Equity- Equality- Inclusion: Normative principles in development

Gabriele KöhlerDevelopment economist, MunichVisiting Fellow, IDS, Sussex

office@gabrielekoehler.netG.Koehler@ids.ac.ukwww.gabrielekoehler.net

Ludwig Maximilians UniversityPhD-Program International HealthModule I

Munich, 14 December 2011

Overview of presentation

I. Normative frameworkII. Developmental role of human

development, human rights, equity: income poverty, human development concept, social exclusion

III. Policies for human development, human rights, equity

I.) Normative frameworks

From physical investment to social capital – from the UN development decades to human development

From the UN’s social summits of the 1990s to the Millennium Declaration in 2000

From the Millenium Declaration to a new development constellation with multi-polar views and trends

I.) Normative frameworks Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948

comprehensive normative framework

The 2 Covenants 1966 on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights on Civil and Political Rights

The Right to Development 1986 economic, social, cultural and political development

International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination 1969 (CERD)

Convention on the Eradication of all Forms of Discrimination against Women 1979 (CEDAW)

Convention on the Rights of the Child 1990 (CRC)

I.) Normative frameworks

Recent developments: Emergence of rights oriented conventions and instruments in the UN context

FAO 2004, Voluntary Guidelines to Support the Progressive Realization of the Right to Adequate Food in the Context of National Food Security - includes livelihoods and land reform

World Health Assembly 2008 - return to Alma Ata primary health care for all

Global Social Floor Initiative since 2009 –striving for an ILO Recommendation on Social Protection for all 2012

MDGs 2010: more emphasis on equity, inclusion, human rights

Special rapporteurs - experts of OHCHR combining the humanist with the intellectual

I.) Normative frameworks• The Office of the High Commissioner on

Human Rights and the roles of the Special Rapporteurs

on poverty; the right to food; education; adequate housing; safe drinking water and sanitation; violence against women; right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest

attainable standard of physical and mental health) and other substantive areas.

II.) The developmental role of human development, human rights, and equity

(1) Income poverty

(2)The concept of human development and some reflections

(3)The concept of social exclusion

(1) Income poverty

Poverty is often defined as living below a defined poverty line, and halving poverty is one of the MDGs.

(1) Global income poverty

Income poverty But: number of extremely poor in Sub-

Saharan Africa and South Asia increased using $1.25 per personday income poverty

measure

Number of poor and vulnerable people: 2.5 billion persons using $2 per personday income

poverty measure

(2) The concept of human development

• A systematic examination of how human beings in each society live and what substantive freedoms they enjoy•A notion of the broadening of choices•Based on the idea that economic and social development matter

(2) The concept of human development

The Human Development Reports (HDRs) of UNDP in 1990 introduced a 3-pronged definition of human development

Distinctive human development discourse • Longevity

• Educational attainment

• incomes

• Concept adjusted for gender, for equity, and for multidimensional aspects of poverty• (UNDP Human Development Report 2010)

Worldwide trends in the Human Development Index, 1970-2010:

Weak relationship between economic growth and changes in health and education:

Wellbeing

Different discourses: Wellbeing as objective, subjective and

relational Multidimensional poverty Missing domains

Absolute poverty in Asia, Europe and Latin America

Sources: World Bank (2009), Gallup (2010)

Absolute poverty in Africa

A success story?

• A lower-middle income country• Average 5% annual growth rate since 1990• 60% of budget dedicated to social sectors• Nearly 100% primary enrollment in 2008• 80% health care coverage• ‘Prudent public debt management’ (42.8% of GDP in 2009) • 3% fiscal deficit • Inflation at approx. 3% in the 2000s

Source: OECD/AfDB/UNECA (2010), African Economic Outlook

Tunisia

Higher average incomes, better health and improved education do not automatically mean higher life satisfaction

3. The impact of social exclusion

Systematic social exclusions are the result of the intersecting inequalities

Cultural inequalities Spatial inequalities: Economic inequalities Political inequalities

