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ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetiivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetiivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetiivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti
paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutipaata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutipaata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutipaata guguSvilis ekonomikis instituti
IVANE JAVAKHISHVILI TBILISI STATE UNIVERSITY
PAATA GUGUSHVILI INSTITUTE OF ECONOMICS
mxardamWeri organizaciebi:mxardamWeri organizaciebi:mxardamWeri organizaciebi:mxardamWeri organizaciebi:
guram TavarTqilaZis saswavlo universguram TavarTqilaZis saswavlo universguram TavarTqilaZis saswavlo universguram TavarTqilaZis saswavlo universitetiitetiitetiiteti
ak. wereTlis quTaisis saxelmwifo universitetiak. wereTlis quTaisis saxelmwifo universitetiak. wereTlis quTaisis saxelmwifo universitetiak. wereTlis quTaisis saxelmwifo universiteti
SUPPORTING ORGANIZATIONS:
GURAM TAVARTKILADZE TEACHING UNIVERSITY
AKAKI TSERETELI KUTAISI STATE UNIVERSITY
profesor giorgi wereTlis dabadebidan meprofesor giorgi wereTlis dabadebidan meprofesor giorgi wereTlis dabadebidan meprofesor giorgi wereTlis dabadebidan me----60 wlisadmi miZRvnil 60 wlisadmi miZRvnil 60 wlisadmi miZRvnil 60 wlisadmi miZRvnil
saerTaSoriso samecnierosaerTaSoriso samecnierosaerTaSoriso samecnierosaerTaSoriso samecniero----praqtikulipraqtikulipraqtikulipraqtikuli konferenciiskonferenciiskonferenciiskonferenciis
mamamamasasasasalelelelebis krebulibis krebulibis krebulibis krebuli
erovnuli ekonomikebi erovnuli ekonomikebi erovnuli ekonomikebi erovnuli ekonomikebi
dadadada
globalizaciaglobalizaciaglobalizaciaglobalizacia (28(28(28(28----29 ivnisi, 2012)29 ivnisi, 2012)29 ivnisi, 2012)29 ivnisi, 2012)
Proceedings of Materials of International Scientific-Practical Conference Dedicated to the 60th Birth Anniversary of Professor George Tsereteli
NATIONAL ECONOMIES
AND
GLOBALIZATION
(28-29 June, 2012)
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetisivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetisivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetisivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemlobaPpaata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemlobaPpaata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemlobaPpaata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemlobaP
PUBLISHING HOUSE OF PAATA GUGUSHVILI INSTITUTE
OF ECONOMICS OF IVANE JAVAKHISHVILI TBILISI STATE UNIVERSITY
Tbilisi Tbilisi Tbilisi Tbilisi Tbilisi 2012
2
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p p p p –––– 323323323323
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis paata ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis paata ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis paata ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis paata
guguSvilis ekonomikis institutSi 2012 wels gamarTul saerTaSoriso guguSvilis ekonomikis institutSi 2012 wels gamarTul saerTaSoriso guguSvilis ekonomikis institutSi 2012 wels gamarTul saerTaSoriso guguSvilis ekonomikis institutSi 2012 wels gamarTul saerTaSoriso
samecnierosamecnierosamecnierosamecniero----praqtikul konpraqtikul konpraqtikul konpraqtikul konfefefeferenrenrenrenciaze waciaze waciaze waciaze wakkkkiiiiTTTTxuli moxsenebebis masalebixuli moxsenebebis masalebixuli moxsenebebis masalebixuli moxsenebebis masalebi
Materials of reports made at the international scientific-practical conference held at Paata Gugushvili Institute of Economics of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University in 2012 samecnierosamecnierosamecnierosamecniero----saredasaredasaredasaredaqcioqcioqcioqcio kolegia: r. abesaZe (mTavari redaqtori), n. arevaZe, kolegia: r. abesaZe (mTavari redaqtori), n. arevaZe, kolegia: r. abesaZe (mTavari redaqtori), n. arevaZe, kolegia: r. abesaZe (mTavari redaqtori), n. arevaZe,
T. arnaniaT. arnaniaT. arnaniaT. arnania----kepulaZe, l. belinskaia, n. bibilaSkepulaZe, l. belinskaia, n. bibilaSkepulaZe, l. belinskaia, n. bibilaSkepulaZe, l. belinskaia, n. bibilaSvili (pasuvili (pasuvili (pasuvili (pasuxisxisxisxismgebeli mdivani), mgebeli mdivani), mgebeli mdivani), mgebeli mdivani),
i. britCenko, S. gogiaSvili, l. daTui. britCenko, S. gogiaSvili, l. daTui. britCenko, S. gogiaSvili, l. daTui. britCenko, S. gogiaSvili, l. daTunaSnaSnaSnaSvili, g. erqomaiSvili, a. vitasi, m. vili, g. erqomaiSvili, a. vitasi, m. vili, g. erqomaiSvili, a. vitasi, m. vili, g. erqomaiSvili, a. vitasi, m.
