libro Complete Origami, Kenneway, Eric 1987, Ebury Press,
Londres. p17ArchitectureThe possibility of using paper to
manufacture cheap, portable houses was first considered seriously
during World War II. It was thought that they would provide shelter
quickly for large numbers of people who might suddenly become
homeless as result of enemy action. Paper houses were later
developed during the 1960s, by exponents of the survival culture, a
culture based on self-sufficiency and closeness to nature.La
posibilidad de utilizar papel para la fabricacin de casas baratas,
porttiles fue considerado por primera seriamente durante la Segunda
Guerra Mundial. Se pensaba que iban a proporcionar refugio
rpidamente a un gran nmero de personas que de repente pudieran
quedar sin hogar como resultado de la accin del enemigo. Las casas
de papel fueron posteriormente desarrolladas durante la dcada de
1960, por exponentes de la cultura de supervivencia, una cultura
basada en la autosuficiencia y la cercana a la naturaleza.Origami
has had no direct influence on these developments, but it is
interesting that one of the architectural designs considered most
successful is, in essence, origami. This is the plydom, designed in
1966 by Canadian architect Herbert Yates, to house migrant
agricultural worker in California. Its appearance is not unlike a
giant concertina.The material used in constructing these houses
actually comprises two layers of paper with a layer of polyurethane
foam between them. The exterior is coated with polyethylene. The
combination is considered to be warm and waterproof.Origami no ha
tenido ninguna influencia directa sobre estos acontecimientos, pero
es interesante que uno de los diseos arquitectnicos considerados de
mayor xito es, en esencia, el origami. Esta es la Plydom, diseada
en 1966 por el arquitecto canadiense Herbert Yates, para albergar
trabajador agrcola migrante en California. Su aspecto no es
diferente a un acorden gigante.El material utilizado en la
construccin de estas casas realmente comprende dos capas de papel,
con una capa de espuma de poliuretano entre ellos. El exterior est
recubierta con polietileno. La combinacin se considera que es clido
y resistente al agua.The article influence of origami, the Japanese
art of paperfolding, on the possible development of paper
architecture, by B.M. Muhlestein in the trilingual Swiss journal
Werk, May 1970, indicates that origami is not unknown to
architects. For more about paper houses see Architectural Design,
October 1970.El artculo "influencia de origami, el arte japons de
la papiroflexia, sobre el posible desarrollo de la arquitectura de
papel", por B. M. Muhlestein en la revista suiza trilinge Werk,
mayo de 1970, indica que el origami no es desconocido para los
arquitectos. Para ms informacin sobre casas de papel ver
Architectural Design, Octubre 1970.
Chinese Tradition Eric-Kenneway p 40-42Chinesse traditionThere
is a line in a poem by the eighth century Chinese poet Tu Fu which
runs like this: Old wife draws on paper, squares for a game of
chess. What does this mean?.Hay una lnea en un poema del poeta
chino del siglo octavo Tu Fu, que dice as: "Vieja esposa dibuja
sobre el papel, cuadrculas para un juego de ajedrez". Qu significa
esto?. For centuries the Chinese have used not a board for what we
call board games, but a square of paper folded and unfolded into a
chequered pattern of creases. An inked brush is run lightly along
each folded edge to achieve a series of fine black lines drawn with
greater accuracy than can be done with a ruler. If the line from Tu
Fu refers to this practice, as seems likely, then it is the first
recorded reference to paperfolding anywhere in the world.Durante
siglos los chinos han utilizado una tabla no para lo que llamamos
juegos de mesa, pero un cuadrado de papel plegado y desplegado en
un modelo a cuadros de arrugas. Un cepillo de entintado est
dirigido ligeramente a lo largo de cada borde doblado para lograr
una serie de lneas negras finas dibujadas con mayor precisin que se
puede hacer con una regla. Si la lnea de Tu Fu se refiere a esta
prctica, como parece probable, entonces es la primera referencia
registrada a doblar el papel en cualquier parte del mundo.Paper
originated in China. Its invention is attributed to Tsai Lun, in
the year 105 A.D. The main use for paper then, as now, was as
writing material, but someone must have soon discovered that paper
could be bent and flattened to create a straight folded edge. Papel
origin en China. Su invencin se atribuye a Cai Lun, en el ao 105 dC
El uso principal para el papel, entonces como ahora, era como
material de escritura, pero alguien debe tener pronto descubri que
