Ergonomic and Manual Handling

8/10/2019 Ergonomic and Manual Handling

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1

Zainorinali


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Anyone Hurt?

Anyone Hurt?


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OBJECTIVES

At the end of the session, participants

should be able to:

State the definition of manual handling

List at least 4 accidents that can occurduring manual handling works

State 4 factors that influence manual

handling Discuss safety measures before and

during manual handling works

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Objective

State the factors that contribute to MSDs

Explain at least 3 types of work activitiesand ergonomic risk factors

Explain at least 3 MSDs and the affectedbody parts

Elaborate at least 2 system approaches tomanage MSDs

List at lease 3 early detection methods andsymptoms

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SCOPE Definition

Objective of Ergonomics

Statutory Requirements

Ergonomics Risk FactorsAccident Statistics

Anatomy

Mechanic

Manual handling

Injuries

Consideration

Strategies & Techniques 5


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SCOPE Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs)

Factor

Related Disease

Systems approach to manage MSDs

Early detection and reporting of symptoms

Safety measures before and during works

Ergonomics Improvements

Proactive Plan

Job Analysis

Training

Conclusion 6


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Positive Values via the

Ergonomic Approach

For the

EMPLOYER

For the

EMPLOYEE

Performance

Quality, Productivity, Flexibility

Safety and Health,

Comfortability, Satisfaction

Reduced worker absenteeism and

turnover, open to changes

EMPLOYEE

welfare

EMPLOYER

welfare


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What is Ergonomics?

The term ergonomics is derived from two Greek

words:

ergon, meaning work nomos, meaning natural laws

Efficient and Safe Arrangement of Working Conditions

Machines/Equipments

People


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What is Ergonomics?

The science and art of Fitting the task tothe employee

The Dual Goals Minimize

injuries

Improve productivity & quality


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Objectives of Ergonomics

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To increase levels of work efficiency and

effectiveness or any related activity

undertaken such as through reduction of

mistakes, increase of productivity andsimplification of tasks.

To increase positive human values such as

increased safety, reduced fatigue and stress,increased work comfortability and increased

quality of work and life in general.
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Purpose of Ergonomics

Optimal work

system

Tolerable work system

Acceptable work

system

The aim of the risk assessment process is

to remove a hazard or reduce the level of

its risk by adding precautions or controlmeasures, as necessary. By doing so, you

have created a safer and healthier

workplace.


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Balance Theory

Human Factor

Work Factor

Technology Factor

Work

Environment

Factor

Organisational

Factor

Each component have +ve & -ve relationship in balance.

Impact on worker performance, stress, job satisfaction

work like a good team player

to maintain harmony and balance

people are comfortable with balance attitudes
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Approach:Fitting the Worker to the Task, or the Task to

the Worker?

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Human actions

Redesign

Restructure

Additions

WorkTasks done by

machines

Tasks done by

humans

Not suitable

Select

Train

Human factors

Is it well-suited?

Is it optimal?

B h f E i
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Branches of Ergonomics

PsychologyAnthropometrics Biomechanics Physiology

ERGONOMICS

The study of the human body

and its movement, often

involving research into

measurements relating to

people.

It also involves collecting

statistics or measurement

relevant to the human body,

called Anthropometric Data.

When anthropometric data isapplied to a product, e.g.

measurements of the hand

are used to design the shape

and size of a handle. Hair

Dryer.

Mechanics= study the

effect of forces on bodies

during static and dynamic

situations.

Biomechanics is the

application of mechanical

principles to living

structures either animals

or human being at rest &

during movement.

Biomechanics deals with

the locomotion system

which is the

musculoskeletal system

(Bones, Joints and

Muscles).

the way in which a

living organism or

bodily part functions.

Physiological

problems occur when

the body is required

to do too much work,

to work awkwardly or

to work under bad

environmental

conditions.

The science that deals

with mental processes

and behavior.


