ePjpkd;w nrad;KiwfSk; tof;F epaha tprhuizAk;: ,yq;if fhop ... · Sri Lankan Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies Sri Lankan Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies, ,

Sri Lankan Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies, 02(02), 2019

ePjpkd;w nrad;KiwfSk; tof;F epaha tprhuizAk;: ,yq;if fhop ePjpkd;wq;fs; gw;wpa mDgtg; gFg;gha;T

M.I.M. Jazeel1, and M.B. Fowzul2

1Department of Islamic Studies, South Eastern University of Sri Lanka 2Department of Islamic Studies, Eastern University, Sri Lanka

1. [email protected] / [email protected] 2. [email protected] / [email protected]

Ma;Tr; RUf;fk;:

ePjpg; gupghydj;jpy; ePjpkd;w nrad;KiwfSk; tof;Ffspd; epaha tprhuiz KidTfSk;; kpfg; gpujhd gzpfs;;. mit ‘fhop’ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tof;Ffs; tprhuizf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLjy;> rhl;rpfs; kw;Wk; Mtzq;fisj; Jizahff; nfhs;Sjy;> rkurk; Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd eilKiwfs;> ‘fhop’fs; tpz;zg;gj;ij my;yJ Kiwg;ghl;ilg; ngWfpd;w topKiwfs;> tprhuiz xOq;F vd ghpzkpf;fpd;wd. ,t;tha;Tf;fl;Liu ,r;nraw;ghLfisAk; mit Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fq;fisAk; guprPypf;fpd;wJ. ,t;tha;T Kjd;ik epiyj; juTfisg; gpujhd mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ vd;wNghjpYk;> ePjpkd;w nrad;Kiwfs; tof;Ffspd; epahatprhuiz njhlu;ghd ,yf;fpa kw;Wk; Mtzf;Fwpg;Gf;fis kPsha;Tf;F cl;gLj;jp ,];yhkpa fz;Nzhf;fpid mikj;J> mj;Jld; xg;gPL fhz;fpd;wJ. ePjpkd;w nrad;Kiwfs; tof;F epaha tprhuiz njlHghd eilKiwfs; nghJthf thjpf;Fk;> gpujpthjpf;Fk; jpUg;jpaspg;gjhfTk;> gf;frhu;gw;wjhfTk; mikj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhd fhprid ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. MapDk; Nkk;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;ba mk;rq;fs; gy cz;L. vdNt> mt;tof;Ffis ntspg;gilahd thjg; gpujpthjq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; khj;jpuk; mZfhky;> FLk;gtpay; r%ftpay; gpd;dzpfs;> fhuzpfSld; mtw;iw ,izj;J Nehf;Fjy; fhopfs; FLk;gg; gpzf;fpd; ajhu;j;jj;ijj; Jy;ypakhf mwptjw;fhd tha;g;Gfis mjpfupf;Fk;. NkYk;> mth;fs; Fwpj;j jk;gjpapdUf;Fg; gf;frhu;gw;w> epahakhd jPu;g;gpid cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjwFk; Jiznra;Ak;. ,t;tha;T fhop ePjpkd;wq;fspd; Gduikg;Gf;fhd tpje;JiufSf;F mbg;gil mk;rq;fis toq;fty;yJ.

jpwTr; nrhw;fs;: fhopePjpkd;wk;> ePjpkd;w nrad;Kiw> tof;Ffs;> epahatprhuiz 1. mwpKfk; fztd;-kidtp tptfhuq;fspd; Kiwg;ghl;ilf; ‘fhop’aplk; tpz;zg;gpf;fpd;w kuig K];ypk; r%fk; ,ay;ghfNt gof;fg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lJ. ‘ek;gpf;if nfhz;NlhNu! ePq;fs; my;yh`;itAk; ,WjpehisAk; ek;gpapUe;jhy;> my;yh`;Tf;Ff; fl;Lg;gLq;fs;. ,j;J}jUf;Fk;> cq;fspy; mjpfhuk; cilNahUf;Fk; fl;Lg;gLq;fs;. VNjDk; xU tplaj;jpy; ePq;fs; Kuz;gl;lhy; mij my;yh`;tplKk;> ,j;J}juplKk; nfhz;L nry;Yq;fs;. ,JNt rpwe;jJk; kpf mofpa tpsf;fKkhFk;’ vd;w my;Fu;Md; (4:59) thrfk; Kd;Ndhb r%fkhd egpj;Njhou;fs; jkJ gpzf;Ffis> tof;Ffis egpatu;fsplk; Kiwapl;L jPu;itg; ngWtjw;F topNfhypaJ. ,JNt> gpzf;Ffspd; jPu;itg; ngWtjw;F ‘fhop’ia ehLjy; vd;gjw;fhd mbg;gilahf mike;jJ. mePjpf;F cl;gl;ltd; jdf;F epahak; Ntz;b KiwapLfpd;w thrfk; tiuaiwiaj; jhz;b mike;jpUe;j NghjpYk; mDkjpf;fj;jf;fJ vd my; Fu;Md; (4:148) Fwpg;gpLtJ Nehf;fj;jf;fJ. KiwaPl;lhsd; ngha;iaj; jtpu;j;J cz;ik ciug;gJNt mtdJ Kiwg;ghL Vw;Wf; nfhs;sj;jf;fJ vd;gjw;fhd epakk; vd my; `{ikop (1989> g.481) thjpf;fpd;whu;. Kiwg;ghL nra;ag;gl;l gpujpthjpia mioj;J tprhuizf;Fl;gLj;Jjy; ,];yhj;jpd; ghuk;gupak;. thjpAk; gpujpthjpAk; jj;jkJ epahaq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;F ,g;ghuk;gupak; tha;g;ig Vw;gLj;Jk;. vdNt> ,t;tha;T ‘fhop’ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tof;Ffs;

M.I.M. Jazeel, ePjpkd;w nrad;KiwfSk; tof;F epaha tprhuizAk;:….

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tprhuizf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLjy;> rhl;rpfs; kw;Wk; Mtzq;fisj; Jizahff; nfhs;jy;> rkurk; Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd eilKiwfs;> tprhuiz xOq;F> tpz;zg;gj;jpw;Fk; tprhuizf;Fk; ,ilapyhd fhy ,ilntsp> mit Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fq;fs; vd;gd gw;wpg; gFg;gha;T nra;fpd;wJ. Kiwik

