . 5 Belt Fi l t e r Pres s . . 9 . 4. 5 . 1 Pr i n ciples of Operati on . . 9.4 . 5 . 2 App l i c a t ion .9 . 4 . 5 . 3 Performance ....9 .4 . 5 . 4 Ot he r Co n si d erations 9 . 4 . 5 . 5 Des i gn E x a m p l e. . . . . .9 . 4. 5 . 6 Cos t s . . . . . . . . . .

9 .4 . 6 Recessed Pl a t e P r essu r e F ilters 9 . 4. 6 . 1 Pr i nciples of Ope r a t i o n9 . 4. 6 . 2 App l ication . .9 .4. 6 . 3 Pe rf o r mance .

8 . 1 1 . 4 Ultrasonic .8 . 1 2 References

, . 3

CHAPTER 9 ., . 1

,.,

, 2

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9 .4. 6 . 4 O th er Co nsideratio n s . . . . . 9 .4. 6 . 5 Case H istory .9 .4. 6 .6 Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9 .4. / Scre w an d Ro l l Press .9 . 4 . 7 . 1 Sc r e w Pr e ss .9. 4.7. 2 Twin - Roll Press . .

9 .4 . 8 Du al Ce l l G ravity ( DCG) Fi lt er . . . . . 9 .4. 9 T ube Filt e rs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9. 4. 9 . 1 Pressure Type .9 .4.9. 2 Gr avity Type .

9 5 Other Dewatering Systems. ~ .9 . 5 . 1 Cyclones . . . . . . . . . . . 9 . 5 . 2 Screens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 . 5 . 3 Elec t ro-Osmosis . . . . .

9 . 6 References .

CHAPTER 10 . HEAT DRYING . . . . . . . . . . . .10 . I ntroduction . . . . .10 . 2 Hea t- Dry i ng Pr i n ciples .

1 0 . 2.1 Dry i ng Periods . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 . 2 . 2 Humidity an d M ass Transfer .1 0. 2 . 3 Temperature and Hea t T r ansfer . . . . . . . . . . .

10 . 3 Energy Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 . 3 . 1 Des i gn Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 . 3 . 2 Energy Cost o f Heat-Dried Sludges U sed

for Fer t i l i z ers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 .4 Environmental Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10 . 4 . 1 Air Pollu t ion . . . . . ..

. . . . ..

10 . 4 . 2 Safety .1 0 .4. 3 Sides t ream Production . . . . . . . . . . . .

10 . 5 General Des i gn C r iteria .1 0. 5 . 1 Dryin g Ca pacity 10 . 5 . 2 Sto r age Requirements . . 1 0.5.3 Heat Sourc e . . . .. . . .. . . 10.5.4 A i r F l ow . . . . . . . . . . 10.5 . 5 Equi p ment Maint e nance . . . . . . . . . . . 10.5.6 Special Considerations .

1 0 . 6 Conventional He a t Dryers .10 . 6 . 1 Flash - Dryi ng .

10.6 . 1.1 Proces s Description . .10 . 6 . 1 . 2 Ca se Study : Houston , Texas . . . .

10 . 6 . 2 Rotar y Dryers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 . 6 . 2 . 1 Direct Rota r y Dryers . .10 . 6 . 2 .2 In d irect Dr ying . .10 . 6 . 2.3 Di rect - Indirect Rotary Dryers . .

10 . 6 . 3 Incine r ators .10.6 . 4 Toroidal Dryer . . . . . .

10 . 6 .4. 1 Process Description . . . .10 .6 . 4. 2 Current Status .

10 . 6 . 5 Spray - Drying .

Page

9- 569- 599 -

609 - 639 - 639 - 669 - 679 - 689- 689 - 689 - 699- 699- 709- 709- 70

10 - 110 - 110 - 110- 110 - 210- 0lO - S10 - 6

lO - I I10- 12

10- 12l O- I IlO- I I10- 1310 - 131 0- "10- "10 - "10- 1510- 1510- 1510 - 1610- 1610- 1810 - 1910 - 1910 - 2210- 2410- 2510- 2510 - 251 0- 2110 - 21

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10 . 6 . 5 . 1 Process Descr i ption 10.6.5 . 2 Cur r ent Status .

10 . 7 Other Heat-Drying Systems .10 . 7.1 S olve nt E x trac t ion - -BEST Process . .

10 . 7.1 . 1 Process D e s c r i p t i o n .10 . 7 . 1 . 2 Current Status .10 . 7 . 1.3 operating Experience . . .

10 . 7 . 2 Mul tiple - Effect Evaporation - -Carve rGreenf i e1d Process ..

10 . 7 . 2 . 1 Process Descr i ption .10 . 7 . 2 . 2 Current Status ..

10 . 6 References . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER 11 . HIGH TEMPERATURE PROCESSES . .IL l Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . .

11.2 Principles of High Temperature Operations . . . . 11 . 2 . 1 Combustion Facto r s .lL2 . 1.1 Sludge Fuel Val u es .11 . 2 . 1 . 2 Oxygen Requi r ements for Complete

Combust i on . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . 2 . 1 . 3 Factors Affecting th e Heat Balanc e

11.2 . 2 Incineration Design E x ample . . . . . . . 11.2.2 . 1 Problem Statement .11 . 2 . 2 . 2 Appro x imate Calcul ati on Method .11 . 2 . 2 . 3 Theoretical Calculation Method .11 . 2 . 2 .4 Comparison of Appro x imate and

Theoretical Calcula t ion Methods

11. 2 . 3

Pyrolysis and Starved-A i r CombustionCalculations ..11.2 .4 Heat and Material Balances .

11 . 3 Incineration . . . . . . . . . . 11 . 3 . 1 Multiple-Hearth Furnace . . . . . . 11 . 3 . 2 Fluid Bed Furnace . . . . . . . . 11.3 . 3 Elect r ic Furnace . .11 . 3 . 4 Single Hearth Cyclonic Furnace 11 . 3 . 5 Design Example : Ne w Sludge Incineratton

Process . . . . . . . . . .11 . 3 . 5. 1 Approach . . . . . . 11.3 . 5 . 2 Preliminary Design . . . .

11 . 4 S t a r v e d - A i r Combustion . . . . . . . . . .11.4 . 1 Developmen t and Application .11 . 4 . 2 Advantages and Disadvantages of SAC . . .11.4.3 Conversion of E x isting Mult i ple - Hearth

Incineration Units to SAC .11 .4. 4 Design Example: Retrofit of an E x isting

Multiple - Heart h Sludge Incinerator t o aStarved - Ai r Combustion Reactor . .

11. 4 .4 . 1 Approach ..11 . 4.4 . 2 Preliminary Design .

xvi

Page

10- 2710 - 2710 - 2810- 2810 - 2810 - 2910- 30

10 - 3010 - J!10 - 3110 - J2

11 - 111 - 1

11 - 111 - 311 - 3

11 - 611 - 711 - 1011 - 1011 - 1311- 20

11 - "11 - 2511- 281 1 - 291 1 - 3111 - "11 - "11- 5511 - 591 1 - 6111- 6211 - 6511- 6811 - 71

11- 75

11 - 7611 - 7711 - 78

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11 . 8 . 411.8.5

11. 8 . 611 . 8. 711 . 8 . 8


11 .4 Starved-Air Combustion , . , . " .11.4.1 Development and Application " . . . . . . " . , . .11 .4. 2 Advantages and Disadvantages of SAC . , . . . . .11 . 4 . 3 Conversion of Exis t ing Mult iple-Hearth

I n c i n e r a t i o n Units to SAC . . . . . . . . . . . . " , . .11.4.4 Design Example: R e t r o f i t of an E x isting

Multiple-Hearth Sludge Incinerator to aSta rved-Air Combustion R e a c t o r . , . . . . . . .