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Metabolism, breathing, temperature

and heartbeat as work load indicators

Work Load

Assessment

Usage of

Oxygen(liter/min)

Lung

Breathing(liter/min)

Rectal

Temperature(C)

Heartbeat(beat/min)

Very low (resting) 0.250.3 6 - 7 37.5 60 - 70

Low 0.5 - 1 11 - 20 37.5 75 - 100

Moderate 1 - 1.5 20 - 31 37.5-38 100125

High 1.5 - 2 3143 3838.5 125150

Very high 2 - 2.5 4356 38.539 150175

Extreme

(sport)

2.4 - 4 60 - 100 > 39 > 175


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STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS

Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994

General responsibility of the employer and self-

employed

The making of arrangements for ensuring, so faras practicable, safety and absence of risks to

health in connection with the use or operation,handling, storage and transport of plant andsubstances. (Section 15 (2)(b))

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STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS

Factories and Machinery Act 1967

Section 12 No person shall be employed to lift, carry or

move any load so heavy as to be likely to causebodily injury to him.

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Working Conditions

Physical Conditions Force

Pushing


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Working Conditions

Physical Conditions Lifting

Handling


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Working Conditions

Physical Conditions Lifting

Handling


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Ergonomic Risk Factors

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Doing repetitive work

Use of excessive force

Improper or static body posture
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Work in long duration

Vibrationdue to hand tools

Contact stresson the blood veins, muscles

and tendons due to contact stress due to

use of hand tools/equipments



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Working Conditions

Awkward Postures


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Working Conditions

Awkward Postures


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Working Conditions

Awkward Postures


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Working Conditions

Repetitive Motion
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Types of activities and

Ergonomic risk factorsNo. Activity and Physical

work situation

Possible ergonomic

risk factors

1. Use of excessive force to ensure

completion of work process

Force, posture, pressure

2. Repetition of the same movements Posture,force,cold temperature,

repetition

3. Consistent movements without

sufficient resting time

Repetition, force, posture,

pressure, vibration

4. Work requiring long reach ability Posture, force

5. Work surface that is either too highor too low Posture, force, pressure

6. Static position or posture while at

work

Posture, force
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No. Activity and Physical

work situation

Possible ergonomic

risk factors

7. Sitting for long durations Posture, pressure

8. Use of hand tools or power tools Posture, pressure, vibration

9. Vibrating work surface, machinery

or vehicle

Vibration, force

10. Movement of heavy loads Force

11. Horizontal reach Repetition, posture

12. Vertical reach below the knee or

above the shoulder

Posture, pressure

Types of activities and

Ergonomic risk factors


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Accident Statistics

Largest cause of accidents at work

37% Manual Handling

19% Slips, Trips and Falls12% Other Causes

20% Struck by an Object

7% Falling from Height

5% Machinery


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Accident Statistics

Interpreted another way - the overall figureof 37% means that:

86000 people are absent daily

26,500,000 working days are lost annually1000,000,000 is lost in production,

sickness benefit and medical costs

In terms of suffering each injury results in an

average of 20 days off work

some never

fully recover. Four out of five people suffer

with back related problems at some time the

risk is greater after the age of 30.


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AnatomySpine

Three main functions

To protect the spinal cord

To allow movement.

To support the upper body

Complex System

Spinal Cord

Nerves Ligaments

Muscles & Tendons


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Anatomy

Spine - Strong and Flexible Gentle S bend Move or lift in wrong way balance can

be disturbed

Problems contributory factors

Poor physical condition Posture

Lack of exercise Excess weight Illness


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Vertebrae

33 bones the top 24 areseparated by discs

Each vertebrae has 4 jointswhich enables movementVertebrae are larger towards

the bottom of the spine

Vertebrae

Spinal CordDisc


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Anatomy

Discs

Act as shock absorbers

Firmly attached to

vertebrae Poor blood supply

Annulus stretches andrelaxes duringmovement. Disc

Nucleus

Annulus


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AnatomyDiscs

Repeated stressescan cause minutetears and bulging ofthe disk.

Presses on adjacentnerves and ligamentspins & needles,pain, numbness

Commonly called a

slipped disc


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Muscles Muscles are bundles of fibre which enable

movement

Messages from the brain cause them to contractand relax

Connected by tendons and when musclescontract the bones are drawn closer together

A damaged muscle is called a strain


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Ligaments & Nerves

LigamentsStrong fibrous tissue

Small degree of

elasticity

Stooped back posturecan result in

permanent

elongation

weakness and pain

Damaged if stretched

too far and torn

called a sprain.