Nkw;nrhd;d ,t;tha;tpd; Nehf;fk; gz;Grhu;> msTrhu; Kiwikfs; ,uz;Lk; Njitf;Nfw;g fye;J gpuNahfpf;fg;gLtjd; Clhf milg;gl;lJ. ,g;guprPyidf;F tof;fhspfs; kw;Wk; ‘fhop’fsplk; ngwg;gl;l juTfs; Kjd;ikahditahf mikfpd;wd. NkYk;> Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ltu;fSldhd Neu;fhzy;> fs mtjhdf; Fwpg;Gf;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpypUe;J ngwg;gl;l jfty;fSk; ,q;F gFg;gha;Tf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. tpdhf;nfhj;J> Neu;fhzy;> mtjhdk; vd;gd topKiwfs; %yk; mDgtr;rhd;Wfs; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;ld. jw;NghJ ,yq;ifapy; mWgj;ije;J ‘fhop’ ePjpkd;w tyaq;fs; cs;sd. xU ePjptyaj;Jf;F xU ‘fhop’ vd;w mbg;gilapy; mWgj;ije;J ‘fhop’fs; epakpf;fg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. vdpDk;> rpy ‘fhop’fspd; gjtpf; fhyk; Kbtile;jik> my;yJ rpy ‘fhop’fspd; gjtpj; Jwg;G Nghd;w fhuzpfspdhy; jw;NghJ Rkhu; mWgJ‘fhop’fs; flikahw;Wfpd;wdu; ‘fhop’fspy; Rkhu; vOgJ tPjkhNdhu; ,t;tha;it Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhf toq;fg;gl;l tpdhf;nfhj;Jf;fSf;F gjpyspj;Js;sdu;. mWgj;ije;J ‘fhop’ ePjpkd;wq;fisAk; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; Fwpj;j khtl;lj;jpy; thOk; K];ypk;fspd; rdj;njhif tPjk;> tof;Ffspd; vz;zpf;ifr; rjtPjk; Nghd;wdtw;iwf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;ljhd tPjj;jpw;F Vw;g ehD}W tof;fhspfs; vspa vOkhw;W khjpup %yk njupT nra;ag;gl;ldu;. mtw;wpy; kPsg;ngwg;gl;l tpdhf;nfhj;Jf;fspd; vz;zpf;if 294 (73.5 tPjk;) MFk;. tpdhf;nfhj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gl;l juTfs; msTrhu; mstPLfspd; mbg;gilapy; gFg;gha;T nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. ngwg;gl;l juTfs; midj;Jk; Gs;sptpgutpay; gFg;gha;T nkd;nghUshd SPSS 16.0 %yk; gFg;gha;Tf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. NkYk;> ‘fhop’fspd; rigapd; nrayhsu;> mfpy ,yq;if cykh rigapd; nghJr;nrayhsu;> Kd;dhs; ‘fhop’fs; ehy;tu;> K];ypk; ngz;fs; Muha;r;rp nray; Kd;dzpapd; nraw;ghl;lhsu;> ePjpr;Nrit Mizf;FOtpd; cj;jpNahfj;ju;> rl;lj;juzpfs; Nghd;Nwhu;; ‘fhop’ apd; jPg;gspf;Fk; Kiwik> eilKiwapd; mDgtq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhfTk; Neu;fhzg;gl;ldu;.

NkYk;> Ma;Tf; Nfhl;ghl;il fl;likg;;gjw;F E}yf Ma;T Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

,];yhj;jpd; %y Mtzq;fshd my; Fu;Md;> m];]{d;dh> gpujhd ,khk;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs;> ,];yhkpa tuyhw;W mDgtk;> etPd ,];yhkpa rpe;jidahsu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs; vd;gd ,];yhkpa fz;Nzhf;fpw;fhd mbg;gilfshf mikfpd;wd. ,f;Nfhl;ghl;L uPjpahd mikg;Gj; jpl;lk; ,yq;ifapy;; fhop epjpkd;wq;fspd;; nraw;ghLfis xg;gpl;Lg; guprPypg;gjw;fhd msTNfhs;fshFk;. ,yq;ifapd; ‘fhop’ ePjpkd;w Kiwik ‘fhop’fs; gw;wpa ,yf;fpaq;fs; kpf mupjhfNt cs;sd (Jazeel & Fowzul, 2018; Jazeel & Fowzul, 2019). tpNrlkhf> ,t;tplaq;fis ,];yhkpa \uPMTld; xg;gpl;L Nehf;FtJ GjpaNjhu; fz;Nzhl;lkhFk;. vdpDk;> ,];yhkpa \uPMtpd; ePjpkd;w nraw;ghLfs;> ePjp tprhuiz Kiwik gw;wpa Nfhl;ghLfisg; gpuj;jpNafkhff; $Wk; ,yf;fpaq;fs;> ]Cjp mNugpah> vfpg;J> kNyrpah Nghd;w ehLfspd; ePjpkd;w Kiwik gw;wpa ,];yhkpa \uPMTldhd xg;gPl;lha;Tfs;> ,yq;ifapd; ‘fhop’ ePjpkd;w Kiwik> ‘fhop’fs; njhlu;ghd gjpg;gpf;fg;gl;l> gjpg;gpf;fg;glhj Kjy;epiy> ,uz;lhk; epiy ,yf;fpaq;fs;> mwpf;iffs;> rQ;rpiff; fl;Liufs; Nghd;wd ,t;tha;tpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis miltjw;fhf gad;ghl;bw;Fk; kPsha;Tf;Fk; cl;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.


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3. fz;lwpjy;fSk; fye;JiuahlYk ; 3.1 miog;ghizf;F gjpyspj;jy;

gpujpthjpf;F vjpuhd miog;ghiz mofpa tbtpy; rpwe;j thu;j;ijg; gpuNahfj;jpy; mikjNy rpwg;GilajhFk;. ‘ed;ikAk; jPikAk; rkkhfhJ. ey;yijf; nfhz;Nl (gifikia) jLg;gPuhf! vtUf;Fk; ckf;Fk; gif ,Uf;fpwNjh mtu; mg;NghNj cw;w ez;guhfp tpLthu;’ vd;w my; Fu;Md; (41:34) thrfk; jPik ey;y topfspy; jLf;fg;gLtijNa tpje;Jiuf;fpwJ. ,j;jifa miog;ghizf;F Vw;g nraw;gLtJ> gjpyspg;gJ gpujpthjpapd; kPJs;s flikahfNt ,];yhk; fUJfpwJ.

‘mtu;fspilNa jPu;g;gspg;gjw;fhf my;yh`;tplKk; mtdJ J}juplKk; miof;fg;gLk; NghJ mtu;fspy; xU gpuptpdu; Gwf;fzpf;fpd;wdu;. cz;ik mtu;fSf;Fr; rhjfkhf ,Ue;jhy; mjw;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;L tUfpd;wdu;. mtu;fspd; cs;sq;fspy; Neha; cs;sjh> my;yJ re;Njfk; nfhs;fpwhu;fsh> my;yJ my;yh`;Tk; mtdJ J}jUk; mtu;fSf;F mePjp ,iog;ghu;fs; vd;W mQ;Rfpwhu;fsh?> ,y;iy! mtu;fNs mePjp ,ioj;jtu;fs;. ,tu;fspilNa jPu;g;G toq;Ftjw;fhf my;yh`;tplKk; mtdJ J}juplKk; miof;fg;gLk; NghJ ‘nrtpAw;Nwhk;@ fl;Lg;gl;Nlhk;’ vd;gNj ek;gpf;if nfhz;Nlhupd; $w;whf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mtu;fNs ntw;wp ngw;Nwhu;’

vd;w my; Fu;Md; (24:51) thrfk; miog;ghizf;Fg; gjpyspf;f kWf;Fk; gpujpthjp ,iw rhgj;jpw;Fk; <Uyf jz;lidf;Fk; cupatu; vd vr;rupf;fpd;wJ. ,iw rl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd miog;ghizf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;L ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Fr; r%fk; jUtJ jtpu;f;f Kbahj mbg;gilf; flik vd;Nw ,];yhkpa rl;l epGzu;fs; Jzpfpd;wdu;. fLikahd Neha;> ntspNawpr; nry;tjpy; capUf;Fk; ghJfhg;Gf;Fk; mr;RWj;jy;> igj;jpak; gpbj;jy;> Ra epidtpoj;jy;; Mfpait gpujpthjp xUtu; miog;ghizf;Fg; gjpyspf;f tpjptpyf;fspf;fg;gl;l re;ju;g;gq;fs; vd my; `{ikop (1989> g.488>489) Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. gpujpthjp ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Fr; r%fk; ju Kbahj epiyapy; mtuJ gpujpepjp ePjpkd;wj;jpd; tprhuizia vjpu;nfhs;tij ,];yhk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpwJ. tpgr;rhuf; Fw;wk; Gupe;j xU ngz;iz tprhupg;gjw;F khw;W Vw;ghl;il egp (]y;) mtu;fs; Nkw;nfhz;lik mtjhdpf;fj;jf;fJ (]`P`; K];ypk;> `jP];: 3502). Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l #oypd; md;wp ‘fhop’apd; miog;ghizia kWg;gtUfF vjpuhf Nkyjpf eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtij ,];yhkpa mwpQu;fs; gupe;Jiuf;fpd;wdu;.

1. ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F tUkhW tpLf;fg;gl;l vOj;J %y miog;ghiz gpujpthjpf;Ff; fpilj;J tpl;lij cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;. ,jw;fika> miog;ghiziaf; nfhz;L nry;gtu; gpujpthjpapd; ifnahg;gj;ijg; ngWjy;. gpujpthjp ifnahg;gkpl kWj;jy; my;yJ vOj;jwptw;wtuhf ,Uj;jy; Mfpa re;ju;g;gq;fspy; miog;ghiz toq;fg;gl;L tpl;lij ,uz;L rhl;rpfs; %yk; cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;.

2. gpujpthjp Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l vjw;Fk; cld;glhJ> njhlu;e;J Gwf;fzpf;Fk; NghJ ePjpkd;w fhtyhsu;fspd; JizAld; tutiog;gJ Vw;GilajhFk;. ‘mtu;fsplk; jpUk;gpr; nry;tPuhf. mtu;fshy; vjpu;f;f Kbahj gilfSld; ehk; mtu;fsplk; tUNthk;’ vd;w my; Fu;Md; (27:37) thrfk;> ‘fhop’ Kuz;L gpbf;Fk; gpujpthjpia ePjpkd;w fhtyhspfs;> ePjpkd;w cjtpahsu;fs; my;yJ nghyp]hupd; JizAld; gpujpthjpapd; epiyikiaf; fz;lwpe;J Njit Vw;gbd; epu;g;ge;jkhfNtDk; mtiu ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F tutiof;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gijNa czu;j;JfpwJ vd ,];yhkpa rl;ltpay; epGzu;fs; Rl;bf; fhl;bAs;sdu; (,g;D mgpj; jk;> 1987> g.87).


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,e;j gpujpthjpf;nfjpuhf xOf;fhw;W eltbf;ifAk;> jiyKbia rpiuj;jy;> rpiwapypLjy; Nghd;w jz;lidAk; tpjpj;J ‘fhop’ ePjpg; gupghydj;jpw;Fj; Jiz nra;jy; Ntz;Lk; (,g;D gu;`{d; 2003> g.302). ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F tu kWf;Fk; gpujpthjpia vr;rupj;J jz;lid toq;Fk; Kiwik njhlu;ghf ,g;D Fjhkh (1984> gh.11> g.412) gpd;tUkhW tpsf;fpAs;shu;.

‘fhop’ jdJ cjtpahsiu gpujpthjpapd; tPl;Lf;F mtdJ maytu;fs; ,Utupd; rhl;rpaj;Jld; mDg;gp miog;G tpLg;ghu;. ,t;thW mtu; %d;W ehl;fs; njhlu;e;J miog;G tpLg;ghu;. mt;thW miog;G tpLj;Jk; r%fkspf;fhj gpujpthjpapd; tPl;bid Mzp miwe;J Kj;jpiuapLthu;. ,t;Ntis mt;tPL gpujpthjpf;F cupj;JilaJ vd;gijAk; mt;tPl;by; gpujpthjpiaj; jtpu NtnwtUk; trpf;ftpy;iy vd;gijAk; cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.’

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l eltbf;iff;Fk; gjpyspf;fhj gpujpthjpiaj; jz;bf;FkhW ‘fhop’ murpid typAUj;Jthu; (my; `{ikop> 1989> g.506>507).

$l;Lr; ryhif tiuG 3.1.1: Kiwg;ghl;Lf;fhd topKiwfs;

%yk;: Survey 2014

‘fhop’ ePjpkd;wj;jpd; tof;Ffs; tof;fhspfspd; tpz;zg;gj;jpd; mbg;gilapNyNa eilngWtJ tof;fk;. ‘fhop’fs; tpz;zg;gj;ij my;yJ Kiwg;ghl;il vt;thW ngWfpd;wdu; vd;Wk; tof;fhspfs; jkJ tpz;zg;gj;ij my;yJ Kiwg;ghl;il vt;thW rku;g;gpf;fpd;wdu; vd;Wk; tpdtg;gl;ldu;. ‘fhop’fspd; gjpypd; gb> 65 tPjkhd tof;Ffs; tpz;zg;gg; gbtk; %yNk ngwg;gLfpwJ. 22 tPjkhdit tpz;zg;gg; gbtj;NjhL fbjKk; ,izf;fg;gl;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. 14 tPjkhdit fbjk; %yk; khj;jpuk; Kiwg;ghLfs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. MapDk;> mjpfkhd tof;fhspfs; (53.6%) fbjk; %yNk jk; Kiwg;ghl;il Kd;itj;Js;sdu;. rpy tof;fhspfs; (26.4%) khj;jpuNk tpz;zg;gg; gbtk; %yk; Kiwg;ghl;ilr; rku;g;gpj;Js;sdu;. NtW rpy tof;fhspfs; tha;%ykhfNt Kiwg;ghl;il toq;fpAs;sdu;. vdNt> Kiwg;ghl;ilg; ngWfpd;w topKiwapy; ‘fhop’fs;> tof;fhspfs; gjpy;fs; ,ilNa xUikg;ghL ,y;iy. ‘fhop’ ePjpkd;wq;fs; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l xU fl;likg;gpy; ,aq;ftpy;iy vd;w tpku;rdj;ij Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. fle;j %d;W tUlq;fspy; ‘fhop’ ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Fr; rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;l tpz;zg;gg; gbtq;fs; jyhf;> g];`;> Fy;c> KghuM> gps;isj; jhgupg;G> kidtpj; jhgupg;G> ,j;jh jhgupg;G> ,Ug;Gr; nryT> iff;$yp> k`u;> rkurk;> kjh> typ Mfpad

0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00%

tpz;zg;gg;gbtk;

fbjk;

tha;%yk;

tpz;zg;gg;gbtKk; fbjKk;

64.00%

14.00%

0.00%

22.00%

26.40%

53.60%

17.10%

2.90%

jpwj;jtu;fs; fhopfs;


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gw;wpajhfNt mike;jpUe;jJ. ,tw;Ws; fzprkhd tpz;zg;gq;fs; (26.2%) gps;isj; jhgupg;G njhlu;ghditahFk;. ‘g];`;’,w;fhd tpz;zg;gk; nkhj;j tpz;zg;gq;fspy; Ie;jpy; xU gFjpahf mike;Js;sJ mjpu;r;rpaspf;fpwJ. MapDk;> ‘g];`;’,w;fhd tpz;zg;gq;fs; %yk; tpthf tpLjiy Vw;gLtJ fztDf;Fr; rhjfkhd xd;whf mike;jpUg;gjdhy;> ngz;fs; g];`; tpthfuj;ijg; ngWtjw;F epu;g;ge;jpf;fg;gLfpwhu;fs; vd mtjhdpf;fg;gLfpwJ. kidtpj; jhgupg;Gf;fhd tpz;zg;gk; nkhj;j tpz;zg;gj;jpy; 5.16 tPjkhFk;. nghJthf> nkhj;j tpz;zg;gq;fspy; rupahf Ik;gJ tPjk; (50.75%) jhgupg;Gr; nryitg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd tpz;zg;gkhFk;. $l;Lr; ryhif tiuG 3.1.2: tpz;zg;gj;jpw;Fk; tprhuizf;Fk; ,ilapyhd fhy