11 . 4, 4 , 1 Approach , . . . . . . . . . . . . . " , .11.4,4 , 2 Prelimina r y Design , , .

11 . 5 Co-Combustion of Sludge an d O t h e r Material . . . . .11 . 5. 1 Co-Combustion with Coal and Other

Residuals " . . . . . . . . . . . . " . , . , . . . . "11,5.2 Co-Combustion with Mi xed Municipal Refuse

(MMR) . . . . . , , . , . " " " , . . . . .. . "

11.5.2 . 1 Refuse Combustion Technology . . . . . . .11,5.2 , 2 Sludge Combustion Technology . . . . . . 11 . 5 . 3 Inst i tut ional Cons t ra in t s . . . . . , . " , . , . . 11 . 5 . 4 Conclusions about Co-Combustion . . , . , " . ,

1 1 . 6 Related Combustion Processes Used in WastewaterTreatment . , " . . . . . " , . " . . . . .. . . . . . . . .

11 . 6. 1 Screenings , Grit , an d Scum Reduction . , .11 . 6 . 2 Lime Recalcination . . . . . . . . . " , . , . . . . . . "11,6.3 Activated Carbon Regeneration . . . . . . . .. .

11.6.3 . 1 Granular Carbon Systems (GAC) " , . , "11 . 6.3 . 2 Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) , "11 . 6 . 3 . 3 Jet Propuls ion Laboratory A c t i v a ted-

Carbon Treatment System (JPL-l\CTS) . . .11 . 7 Other High Temperature Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11 , 7.1 High Pressure/High Temperature Wet Ai ro x i d a t i o n . . . . . . . , . , . , , . . . . . . . . . . .

11 . 7 . 2 REACT-O-THERMtm . " . . . . . . . . 11 . 7.3 Modular Starved-Air Incinerators . , .1 1 . 1. 4 Pyro-Sol tm Proces s . . . . . . . . .11 . 1 . 5 Bailie Process . . .. . .. . . . . .11 . 1 . 6 Wright-Malta Process . . . . 11.1.7 Molten Salt Pyrolysis " . . . . . . . . .

11.8 Air Pollution Considerations .11 . 8 . 1 N a t i o n a l Ambient Air QUal i ty Standa r ds

{NAAQS) - State Implementation Plans (SIP) . . .11.8 . 2 National Emission Standards fo r Hazardo u s

Air Pollutants (NESHAPS) . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 . 8 . 3 Standards of Performance (or Ne w

Stationary Sources (NSPS) . . . , . , , . . . .New Source Review S t a n d a r d s (NSR) Prevent ion of Significant Deter iora t ion(PSD) . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The P e r m i t Process .Air Emissions Test Procedures . , . . . . Design Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

x vii

Page

11- 6511- 6811- 71

11 - 75

11- 7611- 7711 - 7811- 8 1

11 - 81

11 - 8311 - 8411 - 8711- 0211 - 9411- 9411- 9411- 9611- 9811- 9911-100

11-10011 - 10 2

11- 1 0211-10911-11011-11011 - 11311 - 11311 - 11511-115

11 - 116

11-117

11-11811-119

11 - 11911 - 12011-12011 - 120

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TABLE OF CONTENTS (continu e d)

12 . 3.2.81 2 . 3 . 3 Case

12.3.3 . 1

CHAPTER 13 . MISCELLANEOUS PROCESSES . . . . 13 .1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . .

Page

11-121

11-12311-13211-136

12 - 112 - 112 - 212- 112 - 412- 512- 512 - 5

12 - 512- 1112- 1212 - "12 - 1612 - 1812 - 2212- 2312 - 2412- "12 - 2612- 2612- 27

12- 2712 - 2912- 36

12- 3612- 3812- "12- "12- "12 - 5112- 51

12- 5112 - 51U - S)12 - 5112- 57

11- 111- 1

11.8.8 . 1 Identify Applicable State and LocalRegulat ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11.8 . 8 . 2 Establish Air Pollution AbatementProcedures . . . . . . . . .

Residue Disposal . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . .

Impacts . . . . . . . .Design Example . . . . . . . . . . . .

Stlldies (Unconfined Systems) . . . . Joint Water Po1111tion Control plant ,Carson, California . . . . . . . . .

12 . 3 . 3 .2 Bel tsv i l le , Maryland . . . . .12.3 . 3 . 3 Bangor , Maine . .12 . 3.3 .4 Durham , New Hampshire . . . . . . . . .12 . 3 . 3 . 5 Cost Analysis .

12.4 Confined Composting System .12 . 4 . 1 Description of Process . .12 . 4 . 2 Metro-Waste Aerobic Thermophil i c

b io-Reactor . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 .4. 3 D ano Bio-Stabilizer Plant .12 .4. 4 BAV aio - ReactOr . .

12.5 European Composting Experience . . . . . .12 . 6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER 12 . COMPOSTING . . . . . . .12 . 1 In t roduction .12 . 2 Th e Compost ing Process .

12 . 2.1 Moisture . .1 2 . 2 . 2 Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 . 2 . 3 pH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12.2 . 4 Nutrient Concentcatio o .12.2 . 5 Oxygen Supply . . . . . . . . . . . .

12 . 2 . 6 Design Criteria and Procedures . . . 12 . 3 Unconfined C o m p o s t i n g Sys t ems .12.3 . 1 Windrow Process . . . . . . .

12 . 3.1 . 1 Energy Requicements .12 . 3.1.2 Public Health an d Environmental

Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12.3.1.3 Design E x ample . . . . . . . . . . . .

12 . 3 . 2 Aerated Static Pile Process . . . .12 . 3 . 2 . 1 Individual Aerated Piles . . . . 12.3 . 2 . 2 Extended Aerated Piles .12 . 3 . 2 . 3 Current Status .12 . 3 . 2 . 4 Oxyqen Supply . . . . . . . .

12.3.2. 5 Bulking Agent .

12 . 3.2 . 6 Energy Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 . 3.2.7 Public Health an d Environmental

11. 911.10

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TABLE OF CONTENTS (con t inued)

1 3.2 Chemical Fixation Process .1 3 . 3 Encapsulation Process .

13.3.1 Polyethylene Process .

13 . 3 . 2 Asphalt Pr ocess . . . . . . . . . 1 3 .4 Earth worm Conversion Process .13.4.1 Process Arrangement .13.4 . 2 Advantages of t he E a r t h worm Conve r sion

Process . . . . . . . . . 13.4.3 Possible Operat ing Difficult ies . . . . . . 13 .4 .4 L imi ta tions .

1 3 . 5 References . . . . . . .

CHAPTER 14 . TRANSPORTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.1 Pumping a n d Pipelines .

14.1.1 Simplified Head - Loss Ca l culations . . . . . .14.1.2 Application of Rheology to Sludge

Pu m ping Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.1.2.1 Solution of P r essure Drop Equa t io n . . . .14 . 1 . 2.2 Design Example . . . . . . . . .14.1.2.3 Thixotropy and Other

Time - Dependen t Ef fe cts . . . . . . . . . . 14 . 1.2.4 Obtaining the Coefficients . . . . . . . 14.1.2.5 Additional Information . . . . . . . . . .

