Era of Reforms Era of Reforms America’s Early 19America’s Early 19thth

Century SocietyCentury Society

Unit IVBUnit IVB

AP United States HistoryAP United States History

Development of Antebellum American Development of Antebellum American SocietySociety

► Increased Social MobilityIncreased Social Mobility Urbanization, industrialization, geographic Urbanization, industrialization, geographic

expansionexpansion

►Expansion of the Middle ClassExpansion of the Middle Class Market economy, industrializationMarket economy, industrialization Less emphasis on land, more on goods and Less emphasis on land, more on goods and

servicesservices

►Role of the FamilyRole of the Family Home and family changed from source of Home and family changed from source of

productionproduction Became bastion of domestic lifestyleBecame bastion of domestic lifestyle

The NorthThe North

►Commercial farming and industrial Commercial farming and industrial developmentdevelopment

►Organized labor and dependenceOrganized labor and dependence► Increased urbanizationIncreased urbanization►Development of Old NorthwestDevelopment of Old Northwest►Concentration of reform movementsConcentration of reform movements► ImmigrationImmigration

The WestThe West

► The Frontier meant new opportunity and a The Frontier meant new opportunity and a promising futurepromising future Fur trading - Mountain MenFur trading - Mountain Men Cattle ranches - cowboysCattle ranches - cowboys MiningMining

► Extremely difficult life on the frontierExtremely difficult life on the frontier SquattersSquatters

► Experienced frontiersmen helped expansionExperienced frontiersmen helped expansion► Settlement, agricultural overuse, Settlement, agricultural overuse,

deforestation, hunting decimated the deforestation, hunting decimated the landscape and environmentlandscape and environment

The SouthThe South

► ““King Cotton” and cash crops in a plantation King Cotton” and cash crops in a plantation system with slaverysystem with slavery

► ““Peculiar Institution”Peculiar Institution” From “necessary evil” to “positive good”From “necessary evil” to “positive good” Southern paternalismSouthern paternalism

► Southern ThoughtSouthern Thought Feudal-like systemFeudal-like system Education Education Slavery and religion bondingSlavery and religion bonding Attached to traditions and customs as the North Attached to traditions and customs as the North

reformedreformed

King CottonKing Cotton

YearYear Exported Exported Cotton (lbs)Cotton (lbs)

$ Export Value$ Export Value % of Exports% of Exports

18001800 17,789,80317,789,803 $5,000,000$5,000,000 7%7%

18101810 93,261,46293,261,462 $15,108,000$15,108,000 22%22%

18201820 127,860,152127,860,152 $22,308,667$22,308,667 32%32%

18301830 298,459,102298,459,102 $29,674,883$29,674,883 41%41%

18401840 743,941,061743,941,061 $63,870,307$63,870,307 51%51%

18501850 635,381,604635,381,604 $71,984,616$71,984,616 49%49%

18601860 1,767,686,3381,767,686,338 $191,806,555$191,806,555 57%57%

Southern White SocietySouthern White Society► Planter ClassPlanter Class

20 or more slaves20 or more slaves 0.6% of Southern population0.6% of Southern population

► Small SlaveownersSmall Slaveowners 88% of slaveowners; strived to be Planters88% of slaveowners; strived to be Planters Usually worked in fields with slavesUsually worked in fields with slaves

► ProfessionalsProfessionals Lawyers, doctors, clergy, writersLawyers, doctors, clergy, writers Depended on planter classDepended on planter class

► Yeoman FarmersYeoman Farmers Backbone of Southern societyBackbone of Southern society Independent, self-sufficient, local commercial Independent, self-sufficient, local commercial

marketmarket► Poor WhitesPoor Whites

10% of population10% of population Pine barrens, pastoral farmingPine barrens, pastoral farming Considered lazy and uneducatedConsidered lazy and uneducated