ibragimovi, e. kakulia, g. kasnauskiene,ibragimovi, e. kakulia, g. kasnauskiene,ibragimovi, e. kakulia, g. kasnauskiene,ibragimovi, e. kakulia, g. kasnauskiene, i. kerimli, m. kvaracxelia, a. kurai. kerimli, m. kvaracxelia, a. kurai. kerimli, m. kvaracxelia, a. kurai. kerimli, m. kvaracxelia, a. kura----
taStaStaStaSvili, T. lavili, T. lavili, T. lavili, T. lazazazazaraSvili, i. raSvili, i. raSvili, i. raSvili, i. nanananaTeTeTeTelauri, s. pavliaSvili, vl. papava, a. lauri, s. pavliaSvili, vl. papava, a. lauri, s. pavliaSvili, vl. papava, a. lauri, s. pavliaSvili, vl. papava, a.
silagaZe, n. xaduri, m. xuskivaZe, l. CageliSvili, l. Ciqava, T. CxeiZe silagaZe, n. xaduri, m. xuskivaZe, l. CageliSvili, l. Ciqava, T. CxeiZe silagaZe, n. xaduri, m. xuskivaZe, l. CageliSvili, l. Ciqava, T. CxeiZe silagaZe, n. xaduri, m. xuskivaZe, l. CageliSvili, l. Ciqava, T. CxeiZe
Scientific-editorial Board: R. Abesadze (Editor-in-Chief), N. Arevadze, T. Arnania-Kepuladze, L. Belinskaja, N. Bibilashvili (Executive Secretary), I. Britchenko, L. Chagelishvili, L. Chikava, T. Chkheidze, L. Datunashvili, G. Erkomaishvili, M. Ibragimov, Sh. Gogiashvili, E. Kakulia, G. Kasnauskiene, I. Kerimli, N. Khaduri, M. Khuskivadze, A. Kuratashvili, M. Kvaratskhelia, T. Lazarashvili, I . Natelauri, V. Papava, S. Pavliashvili, A. Silagadze, A. Vitas.
recenzentebi: emd v. burdulirecenzentebi: emd v. burdulirecenzentebi: emd v. burdulirecenzentebi: emd v. burduli
emd g. berulavaemd g. berulavaemd g. berulavaemd g. berulava
Reviewers: Doctor of Economic Sciences V. Burduli Doctor of Economic Sciences G. Berulava konferenciis saorganizacio jgufi: konferenciis saorganizacio jgufi: konferenciis saorganizacio jgufi: konferenciis saorganizacio jgufi:
T. gogoxia (xelmZRvaneli), n. kedia, e. jabanaSviliT. gogoxia (xelmZRvaneli), n. kedia, e. jabanaSviliT. gogoxia (xelmZRvaneli), n. kedia, e. jabanaSviliT. gogoxia (xelmZRvaneli), n. kedia, e. jabanaSvili
Organizing Group of the Conference: T. Gogokhia (Head), N. Kedia, E. Jabanashvili
© ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis paata ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis paata ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis paata ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis paata
guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemlobaPguguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemlobaPguguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemlobaPguguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemlobaP
© PUBLISHING HOUSE OF PAATA GUGUSHVILI INSTITUTE OF ECONOMICS OF IVANE JAVAKHISHVILI TBILISI STATE UNIVERSITY
2012
ISBN 978-9941-9168-4-7
3
finansebis, saerTaSoriso ekonomikis seqciafinansebis, saerTaSoriso ekonomikis seqciafinansebis, saerTaSoriso ekonomikis seqciafinansebis, saerTaSoriso ekonomikis seqcia
daviT biZinaSvilidaviT biZinaSvilidaviT biZinaSvilidaviT biZinaSvili Aalkoholuri sasmelebis eqsportis zrdis tempebi saqarTveloSiAalkoholuri sasmelebis eqsportis zrdis tempebi saqarTveloSiAalkoholuri sasmelebis eqsportis zrdis tempebi saqarTveloSiAalkoholuri sasmelebis eqsportis zrdis tempebi saqarTveloSi
ekonomikuri zrdis TvalsazrisiT, 2011 weli saqarTvelosaTvis warmatebuli
aRmoCnda.
saerTaSoriso sareitingo kompaniebma qveynis ekonomikuri reitingi gazardes.
es moxda im fonze, rodesac dasavleT evropis bevr qveyanas aRniSnulma
organizaciebma qulebi Camoakles. eqspertebi miiCneven, rom 6,5%-iani ekonomikuri
zrda rogorc dasaqmebaze, ise sxva ekonomikuri seqtorebis ganviTarebaze
pirdapir aisaxeba.
krizisis pirobebSi qarTuli ekonomikis aseTi zrda seriozuli ganacxadia.
Tumca, biznesis ganviTarebisa da warmatebisaTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania vin aris
Seni qveynis mezobeli. Cveni miRweva aris is, rom gavxseniT bazari, SevamcireT
gadasaxadebi da SevamsubuqeT maregulirebeli wnexi. aseT pirobebSi rogorc
ucxoeli, ise adgilobrivi investorebisaTvis biznesis keTeba saintereso gaxda.