NervesMillions of fibres

transmitting electrical

impulses

Vertebrae enclose andprotect

Nerves branch out from the

spinal cord and pass

between vertebraeIrritated nerves can be felt

right along there length

called sciatica


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Mechanics Balance point is through centre of body when

standing

A load held in front disturbs the balance - tension isgenerated in the back muscles to compensate

Forms a lever effect

Average person holding a 10kg load at arms lengthgenerates a counterbalancing tension up to 10 timesmore to avoid falling over

High or repetitive levels of tension in the back cancause damage called muscle strain


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Mechanics

Centre of Gravity

Centre of Gravity

Lever effect is reduced if load held closer to the body


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UNSAFE ACT

MENGANGKAT OBJEK MELEBIHI 1 / 3 BERAT BADAN


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MANUAL HANDLING

Definition:

Any lifting, lowering, pushing, pulling,moving, shifting, holding or supporting a loadthat is done manually

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MANUAL HANDLINGAccidents related to manual handling

works

Accidentally letting go of load

Crushed by load

Fall while carrying load

Contact with sharp edges of load

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MANUAL HANDLING


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MANUAL HANDLINGTYPES OF INJURIES

(2) Internal injuries

Muscle or ligament tear

Damage to jointsknee, ankle, shoulder, arm

Slipped disc Hernia Rheumatism

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MANUAL HANDLING
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MANUAL HANDLINGCONSIDERATIONS

Factorsthat need to be considered in

manual handling works include:

1. Size of load

2. Condition of load

3. Physical shape of load

4. Weight load

5. Level of sturdiness

6. External surface of load

7. Position of load

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MANUAL HANDLING
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8. Condition of floor surface

9. Head room

10. Temperature

11. Lighting

12. Physical and mental fitness

of worker

13. Lifting equipment

14. Worker clothing

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MANUAL HANDLING


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1) Size of load

Big or small Example:

50 kg cement 50 kg cotton

Although they have the same weight, thesize is different

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MANUAL HANDLING
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2) Condition of load

Liquid

Solid

Gas

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MANUAL HANDLING


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3) Physical Shape of Load

Examples:

Round Square / triangular Oval Flat

Long

When lifting, load has to be balanced

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MANUAL HANDLING
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4) Weight of load

The weight of the load has to be known before

handling

Purpose - to identify

Method of handling Worker capability

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MANUAL HANDLING


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5)Level of sturdiness

The load may change shape upon

handling

This will cause difficulties in holding

and gripping the load

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MANUAL HANDLING


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6) External surface of load

Rough

Smooth

Uneven

Example:

Plastic bag, sack, paper, metals all have different surfaces

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MANUAL HANDLING


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7) Position of load

Position of load that needs to be handled

Load is on the floor

Load is located above head level

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MANUAL HANDLING


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8) Condition of floor

Slippery Soft

Uneven

Stability and condition of the floor isimportant for balancing purposes

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MANUAL HANDLING


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9) Head room

Sufficient head room to avoid bumpinghead onto surface

Most manual handling works involvelimited head room

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MANUAL HANDLING


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10) Temperature

Temperature influences the method andspeed of a workers movements:

Coldmuscles are tensed Hotbody loses a lot of water

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MANUAL HANDLING


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11) Lighting

Dark work environments can lead toaccidents. This is because workers arenot able to decipher the route and anyobstructions on the floor/along the way

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MANUAL HANDLING


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12) Worker physical and mental fitness

Physical capabilityAge

Health and fitness level

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MANUAL HANDLING


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13) Lifting equipment

Equipment used to assist in manual handling

activities such as trolleys and pulleys

Equipment design is suitable to the activityand load

Equipment is properly

maintained

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MANUAL HANDLING


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14) Worker clothing

Suitable to individual work task Comfortable

Protects worker from manual handling hazardsthis includes the provision and use of PPE

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MANUAL HANDLING


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MANUAL HANDLINGSTRATEGIES

Identify load / material to be handled

Identify the location and destination of the

loadAssess the potential risks

Select suitable manual handling method

Conduct safety assessment before starting

work Monitor work activities

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MANUAL HANDLING


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MANUAL HANDLINGTECHNIQUES

(1) Illustration PM1

Handling of sack / bag Grip / hold from bottom. Grip using palm and

fingers



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ILLUSTRATION PM1

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ILLUSTRATION PM2

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ILLUSTRATION PM3

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Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs)A situation arising by excessive use resulting in wear and tear to muscles,

tendons, joints and surrounding tissuesIn the long term, may result in incapability to use the related body part

I
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Disease, injury

Clear symptoms

Swelling, pain

(affecting performance)

bodily aches, minor pains

uncomfortable, fatigue

(normal)