Antebellum Blacks and SlavesAntebellum Blacks and Slaves► North provided economic opportunities North provided economic opportunities

but limited skilled labor and little to no but limited skilled labor and little to no civic rightscivic rights Northern blacks displaced by increasing Northern blacks displaced by increasing

immigrationimmigration► Southern free blacksSouthern free blacks

Limited opportunities and freedomsLimited opportunities and freedoms► Usually worked on plantations even after Usually worked on plantations even after

freedfreed► Voting restrictedVoting restricted► Education and assembly restrictedEducation and assembly restricted

► SlaverySlavery Increased due to King CottonIncreased due to King Cotton Upper South limited on slaveryUpper South limited on slavery Deep South more dependent on slavery Deep South more dependent on slavery

- cotton- cotton Internal slave trade expanded Internal slave trade expanded

dramaticallydramatically Slave drivers, servants, field handsSlave drivers, servants, field hands Gang system and Task systemGang system and Task system Most southern slaves attended white Most southern slaves attended white

master’s churches (Baptists and master’s churches (Baptists and Methodists)Methodists)

Despite conditions and separations, Despite conditions and separations, slaves bonded with family and faithslaves bonded with family and faith

Rebellions led restrictionsRebellions led restrictions► Anti-literacy lawsAnti-literacy laws► Slave codesSlave codes

Slave Population of the South Slave Population of the South (1860)(1860)

► South Carolina - 57%South Carolina - 57%►Mississippi - 55%Mississippi - 55%► Louisiana - 47%Louisiana - 47%► Alabama - 45%Alabama - 45%► Florida - 45%Florida - 45%►Georgia - 44%Georgia - 44%►North Carolina - 33%North Carolina - 33%► Virginia - 31%Virginia - 31%

► Texas - 30%Texas - 30%► Arkansas - 26%Arkansas - 26%► Tennessee - 25%Tennessee - 25%► Kentucky - 20%Kentucky - 20%►Maryland - 13%Maryland - 13%►Missouri - 10%Missouri - 10%►Delaware - 1.5%Delaware - 1.5%

Abolitionism and Antislavery ReformsAbolitionism and Antislavery Reforms Slavery considered a sin (religious) and a violation of natural rights Slavery considered a sin (religious) and a violation of natural rights

(ideological)(ideological) American Colonization Society (1816)American Colonization Society (1816)

► Founded by Quakers, abolitionists, former Upper South slaveowners, Henry Clay, James Founded by Quakers, abolitionists, former Upper South slaveowners, Henry Clay, James MonroeMonroe

► Colony in Liberia (1821-1822)Colony in Liberia (1821-1822) William Lloyd Garrison and the American Antislavery Society (1833-1870)William Lloyd Garrison and the American Antislavery Society (1833-1870)

► The LiberatorThe Liberator Newspaper publication to spread abolitionismNewspaper publication to spread abolitionism

► Absolute emancipation with no compensation for ownersAbsolute emancipation with no compensation for owners► Pacifism and women’s rights endorsement loses supportPacifism and women’s rights endorsement loses support

Elijah P. LovejoyElijah P. Lovejoy► Presbyterian minister, newspaper editor, abolitionistPresbyterian minister, newspaper editor, abolitionist► Murdered by pro-slavery mob in 1837 and becomes a martyr for abolitionist movementMurdered by pro-slavery mob in 1837 and becomes a martyr for abolitionist movement

Frederick DouglassFrederick Douglass► Former slave who promoted political and direct actionsFormer slave who promoted political and direct actions

Lines Being DrawnLines Being Drawn

William Lloyd Garrison

Frederick Douglass

John C. Calhoun

John C. Calhoun’s John C. Calhoun’s Speech on the Reception of Abolition PetitionsSpeech on the Reception of Abolition Petitions (1837)(1837)