,ilntsp

%yk;: Survey 2014

tof;fhspfs; rku;g;gpj;j tpz;zg;gj;Jf;Fk; Muk;g tprhuizf;Fk; ,ilapyhd fhy ,ilntsp gw;wpa Nfs;tpf;fhd tpilia NkYs;s $l;Lr; ryhif tiuG:2 fhz;gpf;fpd;wJ. fzprkhd ePjpkd;wq;fspd; tpz;zg;gj;jpw;Fk; tprhuizf;Fk; ,ilapyhd ,ilntsp xU khjk; MFk;. fpl;lj;jl;l ehd;fpy; xU gFjp tPjkhd ePjpkd;wq;fs; tpz;zg;gj;ijg; ngw;W tprhuiziaj; njhlq;f ,uz;L thuq;fis khj;jpuNk vLj;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ. kpfr; rpy ePjpkd;wq;fspy; ,t;tpilntsp %d;W khjq;fshf mike;jpUg;gJ ($l;Lr; ryhif tiuG:2) tof;fhspfSf;F mnrsfupaj;ijAk; jPu;g;Gf;fhd jhkjj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;jty;yJ. tprhuizf;Fk; jPu;g;gspj;jYf;Fk; fhy jhkjkhtJ ,];yhkpa rl;l kuGf;F Vw;Gilajy;y. MapDk;> fhy jhkjg;gLj;Jjy; fztd;-kidtpapilNa rkurj;jpw;fhd tha;g;;ig mjpfupf;fr; nra;Ak; vd ‘fhop’ fUJthuhapd; mJ rhyr; rpwe;jjhFk;. tpthf> tpthfuj;Jr; rl;lj;jpd; 27k; gpupTk;> mr;rl;lj;jpd; ,uz;lhk; ml;ltizapYs;s 1Kjy; 9tiuahd tpjpfSk; “xU fztd; jdJ kidtpiaj; jyhf; $Wk; vz;zj;ij ‘fhop’f;F mwptpj;jhy;> mt;twptpj;jy; nfhLj;J Kg;gJ ehl;fspDs; ‘fhop’ tof;fhspfis rkurg;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mjd; gpd;dNu tprhuiz elhj;j Ntz;Lk;. mg;NghJ mtu;fis rkurg;gLj;j Kaw;rpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd tpsf;FfpwJ. ,jd;gb> xd;W my;yJ ,U thuq;fspDs; tprhuizfis Muk;gpg;gJ mr;rl;lj;ij ftdj;jpw; nfhs;shJ nraw;gLtjhf mikAk;. ,t;thW tpiuthf tprhupj;jy; tpthfuj;jpd; vz;zpf;ifia mjpfupf;FNk jtpu> fztd;-kidtp ,ilNa rkurj;ij Vw;gLj;jj; Jiz GupahJ vd r%f Mu;tyu;fs; mgpg;gpuhag;gLfpd;wdu;. ngwg;gl;l tpz;zg;gj;Jf;fhd my;yJ Kiwg;ghl;Lf;fhd tprhuiziaj; njhlq;f vj;jzpf;Fk; ePjpkd;wk; thjpf;Fk;;> gpujpthjpf;Fk; tprhuizf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fis toq;Ffpd;w topKiwapy; fbjk; gpujhd ,lj;ijg; ngWfpwJ vd;gij ‘fhop’fSk; (86.1%) tof;fhspfSk; (74.5%) cWjpg;gLj;jpAs;sdu;. fbjk; jtpu njhiyNgrp

2.8

22.2

22.2

47.2

5.6

9.9

24.5

14.9

38.7

4.6

3.9

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

1 thuk;

2 thuq;fs;

3 thuq;fs;

1 khjk;

2 khjq;fs;

3 khjq;fs;

jpwj;jtu; fhop


25

(10.6%)> tpsk;gug;gyif (4%)> fpuhk cj;jpNahfj;ju; (8.9%)> nghyp]; (7%)> fztd; my;yJ kidtp (5%) vd;gtw;wpd; %yk; tprhuizf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;> miog;G toq;fg;gLfpwJ. MapDk;> ,t;thW tprhuizf;fhd miog;G tpLf;fg;gl;likia my;yJ gpujpthjpf;F fpilj;J tpl;likia cWjpg;gLj;Jk; eilKiwfs; ‘fhop’ ePjpkd;wr; nraw;ghl;by; cs;sjhf ,y;iy. ]Cjp mNugpah Nghd;w K];ypk; ehLfspy; ,t;tiog;ghiz fpilj;jij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F tof;fhspapd; ifnahg;gk; ngwg;gLk; nraw;ghL my;yJ miog;ghiz toq;fg;gl;lij cWjpg;gLj;Jk; rhl;rpfs; xg;gkpLk; nraw;ghL ,yq;ifapy; eilKiwapy; ,y;iy. ,jd; tpisthf> gpujpthjpapd; tUifia vjpu;ghu;j;J ‘fhop’fSk;> thjpAk; fhj;jpUf;Fk; epiyik ‘fhop’ ePjpkd;wq;fspy; mbf;fb ,lk;ngWfpwJ. miog;ghiz fpilf;fg;ngw;wij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F gpd;tUk; topKiwiag; gpd;gw;WtJ cfe;jJ vd A.H.G. mkPd; vOJfpwhu;:

“gpujpthjpahd kidtp miog;ghiz kPJ M[uhfhjpUe;jhy;> tpz;zg;gjhupahd fztdhy; mspf;fg;gl;l tpyhrk; rupahdjh vd ‘fhop’apdhy; gupNrhjpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. xUNtis> mtu; trpj;j ,lj;jpypUe;J NtW ,lj;Jf;Fg; NghapUf;fyhk;. jug;gl;l tpyhrk; rupahdJ vd ‘fhop’apdhy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lhy;> gpujpthjpahd kidtp gw;wp fpuhk mjpfhupapd; %yk; my;yJ gpuNjrj;jpYs;s nghyp]; %yk; miog;ghiz tpLf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ,q;F gpujpthjpahd kidtpf;F miog;ghiz mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhf fpuhk mjpfhupNah> nghypN]h jpUg;gp mwptpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ‘fhop’apdhy; ,t;thW miog;ghiz tpLf;fg;gLk; NghJ> mwptpj;jy; nfhLf;fg;gl;L tpl;lijj; jpUk;g mwptpg;gjw;fhf Ntz;b Xu; ,izg;Gg; gj;jpuk; nfhLf;fg;gLtJ rpwe;jJ. rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; nghyp]huhy; miog;ghiziaf; ifaspf;Fk; trjpfs; ,y;iynad jpUk;g mwptpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,g;gbahd re;ju;g;gnkhd;wpy; ‘fhop’Nah> ‘fhop’fspd; rq;fj;jpdhNyh rfy ngyp]; mjpfhupfSf;Fk; ,t;tplaj;jpy; xj;Jiog;ig ey;f Ntz;Lnkd nghyp]; kh mjpgu; %yk; Nfl;Lf; nfhs;Sk; eltbf;iffis vLf;f Ntz;Lk;. rl;lj;jpd; 75> 90 Mfpa gpupTfspd; gb ‘fhop’f;F nghyp]hu; cjtp nra;tJ fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ (mkPd; V.vr;.[p> g.47).

3.2 tprhuiz xOq;F

xU tof;fpd; ,Wjp eltbf;ifNa jPu;g;gspj;jyhFk;. mj;jPu;g;ig toq;Ftjw;F Kd; ‘fhop’ ,U tof;fhspfisAk; ed;F tprhupj;J cz;ikiaf; fz;lwpa Ntz;Lk;. tpz;zg;gq;fs; kPjhd tprhuizfspd; NghJ gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba eilKiwfs;> ‘fhop’apdhy; elhj;jg;gLk; tprhuizfs; gw;wp K];ypk; tpthf> tpthfuj;Jr; rl;lj;jpd; 47k; gpupT $WfpwJ. mJ njhlu;ghd eilKiwfs; Fwpj;J mr;rl;lj;jpd; 4k; ml;ltizapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. xUtu; nra;j VNjDk; xU Nfhupf;if> tpz;zg;gk; my;yJ Kiwg;ghl;ilg; ngw;wTld; ‘fhop’ mjid tprhupg;gjw;fhf xU jpfjpia epu;zapj;J mf;Nfhupf;if> tpz;zg;gk; my;yJ Kiwg;ghl;bd; mwptpj;jy; xd;iw gpujpthjpf;F toq;Ftpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. me;j jpfjpapy; gpujpthjp r%fkhapUg;gpd; ‘fhop’ tprhuizia elj;jyhk;. ,U jug;gpdiuAk; tprhupj;j gpd;> jkf;F ePjp vdj; Njhd;Wk; tifapy; mf;Nfhupf;if> Kiwg;ghL my;yJ tpz;zg;gj;jpw;F Vw;w fl;lis ,lyhk;. ,e;eilKiwiaf; filg;gpbf;FkhW ,];yhKk; ‘fhop’f;F gupe;Jiu nra;fpwJ. mjw;Nfw;g> Fwpj;j Kiwg;ghL gw;wp ‘fhop’ tprhuiz elhj;Jk; NghJ tof;fhspfsplk; ,Ue;J cz;ikia tutiog;gjw;fhf gy topKiwfisf; ifahs KbAk;. me;j topKiwfs; tof;fhspfis ntWg;G+l;LtjhfNth> ‘fhop’apd; kPJ mtek;gpf;ifia Vw;gLj;JtjhfNth mikahj ,Ug;gJ rpwe;jjhFk;. MapDk;> Nkw;$wg;gl;l xOq;FfSf;F khw;wkhfNt jw;Nghija ‘fhop’fspd; eilKiw fhzg;gLtjhfj; juTfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. tprhuizapd; NghJ cz;ikia tutiog;gjw;fhf ‘fhop’