el papel podra ser doblado y aplanado para crear un borde recto
doblado.The main tradition of Chinese paperfolding is to be found
within the tradition of Chinese funerary art, in which replicas or
representations of money or household goods were made to be placed
in the tombs of the dead, or burnt on funeral pyres. This custom
grew out of burying all a mans possessions with him to take on his
journey to the next world. This was a constant templation to grave
robbers and paper replicas were substituted for the real thing. To
this day, the burning of paper offerings is a feature of funerals
in Chinese communities where there is a strong Buddist or Taoist
tradition. La principal tradicin de los chinos de plegado de papel
se encuentra dentro de la tradicin del arte funerario chino, en el
cual se hicieron rplicas o representaciones de dinero o bienes del
hogar para ser colocados en las tumbas de los muertos, o quemados
en piras funerarias. Esta costumbre surgi de enterrar a todos unas
posesiones man's con l para tomar en su viaje al otro mundo. Este
fue un templacin constante para los ladrones de tumbas y rplicas de
papel fueron sustituidos por la cosa real. A da de hoy, la quema de
ofrendas de papel es una caracterstica de los funerales en las
comunidades chinas, donde hay una fuerte tradicin budista o
taosta.
There are specialist shops which sell, along with ready-made
paper artefacts, prepared sheet of paper which the purchaser is
expected to fold into funerary or celebratory items at home. These
joss papers are in the form of rectangular sheets, of various
proportions, often in bundles of one hundred. On each sheet there
may be an area covered in gold or silver foil (for funerary
offerings) or, for example, printed symbols of Taoist deities
representing Happiness, Prosperity and Longevity (used in
celebrating the Chinese New Year). A family will burn a vast number
of these folded sheets several hundred at least and sometimes
thousands on each occasion.Hay tiendas especializadas que venden,
junto con artefactos de papel confeccionadas, hoja preparada de
papel que se espera que el comprador se plieguen en funeraria o
artculos de celebracin en casa. Estos "documentos de incienso" estn
en forma de lminas rectangulares, de diversas proporciones, a
menudo en paquetes de cien. En cada hoja puede haber un rea
cubierta en oro o papel de aluminio (para las ofrendas funerarias)
o, por ejemplo, los smbolos impresos de deidades taostas que
representan la felicidad, la prosperidad y la longevidad
(utilizados en la celebracin del Ao Nuevo Chino). Una familia se
quemar un gran nmero de estas hojas plegadas - varios cientos de
veces por lo menos y miles en cada occasionIt is possible that no
description of how these item should be folded has ever appeared in
print until now: Francis Ow of Singapore explains that folding
traditions are passed down within families and there may be many
slight differences between them. The grandchild folding such
suggest for his deceased grandparent will one day have his
grandchildren folding for him. Such is the Chinese tradition, he
says. But now Ow has revealed two traditional methods of Chinese
ceremonial paperfolding which are described below. Both are called
nuggets, although the second does resemble a boat and there is
clearly a relationship between this fold and the Chinese Junk (pag
42), a traditional model sometimes described in nineteenth-century
English publications and now well known throughout the world. It
has been suggested that the Chinese Junk may not be Chinese at all
but Spanish in origin. It seems clear, however that its similarity
to a Chinese ceremonial fold places it firmly in the Chinese
tradition.
Es posible que no hay una descripcin de cmo este el artculo debe
ser doblado jams ha aparecido en la prensa hasta ahora: Francis Ow
de Singapur explica que las tradiciones plegables se transmiten
dentro de las familias y puede haber muchas pequeas diferencias
entre ellos. El nieto plegable tales sugieren por su abuelo
fallecido un da tendr sus nietos plegable para l. Tal es la
tradicin china, dice. Pero ahora Ow ha revelado dos mtodos
tradicionales de doblaje de papel ceremonial china que se describen
a continuacin. Ambos son llamados pepitas, aunque el segundo se
parece a un barco y hay una clara relacin entre este redil y el
junco chino (pag 42), un modelo tradicional a veces se describe en
las publicaciones inglesas del siglo XIX y ahora bien conocido en
todo el mundo. Se ha sugerido que el junco chino puede no ser chino
en absoluto, sino de origen espaol. Parece claro, sin embargo, que
su similitud con un pliegue ceremonial chino coloca firmemente en
la tradicin china.