► Such…is the language held towards us and ours. The peculiar institution of the South—that, on the maintenance of Such…is the language held towards us and ours. The peculiar institution of the South—that, on the maintenance of which the very existence of the slaveholding States depends, is pronounced to be sinful and odious, in the sight of which the very existence of the slaveholding States depends, is pronounced to be sinful and odious, in the sight of God and man; and this with a systematic design of rendering us hateful in the eyes of the world—with a view to a God and man; and this with a systematic design of rendering us hateful in the eyes of the world—with a view to a general crusade against us and our institutions. This, too, in the legislative halls of the Union; created by these general crusade against us and our institutions. This, too, in the legislative halls of the Union; created by these confederated States, for the better protection of their peace, their safety, and their respective institutions—and yet, confederated States, for the better protection of their peace, their safety, and their respective institutions—and yet, we, the representatives of twelve of these sovereign States against whom this deadly war is waged, are expected we, the representatives of twelve of these sovereign States against whom this deadly war is waged, are expected to sit here in silence, hearing ourselves and our constituents day after day denounced, without uttering a word; for to sit here in silence, hearing ourselves and our constituents day after day denounced, without uttering a word; for if we but open our lips, the charge of agitation is resounded on all sides, and we are held up as seeking to if we but open our lips, the charge of agitation is resounded on all sides, and we are held up as seeking to aggravate the evil which we resist. Every reflecting mind must see in all this a state of things deeply and aggravate the evil which we resist. Every reflecting mind must see in all this a state of things deeply and dangerously diseased.dangerously diseased.

► I do not belong to the school which holds that aggression is to be met by concession. Mine is the opposite creed, I do not belong to the school which holds that aggression is to be met by concession. Mine is the opposite creed, which teaches that encroachments must be met at the beginning, and that those who act on the opposite principle which teaches that encroachments must be met at the beginning, and that those who act on the opposite principle are prepared to become slaves. In this case, in particular, I hold concession or compromise to be fatal. If we are prepared to become slaves. In this case, in particular, I hold concession or compromise to be fatal. If we concede an inch, concession would follow concession—compromise would follow compromise, until our ranks would concede an inch, concession would follow concession—compromise would follow compromise, until our ranks would be so broken that effectual resistance would be impossible. We must meet the enemy on the frontier, with a fixed be so broken that effectual resistance would be impossible. We must meet the enemy on the frontier, with a fixed determination of maintaining our position at every hazard.determination of maintaining our position at every hazard.

► In one thing only are we inferior—the arts of gain; we acknowledge that we are less wealthy than the Northern In one thing only are we inferior—the arts of gain; we acknowledge that we are less wealthy than the Northern section of this Union, but I trace this mainly to the fiscal action of this Government, which has extracted much from, section of this Union, but I trace this mainly to the fiscal action of this Government, which has extracted much from, and spent little among us. Had it been the reverse—if the exaction had been from the other section, and the and spent little among us. Had it been the reverse—if the exaction had been from the other section, and the expenditure with us, this point of superiority would not be against us now, as it was not at the formation of this expenditure with us, this point of superiority would not be against us now, as it was not at the formation of this Government.Government.

► But let me not be understood as admitting, even by implication, that the existing relations between the two races But let me not be understood as admitting, even by implication, that the existing relations between the two races in the slaveholding States is an evil—far otherwise; I hold it to be a good, as it has thus far proved itself to be to in the slaveholding States is an evil—far otherwise; I hold it to be a good, as it has thus far proved itself to be to both, and will continue to prove so if not disturbed by the fell spirit of abolition. I appeal to facts. Never before has both, and will continue to prove so if not disturbed by the fell spirit of abolition. I appeal to facts. Never before has the black race of Central Africa, from the dawn of history to the present day, attained a condition so civilized and so the black race of Central Africa, from the dawn of history to the present day, attained a condition so civilized and so improved, not only physically, but morally and intellectually. It came among us in a low, degraded, and savage improved, not only physically, but morally and intellectually. It came among us in a low, degraded, and savage condition, and in the course of a few generations it has grown up under the fostering care of our institutions, as condition, and in the course of a few generations it has grown up under the fostering care of our institutions, as reviled as they have been, to its present comparatively civilized condition. This, with the rapid increase of numbers, reviled as they have been, to its present comparatively civilized condition. This, with the rapid increase of numbers, is conclusive proof of the general happiness of the race, in spite of all the exaggerated tales to the contrary.is conclusive proof of the general happiness of the race, in spite of all the exaggerated tales to the contrary.