26

fLikahd njhdpapy; jk;Kld; Ngrpajhf 10.3 tPjkhd tof;fhspfs; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu;. ,J ,];yhk; tpUk;ghj topKiwahFk;. ‘ePu; (kdpju;;fis) tpNtfj;ijf; nfhz;Lk;> mofhd ey;YgNjrj;ijf; nfhz;Lk; ckJ ,ul;rfdpd; topapd; gf;fk; miog;gPuhf! md;wpAk;> vJ kpf mofhdNjh> mijf; nfhz;L> mtu;fSld; ePu; tpthjk; nra;tPuhf! vd;w my;Fu;Mdpd; (16:125) fl;lisf;Nfw;g nkd;ikahd Nghf;iff; iff;nfhs;Sk; NghNj cz;ikia mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;. mt;thNw> cz;ikia mwptjw;F ngUk;ghd;ikahd ‘fhop’fs; FWf;F tprhuiz nra;tij tof;fkhff; nfhz;bUg;gjhf 37.8 tPjkhd tof;fhspfs; $wpAs;sdu;. FWf;F tprhuiz vd;w ngaupy; ntspg;gilahff; $w Kbahj tplaq;fisg; gyu; Kd;dpiyapy; mk;gyg;gLj;j epu;g;ge;jpf;fg;gLtjhfTk; mwpa KbfpwJ. cz;ikiaf; fz;lwptjw;F ,];yhkpa tuyhw;wpy; gy;NtW Af;jpfs; ifahsg;gl;Ls;sij Kd;khjpupahff; nfhs;syhk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> xU jlit myp (uop) mtu;fs; jpUl;Lf; Fw;wj;jpy; $l;lhf <Lgl;l gyiuj; jdpj;jdpahf tprhupj;jhu;fs;. xUtiu tprhupf;Fk; NghJ jpBnud ‘my;yh`{ mf;gu;’ vd cuj;Jr; rg;jkpl;lhu;fs;. gpd;du;> mLj;j egiu tprhupf;Fk; NghJ> jdf;F Kd;du; tprhupf;fg;gl;l egu; cz;ikia Vw;Wf; nfhz;ljhy; jhd; myp (uop) ‘my;yh`{ mf;gu;’ vd;W $wpdhu;fNsh vdW vz;zp ‘ehq;fs; jhd; jpUbNdhk;’ vd;W Fw;wj;ij mk;kdpjd; xg;Gf; nfhz;lhd;. ,jdhy; mj;jpUlu;fis milahsk; fhz Kbe;jJ. NkYk;> jPu;g;G tpiuthdjhf> FWfpa fhyj;ijAilajhf ,Ug;gJ kpfr;rpe;jjhFk;. fhytiuaiw ,d;wp tprhuizfs; gpw;Nghlg;gl;L fhyq; fle;j gpd;du; toq;fg;gLk; jPu;g;G vtUf;Fk; gadw;wjhfNt mikAk;. mjw;fhf> Mjhuq;fis myrp Muhahky;> tprhupf;fhky; tpiuthfj; jPu;g;G toq;FtJ gf;fr;rhu;ghfNt mikAk;. MapDk;> tprhuizfisg; gpw;NghLtjdhy; tof;fhspfs; jkf;Fs; rkurkhfpf; nfhs;Sk; re;ju;g;gq;fs; ,Ug;gpd;> mt;thW gpw;NghLtJ rpwe;jJ vdf; fUjpa cku; (uop) mtu;fs;> ‘ePq;fs; tof;fhspfisj; jpUg;gp mDg;gp tpLq;fs;. rpyNtis> mtu;fs; jq;fSf;Fs; rkurkhfpf; nfhs;syhk;” vd;W MNyhrid toq;fpAs;shu;fs; (,g;Dy; fa;apk;> gh.1> g.117).

3.2.1 gpujpthjpapd; gpurd;dkpd;ik

‘fhop’ tprhuizf;fhf gpujpthjpf;F mwptpj;jy; xd;iw toq;f Ntz;Lk;. ‘fhop’ jdf;F rhj;jpakhd tiuapy; gpujpthjpia miog;gjw;F Kaw;rpf;f Ntz;Lk;. gpujpthjp vq;F ,Uf;fpd;whu; vd;w tpguk; njupahj NghJ> tprhuizfs; vt;thW elhj;jg;gLfpd;wd vd;gJk; mtjhdpf;fj;jf;f tplakhFk;. ,r;re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ‘fhop’ vt;topKiwfisf; ifahs Ntz;Lnkd 1951k; Mz;Lr; rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 28,d; 3k;> 4k;> 5k; tpjpfs; tpsf;Ffpd;wd. mit gpd;tUkhW> 3k; tpjp:- fztd; ,yq;ifapy; ,y;iynadTk;> mjdhy; ,uz;lhk; gpukhzj;jpyplg;gl;l gb mtUf;F mwptpj;jiy toq;f Kbahnjd;Wk; rj;jpak; nra;J mspj;j thf;F %yj;Jld; ‘fhop’ jpUg;jpg;gbd;> md;dhu; mt;twptpj;jiy fztdpd; mjpneUq;fpa cwtpdUf;F toq;Fk;gb fl;lisaplyhk;. my;yJ> fztdpd; cwtpdnutuhtJ ,yq;ifapypUg;gjhfj; njupahtpbd;> mtu; mt;twptpj;jiy mt;tpjk; toq;Ftpf;fj; Njitapy;iy. 4k; tpjp: gpujpthjp ,yq;ifapypUe;j NghJk;> epiyahfnthU ,y;yj;jpYk; tjpahjgbahy;> ,uz;lhk; gpukhzj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s mwptpj;jiyf; fztdplk; toq;FtJ rhj;jpakpy;iy vd;W ‘fhop’f;F rj;jpak; nra;J xU thf;F%yj;ijaspj;jhy;> ‘fhop’ mt;twptpj;jiyf; fztdplk; Neu;Kfkhf toq;fj; Njitapy;iy vd;Wk;> jkJ ,lg;gug;gpYs;s ‘[{k;kh’ gs;spthay;fs; xt;nthd;wpYk;> fztdpd; mjp neUq;fpa Rw;wj;jhupd; tpyhrk; njupe;jhy; md;dhupd; tPLfspYk; gfpuq;fkhd ,lj;jpy; xl;l Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; fl;lisaplyhk;.