Left to right: Chinese Junks (pag. 42), Joss paper (left)
TRADUCIR Japanese Tradition Eric-Kenneway libro
Complete-Origami, p82-83
p82The tradition of folding paper in Japan is a long and
continuous one, probably going back to the sixth century A.D., at a
time soon after paper was first introduced into the country from
China. Since medieval times, paperfolding of a very formal kind has
had an important place in both religious and secular life. Out of
this formal use grew a tradition of paperfolding that was a
decorative accomplishment and a amusement for girls and women. It
is still regarded as such by many Japanese, but it is also finding
respect as a valuable creative activity, receiving patronage from
both Japanese industry and cultural institutions.La tradicin de
doblar el papel en Japn es una larga y continua, probablemente se
remonta al siglo sexto DC, a la vez poco despus de papel se
introdujo por primera vez en el pas de China. Desde tiempos
medievales, el plegado de papel de un tipo muy formal ha tenido un
lugar importante tanto en la vida religiosa y seculsar. Fuera de
este uso formal creci una tradicin del plegado de papel que era un
logro decorativo y una diversin para las nias y las mujeres. Todava
es considerado como tal por muchos japoneses, pero tambin est
encontrando el respeto como una valiosa actividad creativa, que
recibe apoyo tanto por la industria japonesa y las instituciones
culturales.
p82
p82
P83
p83
p83
In the 1890s, the Japanese government introduced a system of
universal primary education based on Western lines. They adopted
the educational practices of the German educationalist Freindrich
Froebel and established kindergartens throughout the country. As
Froebels methods employed paperfolding (albeit of a very schematic
kind) in the belief that it was an excellent method for bringing
minds and hands into co-ordination, the curious result of this
westernization was the reinforcement of Japans own tradition of
paperfonding. Preschool kindergatens are widespread in Japan, and
the teaching of traditional origami continues therein. This has led
to a broad base for the creative origami movement in Japan which is
currently growing with the support of both industry and
government.En la dcada de 1890, el gobierno japons introdujo un
sistema de educacin primaria universal basado en el modelo
occidental. Se adoptaron las prcticas educativas del pedagogo alemn
Friedrich Froebel y establecimiento de jardines de infante en todo
el pas. Como mtodos de Froebel emplean papiroflexia (aunque de un
tipo muy esquemtica) en la creencia de que era un mtodo excelente
para traer la mente y las manos en la coordinacin, el curioso
resultado de esta occidentalizacin fue el refuerzo de la propia
tradicin de la papiroflexia japonesa. jardines de infantes en edad
preescolar estn muy extendidas en Japn, y la enseanza de origami
tradicional contina en el mismo. Esto ha dado lugar a una amplia
base para el movimiento creativo de origami en Japn, que
actualmente est creciendo con el apoyo de la industria y el
gobierno.
P133
Pajarita Pajarita is Spanish for little bird. It is also the
word that Spaniards use for folded paper models is general. Most
Spanish people regard folding paper as synonymous with making
little paper birds because this is something that nearly all of
them learn to do as children. The fold they learn is the
traditional pajarita shown below.Pajarita es espaol para el
"pajarito". Tambin es la palabra que los espaoles utilizan para los
modelos de papel doblado es general. La mayora de los espaoles se
refiere al papel de papel como sinnimo de hacer pajaritas de papel,
porque esto es algo que casi todos ellos aprender a hacer de nios.