14 . 1.3 Types of S l u d g e Pumps .14 . 1.3.1 Centrifu g al Pumps .14.1.3.2 Torque Flow Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . 14 . 1 . 3. 3 Plunger Pumps . . . . . . . . . . 14.1.3. 4 Piston Pumps . . . . . . 14.1.3.5 Progressive Cavi t y Pumps . . . 14 . 1.3.6 Diaphragm Pump . . . . . .14 . 1.3.7 Rotary Pumps . . . . . . 14.1.3 . 8 Ejector Pumps . . . . 14.1 . 3 . 9 Gas Lift Pumps .14 . 1.3.10 Water Eductors . .

14 . 1.4 Applicat ion of Sludge Pumps .14.1.5 Pipe, Fittings, and Valves . . . . . .14.1.6 Long Distance Pumping . . . . . .

14 . 1.6.1 Experience . . . . . . . . . . . 14 . 1.6.2 Design Guidance .

14.1.7 In-Line Grinding .

1 4. 2 De w atered Waste w ater Solids Conveyance . . . . . .14.2.1 Manual Transpo r t of Screenings a nd G ri t 1 4. 2 . 2 Belt Conveyors . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 . 2 . 3 S c re w Conveyors . . . . . . . .1 4 . 2 . 4 Positive Displacement Type Conveyors . . . . . 14. 2.5 Pneumatic Conveyors . . . . 1 4. 2.6 Chutes and lnclined Planes . . . . . . ..14 . 2 . 7 Odo r s . . . . . . . . . . . .

14 . 3 Long Distance Wastewater So l id s Hauling . . . . . . 1 4. 3 . 1 Truck Transportation . . . . . . . . . ..

Page

13 - 113 - 313- 313- 13- 13- 413- 613- ,13 - ,13 - ,14 - 114 - 114 - I

14 - 314- 14- 814 - 1214 - 1414- 1714- 1714- 1714- 1814- 1914- 2114- 2214- "14- 2614- 2114- 2114- 2814- 2914 - 2914- 3114- 3114- 3214- 36

14- 3714 - 3714- 3714- 4014- 4314 - "14- 4414- "14- "14- .,

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Proc e sses . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C1IAPTER 1 5. STORAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 . 1 Int c oduc t ion . . .. . .

15 . 1 . 1 Need fo e Sto r age .1 5 . 1. 2 Ris k s and Benefits of Solids Storage within

Was t e wa t er T r eatment Sy s t em ..15 . 1 . 3 Sto c age With i n Was tewa te r Sludge Treatment

Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 . 1.4 Effects of Storage on Waste water So l i ds .1 5 . 1 . 5 Types of Storage . .

15 . 2 Was t ewater Trea t ment Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 . 2 . 1 Storage Within Waste water T r eatment

1 5 . 2 .1. 4 I m h o f f and Communi t y Septic Tanks . . .15 . 2 . 1. 5 Waste water Stabil izat io n Ponds . . . . . . .

15 . 2 . 2 Storage Wi th i n Waste water Sludge Tre a tmentProcesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15 . 2 . 2 . 1 Gravit y Thic k eners . .15 . 2 . 2 . 2 Anaerobic D igest e rs . . . 15 . 2 . 2 . 3 Aerobic Digesters . ...15 . 2.2 . 4 Compos t i ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 . 2 . 2 . 5 Dryi ng Beds . . . . . . . . . .

15 . 3 Dedicated Storage F a c i l i t i e s . . 15 . 3 .1 facilities Provided P ri ma ri ly fo r Stocage

of L i quid Sludge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 . 3 . 1 . 1 Ho l ding Ta n k s . . . . . . . . ,. . . . . . . . . . . . .

14 .4

14 . 3 . 1.114 . 3 . 1.2

14 . 3 . 1.314 . 3 . 1. 414 . 3 . 2 Rail

14 . 3 . 2 . 1

14.3.2 . 214 . 3.2 . 314 . 3 . 2 . 41 4 . 3 . 2 . 5

14 . 3 . 2 . 61 4.3 . 3 Bar g e

14 . 3 . 3 . 1

14 . 3.3 . 214.3.3 . 314 . 3.3. 414 . 3 . 3 . 5

References

1 5 . 2 . 1 . 1

15 . 2 . 1. 215 . 2 . 1. 3


Types of T r uc k s . . . . . . . . . . Owned Equipmen t vs . Contrac tH aul ing , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hau l Schedu l ing ... .T r ucking Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . .Transport . . . . . . . . . . . .

Advan t a ges and Disadva n tagesof Rail Transport .Routes . . .. . . . . . Haul Contracts . . . . . . . . . . Railcar Supply .An c il lary Fa cili t ies . . . . . . . . . Manpo wer and Energy Requirements . . . .Transportat io n . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Routes and Trans i t T i me s . . . . . . . . Haul or System Con t r ac t ing . . . . . . . . Ba r ge Selec t ion and Acquisition . . . . .An cillary Faci l ities .Spill Preventio n a n d Cleanup . ..................................... . ..

Grit Removal . . . . . . . . . Primar y Sedime n tation ... . .Aerat ion Reactors and SecondarySe d imen t ation .

Page

14- 47

14- 4814- 4914- 4914- 49

14- 4914- 5014- 5014- "14- 5314 - 531 4- 5414- 5414- 5514- 5614- 5714- 5714- 57

15 - 115 - 115 - 1

15 - 1

1 5- 2

15 - 215 - 415 - 5

15 - 515 - 615 - 7

15 - 915 - 101 5- 11

15 - 1115- 1215 - 1215 - 1815 - 1815 - 1815 - 18

15 - 1915 - 19

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15 . 3.1,2 Facul t ative Sludge Lagoons . .15 . 3 .1 . 3 Anaerobic Liq u id Sludge Lagoons . . . 15.3 . 1.4 Aerated Storage Basins . . . . . . . .

15.3 . 2 Facilities Provided Primarily for Storageof Dewatere d Sludge . . . . . . . . . .

15 . 3 . 2. 1 Drying S l udge Lagoons .15 . 3.2 . 2 Confined Hoppers or Bins .1 5 . 3.2 . 3 Unconfined Stoc k piles . .

15 . 4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER 16 . FROM SOLIDS TREATMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . .

16 . 1 Production .16 . 2 Sides t r eam Quality and Potential Problems . . . .16.3 General Approaches to Sidestrcam P r oblems . . .

16 . 3 . 1 Elimination of Sidestream . . . . . . . . .16 . 3 . 2 Modification of Upstream Solids ProcessingSteps . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .

1 6 . 3 . 3 Change in Timing , Return Rate . Or ReturnPoint . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. .

16 . 3 . 4 Modification of Wastewater TreatmentFacilities .

16 . 3 . 5 Separate Treatment of Sides t reams .16 . 3 . 5. 1 Anaerobic Digester Super na tant . . . . . . . .16 . 3.5 . 2 Conditioning Liquor . . .

16.4 References .

17 . INSTRUMENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . .1 7 . 1 Introduction .

17 . 1.1 Pu r poses of Instrumen t ation .1 7 .1. 2 Instrumentation Justification and

Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 . 2 Measureme n ts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17 . 2. 1 Level Measu r ements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.2.1 . 1 Bubb l ers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 . 2. 1 . 2 Diaphragms .17.2.1 . 3 Capacitance T r a n s m i t t e r s . . . . . . . . . . 17.2 . 1 . 4 Ultrasonic T r a n s m i t t e r s . . . . . . . . . . .17.2.1.5 Tape - Supported Floats . . . . .