27

5k; tpjp: ,g;gpukhzq;fspd; gpufhuk; fztdplk; mwptpj;jiy toq;f ‘fhop’ vLj;j eltbf;iffs; vy;yhtw;iwAk; vOjp itj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Nkw;$wg;gl;l tpjpfs; gpujpthjp ehl;by; ,y;iy vdpy; mtUf;F tof;fpd; tpguj;ij mwptpf;f ‘fhop’ Kaw;rpf;f Ntz;Lk;. Kbahtpbd; neUq;fpa cwtpdUf;F mwptpf;f Ntz;Lk; my;yJ gfpuq;f ,lj;jpy; xl;b mJ gw;wpj; njuptpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w eilKiwfs; gpujpthjp ,y;yhj epiyapy; jPu;g;G toq;f mDkjpaspf;fpd;wd. khypfp> \hgp<> `d;gyp kj;`igr; rhu;e;NjhUk; re;ju;g;g #o;epiyfisf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L> thjpapd; epahaq;fis cWjpg;gLj;jptpl;L> gpujpthjpf;Fg; gfukhf tfPy; xUtiu epakpj;J jPu;g;G toq;fyhk; vd;W $wpAs;sdu; (my; ̀ {ikop> 1989> g.511). ,t;thwhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ,yq;ifapYs;s jw;Nghija ‘fhop’fspd; eilKiwfs; gw;wp fPo;f;fhZk; ml;ltiz 3.2.1 fhz;gpf;fpd;wJ.

ml;ltiz 3.2.1: gpujpthjpapd; gpurd;dkpd;ikapy; ‘fhop’apd; eilKiw ,y. tprhupf;Fk; eilKiw ‘fhop’fspd;

fUj;J tof;fhspfspd;

fUj;J

1 gpujpthjp ntspehl;by; ,Ue;J te;j gpwF jPu;g;gspj;jy; 18.9% 39.5%

2 ngw;Nwhiu mioj;J jPu;g;gspj;jy; 67.6% 42.1%

3 njhiyNgrpapy; tprhuiz nra;jy; 62.2% 18.4%

4 jPu;g;ig ntspehl;bw;F my;yJ tPl;bw;F vOj;J %yk; mwptpj;jy; 29.7% -

%yk;: Survey 2014

Nkw;$wg;gl;l ,];yhkpa rl;lq;fisAk;> K];ypk; tpthf> tpfhuj;Jr; rl;lj;ijAk; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L 67.6 tPjkhd ‘fhop’fs; ngw;Nwhiu mioj;J tprhupj;Js;sikAk; 62.2 tPjkhdtu;fs gpujpthjpia njhiyNgrpapy; tprhuiz nra;jikAk;;. mjpy; 29.7 tPjkhdtu;fs; ntspehl;L Kftupia mwpe;J vOj;J %yk; njhlu;G nfhz;Ls;sikAk; rl;lj;ijg; NgZtjpy; ‘fhop’fs; nfhz;Ls;s fupridiag; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. khwhf> gpujpthjp ntspehl;bypUe;J te;j gpwF jhd; tprhupj;jjhf 18.9 tPjkhd ‘fhop’fs; $wpAs;sik K];ypk; tpthf> tpthfuj;Jr; rl;lk; kw;Wk; ,];yhkpa rl;lk; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy vd;gijNa fhl;LfpwJ. ‘fhop’fspd; ,f;fUj;Jf;fis tof;fhspfs; XusT cWjpg;gLj;jp cs;sdu;. 3.3 thf;F %yq;fisg; gjpT nra;jy;

thf;F%yq;fisg; gjpT nra;jy; gw;wp ‘1951k; Mz;bd; 13k; ,yf;f K];ypk; tpthf> tpthfuj;Jr; rl;lj;jpd; 47k; gpuptpd; 7k; cl;gpupT ‘thjp> gpujpthjpapd; rhl;rpfisAk;> mtu;fsJ thf;F %yj;ijAk; ‘fhop’ gjpT nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. thf;F %yj;ijf; nfhLj;j xt;nthUtUf;Fk; mtutu; thf;F %yj;ij ‘fhop’ ,uz;lhtJ Kiw thrpj;J Njitahd jpUj;jq;fisr; nra;j gpd;> mt;thf;F %yj;ij mspj;jtu; mjpy; jkJ ifnahg;gj;ij ,l Ntz;Lk;’ vd;W $WfpwJ (R+sdp nfhbf;fhu> g.200). mjw;F ,zq;f> ‘fhop’ ePjpkd;wj;jpy; ngwg;gLk; thf;F%yq;fs; gjpT nra;ag;gLtjhf kpfg; ngUk;ghd;ikahd ‘fhop’fs; (86.4) $wpAs;sik ,r;rl;lk; fzprkhd msT filg;gpbf;fg;gLtijf; fhl;LfpwJ. gjpT nra;ag;gLk; Kiwik gw;wp ‘fhop’fspy; 85.4 tPjkhNdhu; vOj;J %yKk;> 10.4 tPjkhNdhu; Fwpg;ngLj;jy; %yKk; gjpT nra;tjhff; $wpAs;sdu;. kpff;Fiwe;j mstpNyNa xspg;gjpT (2.5)> jl;lr;R (1.7) Kiwfspy; thf;F%yq;fs; gjpT nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. tpuy; tpl;L vz;zf;$ba xU rpyNu (1.7 tPjkhNdhu;) jl;lr;rpd; %yk; gjpT nra;ag;gLtjhff; $wpAs;sdu;. ,t;thW thf;F %yq;fisg; gjpT nra;jy;> ‘fhop’ epahakhd jPu;g;ig toq;fTk;> jdJ jPu;g;gpd;


28

epahaj;ij tof;fhspfSf;Fj; njspTgLj;jTk; Jiz GupAk;. rpyNtis> mj;jPu;g;Gf;nfjpuhf Nkd;KiwaPL nra;ag;gbd;> jdJ epahaj;ij Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Fr; rku;g;gpf;fTk; mJ gf;f Jizahf mikayhk;. 3.4 gpujpepjpia (tfPiy) epakpj;jy;

1937k; Mz;by; eilKiwf;F te;j K];ypk; tpthf> tpthfuj;Jg; gjpTfs; rl;lj;jpy; ‘fhop’fspd; Kd;dhy; rl;lj;juzpfspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; gw;wpa Vw;ghLfs; vJTk; ,y;yhj fhuzj;jpdhy; ‘fhop’ ePjthd;fspd; mDkjpAld; rpy Ntisfspy; rl;lj;juzpfs; Njhd;Wk; tof;fk; ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy;> 1939k; Mz;bd; rl;l kWrPuikg;Gf; FO ,J njhlu;gpy; gpd;tUkhW mwpf;if rku;g;gpj;jJ. “rl;lj;juzpfis epakpg;gJ nryTkpf;fJ. tof;if fhy jhkjkhf;ff; $baJ. fztd;-kidtpf;F ,ilapyhd rkurj;jpw;fhd rhj;jpaq;fis jLf;ff; $baJ. xU tof;fhsp khj;jpuk; rl;lj;juzpia epakpf;Fk; NghJ mt;tof;fhspapd; rhu;G mjpfsT tYthf;fg;glf; $baJ.” ,t;twpf;ifapd; gb> 1951k; Mz;bd; K];ypk; tpthf> tpthfuj;Jr; rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 74 ‘fhop’ePjpkd;wq;fspy; rl;lj;juzpfspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ijj; jil nra;jJ ([hy;jPd;> 2004> g.249). rl;lj;jpd; %yk; gpzf;Ffisj; jPu;g;gjpy; gpur;rpidfs; ,Ug;gJ cz;ikahf ,Ue;j NghjpYk; $l> kidtpapdhy; ‘fhop’ePjpkd;wq;fspy; Nfhug;gLk; epthuzq;fSf;F nry;thf;Fkpf;f xU fztd; jil tpjpj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ> mg;ngz;Zf;F xU rl;lj;juzpahy; cjtp nra;a KbAk; vd;gJ kWf;f Kbahj xU tplakhFk;’ vd ePjpauru; ]yPk; ku;#g; (2001> g.59) Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. 3.5 rkurk;