► But I take higher ground. I hold that in the present state of civilization, where two races of different origin, and But I take higher ground. I hold that in the present state of civilization, where two races of different origin, and distinguished by color, and other physical differences, as well as intellectual, are brought together, the relation now distinguished by color, and other physical differences, as well as intellectual, are brought together, the relation now existing in the slaveholding States between the two, is, instead of an evil, a good—a positive good.existing in the slaveholding States between the two, is, instead of an evil, a good—a positive good.

► I might well challenge a comparison between them and the more direct, simple, and patriarchal mode by which the I might well challenge a comparison between them and the more direct, simple, and patriarchal mode by which the labor of the African race is, among us, commanded by the European. I may say with truth, that in few countries so labor of the African race is, among us, commanded by the European. I may say with truth, that in few countries so much is left to the share of the laborer, and so little exacted from him, or where there is more kind attention paid to much is left to the share of the laborer, and so little exacted from him, or where there is more kind attention paid to him in sickness or infirmities of age. Compare his condition with the tenants of the poor houses in the more civilized him in sickness or infirmities of age. Compare his condition with the tenants of the poor houses in the more civilized portions of Europe—look at the sick, and the old and infirm slave, on one hand, in the midst of his family and portions of Europe—look at the sick, and the old and infirm slave, on one hand, in the midst of his family and friends, under the kind superintending care of his master and mistress, and compare it with the forlorn and friends, under the kind superintending care of his master and mistress, and compare it with the forlorn and wretched condition of the pauper in the poor house.wretched condition of the pauper in the poor house.

► Be assured that emancipation itself would not satisfy these fanatics—that gained, the next step would be to raise Be assured that emancipation itself would not satisfy these fanatics—that gained, the next step would be to raise the negroes to a social and political equality with the whites; and that being effected, we would soon find the the negroes to a social and political equality with the whites; and that being effected, we would soon find the present condition of the two races reversed. They and their northern allies would be the masters, and we the present condition of the two races reversed. They and their northern allies would be the masters, and we the slaves; slaves;

The LiberatorThe Liberator First Issue, William First Issue, William Lloyd Garrison (1831)Lloyd Garrison (1831)

► ““During my recent tour for the purpose of exciting the minds During my recent tour for the purpose of exciting the minds of the people by a series of discourses on the subject of of the people by a series of discourses on the subject of slavery, every place that I visited gave fresh evidence of the slavery, every place that I visited gave fresh evidence of the fact, that a greater revolution in public sentiment was to be fact, that a greater revolution in public sentiment was to be effected in the free states – and particularly in New England – effected in the free states – and particularly in New England – than at the south. I found contempt more bitter, opposition than at the south. I found contempt more bitter, opposition more active, detraction more relentless, prejudice more more active, detraction more relentless, prejudice more stubborn, and apathy more frozen, than among slave owners stubborn, and apathy more frozen, than among slave owners themselves.”themselves.”

► “…“…yea, till every chain be broken, and every bondman set yea, till every chain be broken, and every bondman set free! Let Southern oppressors tremble – let their secret free! Let Southern oppressors tremble – let their secret abettors tremble – let their Northern apologists tremble – let abettors tremble – let their Northern apologists tremble – let all the enemies of the persecuted blacks tremble.”all the enemies of the persecuted blacks tremble.”

► ““I will be as harsh as truth, and as uncompromising as justice. I will be as harsh as truth, and as uncompromising as justice. On this subject, I do not wish to think, or speak, or write, with On this subject, I do not wish to think, or speak, or write, with moderation. No! no! Tell a man whose house is on fire, to give moderation. No! no! Tell a man whose house is on fire, to give a moderate alarm… but urge me not to use moderation in a a moderate alarm… but urge me not to use moderation in a cause like the present. I am in earnest – I will not equivocate – cause like the present. I am in earnest – I will not equivocate – I will not excuse – I will not retreat a single inch – AND I WILL I will not excuse – I will not retreat a single inch – AND I WILL BE HEARD.”BE HEARD.”

Abolition or Union…What is Abolition or Union…What is Right?Right?