2011 wels qarTulma Rvinom saerTaSoriso konkursebze warmatebas miaRwia,
rasac eqspertebi ruseTis bazris Caketvasac ukavSireben. ruseTis bazris Caketvam
gvaiZula, axal da iseT bazrebze gvefiqra, sadac falsificirebuli Rvino ar
gavidoda. wlevandeli warmatebebi imis dasturia, rom qarTulma kompaniebma
Rvinis xarisxi gazardes da Sedegmac ar daayovna.
2011 wels qarTulma alkoholurma sasmelebma saerTaSoriso konkursebSi
araerTi granpri, oqros, vercxlisa da brinjaos medlebi moipova. qarTul
alkoholur sasmelebs jer honkongis saerTaSoriso festivalze, Semdeg ki
israelSi gamarTul konkursSi didi warmatebebi xvda wilad.
CineTidan Sato muxranis WaWa da qinZmaraulis marani oqros medlebiT
dabrunda. Ggranpris mflobeli ki qinZmaraulis marnis muxis kasrSi daZvelebuli
saferavi gaxda. amave festivalSi qarTulma sasmelma 1 vercxli da 13 brinjaos
medalic moipova. festivalSi 37 qveynidan 930 kompania monawileobda.
2011 wlis bolos qarTulma Rvinom israelis Rvinisa da spirtiani sasmelebis
saerTaSoriso konkursze morigi warmateba moipova. Terravino 2011-is dajildoebaze
qarTulma sasmelma 9 oqros da 6 vercxlis medali aiRo, sarajiSvilis ,,eniseli’’
ki granpris mflobeli gaxda.
amJamad qarTuli Rvinis pirveli eqsportiori qveyana ukrainaa, sadac ruseTis
embargos Semdeg qarTuli Rvinis gayidvebi wlidan wlamde ganuxrelad izrdeba.
ukrainis Semdeg modis belorusi da yazaxeTi. rac Seexeba aRmosavleT evropis
qveynebs, aRmosavleT evropis e.w. yofili socialisturi banakis qveynebidan
qarTuli Rvino yvelaze popularuli poloneTSia. qarTuli Rvino aseve kargad
iyideba baltiispireTSi. SedarebiT axali bazrebia CineTi da aSS, Tumca Rvinis
erovnul saagentoSi imedi aqvT, rom momavalSi qarTuli Rvinis erT-erTi mTavari
realizatori swored aSS gaxdeba, romelic saqarTvelosTan, samxedro da
politikuri sferos garda, ekonomikuradac apirebs TanamSromlobas.
sxvaTa Soris, amerikasTan qarTuli RviniT vaWrobis kuTxiT, garkveuli
progresi bolo wlebSi ukve SeimCneoda. sxvadasxva didi Tu patara amerikuli
savaWro qselis warmomadgenlebi da Rvinis vaWrebi saqarTveloSi ramdenjerme
4
ukve iyvnen Camosulni da swored maT mier daigegma Semdgomi moqmedebis
strategia.
amerikelebi qarTvel meRvineebs mTavar pirobad Rvinis xarisxis aucilebel
dacvas uyeneben. ukve 2012 wlis zafxul-Semodgomidan, SeerTebul Statebsa da
kanadaSi qarTuli Rvinis pirveli didi partiebi Cava da amaze muSaoba ukve
mimdinareobs. amerikelebTan kontraqtebs am etapze ZiriTadad didi qarTuli
kompaniebi deben, Tumca qarTuli Rvinis realizatorebi amboben, rom aseve didia
daintereseba e.w. ,,bio’’ Rvinis mwarmoebeli SedarebiT patara segmentis mimarT.
amJamad Cveni qveynidan Rvinis eqsports (ZiriTadad ukrainaSi, aRmosavleT
evropasa da yazaxeTSi) awarmoebs 85 sxvadasxva simZlavris Rvinis kompania da
individualuri mewarme, rac aSkara win gadadgmuli nabijia. 2011 wels
saqarTvelos gareT 37%-iT meti qarTuli Rvino gaiyida, vidre 2010 wels. Rvinis
eqsportis aseT did matebas bevri qarTuli kompania namdvilad ar eloda da raki
uaxloes perspeqtivaSi amerika-kanadis bazaric gamoCnda, TiTqmis yvela didi
kompania Rvinis warmoebis gazrdas apirebs. imedia, Rvinis warmoebis gazrda Rvinis
xarisxis dacemis xarjze ar moxdeba, ise, rogorc es sabWoTa kavSiris dros
xdeboda, rodesac Rvinis Warbwarmoebam rogorc yurZnis, aseve Rvinis xarisxis
mkveTri vardna gamoiwvia.