‘fhop’fs; vd;Nghu; ePjpgjpfs; khj;jpuky;y> mtu;fs; kj;jpa];ju;fSk; Mtu;. Kuz;ghl;Lld; jk; Kd;dhy; tUk; jk;gjpau;fis rkurg;gLj;j mtu;fshy; ,aYkhd mj;jid Kaw;rpfisAk; ‘fhop’fs; vLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wdu;. 1951k; Mz;Lr; rl;lj;jpd; 27k; gpupT ‘jyhf;’ tplaj;jpy; ‘fhop’ Mw;w Ntz;ba gzpfs; gw;wpg; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. “‘fhop’ kw;Wk; ,uz;L rhl;rpfspd; Kd; fztd; ‘jyhf;’ mwptpg;Gr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ‘jyhf;’ $wp Kg;gJ ehl;fspDs;> tof;fhspfspilNa rkurj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F ‘fhop’ Kaw;rp nra;a Ntz;Lk;. Kbatpy;iyahapd;> tof;fhspfs; mtupd; Kd;dhy; gpurd;dkhtjw;F xU jpfjpiaj; jPu;khdpf;f Ntz;Lk;. kPz;Lk; rkurk; nra;J itg;gjw;Fupa Kaw;rpfisr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ‘fhop’apdhy; tof;fhspfs; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; Njhd;Wtjw;fhf epakpf;fg;gl;l jpfjpapypUe;J Kg;gJ ehl;fspDs; rkurk; Vw;gltpy;iyahapd; tpthfuj;J gjpT nra;ag;glyhk;. mt;thNw> ‘g];`;’ tplaj;jpYk; “tpz;zg;gj;ij tprhupg;gjw;F Kd;du;> ‘fhop’ ,U tof;fhspfs; ,ilNaAk;> ,zf;fg;ghl;il Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F Kaw;rpf;f Ntz;L;k;” vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. Fwpg;ghf> fztd;-kidtpfSf;F ,pilapyhd Kuz;ghLfisj; jPu;j;J rkurj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F ePz;l fhy mtfhrk; Njitg;gLfpd;wJ. Mifapdhy;> tof;fhspfs; jkf;Fs; rkurj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; NghJkhd mtfhrk; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhfNt> tpthfuj;Jfis tprhuiz nra;jy;> gjpT nra;jy;> KbTWj;jy; vd;gtw;Wf;fpilapyhd fhy ,ilntsp ‘Kg;gJ ehl;fs;’ vd K];ypk; tpthf> tpthfuj;Jr; rl;lKk; typAWj;Jfpd;wJ. ,t;thW K];ypk; tpthf> tpthfuj;Jr; rl;lk; rkur Kaw;rpf;F Kd;Dupik toq;FkhW typAWj;jpa NghjpYk;> ‘jyhf;’ tptfhuj;jpy; ‘fhop’fspy; 45.7 tPjkhdtu;fNs rkurk; nra;tpf;f Kaw;rpg;gjhfTk;> gpd;dNu ‘jyhf;’if toq;FtjhfTk; $wpAs;sdu;. Mdhy;> mjw;F khw;wkhf 54.3 tPjkhdtu;fs; fztdpd; tpUg;gj;jpw;F ,zq;f ‘jyhf;’if toq;fp tpLtjhff; $wpAs;sdu;. mt;thNw ‘g];`;’ tpthfuj;jpy; rkurk; Vw;gLj;j Kaw;rpg;gjhf 41.2 tPjkhd ‘fhop’fs; njuptpj;Js;sdu;. miuthrpf;Fk;


29

mjpfkhd 55.9 tPjkhNdhu; clNd ‘g];i`’ toq;fp tpLtjhfj; njuptpj;Js;sdu;. ‘Fy;c’ tpthfuj;jpd; NghJ> rkur Kaw;rpf;F 23.8 tPjkhdtu;fs; khj;jpuNk $wpAs;sdu;. ,it ngUk;ghyhd ‘fhop’fs; rkur Kaw;rpf;F $ba fuprid fhl;ltpy;iy vd;gijNa fhz;gpf;fpd;wd. ‘fhop’ ePjpkd;wj;jpy; rku;g;gpf;fg;gLk; tpz;zg;gq;fSf;fhd jPu;g;Gf;fs; nfhz;Ls;s fhy msT gw;wp fPo;f;fhZk; ml;ltiz fhz;gpf;fpwJ.

ml;ltiz 3.5.1: jPu;g;Gf;fSf;fhd fhy msT

,y. tof;fpd; jd;ik jPu;g;gspf;f vLf;Fk; fhy msT

1 khjk; 3 khjk; 6 khjk; 1 tUlk;

1. ‘jyhf;’ 8.3% 61.1% 19.4% 11.1%

2. ‘g];`;’ 11.1% 55.6% 27.8% 5.6%

3. ‘Fy;c’ 47.4% 42.1% 10.5% 0.0%

%yk;: Survey 2014

tpthfuj;J tof;Ffspy; jPu;g;gspg;gjw;F 3 khjk; njhlf;fk; 6 khjk; tiuahd fhy ePbg;G rkurj;jpw;Fg; NghJkhd fhy mtfhrk; cilajhFk;. mjw;F Vw;gNt> ‘fhop’ePjpkd;wq;fspy; jPu;g;Gf;fs; toq;fg;gLtij ml;ltiz 3.5.1 fhz;gpf;fpwJ. MapDk;> mjid tpl Fiwe;j fhy msT rkurj;jpw;fhd tha;g;ig ,y;yhky; nra;fpwJ. ,jidNa 20.7 tPjkhd tof;fhspfs; ‘fhop’apd; mtrukhd jPu;g;G vd;W njuptpj;Js;sdu; vd;W fUjyhk;. ‘fhop’fspd; ,e;eilKiwia mtjhdpf;Fk; NghJ> ‘fhop’fs; Mw;Wg;gLj;jiy toq;fp kj;jpa];ju;fshf nraw;gltpy;iy vd;gJk;> \uPM rl;lj;ij khj;jpuky;y> K];ypk; tpthf> tpthfuj;Jr; rl;lj;jpd; topfhl;ly;fisf; $l eilKiwg;gLj;jtpy;iy vd;gJk; ed;F njspthfpd;wJ.

3.6 rhl;rpfs;> Mtzq;fs;

cz;ikia cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F rhd;Wfis Kd;itf;FkhW tof;fhspia ‘fhop’ typAWj;j Ntz;Lk;. rhd;Wfs; ,y;iynadpy; rj;jpak; nra;AkhW fl;lisapl Ntz;Lk; my;yJ cupatu; Fw;wj;ij Vw;f Ntz;Lk;. ,itfNs egp (]y;) mtu;fs; jPu;g;gspg;gjw;F Kd; filg;gpbj;j xOq;FfshFk;. rhd;Wfis Kd;itg;gjw;Fk; fhy mtfhrk; toq;FkhW cku; (uop) mtu;fs; jdJ gpurpj;jkhd fbjj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;fs;. my;Fu;Md;> ‘cq;fspy; ePjkhd ,Utiu rhl;rpahsu;fshf;fpf; nfhs;Sq;fs;’ vd;w my;Fu;Mdpd; (65:02) fl;lisf;F Vw;g> rhl;rpfspd; mtrpak; gw;wp K];ypk; tpthf> tpthfuj;Jr; rl;lk; typAWj;jpf; $Wfpd;wJ. ‘g];`;’ tpthfuj;jpy; ‘kidtpapd; thf;F %yk; Fiwe;jJ ,uz;L rhl;rpaq;fspd; %yk; Cu;[pjk; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk; vd 1951k; Mz;Lr; rl;lj;jpd; %d;whk; ml;ltizapd; 11k; tpjp Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ,t;tpjpia kPWtJ ‘g];`;’ tpthfuj;ij toq;Fk; ‘fhop’apd; jPu;g;igf; $l ,uj;Jr; nra;JtpLk;. [{idjPd; vjpu; E}u; rhgpah (1973) vd;w tof;fpy; gpujpthjpahd kidtp jdJ ‘g];`;’ tpthfuj;jpw;fhd tpz;zg;g tprhuizapd; NghJ> jdJ thf;F%yj;jpw;Fr; rhu;ghf xU rhl;rpahsiu mioj;jpUe;jhu;. ,U rhl;rpahsu;fs; miof;fg;glhikapdhy; mtuJ ‘g];`;’ tpthfuj;J nry;Ygbaw;wJ vd Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wj;jpdhy; jPu;g;gspf;fg;gl;lJ (R+sdp nfhbf;fhu> g.92).


