Erik Erikson:

Eight Stages of Development Rocky 20123529 Dan 20082449

ELEMENTSEgo Identity

Ego Strength

Conflict

Ego IdentityEgo identity is developed by human interaction and how an individual becomes more conscious of themselves and their surrounding.

Ego StrengthEgo strength deals with an individual becoming competent in different areas of life, by becoming competent in life they feel more important.

ConflictConflict is a turning point during which an individual struggles to attain some psychological quality. Sometimes referred to as a psychosocial crisis, this can be a time of both vulnerability and strength, as the individual works toward success or failure.

Erik Erikson and the 8 Stages of Development Best known theories of personality and development.Personality develops in a series of predetermined stages.Psychosocial, and not psychosexual.In each stage of development conflicts acts as turning points in life.

Psychosocial DevelopmentRefers to the emotional and psychological changes across the life cycle that occurs in the context of the individuals social environment.

Psychosocial DevelopmentAccording to Erikson- Each part of the personality has a particular time in the life span when it must develop, if it is going to develop at all. If it failed to developed on schedule, the rest of the development is unfavorably altered. The individual is then hindered from dealing effectively with reality.

Psychosocial StagesStage 1- Trust vs. MistrustStage 2- Autonomy vs. Shame & DoubtStage 3- Initiative vs. GuiltStage 4- Industry vs. InferiorityStage 5- Identity vs. Role ConfusionStage 6- Intimacy vs. IsolationStage 7- Generativity vs. StagnationStage 8- Integrity vs. Despair

Stage 1-Trust vs. MistrustAge- Birth to 18 monthsConflict- Trust vs. MistrustRelationship- MotherStrength- HopesQuestion- Can I trust the world?Key Event- Feeding

Stage 1-Trust vs. MistrustChildren are completely dependent on othersTrust: Established when babies given adequate warmth, touching, love, and physical care-Dependable & Reliable.Mistrust: Caused by inadequate or unpredictable care and by cold, indifferent, and rejecting parents-Undependable, Unpredictable & Dangerous.

Stage 2-Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt

Age- 18 month to 3 yearsConflict- Autonomy vs. ShameRelationship- ParentsStrength- WillQuestion- Is it ok to be me?Key Event- Toilet Training

Stage 2-Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt

Autonomy: Doing things for themselves such as body control & making choices. - Secure and confident self.Shame: Overprotective or ridiculing parents may cause children to doubt abilities and feel shameful about their actions- Inadequacy & self doubt.

Stage 3- Initiative vs. GuiltAge- 3 years to 6 years Conflict- Initiative vs. GuiltRelationship- FamilyStrength- PurposeQuestion- Is it okay for me to do, move & act?Key Event- Independence

Stage 3- Initiative vs. GuiltInitiative: Parents reinforce via giving children freedom to play, use imagination, and ask questions- Creative, Constructive.Guilt: May occur if parents criticize, prevent play, or discourage a childs questions- Always being wrong, Failed to explore world.Initiative and Guilt should be balanced in order to have moral judgment.

Stage 4- Industry vs. InferiorityAge- 6 years to 12 years Conflict- Industry vs. InferiorityRelationship- Neighbors, SchoolStrength- CompetenceQuestion- Can I make it in the world of people and things? Key Event- School

Stage 4- Industry vs. InferiorityChildren's have to cope with new social and academic demandsIndustry: Occurs when child is praised for productive activities, such as painting and building- Sense of competenceInferiority: Occurs if childs efforts are regarded as messy or inadequate- Weak sense of self, Incapable to take responsibility

Stage 5-Identity vs. Role ConfusionAge- 12 years to 18 yearsConflict- Identity vs. Role ConfusionRelationship- Peers, Role ModelStrength- FidelityQuestion- Who am I? what can I be? Key Event- Peer relationships

Stage 5-Identity vs. Role ConfusionChildren learn a number of different roles.Identity: Ones organization of individual drives, abilities, beliefs, and experience into consistent image of self. Who we are.Role Confusion: Failure to establish an individual identity separate from the family and having no peer relationships and plans for an occupation- Ego diffusion

Stage 6-Intimacy vs. IsolationAge- 19 years to 40 yearsConflict- Intimacy vs. IsolationRelationship- Friends, PartnersStrength- LoveQuestion- Can I love? Key Event- Love relationships

Stage 6-Intimacy vs. IsolationStart of familiesIntimacy: Ability to care about others and to share experiences with them- Strong relationshipIsolation: Feeling alone and uncared for in life- Loneliness

Stage 7-Generativity vs. StagnationAge- 40 years to 65 yearsConflict- Generativity vs. StagnationRelationship- Household, WorkmatesStrength- CareQuestion- Can I make my life count?Key Event- Parenting

Stage 7-Generativity vs. StagnationPrimary developmental task is one of contributing to society and helping to guide future generation.Generativity: Interest in guiding the next generation- Social involvement, ParentingStagnation: When one is only concerned with ones own needs and comforts- Material possession, Physical well being, Non productive

Stage 8-Integrity vs. DespairAge- 65 years to DeathConflict- Integrity vs. DespairRelationship- Mankind, My kindStrength- WisdomQuestion- Is it ok to have been me? Key Event-Reflecting on and acceptance of ones life

Stage 8-Integrity vs. DespairIn the last stages of life individuals look back over their lives and judge them.Integrity: Self-respect; developed when people have lived richly and responsibly- Feeling of wisdom and meaningDespair: Occurs when previous life events are viewed with regret; experiences heartache and remorse- Regret, Bitterness

EriksonsPsychosocial Development

Age(Years)StagePsychosocial CrisisPsychosocial StrengthEnvironmental Influence1InfancyTrust vs. MistrustHopeMaternal2-3Early childhoodAutonomy vs. Shame and DoubtWillpowerBoth parents or adult substitutes4-5PreschoolInitiative vs. GuiltPurposeParents, family and friends6-11Middle ChildhoodIndustry vs. Inferiority CompetenceSchool12-18Adolescence Identity vs. Role confusionFidelity Peers18-35Young adulthoodIntimacy vs. Isolation LoveSpouse, lover, friends35-65Middle ageGenerativity vs. Stagnation CareFamily, society Over 65Old ageIntegrity vs. DespairWisdomAll humans

Assessment in Eriksons TheoryPsycho historical AnalysisApplication of lifespan theory to lives of historical figures

Psychological Tests:Instruments based on crisis in stages

Criticisms of EriksonAmbiguous terms and conceptsLack of precisionSome terms are not easily measured empiricallyExperiences in stage may only apply to malesIdentity crisis may only apply to those affluent enough to explore identities

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