17 . 2 . 2 Flow Measurements . . . . . . . .17.2 . 2 .1 Venturi Tubes . .17.2.2 . 2 Nozzles .17.2 . 2 . 3 M a g n e t i c Meters . . . . . .17.2 . 2 .4 Ul t rason ic Meters .17.2 . 2 . 5 Doppler Meters .17.2 .2. 6 Rotameters . . . . . . . . . . .17 . 2 . 2 . 7 Prope l le r Meters .17.2 . 2 . 8 Pitot Tubes .17 . 2.2.9 Weirs and Plumes . .17 . 2 . 2.10 Orifice P l a t es . .

xx i

P a g e

15- 2315 - 4115- 43

15- 4615 - 4715- 511 5- 5615- 58

16- 116- I1 6- 216- I

16- 4

16- 4

16- 5

16- 516- 716- S1 6- 1016- 17

1 7- 117- 117- 1

17- 117- 4117- 4117- 4117- 4117 - 4417- 4417- 4517- 45

17 - 4617- 4617- 4617- 4717- 47017- 4817- 4817- 4817 - 4917- 49

SIDESTREAMSPROCESSES

Sidestream

Thermal

Chapter

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CONTENTS (continued)

17 . 2 . 2 . 11 Turbine Meters .17.2.2.12 Vortex Meters . . . . . . ..17 . 2 . 2 . 13 Positive Displacement .17 . 2 . 2.1 4 Pump and T r ansport Displacemen t

Systems . . . . . . . . 17 . 2 . 3 Pressure Measurement . . . . . . . . . . .

17 . 2 . 3 . 1 Bourdons or Bellows .17 . 2 . 3 . 2 D i a p h r a g m s . . . . . . . . . . .

17 . 2 .4 Tempe ratu re Measurements . . . . . . . . . . .17.2. 4. 1 Resistance Temperature

Detectors (RTDs) . . . . . 17 . 2 .4 . 2 Thermocouples . . . . .

17.2 . 5 We igh t Measurements . . . . . . 17 . 2 . 5 . 1 Static . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 . 2 . 5 . 2 Mass Flow .

17 . 2 . 6 Density and Suspended Solids Measurements .. 17 . 2 . 6 . 1 Density .17 . 2 . 6 . 2 Solids Measurements . . . . .

17 . 2 . 7 Time Measurements . . . . . . . . . . .17 . 2 . 8 Speed Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 .2. 9 M o i s t u r e Content Measurements . . . . . . . . 17 . 2 . 10 Dissolved Oxygen Mea surements . . . . . . . 17 . 2 . 11 pH Measurements .. . . . . . . . . .17 . 2.12 Chemical Oxygen Demand Me asurements 17 . 2.13 Ammonia Measurements . . . . 17 . 2.14 Gas Measurement and A n a l y s i s .

17 . 2 . 14 . 1 Composi t ion Analyzer .

17 . 2 . 14 . 2 Calorimeter .17 . 2 . 15 Stack Ga s Measurements and Analysis . . . . . .17 . 2.16 Odor Measurements . . . . 17 . 2 . 17 Aerobic Condi t ion Heasurements . . . . . . . 17 . 2.18 Blanke t Level Measuremen t s . . . . 17 . 2 . 19 Hydrocarbons and Fl ammab l e Gas Detectors . . . .17.2 . 20 Radiation Monitoring . . 17 . 2.21 Machine ry Protec t i on .

17.2.21.1 Empty Pipe Detectors .17 . 2.21 . 2 Vibrat i on - Acceleration and

Displacement Systems . . . . . . . . .17 .2. 21.3 Flow Loss Monitors .17 . 2.21.4 Overload Devices .17 . 2 . 21 . 5 Flame Safeguard Equipment . . . . . .

17 . 3 Samp l ing Sys tems . . . . . . . . . . . .17 .4 Operator Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17 . 4.1 Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 . 4 . 2 Indicator Boards .

17.5 References . . .

CHAPTER 18 . UTILIZATION . . . . . . . 18 .1 Introduction .1 8 . 2 Sludge as a Soil Ambient .

xxii

Page

17 - 4917 - 5017 - 50

17 - 5017 - 5017 - 5117 - 5217- 52

17 - 5317 - 5317 - 5 417 - 5 417 - 5 417 - 5517 - 5517 - 5617 - "17 - 5117 - 5117 - 5817 - 5817 - 5917 - 5917 - 591 7 - 59

17 - 601 7- 6017 - 611 7 - 611 7- 6117- 6317 - 631 7 - "1 7 - "

17- 6417- 651 7 - 651 7 - 651 7 - 6617 - 611 7 - 6117- 6817- 68

18 - 118 - 118 - 2

TABLE OF

Suspended

8/3/2019 EPA Sludge

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1 8 . 2. 118 . 2. 2

TAB LE OF CONTENTS

Perspective .Pr i ncip l es and Design Criteria fo rApplying Wastewater Sludge to Land . . . . . . . .

18 . 2. 2 . 1 Pr e liminary Planning .18 . 2 . 2 . 2 Si te se lec t ion .18 . 2 . 2 . 3 Process Design .18 . 2.2 .4 Facil i t ies Design .18 . 2 . 2 . 5 Facil i ty Management , Opera t io n s,

an d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 . 3 Sludge as an Ene r gy So ur ce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 8 . 3 . 1 Perspe c t i ve .18 . 3 . 2 Reco v ery of Energy Fr om Sludge . . . . . .

18 . 3 . 2 . 1 Tr e atm e nt of Digeste r Gas . . 18 . 3 . 2 . 2 Gas- Bu rni n g Equip ment . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 . 3 . 3 . 3 Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 8 . 3. 3 Ex amples of Enerqy Recovery .18 . 3 . 3 . 1 En ergy Re cove r y From D i gest e r Gas .18 . 3 . 3 . 2 Recovery of Ener g y F r om Incinera t or

Flue Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 . 3 .4 Other Facto r s Af f ec t i ng Ilea t Recovery . . . . . .

1 8 .4 Other uses of Wastewater So l i ds and So l id .

18 . 5 Refere n c e s . . . . . . .

CHAPTER 1 9 . DISPOSAL TO LAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 9 . 1 In t rod u ct i on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19. 1. 1 Reg u latory Agency Guid a nce . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 9 . 2 L a n d f i l l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 9 .2 . 1 De f i n i tion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 9 . 2 . 2 Sludge Landfill Me t hods .

1 9. 2 . 2 . 1 Slu d ge-Only T r e n ch Fi l l . .19 . 2 . 2.2 Slu d ge - Only Ar e a F i l l .19 . 2 .2 . 3 CO -D isposal w i th . . . . . . . . 19 . 2 . 2 .4 Suitability of S l udge for

Landf il1i ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 9 .2 .3 Pre l iminary P l a n ning . . .

19 . 2 . 3 . 1 S l udge Charac t erizat i on .1 9 . 2 , 3 . 2 Select i o n of a Landfil l i n g Method . . . 19 . 2 . 3 . 3 S i t e Selectio n . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 9 .2.4 Fac i l i t y Desig n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 . 2 . 4 . 1 an d Stan d a r ds . . . . . . . 19 . 2 .4 . 2 Site Characteristics . . .19 . 2. 4 . 3 La n df i l l Type a n d Desig n .19 . 2 .4.4 Ancil lary Fac i l i t i e s .19 . 2 .4 . 5 Landfill Equipmen t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 9 . 2. 4. 6 Fl exi bili ty a nd Reli ab i l i t y . . . . . . . . .19 . 2 .4 . 7 Ex pected P erformance .1 9 . 2 .4 . 8 Environmental Impacts . . . . . . . . .