dRes bevri meRvine fiqrobs, rom amJamad qarTul meRvineobaSi arsebuli
problemebis didi nawili swored sabWoTa kavSiris dros dawyebuli problemebis
gagrZelebaa (Rvinis xarisxis regulaciis dabali done, moberebuli venaxebis
nagvianebi ganaxleba, Rvinis xarisxTan SedarebiT gaberili fasebi da sxva...),
Tumca, yvelafris sabWoTa kavSiris periodze gadabralebac ar iqneboda swori,
radgan gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi, anu saqarTvelos damoukideblobis
periodSi qarTuli Rvinis falsifikaciam warmoudgenel masStabebs miaRwia. aman
Cveni imiji Zalian daazarala.
dRes saqarTvelodan ZiriTadad Semdegi dasaxelebis Rvinoebi gadis:
,,qinZmarauli’’, ,,xvanWkara’’, ,,winandali’’, ,,mukuzani’’, ,,axaSeni’’. xolo e.w. sufris
Rvinoebidan ki, yofili sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriaze da evropaSi yvelaze didi
popularobiT ,,alaznis veli’’ sargeblobs (Rvinis dasaxelebis CamonaTvali
mocemulia gayidvebis raodenobis mixedviT). rogorc Cans, gasuli aTwleulebis
tendencia didad ar Secvlila da Cveni qveynis gareT ZiriTadad swored im
dasaxelebis brendebia popularuli, romlebic yovelTvis popularuli iyo.
bolo periodSi Zalze gamococxlda patara kompaniebis ,,flangi’’. dRes
patara kompaniebsa da mcire indmewarmeebs Tavisi wvlili SeaqvT Rvinis eqsportis
saerTo raodenobaSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom isini gansakuTrebiT aqtiurebi arian
tradiciuli qvevris mimarTulebiT. es Rvinoebi ZiriTadad centralur da
dasavleT evropaSi, aseve kanadSi gadis.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mcire mewarmeebis mier gasayidad gatanili Rvinis
saerTo raodenoba didi kompaniebis produqcias bevrad Camouvardeba, warmoebuli
Rvinis raodenobis zrda mainc saxezea. Aamas garda, aseve unda aRiniSnos isic,
rom ruseTis ybadaRebuli embargos Semdeg, patara kompaniebi da e.w. mcire marnebi
saqarTveloSi sokoebiviT mravldeba. Tuki adre mcire marnebis areali ZiriTadad
kaxeTiT SemoisazRvreboda, axla imereTi, qarTli da guriac gaaqtiurda.
sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso Rvinis simpoziumebsa da festivalebze, kaxuri Rvinis
gverdiT, Cveni qveynis sxva kuTxeebSi warmoebul naturalur Rvinosac xSirad
naxavT. es tendencia iZleva safuZvlian imedebs, rom dasavleTis bazarze qarTuli
5
Rvino uaxloes momavalSi mravalferovnad iqneba warmodgenili, rac qarTveli
meRvineebisaTvis Semosavlis zrdis wyaroc gaxdeba.
amave dros saqarTveloSi qarTuli Rvinis saerTaSoriso instituti aSendeba.
institutSi maRalteqnologiuri laboratoriiT aRWurvili kvleviTi centri
ifunqcionirebs. Rvinis popularizaciis mizniT, samomavlod, Rvinis skolis
gaxsnac igegmeba, sadac wamyvani qarTveli specialistebi kaxeTis sxvadasxva
skolis moswavleebs meRvineobis, mevenaxeobis, Rvinis marketingisa da sxva
monaTesave disciplinebis safuZvlebs Seaswavlian. warmatebul studentebs
ucxoeTSi swavlis gasagrZeleblad saxelmwifo dafinansebas hpirdeba.
qarTuli Rvino _ es saqarTvelos Zalian mniSvnelovani potencialia.
saqarTveloSi aris Zalian kargi klimaturi pirobebi, Zalian kargi saxeobebi, rac
sxva qveyanaSi ar aris. teqnologia da marketinguli unarebi mniSvnelovania
imisaTvis, rom saqarTvelom Rirseuli adgili daikavos msoflio bazarze. am
yvelaferSi mas Rvinis instituti daexmareba.
Rvinis kompaniebi Rvinis institutis daarsebas miesalmebian da acxadeben,
rom am dargSi profesionalebze moTxovna didia da, teqnologiebis daxvewasTan
erTad, moTxovna ufro gaizrdeba.
Rvino sul ufro da ufro aqtualuri xdeba turistuli kuTxiTac da,
zogadad, rogorc biznesi. Rvinis turizmis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi dawyebulia.
es xels Seuwyobs rogorc qveynis cnobadobas, ise regionis ganviTarebas.
dReisaTvis, Rvinis sarestorno da turistuli biznesis ganviTarebis kvaldakval,
Rvinis turizmis aRorZineba daiwyo. Rvinis kompaniebi infrastruqturis imgvar
modernizebaze fiqroben, ris Semdegac advilad SeZleben turizmSi CarTvas. es
maTTvis damatebiTi Semosavalic iqneba da potenciur klientebTan komunikaciis
erT-erTi saSualebac.
mainc ra unda SesTavazon turistebs Rvinis kompaniebma? am kiTxvas bevri
martivad upasuxebs _ qarTuli sufra da Rvino. Tumca, kidev ufro kreatiuli da
mravalmxrivi midgomac aris SesaZlebeli. nadimisa da garTobis garda, kerZo
kompaniaSi turistebis stumrobas SemecnebiTi da saganmanaTleblo datvirTvac
SeiZleba hqondes.