Incapacity

ncapableLevel

Affec

tingLevel

WarningLevel

Factors that contribute
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Factors that contribute

to MSDs

Speed of work being undertaken

Use of computers and its accessories in

the office

Elderly workforce

List of MSDs related diseases and
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affected body parts

Thumb Pain at the end

of the thumb

Twisting and

clenching

Animal

slaughterers,

housemaids,

packagers

de

Quervains

disease

Fingers Difficulty to move

fingers,

interrupted hand

movements

Repetition using

little finger

Meat packagers,

poultry farm

workers,

electronics

operators

trigger

finger

Shoulder Pain, aches Working with

hands above

shoulder level

Welders, painters,

assembly workers,

operators of

automatic and

powered

equipments

rotator cuff

tendonitis

Affectedbody part Symptom Types ofdisease

Employeesat risk

Source ofdisease

-

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Affected

body part Symptom Types of

disease

Employees

at riskSource of

disease-

Hand, wrist Pain, swelling,

aches

Repetitive hand

and wrist

movement andexcessive use of

force

Poultry farm

workers, meat

packagers

Tenosynovitis

Fingers, hand Numbness, ticklish,

loss of sense offeel and hand

control

Exposure to

vibration

Users of saws,

pneumatic toolsand petrol powered

equipments

Raynauds

syndrome

affected body parts

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Affected

body part Symptom Types of

disease

Employees

at risk

Source of

disease-

Fingers, wrist Ticklish, numbness,

severe pain, loss of

sense of feel atthumb, middle

finger and part of

the ring finger

Repetitive work

using excessive

force, withoutsufficient rest

Meat and poultry

farm workers,

clothesmanufacturers,

VDT operators,

cashiers

Carpal tunnel

syndrome

Back Spinal pain,numbnessat thigh

and surrounding

areas

Vibration Bus, lorry,commuter, taxi

drivers, warehouse

workers, nurses,

cashiers and

baggage handlers

Injury toback/spine

affected body parts

Types of MSDs
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Types of MSDs

Tendon related diseasehappens at or close to the joints where there is friction

between the tendons and ligamentsand/or bones

Repeated contact or friction resulting in cut severe of

tendons or swelling at the shield due to over production and

gathering of the cynovial liquid

Example:

tendonitis, trigger finger,de Quervains disease tenosynovitis
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Nerve related diseases

Happens when work is done repetitively, resulting in

exposure of the nerves to pressure from hard or sharp work

surfaces and equipment edges, or even surrounding

bones, ligaments and tendons.

Effects of numbnessand pain will be felt for a period of time

Example:

Carpal tunnel syndrome

Types of MSDs
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Systems approach to


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y pp

manage MSDs

First PhaseBefore Onset

Conduct comprehensive review of existing and new

job tasks Purpose: to identify the ergonomic risk factors that

may result in future MSDs problems

Giving priority to the critical ergonomic risk factors

and taking necessary action

Systems approach to
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Second Phase - Current

Identify problems that may arise before serious

implications through the development andimplementation of an early detection system, medical

surveillance, and specific treatments

The role of a medical practitioner is important to

ensure the success of this system and success in

managing MSDs related diseases

y pp

manage MSDs

Systems approach to


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Third Phase - After Review of the work system through interaction with

workers such as interviews with affected workers and

studying their respective job tasks in comparison with

existing work procedures

Requires cooperation from various parties; the

respective worker, supervisors, engineers, medical

practitioners in order to develop a strategy for the

prevention and reduction of ergonomic risk factors atwork

y pp

manage MSDs

MSDsthe way in which aliving organism or

bodily part

The science that dealswith mental processes

and behavior


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Physiological Psychosocial

Fatigue Pressure Individualfactors

Stress

Insufficientoxygen

Movement

Muscles

Recovery

Cumulative

effect

Local

Symptoms

RPE

Borg scale Behaviour patterns

Ergonomic risk

factors

RepetitionForce

Posture

Long durations

Vibration

Pressure

External factorsWork

Technology

Environment

Organisation

Controllable factors

bodily part

functions

Rated Perceived Exertion

Perceived exertion is how

hard you feel like yourbody is working.

the characteristic ways in which

a person or animal acts

Early detection and reporting of


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symptoms

Continuous pain after weeks of involvement in newjob

Sudden pain in worker that has been on the same

job for a long time

Pain that is getting worse

Pain that is centered at certain muscles

Signs of numbness and aches

Signs of redness and swelling

SAFETY MEASURES


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SAFETY MEASURESBEFORE HANDLING