19 . 2 . 5 O p e r a t i o n s an d Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 . 2 . 5 . 1 Operations Plan . .

xx i i i

Page

18 - 2

18 - 318 - 518 - 51 8- 518 - 6

18- 718 - B18 - 818 - 918- 918 - 1118 - 1518 - 151 8 - 15

18 - 2518- 34

18 - 3518 - 3 6

19 - 119- 119- 119 - 119 - 119- 219- 219- 319 - 5

1 9 - 619 - 619 - 619 - 819- B1 9- 1219 - 1219 - 1319- I '19 - 1519- 1819 - 1819 - 1919- 2 O19 - 2019- 2O

(continued)

Monitoring

By-Products

Sludge

Refuse

Regulations

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19.2.5 . 2 Operating Sched u le .19 . 2 . 5 . 3 Equipment Selection and Maintenance .

19 . 2 . 5 . 4 Management and Reporting .19 . 2 . 5 . 5 Safety .19.2.5 . 6 environmental Controls . . . . . . . . . . . .

19 . 2 . 6 Site Closure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.2.6 . 1 Ultimate Use . .19 . 2 . 6 . 2 Grading at Completion of Filling 19 . 2 . 6 . 3 Final Grading . .19 . 2 . 6 . 4 Landscaping .1 9. 2 . 6 . 5 Continued Leachate and Gas ControL .

19 . 2 . 7 Landfilling of Screen i ngs, Gr i t , and Ash .1 9 . 3 Dedicated Land Disposal .

19 . 3.1 Defintion .

19. 3 . 2

Background

. . . . . . . . . .19 . 3 . 3 Site Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19.3.3.1 O w nership by Waste w ater Treamtent

Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.3.3.2 Groundwater Patterns . .19.3.3.3 Topography .19.3 . 3. 4 Soil Types . .19.3.3.5 Availability of Suffient Land . .

19 . 3 . 4 Storage . . . . 19 . 3 .4 . 1 Climatic Influences .19 . 3 .4 . 2 Operational Storage . . . . . . . .

19.3.5 Operational Methods and Equipmen t 19 . 3.5.1 Liquid Sludge .19 . 3.5 . 2 Dewa t ered Sludge 19 . 3.5 . 3 Sludge Application Rates . . . . . . . . . .

19 . 3 . 6 Environmental Controls and Monitoring . .19 . 3.6 . 1 Site Layout . .19.3.6.2 . Groundwater Controls . . . . . . . . 19.3.6.3 Surface Water Runoff Co n trolS . . . . .19 . 3 . 6 . 4 Air Pollution Control . 19.3.6.5 Site Moni t oring .

19.3 . 7 Costs . . . . . . . . . 19 . 3 . 8 Case Examples . . . . . . . . . .

19 . 3 . 8.1 Colorado Springs, Colorado . . . 19.3 . 8. 2 Sacramento, California . . . . . . .

19 .4 References . . . . . . . .

x xi v

Page

19 - 2119- 21

19 - 2219- 2219 - 2319- 2419 - 2419 - 2419 - 2519 - 2S19- 2519- 2519- 2519- 2519 -

2619 - 27

19 - 2719 - 2719- 2819 - 2819- 281 9- 2819- 2819 - 2919- 2919- 2919- 3 419- 3519- 3719- 3719- 3819 - 3819- 3919 - 3919- 3919 - 3919 - 4019- 50

19- 58

8/3/2019 EPA Sludge

25/50

Number

3- 1

3- 23 - 3

3- ,3- 5

3- 6

3- 7

3- 83- 93- 1 0

, - 1

, - 2

. - 3

,- . - 5 - 64- 7

4- 8, - 94-1 0

4- 114-12

4-13

LIST OF TABLES

CHAPTER 3

Example of Ini t ial Screening Matrix for BaseSludge Disposal Options . . . . . . . . . . ..Example of Proc e ss Compatibility Ma t r i x .Ex ample of Trea tment /Diposa l Compat ibi l i t yMatrlx . . . . Example of Num e r ical Rating System forAl t ernatives Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estima t ed Costs of Al ternatives forEugene-Springfield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mass Bal a nc e Equa t i ons for Flowsheet o f Figure 3 - 7 . Mass Ba l ance Equations for Flowsheet of Figure 3 - 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Solid P r operties Ch ecklist . . . . . . . . . . . .P r ocess Design Checklist .Pub l ic Health and EnvironmentalImpact Chec k l is t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER 4

Predicted Quan t i t ies of Suspended Soli d s andChemical Solids Removed in a HypotheticalPrimary Sedime n tat ion Ta nk . . . Primary Sludge Character i stics . . . . Alternate Names and Symbols fo rEquation (4-1) .Values of Yield and Decay Coefficients fo rComputing Waste-Activated S l udge . .Design Data for Sludge Production Ex amp l e . . . Activated Sludge Characte ri stics . . . . . . . . . . . . .Tric k l i ng Fil t er Solids Prod uc t ion . . . . . . . . . . .

Daily Variations in Tric k ling Fil ter Effluent,StOck t on , Califo rn ia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Description o f Sloughing Events . . . Concentration o f Trickl ing Fil ter SludgeWi t hdrawn from Final Clarif i ers . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Tric k ling Filter Sludge Composition . . . . . . S l udge from Combi ned Attac h ed - Suspen d e dGrowth Proc e sses . . . . . . . . . . . .Metals i n Fe r r i c Chloride Solutions . . . . . . . . .

3 - 83 - 9

3 - 9

3- 10

3 - 13

3- 2l

) - 263- 373- 37

3- 38

.- ,

.- 8.-11

.- 12.-2l.-28

.-30

,- 33,- 33.-34.-35,- 36.- 40

8/3/2019 EPA Sludge

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Number

4- 1 4

4-15

4- 164-174- 18

4-194-204-214-224-234-244-254 - 264-27

5- 1

5- 2

5- 3

5- 4

5- 5

5- 6

5- 7

5 - 8

5- 9

5-10

5-11

5-125- 13

5- 14

5 - 15

OF TABLES (continued)

P r o g r e s s in Source Control of ToxicPollutants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cadmium in Sludge . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I n c r e a s e d Metals ConcentrationDur ing Processing . . . . . . . .Aroclor (PCB) 1254 Measurements in Sludge . .Chlor inated Hydrocarbon Pesticides inSludge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Screening Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analyses of Screenings . . . . . . . . . . . . Methods of Handlin g Screenings .Grit Quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sieve Analysis o f G r i t . . . . . . . . . . . . Scum P r o d u c t i o n and P r o p e r t i e s . . . . . .Methods of Handling Scum .Characterist ics of Domestic Septage . . Metals Concentra t ions in Solids from T r e a t m e n tof Combined Sewer Overflows . . . . . . .

CHAPTER 5

Advantages an d Disadvantages of Grav i tyTh ic k eners . . . . . . . . . .Typical Gravity Thickener Sllrface AreaDesign C r i t e r i a .Reported Operating Results at Va r i o u s O v e r f l o wRates for Gravity Thickeners . .Typical Uniform Load (Wj 'Jalues . . . . . .

Definition of Torques Applicable to C i r c u l a rGravity Thickeners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Types of Municipal Wastewater Sludges BeingThickened by DAF Thickeners .Advantages an d Disadvantages of DAFTh ickening . . . . . . . . , .Typical DAF Thickener Solids Loading RatesN e c e s s a r y to Produce a Minimum 4 P e r c e n tSolids Concentrat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Field O p e r a t i o n Results From Rectangular DAFThickeners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .R e p o r t e d DAF Thic k ener Hydraul ic Loading

Rates. . . . . .

.. . . . . . .

. . . . . .

.. . . . . . . . .