Teoretikosebi, romlebic msoflio turizmis tendenciebs ikvleven, Tvlian,
rom daaxloebiT aTi wlis Semdeg Tematuri turizmi superpopularuli gaxdeba,
gansakuTrebiT ki misi mniSvnelovani segmenti – Rvinis turizmi.
dRes Rvinis regionebis turistebisaTvis, garda tradiciuli Rvinis
marSrutebisa da specialuri ceremonialebisa, TiTqmis yvelaferia SesaZlebeli,
venaxSi pikanturi qorwilis gadaxdidan Tu venaxebis Tavze sahaero burTiT
frenidan dawyebuli, glexebTan erTad yurZnis krefiTa da cxenebiT jiriTiT
dasrulebuli. turSi Sedis SemecnebiTi eqskursiebi, venaxebisa da marnebis
monaxuleba, Rvinis sawarmos monaxuleba, aseve monawileoba Tematur kulturul
RonisZiebebSi, magaliTad Rvinis dawurvis dResaswaulze da a.S. yvelaze
saintereso ki is aris, rom Rvinis turis dros SegiZliaT SeiZinoT originaluri
Rvino da saCuqradac ki miiRoT igi. am turSi mxolod degustaciisTvis aravin
midis, aq mTavari im saidumlosTan ziarebaa, romlis mixedviTac mzaddeba esa Tu
is avTenturi Rvino.
qarTuli mevenaxeoba-meRvineoba, rogorc ampelografuli, ise Rvinis teqno-
logiis TvalsazrisiT, msoflioSi erT-erTi TvalsaCino iyo. qarTveli meurneni
STamomavlobiT gadmocemuli, mamapapuri codna-gamocdilebiT uaRresad ganswav-
6
lulni, Seudareblebi iyvnen. saqarTvelos TiToel mxares sakuTari vazis jiSebi
da Rvinis dayenebis Sesabamisi teqnologia hqonda, romelic tols ar udebda
safrangeTisa da sxva mowinave evropuli qveynebis vazis kulturas.
Tu warsulSi qarTvelTa dasaqmebis umTavresi saSualeba vazis kultura iyo,
dRes venaxis gamSenebeli da Rvinis damyenebeli meurne TiTebze CamosaTvlelia.
ukuRmarTad Catarebuli e.w. ,,agraruli reformis’’ meoxebiT soflebi gaukac-
rielda, mamapapuri sacxovreblidan ayrili mosaxleoba xsnas ucxoeTSi amaod
eZebs, qarTuli sofeli ki Cvens Tvalwin kvdeba. aseT pirobebSi mevenaxeTa
saSualo fenis Seqmnaze laparaki zedmetia. mravalaTaswlovani qarTuli tra-
diciuli mevenaxeoba-meRvineoba arsebobis saSiS zRvarzea. vimedovnebT, xeli-
sufleba saTanado daskvnebs gaakeTebs, mimdinare uaryofiT movlenebs kritikulad
Seafasebs da agrarul reformas ilia WavWavaZisa da ivane javaxiSvilis gziT
waiyvans. miT umetes, dRes Svela SeiZleba, xval gvian iqneba...
amJamad ukiduresad SezRudulia vazis jiSobrivi asortimenti, xolo
mamapapuri marnebis umetesoba gaCanagebulia. sadac nagebobani da iaraR-WurWeli
gadarCenilia, faqtobrivad umoqmedodaa. Tu sadme ojaxSi dRes Rvinos ayeneben,
ZiriTadi WurWeli SuSisaa, xolo am bolo xanebSi-plastmasisa. sawnaxlebi da
qvevrebi dekoraciebad iqcnen... amas winaT, mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis ,,gacocx-
lebulma’’ institutma Tavis prioritetad Rvinis turizmi gamoacxada, magram Tu
qarTuli erovnuli eTnografia mkvdreTiT ar aRdga, Rvinis turizms araferi
eSveleba.
turizmis industria dRes saxelmwifos politikis erT-erTi prioritetuli
mimarTulebaa. saqarTvelosTvis, rogorc kulturuli mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis
samSoblosaTvis, upirvelesi dargia Rvinis turizmi da es rom praqtikulad
ganxorcieldes, yoveli mxareTmcodneobis muzeumis bazaze Semdegi RonisZiebebi
unda gatardes:
1. saqarTvelos mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis tradiciul kerebSi aRiricxos dRes
moqmedi mevenaxe-meRvineebi, romlebic STamomavlobiT misdeven meurneobis am
dargs; aqvT tradiciuli marnebi da inventari, floben mamapapur wesze Rvinis
dayenebis xelovnebas. adgilebze TiToeuli aseTi ojaxi, fiqsaciis Tanamedrove
saSualebebiT, Seswavlili unda iyos da saTanado momzadebis Semdeg Cairicxos
Rvinis turizmis marSrutSi.
aseTi RonisZiebebis gareSe saqarTveloSi Rvinis turizmis ganviTareba
warmoudgenelia.