► ““I am not, nor ever have been, in favor of bringing I am not, nor ever have been, in favor of bringing about in any way the social and political equality of about in any way the social and political equality of the white and black races, that I am not nor ever the white and black races, that I am not nor ever have been in favor of making voters or jurors of have been in favor of making voters or jurors of negroes, nor of qualifying them to hold office, nor to negroes, nor of qualifying them to hold office, nor to intermarry with white people; and I will say in intermarry with white people; and I will say in addition to this that there is a physical difference addition to this that there is a physical difference between the white and black races which I believe between the white and black races which I believe will forever forbid the two races living together on will forever forbid the two races living together on terms of social and political equality. And inasmuch terms of social and political equality. And inasmuch as they cannot so live, while they do remain together as they cannot so live, while they do remain together there must be the position of superior and inferior, there must be the position of superior and inferior, and I as much as any other man am in favor of having and I as much as any other man am in favor of having the superior position assigned to the white race. I say the superior position assigned to the white race. I say upon this occasion I do not perceive that because the upon this occasion I do not perceive that because the white man is to have the superior position the negro white man is to have the superior position the negro should be denied everything. I do not understand that should be denied everything. I do not understand that because I do not want a negro woman for a slave I because I do not want a negro woman for a slave I must necessarily want her for a wife. My must necessarily want her for a wife. My understanding is that I can just let her alone.” understanding is that I can just let her alone.”

Slave RevoltsSlave Revolts Nat TurnerNat Turner

► Inspired by rhetoric for Inspired by rhetoric for direct action and resistancedirect action and resistance

► Revolt in Virginia in 1831 Revolt in Virginia in 1831 led to 55 white deathsled to 55 white deaths

► Whites retaliated with Whites retaliated with brutality and quashed anti-brutality and quashed anti-slavery discussions in the slavery discussions in the SouthSouth

La AmistadLa Amistad Case (1839- Case (1839-1941)1941)► African slaves rebel on African slaves rebel on

Spanish shipSpanish ship► John Q. Adams argues their John Q. Adams argues their

case to Supreme Court and case to Supreme Court and helps earn their freedomhelps earn their freedom

► Inspires abolitionism in Inspires abolitionism in northern statesnorthern states

Amistad

►White House Dinner Scene►U.S. Supreme Court Argument by John

Quincy Adams

Free and Slave States (1789-Free and Slave States (1789-1861)1861)

Antebellum WomenAntebellum Women► Cult of Domesticity OR “Cult of True Womanhood”Cult of Domesticity OR “Cult of True Womanhood”

Women as moral leaders in the home, especially among Women as moral leaders in the home, especially among middle-class and urban familiesmiddle-class and urban families

A model of piety and virtueA model of piety and virtue Provide husband a safe refuge from the worldProvide husband a safe refuge from the world

► Urbanization and industrialization rigidly establish the Urbanization and industrialization rigidly establish the American familyAmerican family Men out of the home at jobsMen out of the home at jobs Women at home for domestic dutiesWomen at home for domestic duties

► Single women mostly in factories while married stayed Single women mostly in factories while married stayed homehome

► Chivalry toward Southern womenChivalry toward Southern women► Western women had hard livesWestern women had hard lives► Limited to no civic opportunitiesLimited to no civic opportunities

Women’s Rights MovementWomen’s Rights Movement► Increasing animosity toward Increasing animosity toward

secondary statussecondary status► Letter on the Condition of Letter on the Condition of

Women and the Equality of Women and the Equality of the Sexes the Sexes (1837) - Sarah (1837) - Sarah GrimkeGrimke Genders are equal in standingGenders are equal in standing Men have kept women in Men have kept women in

inferior positionsinferior positions Women capable of same skills Women capable of same skills

as menas men Worked with her sister, Worked with her sister,

AngelinaAngelina► Seneca Falls Convention Seneca Falls Convention

(1848)(1848) Declaration of SentimentsDeclaration of Sentiments Led to rise of Lucretia Mott, Led to rise of Lucretia Mott,