Study whether the weight of the load can bedistributed

Adjust the shape of a big load for easierhandling

Adjust the layout of work area or work stationto accommodate manual handling work

Example:

Provision of a work table of suitable height fordrawing works

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SAFETY MEASURES


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SAFETY MEASURESDURING HANDLING

Use the proper methods andtechniques

Ensure compliance to work plan

Continuously monitor that propermethods and techniques are beingpracticed by workers

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E i I t


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Ergonomics Improvements

Taking a fresh look at Workplace

People

Tools

Engineering Improvements

Administrative Improvements


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Includes

Rearranging Modifying

Redesigning

Replacing

Tools

Equipment Workstations

Parts

Processes

when new facilities, processes, or work procedures

are being planned



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Reduce reaching and bending.

Reduce the stress on your back and shoulders.

Reduce the effort and force needed to perform worktasks.


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Engineering Improvements Improve your grip, Use a tool.

Reduce contact pressure on your shoulders and hands.

Use powered and non-powered equipment.


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Mechanical handling equipmentEngineering Improvements


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Mechanical handling equipmentEngineering Improvements


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Engineering ImprovementsModify the loadrepackage to reduce weight


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Modify the load

improve gripprovide hand holds


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Administrative


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Improvements Alternate heavy tasks with light tasks.

Provide variety in jobs.

Adjust work schedules, work pace,work practices.

Administrative


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Improvements Provide recovery time

Rotate workers through jobs that use differentmuscles, body parts, or postures.

Administrative


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Improvements Ideas for Improving work practices

Job Rotation

Identifying Problem Jobs

Time Spent on particular task



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Modify workplace layout


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Modify workplace layout


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A Proactive Plan


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A Proactive Plan

Identify Problems

Set priorities

Looking Around

Talking to Employees

Four steps to a Proactive Action Plan


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Four steps to a Proactive Action Plan.

1. Look for clues

2. Prioritize job for improvements.

3. Make improvements.

4. Follow up.


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Job Analysis

Determination of measurement criteria and

work target

Compilation of history of targeted job task

Identification of ergonomic risk factors

Discovery of preventive measures

7 Steps
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Selection of preventive measures

Implementation of preventive measures

Monitoring of preventive measures

Job Analysis

Ch t i ti f


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Characteristics of

Sitting Works Precise hand movements

High body stability

Use of exact and sensitive foot control

All work components and equipment within

seating range

Handling of heavy loads

Static posture for long durations

Characteristics of
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StandingWorks

Frequent handling of heavy loads

Frequent stretching and movements that

require use of energy

Work mobility

frequent forceful exertion that requires high

energy

Characteristics of
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Characteristics of

Sit/Stand Works

Provision of high chairs as the worker is

required to alternate sitting and standing and

change of postures Mobility of the chair

Provision of footrest to reduce swelling and

fatigue of the leg and foot

Relationship of Posture and Pressure
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Relationship of Posture and Pressure

on the Backbone

Choices of Work Postures


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Type of Job Task

Work Posture

First Choice Second Choice

Lifting above 5kg standing sit/stand

Work below elbow height standing sit/stand

Horizontal reachrequiring body support standing sit/stand

Light assembly work with repetitive

movements

sitting sit/stand

Precise works sitting sit/stand

Examination and monitoring using eyes sitting sit/stand

Frequent movements sit/stand standing

for Selected Job Tasks

Determination ofWorking Height


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Skill Solutions Sdn Bhd 111

Precise

works

Light works Heavy works

Working Height

Elbow

height

Normal and Maximum Range


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Normal and Maximum Range

Maximum range

Normal range


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Training


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Training

A pivotal role in ergonomic improvement

Use several types of visual aids

Pictures, charts, Videos

Group discussions, Encourage to Ask Questions

Hands-on practice with

New tools Equipment

Work procedures

KUIZ KENALPASTI HAZARD ERGONOMIK


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CONCLUSION

Manual handling can cause internal and externalinjuries to the worker

Various statutory requirements outline

provisions related to manual handling Manual handling programme has to take into

consideration various factors such as size, shapeand weight of load to be handled

Safety measures have to be followed before andduring handling to avoid unwanted incidences

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Documents

Ergonomic and Manual Handling