2. erovnulma qvevrma da qvevris Rvinom qristes aqeT mesame aTaswleulSi,
rogorc iqna, aRiareba pova. saqarTvelo meqvevreobis erT-erTi upirvelesi da
uZvelesi keraa. umi _ sveli Tixisagan amxela WurWlis aSeneba msoflioSi unika-
luri movlenaa da am saswaulis praqtikuli ganxorcieleba mxolod saqar-
TveloSi SeuZliaT. jerjerobiT meqvevreobis kerebi cocxalia da gadaudebelia
moqmed meqvevreTa aRricxva. maT kulturuli memkvidreobis gadamrCen xelovanTa
tituli unda mieniWoT da moqmedebis sruli Tavisufleba da muSaobis xelsay-
reli pirobebi SeeqmnaT.
saukeTeso meqvevreTa gamovlenis mizniT saqarTvelos masStabiT unda
Catardes konkursi – vinc yvelaze did qvevrs aaSenebs! yvela meqvevres, romelic
am konkursSi monawileobas miiRebs, Sroma unda aunazRaurdes. konkursSi
gamarjvebulebi ara marto djildovdnen, aramed saxalxo ostatebad unda
aRiaron, muSaobisa da nedleulis mopovebis Tavisufleba unda mieceT.
7
qvevri da saerTod Tixis erovnuli WurWeli qarTveli xalxis yofas unda
daubrundes.
saqarTvelos masStabiT unda Catardes savele-eTnografiuli kvleva-Zieba,
raTa gamovlindes miviwyebuli da moqmedi tradiciuli marnebi, sawnaxlebi,
sawnexebi (wberebi) da am dargTan dakavSirebuli yvela inventari, romliTac
mofenilia mTeli Cveni qveyana. maTi aRricxva da dacva mxareTmcodneobis
muzeumebis bazaze unda ganxorcieldes. gadaudebeli samuSaoebia Casatarebeli
dasavleT saqarTveloSi, sadac grandiozuli xis sawnaxlebi da sxva inventari
xelaRebiT ispoba. marnebs da im nivTebs, romlebic mecnierul moTxovnebs
daakmayofilebs, istoriul-eTnografiuli Zeglis prioriteti unda mieniWoT da
saxelmwifos mier unda iyos daculi. sasurvelia, isini turistul marSrutebSic
iyos gaTvaliswinebuli.
vidre saqarTvelos mecnieruli potenciali gaaCnia, am urTules da udides
samuSaos mecnierebi siamovnebiT Seasruleben Tu minimaluri dafinanseba da
muSaobis pirobebi eqnebaT.
vimedovnebT, xelisufleba da Sesabamisi dargebis mesveurebi keTil nebas
gamoiCenen da am saSviliSvilo saqmis Sesasruleblad saTanado RonisZiebebs
droulad gaatareben.
bolos ki, erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani sakiTxi: molodinisamebr, Tuki
qarTuli Rvinis eqsporti momaval wlebSi gaizrdeba, ra gzebi da xerxebi
arsebobs imisaTvis, rom rigiTma qarTvelma meRvinem Tavisi Rvino ucxoeTSi
gaitanos?... Rvinis erovnuli saagentos xelmZRvaneloba yvela meRvines urCevs, rom
maT iTanamSromlon Rvinis erovnul saagentosTan. iTanamSromlon rTvelidan
dawyebuli, Rvinis boTlSi Camosxmamde da procedurulad dokumentaciis
momzadebamde. es saWiroa imisaTvis, rom Camosxmuli Rvino daeqvemdebaros
eqsports. mis Semdeg ki, Rvinos didi bazrebisaken gza xsnili eqneba.
gamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literatura
1. www.gnta.ge 2. http://geostat.ge 3. http://maf.ge 4. http://www.economy.ge
Bidzinashvili David
EXPORT GROWTH RATES OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES IN GEORG IA SUMMARY
In terms of economic growth, for the year 2011 proved to be successful. International rating company's rating increased. This occurred against the background of the Western European countries, these organizations Sixth
minute points. Experts believe that the 6.5% economic growth in both employment and other economic sectors will
influence the development. Crisis, Georgian economics of such a significant increase in applications. However, it is very important for business development and success, who is yourneighbor's. Our achievement is that we have opened markets, reduced taxes and to mitigate the regulatory burden.
In such conditions, both foreign and local investors have become interested in doing business.
8
In 2011 Georgian wine has achieved success in international competitions, which is clo-se to the Russian market with:
Has forced the closing of the market, new markets and to think, there would not be counterfeit wine. Despite the competition, this year's success to the evidence that the Geor-gian wine companies have increased the quality and the results were not long in coming.