The interaction of the exclusions explains the persistence of social exclusion over time. ( Naila Kabeer)

• Income/economic class/ access to productive assets

• Caste/clan• Ethnicity• Faith• Language• Health condition/communicable/visible

diseases• Ability/disability• Geographic location/”distance”/urban vs rural• Citizenship and migration status• Condition of menstruation • Sexual orientation• Recurrent emergency situations• Conflict situation • Age

Vectors of social exclusion G

EN

DE

R

(3) Impact of Social Exclusion

MDG outcomes perform worse among socially excluded groups – they need special measures to enable them to claim their rights to social services and public goods

Disparities based on social exclusion must be made more visible

Policies to address the inequities resulting from exclusion are needed

Intergenerational education impact on child situations

Prevalence of absolute child poverty by education level of the head of the household, in 2005 or last available year, %

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Non

e

Prim

ary

Seco

ndar

y

Non

-sta

ndar

d

No

educ

ation

Prim

ary

Seco

ndar

y

Hig

her

Non

e

Prim

ary

Seco

ndar

y +

Non

e

Prim

ary

Seco

ndar

y +

No

educ

ation

Prim

ary

Seco

ndar

y+

Bangladesh Bhutan India Nepal Pakistan

% c

hild

ren

expe

rienc

ing

at le

ast t

wo

seve

re d

epriv

ation

s

Religious affiliation and deprivations, BhutanSevere child deprivation by religion, Bhutan, most recent year available

since 2000

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Hindu Other Buddhist

% c

hild

ren

expe

rienc

ing

seve

re d

epriv

ation

At least one severedeprivation, %

At least twoseveredeprivations, %

Literacy rate of population aged 15 years and above by yearly HH income (Rural Myanmar)

Data Source: Ohnmar, Than-Tun-Sein, Ko-Ko-Zaw, Saw-Saw and Soe-Win. Household Income, Health and Education in Rural Myanmar. SOUTHEAST ASIAN J TROP MED PUBLIC HEALTH Volume 36 No 2 March 2005 , p532

Ethnic identity and school enrolment, Myanmar

Data Source: IDMC (2003). Conflict, poverty and language difference behind low school attendance in the ethnic states. Access to Education. Found on http://www.internal-displacement.org/idmc/website/countries.nsf/(httpEnvelopes)/17362FE0A66DDFA3802570B8005AAA68?OpenDocument

III. Policies for human development, human rights, and equity

Promoting equity, equality and inclusion

Equality is the principle that all human beings are equal and have equal rights

Equity is a principle that refers to fairness of treatment according to needs and specific requirements.

Approaches to address income poverty

Employment and decent work as the key response

Agricultural development, land reform, and rural off-farm employment opportunities, access to agricultural inputs and to (micro-) credit

Social protection as a core mechanism – social protection floors

Systematic income redistribution

New approaches to socio-economic policy: decent work agenda

Global jobs pact policies:

Retain employed in employment/rapid reentry/sustain enterprises/maintain wage levels

Support job creation/investment in employment-intensive sectors/green jobs

Protect persons/families affected: social protection Enhance support to women, men, youth Act simultaneously on labour demand and supply Equip workers with skills “for today and tomorrow” Use public employment guarantees, include informal economy Increase investment in infrastructure, R&D, public services

and “green production” Respect international labour standards

Social Protection Floor

Global social protection floor

Movement to adopt a social floor recommendation at 2012 ILO Conference

http://www.gopetition.com/petitions/signature-campaign-social-protection-floor.html

Policy approaches to create equitable access to social services

Ensure universal free social services delivery underpinned by health insurance in the case of health

services Equitable access to services, geographically and

socially Ensure equal quality of services – staffing, people

skills and material resources Ensure cultural sensitivity Ensure transparent information Enable inclusive participatory programming and

participation Valorise community-based services

Policy approaches to address exclusion

Include compensatory/reparatory measures to overcome generational exclusion – redress mechanisms

Address on-going exclusion and discrimination-affirmative action (reservation, representation, protective legislations, budget allocations, social protection cash transfers)

Protect against violence Address impunity Support public education to address

discrimination and exclusion Ensure inclusive health services Change disparaging language and

designations Enable inclusive programming-empowerment

Policy approachesUniversalism and targeting

Universalism is an approach in social policy that is rights based,and hence strives to cover all citizens with a social policy service or transfer, usually using taxes or other public resources to fund the intervention.

