EQ: How did colonization efforts vary among the

Spanish, the French, and the English in the New

World?• Spanish settlement north of New

Spain was slow• 1598, settlers led by Juan de Onate

pushed north of the Rio Grande River• Area north of New Spain called

New Mexico• Few Spaniards settled in the region• The Catholic Church began to

colonize the Southwest to spread Christian faith to Navajo and Pueblo peoples of the Southwest

• 1769, Franciscan missionaries led by father Junipero Serra took control of California• CA priests and missionaries forced

the native populations to live in villages near the missions• New Mexico; priests and missionaries

adapted to attempt to fit in with lifestyle of the Pueblo but also wanted to end traditional religious practice • Pueblo religious leader, Pope’

organized an uprising in 1680, destroyed most of the missions in NM

Spanish American Society• Cortes gave his men control over some of the towns

within the Aztec Empire starting the enconmienda system• Each deserving Spaniard was made a

(encomendero) commissioner- control over a group of villages• Villages paid a share of their harvest and worked

part-time for free for the encomendero, who was to provide protection and convert them to Christianity• Abused power, worked natives to death• New Spain structured society based on birth,

income, and education

• Peninsulares, born in Spain• Criollos- born in colonies to

Spanish parents- • Mestizos- people of Spanish and

Native American parents (frontier of inclusion)- • Labor• 1540s Spanish discovered silver

in northern Mexico- mining camps used Native American labor • To feed miners, Spanish

established large cattle ranches = haciendas

Columbian ExchangeFrom America to Europe:• -corn, peppers, cocoa, beans, disease

(syphilis), tobacco, squash and pumpkins, tomatoes, peanuts, and potatoes

From Europe to America:• -horses, pigs, cattle, disease (small pox,

flu, measles), honeybees, bananas, coffee, citrus fruit, grains, sugarcane, and West African slaves

New France• 1524; King Francis I sent Giovanni da Verrazano to

find a Northwest Passage- northern route thru North America to the Pacific, • Verrazano found no passage on Atlantic Coast from

NC to Newfoundland • 1534; Jacques Cartier explored and mapped the St.

Lawrence River• 1602; King Henry IV of France allowed a group

French merchants to create a colony• 1608; Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec-

capital of New France• New France grew slowly- most fur traders made

homes among Native Americans (frontier of inclusion)

• 1663; King Louis XIV made New France a royal colony• 1673 fur trader Louis Joliet and Jesuit

priest Jacques Marquette found the Mississippi River• 1682 Rene-Robert Cavelier de la Salle

followed the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico- claimed the region for France, named the area Louisiana in honor of Louis XIV• First permanent French settlement in

Louisiana was Biloxi in 1699• French needed large labor source-

imported enslaved Africans to work plantations

• Spanish founded St. Augustine, Florida in 1565 to stop French attempts to settle the Carolinas• St. Augustine prospered and

became the first permanent town est. by Europeans in area that would become the US• Spanish build a mission in East

Texas, San Francisco de los Tejas in 1690 to hold Spain’s claim and block French expansion into East Texas

• John Cabot- 1479, searched coast of North America for sea route to China, found no valuable resources to encourage migration • Late 1500s religious, economic,

and political change led to England establishing colonies in North America

Protestant Reformation• The Roman Catholic Church

controlled most of Western Europe until 1517• Martin Luther, German monk

published an attack on the Church, accusations of corruption • Luther called for reform

Protestant Reformation

• English citizens were divided over the newly established Church of England headed by King Henry VIII• Puritans wanted to purify the

Anglican Church of the Catholic elements• Puritan setback, 1600s, James I

became king, King James was Protestant, refused any changes to the structure of the Anglican Church• This made many Puritans leave

England for America

Economic Change• 1500s English landowners made more profit by evicting tenants, enclosing

the land, raising sheep• 1000s of tenant farmers homeless and poor• England’s population • Needed colonies to provide land and work for the growing # of unemployed• To sell woolen products merchants joined together and issued stock = some

organized joint stock companies• By combining and selling stock, raise large amounts of capital to fund major

projects such as establishing colonies around the world

England Turns to America• Looking to engage in the Asia trade, English

merchants continued to look for a water route through North America to Asia• Also due to a growing competition with Spain

-Strongest Protestant nation (England) vs the strongest Catholic nation (Spain)• Spain moved to suppress Protestantism in the

Netherlands, English Queen Elizabeth I authorized English privateers to attack Spanish shipping in the Caribbean• Needed outposts

• 1578 & 1583 Sir Humphrey Gilbert attempted and failed to establish a colony• Walter Raleigh sent to survey the coastline of

North America• Found coast of present day N.C. found island called

Roanoke, named the colony: Virginia • Raleigh sent settlers to Roanoke Island in 1585 and

again in 1587• First group went back to England after a hard

winter• The second group had disappeared by the time

English ships returned in 1590 • The cause of the delay in sending ships back to

Roanoke was due to the Spanish Armada

Spanish Armada• Spanish Armada sailed from Spain July, 1588• The Armada was to overthrow protestant England

led by Queen Elizabeth I• Spain controlled the Spanish Netherlands• Holland wanted independence, Protestants living

in secret• Spain used secret religious police called the

Inquisition to hunt for Protestants• Under Elizabeth England helped the Dutch

Protestants in Holland• If King Philip II of Spain had England, he could

control the English Channel

• Spanish troops in the Spanish Netherlands could be easily re-supplied• English “Sea Dogs” were taking/sinking

Spanish silver ships in the Caribbean-• 1587, Mary Queen of Scots was executed

under order by Queen Elizabeth- • The Armada was not a secret• Armada sailed July 19, 1588 – 130 ships• Armada faced little opposition as it sailed

on Cornwall, England July 29, 1588

• London had warning that the Armada was nearing the English coastline• Armada in the English Channel, it

was attacked by Sir Francis Drake doing little damage• Armada low on ammunition-

trapped in the English Channel- sailed north to Scotland- encountered an epic storm- lost many ships• Spain no longer had a naval

advantage over the English