The number of alcoholic beverages in 2011, the international Grand Prix competitions, gold, silver and bronze medals won. Hong Kong International Festival of alcoholic beverages in Georgian times, followed by Israel at the competition a great success.
China Chateau Mukhrani Chacha and Knight in the Panther gold medals returned.The owner of the Grand Knight in the Wine Cellar aged in oak. At the same festivalin Georgian silver and 13- bronze medals were won 1 drink. 37 countries from 930companies took part in the festival.
By the end of 2011, Georgian wine International Wine and Spirits Competition inIsrael, another success. Terravino 2011- it's awarded 9 gold and 6 silver medal at the Georgian drinking. Sara-jishvili "Portal" has become the owner of the Grand Prix.
The first export of Georgian wine to Ukraine, the Russian embargo on Georgian wine sales after incre-asing steadily from year to year. After coming to Ukraine, Belarus and Kazakhstan. As for the countries of Eastern Europe, Eastern Europe, the so-called The former socialist countries from the camp of Georgian wine ismost popular in Poland. Georgian wine is also good for the Baltic States. Relatively new markets of China and the United States, but the wine of the National Agency for the hope that the Georgian wine is one - will become a major distributorin the United States, which with the exception of military and poli-tical spheres, tocooperate economically.
Americans are the main condition for the Georgian winemakers wine quality necessary to protect against. The 2012 summer - autumn, the United States and Canada will arrive in the Georgian wine to the big parties and that the work is already underway. Contracts with the Americans at this stage of a large Georgian companies into the Georgian wine distributors say they are also great interest in the so-called "Bio" is relatively small segment of the wine.
nazi gvaramia nazi gvaramia nazi gvaramia nazi gvaramia saerTaSoriso gamocdileba da auditis regulireba saqarTveloSsaerTaSoriso gamocdileba da auditis regulireba saqarTveloSsaerTaSoriso gamocdileba da auditis regulireba saqarTveloSsaerTaSoriso gamocdileba da auditis regulireba saqarTveloSiiii
Tanamedrove ekonomikur urTierTobebSi auditoruli kontroli marTvis
erT-erT umniSvnelovanes elements warmoadgens, radgan kerZo mewarmeobis da
kapitalis bazris mzardma ganviTarebam, ekonomikuri subieqtebis swrafvam
TviTregulaciisaken, mesakuTreTa da kreditorTa dabandebuli saxsrebis dacvis
garantis moTxovnebma, warmoSva aucilebloba, Camoyalibebuliyo da ganviTa-
rebuliyo auditoruli kontrolis sistema, rac, cxadia, Tavis mxriv, ekonomikur
aRmavlobas uzrunvelyofs. Yyvela saxis auditi warmoadgens specifikur sistemas,
romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs, gakeTdes daskvna kompaniis saqmianobis efeq-
turobis xarisxa da misi srulyofis gzebze. rogorc cnobilia, audits hyofen or
saxed: gare da Sida auditi. amave dros “auditis” cnebas akavSireben iseT
SemowmebasTan, romelsac axorcieleben ekonomikuri subieqtis mesakuTreebis,
aqcionerebis da saaRmsruleblo organoebisagan sruliad damoukidebeli audi-
torebi, angariSgebis sarwmunoobaze obieqturi azris gamoxatvis mizniT. gare
auditi unda Catardes damoukidebeli auditoris mier, misi damoukidebloba ki
ganisazRveba rogorc sakanonmdeblo, aseve eTikis normebiT.Aauditoris winaSe
arsebuli miznebisa da amocanebis mixedviT gare auditi iyofa savaldebulo da
9
sainiciativo auditad. savaldebulo auditi tardeba im SemTxvevaSi, roca misi
vadebi da moculoba gansazRvrulia sakanonmdeblo aqtebiT, sainiciativo auditi
ki _ nebismier dros im moculobiT, romelic ganisazRvreba kompaniis moTxovniT
gaformebuli xelSekrulebis farglebSi. savaldebulo auditis Catarebisas
auditoris winaSe dgas erTaderTi mizani _ Sesamowmebeli buRaltruli
angariSgebis arsebiTi aspeqtebis utyuarobis Sesaxeb azris formireba da Semdgom
gamoxatva. am procesSi auditors SeuZlia gadawyvitos Sualeduri amocanebi:
gansazRvros kompaniis mier ganxorcielebuli garigebebis Sesabamisoba kanon-
mdeblobasTan, Seamowmos sagadamxdelo-saangariSsworebo dokumentebi, sagada-
saxado angariSsworebebi da a.S. sainiciativo auditis procesSi ki auditoris
winaSe dgas konkretuli amocana, romelic emsaxureba xelSekrulebiT gansazR-
vruli miznis miRwevas. aseTi amocanebi SeiZleba iyos: konsultaciebi, finansuri
mdgradobis analizi, mimoxilviTi Semowmeba, angariSsworebaTa Semowmeba da a. S.