El pliegue que aprenden es el tradicional "pajarita" que se muestra
a continuacin.The model may have originated in Spain but it is
known throughout Europe. In France, Emile Zola coined the
expression faire des cocottes longeur de journe to describe the
work of people employed in government offices. The hens he accused
them of making all day were folded paper hens in fact, the same
traditional model that Spanish children fold.El modelo puede tener
su origen en Espaa pero es conocido en toda Europa. En Francia,
Emile Zola acu la expresin "faire des cocottes a longueur de
journe" para describir el trabajo de las empleadas en las oficinas
del gobierno. Las gallinas que los acusaron de hacer durante todo
el da plegaron gallinas de papel - de hecho, el mismo modelo
tradicional que los nios espaoles plegaban.To many German children
it is known as a crow, although it sometimes also serves as a horse
in their play. In Britain it used to be called a hobby-horse, but
it is no longer widely known and seems never to have won childrens
affection to the extent that it has in France and Spain countries
where the little paper bird is recognized as a symbol of childhood.
Indeed, there is an old-established sweet shop called La Pajarita
in Madrid which sells pajarita-shaped chocolates, and in the
northern Spanish town of Huesca, there is a monument to the
pajarita in a local park.Para muchos nios alemane que se conoce
como un cuervo, aunque a veces tambin sirve como un caballo en su
juego. En Gran Bretaa, lo que sola ser llamado un caballo de
batalla, pero ya no es ampliamente conocida y parece no haber
ganado el afecto de los nios como lo ha hecho en Francia y Espaa -
pases donde la pajarita de papel es reconocido como un smbolo de
infancia. De hecho, hay un viejo establecimiento de dulces llamada
"La Pajarita" en Madrid que vende chocolates en forma de pajarita,
y en la ciudad nortea espaola de Huesca, se encuentra un monumento
a la pajarita en un parque local.Vicente Palacios devotes sixteen
pages to methods of folding the pajarita in his La Creacion en
Papiroflexia, Miguel A. Salvatella, Barcelona, 1979. In an earlier
book, Papirogami (1972), the same writer lists references to the
bird in Spanish literature, which he has traced back to
1793.Vicente Palacios dedica diecisis pginas a mtodos de plegado de
la pajarita en su La Creacion en Papiroflexia, Miguel A.
Salvatella, Barcelona, 1979. En un libro anterior, Papirogami
(1972), el mismo autor enumera las referencias a las aves en la
literatura espaola, desde el ao 1793.
P155 Sembazuru
Scenic routeThere is more than one method of folding most
origami structures more than one sequence in which the folds can be
placed, and if other people are to find pleasure in the act of
folding your origami designs, the folding method should be chosen
with care. The way a model is taught may be quite different from
the way in which the creator constructed it originally.As in
narrative story or a piece of music, one step should follow another
naturally but not always predictably. Some origami teachers try to
organize folding methods so that they contain what the Japanese
call igai-sei: the element of surprise. Such a method is not, in
every instance, the shortest or most direct one. It is comparable,
in the happy phrase of John S. Smith, to taking the scenic
route.
P155
Sembazuru (thousand cranes)Two of the oldest-known Japanese
origami books have both dealt exclusively with one and the same
subject how to fold the crane, a long-necked bird which was adopted
as a Chinese Taoist symbol of long life and good fortune. The crane
symbol appears in many Japanese folk arts over the centuries, and
folding paper cranes has been a popular activity there for at least
two hundred years. But since World War II, the crane has gained a
special significance as a symbol of peace.Dos de los ms antiguos
libros conocidos de origami japoneses han tratado tanto en
exclusiva con uno y el mismo tema -cmo para plegar la grulla, un
ave de cuello largo que fue adoptada como smbolo taosta chino de
larga vida y buena fortuna. El smbolo de la grulla aparece en
muchas artes populares japoneses lo largo de los siglos, y doblar
grullas de papel ha sido una actividad muy popular all durante al
menos doscientos aos. Pero desde la Segunda Guerra Mundial, la
grulla ha adquirido un significado especial -como un smbolo de la
paz.