Targeting is a needs-based approach, covering those most vulnerable or the poorest as a priority, because funds are limited.

Emerging “innovations” in policy discourse

Multidimensional understanding of poverty Attention to employment and decent work Push for social protection & social protection floors Stronger emphasis on maternal and child health Recognition social exclusion with much more focus on

equity policies A discussion of tax reform incl progressive taxation Recognition of the role of agriculture, rural

development and the need for some kind of land reform

Universalism, social contract, rights based approach Acknowledgement of the role of the state

Emerging “innovations” in policy discourse

• G20 – Cannes final declaration (2011) Global strategy for growth and jobs

Employment and social protection More stable & resilient international monetary system Deepening financial sector reforms Addressing food price volatility, increasing agricultural

productivity Improving functioning of energy markets Pursuing fight against climate change Reinforcing multilateral trading system Development: investing for global growth Fight against corruption Intensifying fight against corruption Governance

Discussion:Health policies and inequities

How to address inequities in access, affordability and coverage What are the issues in your country

Advantages and disadvantages of either targeting or universal approaches In general In the health sector

References:  

Sabine Alkire 2011, Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative OPHI. OPHI – HDCA Summerschool 2011 Oxford Department of International Development. Queen Elizabeth House, University of Oxford. http://www.ophi.org.uk/teaching/short-courses/2011-summerschool/

Michelle Bachelet 2011. Social protection floor for a fair and inclusive globalization. Report of the Advisory Group chaired by Michelle Bachelet Convened by the ILO with the collaboration of the WHO. ILO 2011. www.ilo.org

Johannes Jütting, Jan Rieländer, Christopher Garroway 2011. Social cohesion - a useful framework for assessing social progress in fast growing countries.. Powerpoint presentation based on Perspectives on Global Development 2012. Social Cohesion in a Shifting World. OECD Development Centre

Naila Kabeer, Can the MDGs provide a pathway to social justice. The challenge of intersecting inequalities. IDS and UN MDG Achievement Fund. 2010. www.ids.ac.uk

Gabriele Köhler, Policies towards social inclusion. Global Social Policy. April 2009: pp. 24-29, Sage publications (have requested journal’s permission for access)

Gabriele Köhler, Des Gasper, Richard Jolly, Mara Simane 2011. Deepening the MDGs: human security. Conference on MDGs beyond 2015. German Development Institute. Bonn. November 2011. http://www.die-gdi.de/CMS-Homepage/openwebcms3_e.nsf/(ynDK_contentByKey)/MPHG-8JB9BB/$FILE/2-2%20Koehler%20et%20al%202011%20Human%20security.pdf

UN. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/

UN 1969. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/cerd.htm

UN 1979 Convention on the Eradication of all Forms of Discrimation against Women, http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/text/econvention.htm

UN 1990. Convention on the Rights of the Child. http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/crc.htm

 

UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Rethinking Poverty. Report on the World Social Situation 2010. United Nations, New York. http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/rwss/2010.html

 

UNDP 2009. Delivering On Commitments. UNDP in Action 2009/2010

UNICEF, Narrowing the gaps to meet the goals. Equity-focused approach to child survival and development. New York 7 September 2010. http://www.unicef.org/nutrition/index_55927.html

UN General Assembly. Declaration on the Right to Development. 4 December 1986, 97th plenary meeting. http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/41/a41r128.htm