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. AnthonySusan B. Anthony

Seneca Falls DeclarationSeneca Falls Declaration► ““We hold these truth to be self-evident; that all men and women are created equal…”We hold these truth to be self-evident; that all men and women are created equal…”► “…“…establishment of an absolute tyranny over her.”establishment of an absolute tyranny over her.”► ““He has never permitted her to exercise her inalienable right to the elective franchise…He has never permitted her to exercise her inalienable right to the elective franchise…

thereby leaving her without representation…he has oppressed her on all sides.”thereby leaving her without representation…he has oppressed her on all sides.”► ““He has withheld from her rights which are given to the most ignorant and degraded men He has withheld from her rights which are given to the most ignorant and degraded men

– both natives and foreigners.”– both natives and foreigners.”► ““He has made her, if married, in the eye of the law, civilly dead.”He has made her, if married, in the eye of the law, civilly dead.”► ““He has taken from her all right in property, even to the wages she earns.”He has taken from her all right in property, even to the wages she earns.”► ““He has made her, morally, an irresponsible being, as she can commit many crimes with He has made her, morally, an irresponsible being, as she can commit many crimes with

impunity, provided they be done in the presence of her husband…compelled to promise impunity, provided they be done in the presence of her husband…compelled to promise obedience…he becoming to all intents and purposes, her master…”obedience…he becoming to all intents and purposes, her master…”

► ““He has monopolized nearly all profitable employments…[as] a teacher of theology, He has monopolized nearly all profitable employments…[as] a teacher of theology, medicine, or law, she is not known.”medicine, or law, she is not known.”

► ““He has denied her the facilities for obtaining a thorough education…”He has denied her the facilities for obtaining a thorough education…”► ““He allows her in Church, as well as State, but a subordinate position, claiming Apostolic He allows her in Church, as well as State, but a subordinate position, claiming Apostolic

authority for her exclusion from the ministry…”authority for her exclusion from the ministry…”► ““He has created a false public sentiment by giving to the world a different code of morals He has created a false public sentiment by giving to the world a different code of morals

for men and women…”for men and women…”► ““He has endeavored, in every way that he could, to destroy her confidence in her own He has endeavored, in every way that he could, to destroy her confidence in her own

powers, to lessen her self-respect and to make her willing to lead a dependent and abject powers, to lessen her self-respect and to make her willing to lead a dependent and abject life.”life.”

► ““ResolvedResolved, That the speedy success of our cause upon the zealous and untiring efforts of , That the speedy success of our cause upon the zealous and untiring efforts of both men and women, for the overthrow of the monopoly of the pulpit, and for the both men and women, for the overthrow of the monopoly of the pulpit, and for the securing to women an equal participation with men in various trades, professions, and securing to women an equal participation with men in various trades, professions, and commerce.”commerce.”

► ““Resolved, thereforeResolved, therefore, That, being invested by the Creator with the same capabilities, and , That, being invested by the Creator with the same capabilities, and the same consciousness of responsibility for their exercise, it is demonstrably the right the same consciousness of responsibility for their exercise, it is demonstrably the right and duty of woman, equally with man, to promote every righteous cause by every and duty of woman, equally with man, to promote every righteous cause by every righteous means…”righteous means…”

ImmigrationImmigration► Immigrants continue to arrive Immigrants continue to arrive

in United States seeking in United States seeking opportunity and/or fleeing opportunity and/or fleeing homeland difficultieshomeland difficulties 1820 10 million to 60,0001820 10 million to 60,000 1830 12.5 million to 143,0001830 12.5 million to 143,000 1840 17 million to 600,0001840 17 million to 600,000 1850 23 million to 1.7 million1850 23 million to 1.7 million

► Democratic PartyDemocratic Party► Irish Potato Famine (1840s)Irish Potato Famine (1840s)

Large influx of Irish immigrantsLarge influx of Irish immigrants► GermansGermans► Mexican-American War by 1849Mexican-American War by 1849► California Gold Rush 1849-1850California Gold Rush 1849-1850► NativistsNativists

Anti-immigrants, anti-CatholicAnti-immigrants, anti-Catholic Know-Nothing PartyKnow-Nothing Party