This significance originated with a twelve-year-old girl called
Sadako Sasaki, who was orphaned by the bomb which fell on Hiroshima
and also became a victim of radiation sickness. As she lay in her
powdered medicine was wrapped to fold cranes. Her hope was to fold
one thousand cranes in the belief that if she succeeded her prayers
would be answered. At first she prayed for her own recovery, but
later, as she saw not destined to recover, Sadako changed her
prayer to one for universal peace. She managed to complete 644
cranes before she died.Esta importancia se origin con una nia de
doce aos llamada Sadako Sasaki, que qued hurfano por la bomba que
cay sobre Hiroshima y tambin se convirti en una vctima de la
enfermedad por radiacin. Mientras yaca en su medicamento en polvo
estaba envuelto para plegar las grullas. Su esperanza era doblar
mil grullas en la creencia de que si ella tenia xito sus oraciones
seran contestadas. Al principio, ella or por su propia recuperacin,
pero ms tarde, ya que ella no vio destinado a recuperar, Sadako
cambi su oracin a uno para la paz universal. Se las arregl para
completar 644 grullas antes de morir.
He story was publicized in Japan and soon other children began
to follow her example, folding cranes as symbolic prayers for peace
and sending them to Hiroshima. In 1958, a monument was erected in
Hiroshima Park, at its summnit
stands a bronze statue of a young girl holding up a folded
crane. Many thousands of the paper cranes that had been sent to
Hiroshima were hung from this monument in the form of streamers.El
artculo fue publicado en Japn y pronto otros nios comenzaron a
seguir su ejemplo, grullas plegables oraciones como simblicos para
la paz y enviarlos a Hiroshima. En 1958, se erigi un monumento en
Hiroshima Park, en su cumbre se encuentra una estatua de bronce de
una nia sosteniendo una grulla plegada. Muchos miles de las grullas
de papel que haban sido enviados a Hiroshima fueron colgados de
este monumento en forma de serpentinas.Karl Bruckner, an Austrian,
wrote about these events in a book, Sadako Will Leben, which was
published in Vienna in 1961; the English version, The Day of the
Bomb, was published in London the following year. In its many
translations, this book brought Sadakos story to the notice of
peace movement sympathizers throughout the world. Many of them
folded cranes for peace, sometimes forming clubs for that sole
purpose, and sent them to Hiroshima to join the cranes already
hanging from the Peace Tower there.Karl Bruckner, un austraco,
escribi acerca de estos eventos en un libro, Sadako Will Leben, que
fue publicado en Viena en 1961; la versin en Ingls, The Day of the
Bomb, se public en Londres el ao siguiente. En sus numerosas
traducciones, este libro trajo la historia de Sadako en
conocimiento de la paz - movimientos simpatizantes en todo el
mundo. Muchas grullas plegadas para la paz, a veces formando clubes
para ese nico propsito, y los envi a Hiroshima para unirse a las
grullas ya que cuelgan de la torre de la paz all.
P156
Having folded one paper crane, you may like to fold some
traditional combinations of cranes, which are collectively known as
a thousand cranes. These figures are made with squares or
rectangles of paper which are cut into smaller squares, except for
certain corners which are left uncut. In this way a chain of
squares is created. If a crane is folded on each of these squares,
the result will be a chain of paper cranes. According to the
placing of the folds on the squares, the cranes may all be linked
beak to tail, or they may alternate, one pair beak to beak and the
next pair tail to tail, or they may be joined wing to wing, and so
on.Despus de haber doblado una grulla de papel, que le gusten a
veces algunas combinaciones tradicionales de gras, que se conocen
colectivamente como "mil gras". Estas cifras se hacen con cuadrados
o rectngulos de papel que se cortan en cuadrados ms pequeos, a
excepcin de ciertos rincones que se dejan sin cortar. De esta
manera se crea una cadena de cuadrados. Si una gra se pliega en
cada una de estas plazas, el resultado ser una cadena de grullas de
papel. De acuerdo con la colocacin de los pliegues en las plazas,
las gras pueden ser todos vinculados pico hasta la cola, o pueden
alternar, un pico par de pico y el siguiente par cola con cola, o
pueden ser unidas ala con ala, y por lo en.
P 157
You will see that if the two end squares of a chain are
superimposed and folded as one, it is possible to make a closed
circle of cranes.
157 P158-159
