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ERDA, for measurement of hydrogen in PV applications
-- DERF 06/08 --
Presented by: Andrew Thomson
Supervisor: Dr Keith McIntosh
Introduction
Specialised form of ion beam analysis. Understand the role of H in passivation. Measuring SC dielectric coatings and silicon—
dielectric interfaces, after various treatments. Overview:
Really what is ERD – fancy RBS
Measurement of backscattered particle energy.
Gives energy count and yield.
Knowing “R cross-sections” give quantative measurement.
Generalised ERD setup
Forward scatter measured. Incident ion suppressed. Experimental cross-sections. RBS and ERD combined. Generally energy only is
measured.
Resolution limits
Detection limits:• For an optimised sample 20 ppm, up to 1000nm depth.
Comparative techniques:• SIMS, similar resolution, better depth resolution.• FTIR, measures bonds, unsure of resolution.
The physics of ERD – descriptively
Single atomic layer
Multiple layers add spread• Increased variance.• Straggle lowers energy.• Measured spectrum
convolution of input spectrum with straggling function.
The physics of ERD – descriptively
Example of an ideal RBS spectrum:• Generalised two part
dielectric on a substrate.
Example of an actual silicon substrate.
Setup at ANSTO – Lucas Heights
Setup at ANSTO – Lucas Heights
3 MeV tandem accelerator with a He ion source So far we have used an incident power of 1.8 MeV. Mylar foil RBS: • Θ = 170 °, β = 60 °, α = 70 °.
ERD:• Θ = 30 °, β = 80 °, α = 70 °.
RBS and ERD measurements
RB Spectra of a TiO2
dielectric layer on.
ERD specra Shows surface
absorption of H
Modelling Spectrums
Guess work: • Layers.• Energy per channel.• Incident flux. • Substrate.
Experience needed:
Modelling Spectrums – RBS TiO2
Modelling Spectrums – ERD TiO2
PECVD vs. TiO2
PECVD
Optimised TiO2
Plans for PV applications of ERDA
Hydrogen characterisation:• Basic PV processing steps.• PV dielectrics.
• Hydrogenated TiO2
• Degradation processes.
Other applications:• Boron, and phos profiles.
• Densification of TiO2.