30

ml;ltiz 3.6.1: rhl;rpAk; MtzKk; Jizahff; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wik (‘fhop’)

ngupJk;;

rhjhuzk; Xusthf

mwNt ,y;iy

,ilg; ngWkhd

k;

1. ‘jyhf;’ 5.2% 20% 25.7% 48.6% 3.17

2. ‘g];`;’ 0% 16.7% 19.4% 63.9% 3.47

3. ‘Fy;c’ 13.3% 33.3% 26.7% 26.7% 2.67

4. kidtp jhgupg;G 5.7% 45.7% 34.3% 14.3% 2.57

5. gps;isj; jhgupg;G 5.7% 42.9% 37.1% 14.3% 2.6

6. NtW….. 0.0% 50% 50% 0% 2.5

4- ngupJk;> 3-rhjhuzkhf> 2- Xusthf> 1- mwNt ,y;iy %yk;: Survey 2014

rhl;rpfisAk; Mtzq;fisAk; jPu;g;gspj;jypy; gad;gLj;Jk; topKiw rhjhuzkhf cs;sJ. ‘jyhf;’> ‘g];`;’ Nghd;w tof;Ffspy; mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jk; ghd;ik Vida tof;Ffis tpl xg;gPl;lstpy; mjpfkhFk; (,ilg; ngWkhdk; 3.00 ,Yk; rpwpaJ). ‘Fy;c’> jhgupg;G tof;Ffspy; rhjhuz epiyia tpl FiwthfNt rhl;rpaq;fs; ngwg;gLfpd;wd> rhd;Wfs; rku;g;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;gij Nky;fhZk; ml;ltizfs; 3.6.1. ck; 3.6.2 ck; fhz;gpf;fpd;wd.

ml;ltiz 3.6.2: rhl;rpAk; MtzKk; Jizahff; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wik (tof;fhsp)

ngupJk; rhjhuzk; XusT mwNt

,y;iy

,ilg; ngWkhdk;

1. ‘jyhf;’ 15.3% 14.6% 18.2% 51.1%

3.07

2. ‘g]; ;̀;’ 12.2% 18.9% 31.1% 37.8%

2.94

3.

kidtp jhgupg;G 35.6% 11.9% 18.6% 33.9% 2.51

4.

gps;isj; jhgupg;G 27.7% 21.5% 23.1% 27.7% 2.51

5. NtW… 100% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

1

4- ngupJk;> 3-rhjhuzkhf> 2- Xusthf> 1- mwNt ,y;iy %yk;: Survey 2014

4. KbTiu

fhop ePjpkd;wj;jpy; eilngWk; xU tof;F xd;wpd; tprhuiz xOq;F Kiw Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l epakq;fisg; ngUkstpy; Ngztpy;iy. NkYk;> mtw;iw ,];yhkpa rl;l kugpw;F Vw;GilajhfTk; nfhs;s Kbtjpy;iy. ngUk;ghYk; tprhuizfs; cupa Neu#rpiaf; nfhz;ljhf ,y;iy. tof;nfhd;wpy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l midtuplKk; thf;F%yk; ngwg;gl;L gjpT nra;ag;gLfpwJ. MapDk;> mit Fwpg;ngLj;jy; vd;w tbtj;ijNa ngupJk; nfhz;Ls;sd. ,yq;ifapd; ‘fhop’ ePjpkd;wr; nraw;ghl;by; rl;l cjtpiag; ngWtjw;F tfPiy epakdk; nra;tjw;fhd eilKiw Ngzg;gltpy;iy. ‘fhop’apd; gpujhd gzp kj;jpa];jk; nra;J Kuz;ghl;ilj; jPu;j;jy; MFk;. MapDk;> tpthfuj;J njhlu;ghd jPu;g;Ng ngupJk; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;Ws;sJ. ,yq;if ‘fhop’ePjpkd;wr; nraw;ghl;by; rhl;rpaq;fs;>


31

Mtzq;fisj; Jizahff; nfhs;fpd;w tof;fk; cz;L. tof;Ffspd; jd;ikf;F Vw;g mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jk; tPjk; $bAk; Fiwe;Jk; mike;Js;sJ. 5. crhj;Jizfs;

my; `{ikop> mg;Ju; u`;khd; (1989) my;-fohc tepohK`{ gp my;-fpjhgp t my;-]{d;dh. kf;fh: [hkpM ck;kpy; Fuh.

m];-]{i`yp> t`gj; (2002) my;-gpf;`; my;-,];yhkp tmjpy;yJ`{. 2k; gjpg;G. nygdhd;: jhUy; gpf;u;.

mkPd;> V.vr;.[p. (2001) fh]p ePjpkd;w eilKiwfSk;> nraw;ghLfSk;. nfhOk;G: my;mkPd; rl;l kj;jpa epiyak;.

,g;D mgpj; jk;> my;-fhop ,g;wh`Pk; (1987) fpjhG mjg; my;-foh> Nga;&j;: jhUy; FJg; my; ,y;kpa;ah. ,g;D Fjhkh (1984) my;-Kf;dP gp my;-gpf; ;̀ my;-`d;gyp. Nga;&j;: jhUy; gpf;u;. ,g;D gu;`{d; (2003) jg;]puj; my;-`{f;fhk; gP c]_y;my;-mf;opajp t kdh`p[; my;-

m ;̀fhk;. upaho;: jhU Mykpy; FJg;. ig`fP (1925) m];]{dd; my;-Fg;uh. i`juhghj;: k[;yp]; jh,ujpy; kMupg;. K];ypk; my;-ie]hGup. ]`P`;K];ypk;. jhU ,`;ah ypj;Juh]py; mugp> Nga;&j; ryPk; ku;R+g; (2001) ,yq;ifapd; fhjp ePjpkd;w KiwikAk; K];ypk; ngz;fs; kPjhd

mjd; jhf;fKk;. nfhOk;G: K];ypk; ngz;fs; Muha;r;rp nray; Kd;dzp. R+sdp nfhbf;fhu (2010) ,yq;ifapd; K];ypk; FLk;gr; rl;lk;. nfhOk;G: K];ypk;

ngz;fs; Muha;r;rp nray; Kd;ddp. gp. i[Dy; MgpjPd; (2002) jpUf;Fu;Md;: Fu;Md;–mwpKfk;> %yk;> jkpohf;fk;>

tpsf;fk;> ml;ltiz> nrd;id: %d; gg;sp\u;];. Jalaldeen, M.S. (2004) The Muslim Law of Marriage, Divorce and Maintenance in Sri Lanka. Colombo.

Haji Omar Foundation for Peace, Education and Research. 2nd Edition

Jazeel, M. I. M., & Fowzul, M. B. (2014). Qualification and Behavour of the Judge: An

Islamic Perspective. Paper presented at the 3rd International Conference of Eastern

University on “Sustainable Development through Innovations” Eastern University of

Sri Lanka, Vantharumoolai, Sri Lanka.

Jazeel, M. I. M., & Fowzul, M. B. (2018). Qualifications of Quazi in Sri Lanka: A Field Study

from Islamic Perspective Sri Lankan Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies, 1(1), 32-

51.

Jazeel, M. I. M., & Fowzul, M. B. (2019). Behaviours of the Quazi in Sri Lanka: An Emprical

Study from Islamic Perspective. Sri Lankan Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies,

2(1), 15-30.

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ePjpkd;w nrad;KiwfSk; tof;F epaha tprhuizAk;: ,yq;if fhop ... · Sri Lankan Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies Sri Lankan Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies, ,