Advantages an d Disadvantages of Disc NozzleCentri(uges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;.Typical Performance of Disc Nozzle Cent r i fuge . .Advantages and Disadvantages of ImperforateBasket Centrifuge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Typical Thickening Resul t s Using ImperforateBasket Centrifuge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Advantages and Disadvantages of Solid BowlDecanter Centrifuges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

~ x v i

Page

4- 414- 42

4- 434- 44

4- 4 54- 474- 494- SO4- 524 - 534- 574- 584- 60

4- 62

5- 3

5 - 7

5 - 85 - 9

5 - 10

5- 18

5 - 19

5- 23

5- 24

5- 275- 405- 43

5 - 45

5 - 47

5 - SO

List

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Number

5-16

5 - 17

6 - 1

6- 2

6- 3

6 - 4

6- ,6- 6

6- 7

6- 86-

e6- 1 0

6 - 11

6 - 12

6-13

6-14

6-15

6-16

6-17

6 -18

LIST OF (continued)

Typical Characteristics of the New TypeThickening Decanter Centrif ug e WAS . . . . . . . . . Estimated Capi t al and O&M Cost fo r VariousCentrifuges for T hi ckening of Waste-ActivatedSludge at Vill a ge Creek - Fort Worth, Texas

CHAPTER 6

Type and Reference of Full - Scale Studies onHigh Rate Anaerobic Digestion of Munic i palWastewater Sludge . . . . . . . . . . . . . Results of Recirculating Diges t ed Sludge toth e Thickener at Bowery aay Plant, New Y or k . Operating and Performance Characteristics for

the Bench - Scale , Two - Phase Anaerobic Digestionof Waste-Ac t i vated Sludge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Typical Design Criteria for SizingMesophilic Anaerobic S l udge D i gesters . . So l ids Retention Time Design Cri te r ia forHigh Ra t e Digestion . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average Physical and Chemica l Characteristicsof Sludge From Two - Stage Digester System . . Materials Entering and Leaving Two-StageDigester System . . . . . . Gas P r oduct i on fo r Several Compounds inSewage Sludge . . . . . Characteristics o f

SLudgeGa s . . . . . .

Supernatant , Characteristics of High - Rate,Two-Stage , Mesophilic , Anaerobic Digestionat Various Plants . . . . . . . . Effect of Ammonia Nitrogen on AnaerobicDigestion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Influent Concentra t i ons and E x pec t edRemovals of Some Heavy Metals in WastewaterTreat men t Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Total Concentratio n o f Indi v idual MetalsRequired to Se v erely Inhibit AnaerobicDigestion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total and Soluble Heavy Metal Cont e nt of Digesters . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .Stimulating and Inhibitory Co n centrationsof Light Me t al Cations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Synergis t ic and Antagon i s t i c Ca t ionCombinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hea t Transfer Coeff i cients (o r Hot WaterCoi ls in Anaerobic Digesters . Heat Transfer Coefficients f o r VariousAnaerobic Digestion Tank Materials . . . . . . . . .

xxvii

5- 52

5- 55

6- 3

6 - 11

6 - 17

6 - 19

6- 246- 256 - "6- 29

6-31

6 - 33

6 - 37

6- 38

6- 39

6- 40

6- 406- 41

6- 47

6- 52

TABLES

8/3/2019 EPA Sludge

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Number

6 -1 9

6-20

6 - 21

6 - 22

6-23

6 - 246-25

6 -2 6

6-27

6-28

6 - 29

6 - 30

6 - 31

6 - 32

6 - 33

6 - 34

6-35

7- 1

7 - 2

7 - 3

7-

7- 5

7 - 67- 7

LIST OF TABLES (continued)

Relationship Be t e en the Velocity Gradientand Uni t Gas Flow .Design Loa d ing Assump t ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Selected Aerobic Digestion S tud ies onVarious Municipal Waste w ate r Sludges . . . .Cha r acteris t i cs of Mesophil i c AerobicDigester Super n atant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Summary of Curre nt Aerobic DigesterDesign Crite r ia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aerobic Di gestion Labor Requirements . . . . . . . . . . .Lime Requirement to Attain pH 12 for30 Minutes a t Lebanon , Oh i o . . . . . . . . Lime Doses Required to Keep pH Above11 . 0 at Leas t 14 Days . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bacteria in Ra w, Anaerobica l ly Digest ed , and

Lime St a bilized Sludges at Lebanon , Ohio . . . .

Chemical Composi t ion of Sludges a t Lebanon ,Ohio , Before and After Lime Stabilization . . . . Chemical Composition of Sludge andSupernatant Before and After LimeStabil izat i on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Charac t e r is t ics of Quicklime andHydrated Lime . . . . . Mechanical Mixer Specifica t ions fo rSludge Slurries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Est i mated Average An nual Cos ts for LimeStabilization Facilit i es . .Estimated Chlorine Requirements fo rSludge and Sides t ream Processing . . . . . . . . Actual Oper at i ng Costs for ChlorineStabil izat ion System .Chlorine Stabilization Capita l Costs , 1979 . . .

CHAPTER 7

Pathogenic Human Viruses Po t ent i ally inWastewater Sludge . . . . . . . . Pathogenic Human Bacteria Potential ly inWastewater Sludge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pathogenic Human and Animal Paras i t esPotential l y in Waste w a t er Sludge . . . . . . Pa t hogenic Fungi Potentially inwaste w ater Sludge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pathogen Occ u rrence in Liquid WastewaterSludgeS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pathogen Survival in Soils . . . . . . . . . . . .Time a nd Temperatur e To l erance fo rPathogens in Sludge

xxviii

6- 6 36- 79

6- 83

6- 93

6- 946-100

6-105

6-1 05

6-1096 -1 11

6-113

6-114

6-122

6- 123

6 - 133

6 - 1356 - 137

7 - 3

7 -

7- 5

7 - 6

7 - 87 - 12

7- 14

8/3/2019 EPA Sludge

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Number

8- 1

8- 2

8- 38- 4

8- S

8- 6

8- 7

8- a

8- ,

8-10

8-11

8-12

8 - 13

8-14

8 - 15

, - 1, - 2

, - 3, - 49- SA

9 - 5B

,- ,


CHAPTER 8

Effects of Either Polyelectrolyte Conditioningor Thermal Conditioning Versus No Conditioningon a Mixture of Primary and Waste - ActivatedSludge Prior to Gr avity Thicke ni ng . . . . . .Typical Conditioning Dosages of FerricChloride (l'eC13) and Lime (CaD) forMunicipal Wastewater Sludges . . . . . . . . . . . Suppliers of Polyelectrolytes . . . . . . . . . Representative Dry Powder CationicPolyelectrolytes . . . . . . . . . . Representative Liquid CationicPolyelectrolytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Typical Polyelectrolyte Additions for

Various Sludges . . . . . . . . . . . Typical Levels of Dry Polyelectrolyte Additionfor: Belt Filter Presses .Typical Levels of Dry Polyelectrolyte Additionfor: Solid Bowl Decanter CentrifugesConditioning Various Sludges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Per formance of Solids Handling System atBisse l l Point. St. Louis STP 1972-1976 .Performance of So l i ds Handling System atBissell Point, St . Louis STP 1977 - 1978 . . . .Advantages and Disadvantages of Ash Additionto Sludge for Conditioning . .General Characteristics of Separated Liquo rFrom Thermal Conditioned S l udge . . . . . . . . . Filtrate and/or Cent rate Characteristics FromDewatering Thermal Conditioned Sludge . . . USEPA July 1979 Survey of E xi sting MunicipalWastewater Thermal Conditi.oning . . . . . . . Comparison of Sewage Sludge Handli ng andConditioning Processes . . . . . . ..

