EPA/ELG/NODA—AIR QUALITY

ISSUE 1. National Academy of Sciences Review NAS review of state of the science regarding CAFOs

and Air Quality  Response:  National Center white papers on air quality:

Odor mitigation (includes H2S) Ammonia Particulate matter (PM) Site selection Health effects of odor Others (?)

 Recommended point of departure for NAS review.National Center—resource scientists/engineers.

 

National Center for Manure & Animal Waste Management

White Papers, 2001: State-of-the-art summaries on: Odor Mitigation, Sweeten, Jacobson, Heber, et al.

Particulates, Auvermann, Bottcher, Heber, Meyer, Parnell, Worley.

Ammonia, Arogo, Westerman, Heber, Robaarge, Classen.

Site Selection, Jacobson, et al.

Health effects, Schiffman, Bottcher, Auvermann.

December 11-12, 2001

EPA/ELG/NODA—AIR QUALITY

ISSUE 2. Revised Emission Factors Response: National Center White Papers address:

- Emission concentrations, rates, emission factors.- Emission control practices (odor, PM, H2S, NH3, VOC)- Research & development needs.

* Before emissions regulations can be developed:

- Develop & evaluate standardized methodologies for emission measurement & calculation of emission rates.

- Validate models- Develop control practices for emissions.

Air Quality Emissions: Descriptors

Emission DescriptorsEmission Descriptors1. Concentration = mass/vol. g/m3, or OU/m3.

2. Emission rate = mass released/unit time (kg/day)

= concentration x airflow rate 3. Flux = mass/unit time/unit area (kg/day/m2).4. Emission factor = emission rate/process size descriptor = mass/unit time/capacity (or throughput), kg/day/head.5. Emissions inventory = source or category emissions

contribution to airshed, kg/yr, or tons/yr.

EPA/ELG/NODA—AIR QUALITY

ISSUE 3. Revised methane emission methodology:

EPA is correct in questioning prior estimates Methane emissions not a direct function of

VS excretion. Develop & validate CH4 model based on

operational factors—management, treatment, climate, etc.

EPA/ELG/NODA—AIR QUALITY

ISSUE 4. Revision of boundary conditions

Off-site transfers of manure. Response: BMP’s exist to mitigate emissions on or

off-site. Chronic vs. acute emissions—frequency

& duration of application.

EPA/ELG/NODA—AIR QUALITY

ISSUE 5. Monetization of emissions control (quantifying benefits).

Economics vs. health effects issue. Response: Exposure studies lacking. Community/neighbor validation. Implementation costs—new vs. retrofit;

longevity of control practices. Sustainable livestock & poultry industries. Limit unintended consequences

EPA/ELG/NODA—AIR QUALITY

ISSUE 6. Conjunctive Multi-Media Protection. Response: Research, development, technology transfer

needs: Air-shed scale vs.localized/site-specific situations. Appropriate models based on appropriate criteria. Interagency cooperation Statement regarding air quality requirements in

ELG’s should be retained. Not ready for regulatory action

Research & Development Needs:

--Odor/odorant/PM--

Emission characterization— Emission rates, Flux, Emission factors. Specific to: species, facility type,

manure/wastewater system components, climate, soils.

Variability—diurnal, seasonal, climatic, management practices.

Secondary PM, from NH3, NOx, etc. Chemical & biological markers.

Research & Development Needs:

Odor/odorant/PM

Control Practices: Kinetic release mechanisms Relationships among: odor, odorants,

particulates Cost-effective control technologies Innovative air treatment processes—

exhausts, surface-treatment, etc. Science-based dispersion models—

appropriate to CAFOs & and ground level sources.

Research & Development Needs:

Public health concerns: Appropriate health indicators—

Odor, odorants, PM Field validation Acceptability criteria Dose-response relationships

Mitigation strategies -- address validated health & exposure concerns.

Controlling Odor, PM, & Ammonia

Holistic Systems approaches needed: Whole farm management Species –specific technology Site/source-specific –tailored Contaminant-specific—odor,PM, NH3

Conjunctive management, Water & Air Reducing NH3 losses CNMP approach

Research & Development Needs

Technology Transfer Develop interagency programs--research,

education, technology transfer, technical & financial assistance.

Evaluate innovative control technologies. Deliver cost-effective mitigation

technologies to CAFO producers!

U.S. Program Needs: Air Contaminants

Conjunctive policies, multimedia protection: Air quality Water quality Global atmospheric considerations.

Integrated interagency programs: Interagency programs Research, education, tech.transfer, tech. &

financial assist. Linked, Coordinated Example-- 1990 President’s/USDA-Water Quality

Initiative Adequate funding commitment !