CHAPTER 9

pilot-Scale Sludge Dewatering Studies . . . . . . . .Advantages a nd Disadvan t ages of UsingSludge Dry ing Beds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Advantages of a Wedge-Wire Drying Bed ..Characte ri za t ion of Sand Bed Drainage . . . . . . .Summary of Recognized Published Sand Be dSizing Criteria for Anaerobically Diges t ed .Non-Conditioned Sludge . . . . .. . . . . . .S ummary of Recognized Published State BedSizing Criteria for Sand Beds by USEPARegions Square feet/Capita . . . . . . .Wedge-Wire System Performance Data .

xx ix

8 - 2

,- 78 148 - 16

8- 16

,- I I

,- 23

,- 2S,- 26e- 28

8 - 33

8- 36

8- 38

8 - 39

8- 41

,- 2

,- 3,- 7,- 9

,- 10

,- 11,- 12

8/3/2019 EPA Sludge

30/50

Number

9- 79- 8

9 - 9

9-10

9-11

9 - 12

9 - 13

9 - 14

9-15

9-16

9 - 11

9-1 8

9-19

9-20

9 - 21

9 - 22

9-23

9-24

9-25

9 - 26

9-27

9 - 2 8

9-29

9 - 30

9- 31


Sludge Drying Beds , Labor Re quirements . . . . . . . Advantages and Disadvantages of Using SludgeDry ing Lagoons . . . . . . . . . . .

Sludge Drying Lagoons , LaborRequiremen t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Advantages and Di sadvantag e s of Baske tCentrifuges . . . . . . . . . . . . .Typical Performa nc e Data fo r an ImperforateBasket Centrifuge . . . . . . . . . . .Specific Operati ng Results fo r ImperforateBas k e t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operating Results for Basket CentrifugeDewatedng of Aerobically Diges t edSludge at Burlington , Wisconsi n . . . . . . . . . . . . . Advantages and Disadvantages of Solid Bowl

Decanter Centrifuges . . . . . .

.Typical Performance Data for a Solid BowlDecan t er Centrifuge . . . . . . . Precoat Process Performanc e on FineP a r t i c u l a t e Sludqes . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Rotar yDrum vacuum Fi l t e rs . . . . . . . . . . . Typical Dewatering Performance Data fo rRotary Vacuum Fi l t ers - C l ot h Media . . . . . . . Typical Dewatering Performa n ce Data fo rR.otary Va cuum Fil ters - Coil Media . . . . . Specific Operatin g Resul t s of Ro t ary VacuumF i l t e r s - Cloth Media . . . . . Specific Operating Results of Rotary Vacuumf i l t e r s - Coil Media .Operational Cost for Lakewood, Ohio VacuumFi l te r Operations . . Advantages and Disadvantages of BeltFil ter Presses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Typical Dewatering Performance of Belt Fil terPresses . . . . . . . . . . Labor Req u i r ements fo r Belt Fi l te rPresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Advantages and Disadvantages of Recessed PlatePressure Fil ters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Expected De watering Performance fo r a TypicalFixed Vo lu me Recessed Plate Pressure Fi l te r . Specific Operating Results of Fixed VolumeRecessed P l ate Pressure Fil ters . . . . . . . . . Typical Dewatering Performance of a VariableVolume Recessed Plate Pressure Fi l te r . . . Pressure Fi I t ra t ion and IncinerationOperational Cost . . Performance Resul t s From a Screw Press . .

Page

9- 13

9-

",- 179 - 18

,- 20,- 20

,- 22

9- 2J9- 24

,- 27

9- 28

,- 34

9 - 35

,-35

,- 36,- 41,- 45,- 48

,- 51,- 52

,- 56,- 57

,- 57,- 619 - 65

8/3/2019 EPA Sludge

31/50

Number

LIST OF TABLES (con t inued )

9 - 32 Summary of Performance Res u l ts ForCell Gravity Filter - Me n tor , Ohio

CHAPTER 10

a Dual... ........... 9- 68

10 - 1 Estimated 1911 Cos t s for Dewateri ng, Dryingand Bagging at Largo , Fl orida . , . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 - 22

CHAPTER 1 1

Design Data . . . . . . 11 - 31Hea t and Material Balance for SludgeIncineratio n In a Multiple - Hearth Furnace . . 11 - 39Typical Hearth Loading Rat e s for aMultiple-Hea rth Furnace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . 11 - 48Heat and Material Balanc e for SludgeInci neration in a Fluid Bed furnace . . . . . . . 11 - 51Heat and Ma t erial Ba l ance for SludgeIncineration in an Electric

11 - 1

11 - 2

11 - 3

11- 4

11 - 511 - 611- 7

11 - 8

11 - 9

11 - 10

11-11

11 - 12

Chemical Reactions DuringCombustion . . . . . . . . . . . . .Repre s entative Hea t ing Values of SomeSludges . . . . . . . . . . . . Theoretical Air and Oxygen Requirementsfor Complete Combustion .Approximate Combustion Calcu l a t ion -Supplemental Fuel Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . Combustion Calculations - Molal Uasis . . . . . . . . . . Combustion Calculations - Molal Ba sis ..Comparison Bet ween an Approximate and aTheoretical calculat i on of Fu r naceCombustion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hypothetical Waste water Treatment Plant

11 - 4

11 - 5

11 - 71

11 - 1811- 2111 - 23

11 - 25

11 - 13

11 - 1 4

11 - 15

11 - 161 1-11

11 - 1 8

11-19

Furnace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11- 51Heat and Material Balanc e for SludgeIncine r ation i n a Cyclonic Furnace . . . . . . . . .. . . 11 - 60Design Examp l e : Wastewater Treatment PlantOperating Data . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 61

Sludge Furnace DesignCr i ter i a . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1- 62

Design Examp l e : Hea t and Material Balancefor a Fluid Bed Furnace . . . . . . . 11 - 63Heat and Material Balance forCombustion of Sludge in a Multiple - Heart hFurnace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1- 10Heat and Materi a l Ba l ance Comparison of Starved-Air Combustion and Incineration . . . . . . . . . 11- 72Design E x amp l e : Wastewater Trea t ment PlantOperating Data . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11- 77

xx x i

Infrared

Design Example

Starved-Air

Occurring

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Number

11-20

11 - 21

11 - 22

11-2311-24

11-2511 - 26

11-27

11 - 28

11-29

11 - 30

11-31

11 - 32

12 - 1

12 - 2

12- 312 - 4

12- 6

12 - 612- 7

12 - 8

12- 9

13 - 113 - 2


Design E x ample : Heat and Ma t erial Balancesfo r Multiple-Hearth Furnaces . . .Conventional Approaches to Co - Combustionof Wastewa t er Sludge and Mi x ed MunicipalRefuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Heat and Material Balance forby S t arved - Air Combustion in a Multiple-HearthFurnace . . . . . . . . . Carbon Regeneration Methods . Basic Typ e s of Pyrolysis, Thermal Gasification ,and Liquefaction Reactors - New , Demonstrated ,or Under Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Health Effects of Air Pollutants .san Francisco Bay Area - Ma x imum A l l o w a b l ePollutant Concentrations . . . Uncontrolled Emission Rates fromMultiple - llearth Furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Design E x ample : Ex h a us t

Gas Data from aMultiple - Hearth Furnace . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Design Ex ample : Auxiliary Fuel Correctionfor a Multiple - Hearth Furnace .Design Example : Multiple-Hearth FurnacePollutant Concentrations After Scrubbing . . . .Description of Solid an d Liquid WasteClassifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Classification of Waste Disposal Sites . . .

CHAPTER 12

Suggested Monitoring Program for a MunicipalWastcwater S l udge Composting Facility .Densities of Var ious Compost Bul k in gAg e nts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Beltsvi l le Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Beltsville Actual and Projected OperatingCos ts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Estimated An nual Labor an d EquipmentRequirements, Bangor, Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bangor Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bangor Materials Requirements for 2 , l70 We t 'l'onAnnual Sludge Input . . . . . . . . . . . .Facility Processing 10 Dry Tons of Sludge perDay . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . European Wastewater SludgeProcesses . . . . . .

CHAPTER 13

Partial Lis t of Fixati.on Processes . . . . . . . .Parameters fo r Ea r t hworm Conversion . . . . .

x xx i i

11 - 79

11 - 83

11 - 9111 - 99

11 - 10311-118

11 - 124

11 - 125

11 - 130

11-130

11-131

11-13311-13 4

12 - 6

12 - 1212 - 41

12 - 43

12- 464512 -

12 - 46

12 - 5 012 - 57

13 - 213 - 6

Co-Combustion

Composting

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Number

LIST Of' TABLES (con t inued)

13 - 3 Possible Operating Difficult ies inearthworm Conversion .................... . ....... 13 - 8

CHAPTER 1 414 - 1

14 - I

14 - 314- 4

1 4- 5

14 6

14- 7

14- a14- 9

14-10

14- 111 4-12

l 5 - Il 5 - I

15 - 3

l 5 - 4

l 5 - 5

l 5 - 6

15 - 7

l 5 - 8

l 5 - 9

1 5

Calculations for Non-NewtonianFlow Example Problem . . . . . . . Pressure Required to Exceed Yield Stress -Example Problem . . . . . . . . . Applica t ions for Sludge Pumps . . . . Typical Long Pipelines CarryingSludged . . . . . . . . .Typical Long Pipelines Ca rry ing Diges t edSludge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long Pipelines for Unstabilized Sludge :Additional Locations . . . . . . . . .

Long Pipelines f or Diges t ed Sludge :Additional Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Typical Minimum Tank Car Requi r ements . . . . . . .Typica l Transit T i mes for Rai l r oadTransportation .Manpower Requirements for RailroadTransport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Tug Costs fo r Various Barge Capacit ie s . . . . Typical Barge an d Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER 1 5

Waste water Solids Storage Applicability . . Calculations for Digester Effluent MassFlow Rate from Equation 15 -1 . .Advantages and Limitations of Using FacultativeSlUdge Lagoons for Long - Term Storage . . . .Sacramen t o Cent r al Wastewater T r eatme ntPlant Volatile Reductions , Digested SludgeQuant i t ies and FSL Area Loadings . . . . Sacramento Central Wastewater T r ea tm en tPlant PSL Design Da t a . Sacramento Central Wastewater TreatmentPlan t PSL Sludge Inventory . Dry Tons . . . . . . Sacramento Central Wastewater Treatment

Plant Recycled FSL Supernatant Quali ty . . . . . . . .

Sacramento Central Wastewater TreatmentPlant of Digested FSL andRemoved Sludge Analytical Data . . . . . . . . . . Sacramento Central Wastewater TreatmentPlant Odor Ris k for 40 Acres of FSLs, AnnualEvents (Days) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sacramen t o Regional Waste wa t er TreatmentPlant Ultimate Odor Ris k fo r 124 Acresof FSL, Annual Events (Days) .

x x xiii

14 - 11

14- 121 4- 30

14 32

1 4 - 32

14- 34

14- 3414- 52

14- 53

14- 5414- 5514- 56

l 5 - 5

l 5 - 16

l 5 - 24

l 5 - 33

15- 35

15- 35

lS- 36

1 5- 37

lS- 39

lS- 4

Summarized

Unstabilized

Sizes

Comparison

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Number

15 - 11

15-12

L I ST Of TABLES (c on t inued)

1978 Removed Sludge-P r a i r i e Pla n LandReclama t ion Project , The Metropo l i ta n S a ni t a r yDistr ict of Greater Chicago . . . . . . . . 15 - 4 41973/197 4 Supernatant-Praire Plan Reclama t ionProject , The Me t r opoli t an Sa n itary Distr ict of Greater Chicago ................................. 1 5- 45

CHAPTER 1 6

16 - 11 6 - 216- 3

16 - 4

1 6- 516- 616 - 7

16- 8

16- 9

17 - 117- 217 - 317 - 417- 517 - 617 - 717 - 817 - 917 - 1017-1117- 1 2

Effect of Polymer on Elutr iat ion . . . . . . . . . . . Effect of Supernatant Return . .Estimated Increase in Waste water StreamBiological T r eatmen t capacity Req u ire'] t ,)Handle Sidestreams Fr om Various SolidsTreatment Processes . . .

Possible Di gester Supernatant TreatmentProcesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chlorine Treatment of Diges t e r Supernatan t Aerobic Oigest i on of He a t Tr e atment Liquor . . .Activated Sludge Treatment of ThermalConditioning Liquor . . . .Aerobic Biological Fil t rat ion of ThermalCondition Liquor .Chlorine Oxidat i on Treatment o f ThermalConditioning L i quor

CHAPTER 17

Thickening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stabilization . .Disinfection . . . . . . . . . . . . Conditioning . . . . .Dewatering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Heat Drying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . High Temperature Proce"s . . . Composting . . . . . . . . . . Miscellaneous Conversion Processes . . . .Transportat ion . . . . . . Storage . . . . . . . . . . .Sidestreams . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER 18

1 6- 516 - 6

16- 7

16- 1016 - 1116 - 13

16- 1 4

16 - 15

16 - 16

1 7 - 317 - 517 - 817 - 1017 - 1317 - 1717- 2217 - 2717- 3017 - 3117 - 3217 - 36

18 - 1

18- 2

Comparison of Current and Potential SludgeUtilization to Commerc i al F e r t i l i z e rConsumption in th e United States . . . 1 8 - 3Examp l es o f C o m m u n i t i e s Practicing LandUtil izat io n ........... . . . . . . . . .................. 1 8 - 4

x xx iv

8/3/2019 EPA Sludge

35/50

Number

19- 119 - 219 - 319 - 419 - 5

19 - 6

19 - 7

19 - S

19 - 9

19 - 1019-11

19- 1 2

1 9-13

19-14

19-15

19-16

19-17

19-1819-19

19 - 20


CHAPTER 19

Suitabil i ty of Sludges for La n dfilling . . . . . .

Sludge and Site Conditions .Landfill Desig n Criteria . .Leachate Quali ty From Sludge-Only Landfill .Landfill Equipment PerformanceCharacteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Typical Equipment Type an d Number as a Functionof Landfill Me t hod and Site Loading . Potential E n v i r onmental Problems and ControlPrac t ices . . . . . . . . . ......Surface Application Methods and Equipment forLiquid Sludges . . . . . . . . . . Subsurface Application Methods and equipment

fo r Liquid Sludges .. . . . .

Furrow Slope Evaluation . . . . Methods an d Equipment for Application o f Dewatered Sludges . . . . . . . Colorado Springs Popula t ion a n d Wastewater FlowProject ions . . . . . . . . . . . . .Colorado Springs Projected Cos t of SludgeManagement System . . . . Colorado Springs Climatic Condit ions AffectingSludge Disposal . . . . . . . . . . . . Colorado Spri n gs Dedicated La nd DisposallSubsurface Injection System Design Data . . . . . . Sacramento Reg i onal Wastewater Treatment PlantProjected 1985 Wastewater Flow and Loadings .Sacramento Regional Wastewater Treatment Pla n tProjected Digested Sludge Production . . . . . Sacramento Test DLD Runoff Water Analysis . . . . . Sacramento Regional Wastewa t er Treatment PlantProjec t

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EPA Sludge