am dros dasaxuli miznebi SeiZleba iyos mravalmxrivi: gamovlenil naklovanebaTa
aRmofxvra, personalis swavleba, strategiuli dagegmva, aqtivebis uzrunvelyofis
Semowmeba da sxva.
zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, auditoruli saqmianobis roli eko-
nomikur saqmianobaSi sakmaod aqtualuria da, Sesabamisad, bunebrivia, interess
iwvevs sakiTxi imis Taobaze, Tu rogor viTardeba aRniSnuli sfero msoflios
sxvadasxva qveynebSi, rogor xorcieldeba Tanamedrove etapze auditoruli
saqmianobis regulireba saqarTveloSi, rogor aris gansazRvruli sajaro
zedamxedvelobis mizani am sferoSi. samecniero naSromSi swored aRniSnul
sakiTxebs davuTmobT yuradRebas.
aRsaniSnavia, rom dResdReobiT msoflioSi auditorul saqmianobaze
zedamxedvelobis mravalgvari sistema arsebobs, romelTa daxvewa, cxadia,
mudmivad mimdinareobs iseTi mizezebis gamo, rogoricaa warumatebeli finansuri
angariSgebebi, TviTregulirebad sistemebSi aRmoCenili sisusteebi, axali
kanonmdeblobis moTxovnebi da sxva. istoriulad, auditorul saqmianobaze
zedamxedveloba TviTregulirebis formas iRebda. aseTi midgomebis dros xSirad
gamoiyeneboda eqspertuli mimoxilva kompaniis saqmianobis gare Sefasebis
paralelurad, romelsac sxva praqtikosi profesionalebi asrulebdnen da
Sesabamis angariSs warudgendnen TviTregulirebadi kompaniis sabWos. bolo
periodSi regulirebis sistemebi ganviTarda damoukidebel zedamxedvelobaze
gazrdili moTxovnis Sesabamisad, ramac ganapiroba erovnuli regulatorebis
Camoyalibebis tendencia ufro Tanmimdevruli da globaluri masStabebiT.
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi 1977 wlidan sertificirebul buRalterTa
amerikuli instituti (AICPA) xelmZRvanelobda fasiani qaRaldebis komisiis (SEC)
praqtikis ganyofilebas (SECPS), romelic iyo TviTregulirebadi organo fasiani
qaRaldebis komisiaSi registrirebuli auditoruli kompaniebis saqmianobaze
zedamxedvelobisaTvis. aRniSnuli struqtura atarebda auditis samuSaoebis
periodul eqspertul Sefasebebs naklovanebaTa gamosavlenad da, Sesabamisad, maT
aRmosafxvrelad, rac, cxadia, mniSvnelovnad uwyobda xels auditorul
kompaniebs. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi 2002 wels kompaniebis buRaltrul
aRricxvaze zedamxedvelobis sazogadoebrivi sabWo gaxda auditis profesiis
zedamxedvelobis ZiriTadi organo. sabWos Semadgenloba ganisazRvreba sabWosa da
misi TanamSromlebisagan, romelTa roli, rig sxva sakiTxebTan erTad,
10
regularuli auditoruli inspeqciebis CatarebiT Semoifargleba. aRniSnuli
tendencia gaZlierda evrokavSiris me-8 (savaldebulo auditis) direqtivis miRebis
Semdeg 2006 wlis ivnisSi. igi Seexeba savaldebulo auditis Catarebis, sajaro
zedamxedvelobisa da xarisxis uzrunvelyofis sakiTxebs.Mme-8 direqtiva xels
uwyobs da SesabamisobaSi mohyavs savaldebulo auditis sakiTxebi evrokavSiris
masStabiT da adgens auditorul saqmianobaze sajaro zedamxedvelobisa da
xarisxis uzrunvelyofis principebs.
kapitalis bazris ufro efeqturi funqcionirebisaTvis finansuri angariS-
gebis sistemaSi monawile TiToeuli dainteresebuli piri gonivrulad unda
moqmedebdes,Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom kapitalis bazrebze auditorebi dainte-
resebuli mxareebis mxolod erTi jgufia,
isini gadamwyvet rols asruleben finansuri angariSgebis sandoobis uzrun-
velyofaSi, kerZod, xarisxian audits SeuZlia pirdapir gamoiwvios finansuri
angariSgebis procesis da, zogadad, kapitalis bazris sistemis mimarT sazoga-
doebis ndobis amaRleba. Aauditorul saqmianobaze zedamxedveloba mniSvnelovani
saSualebaa finansuri angariSgebis auditis xarisxis gasaumjobeseblad.Dda-
moukidebeli zedamxedveloba dainerga msoflios mzardi kapitalis qveynebSi da
bevr qveyanaSi amJamadac mimdinareobs es procesi. sajaro zedamxedvelobis
pirobebSi kompaniebs, romelTac surT klientebs SesTavazon garkveuli tipis
auditoruli momsaxureba (sazogadod, savaldebulo auditi an safondo birJebze
kotirebuli kompaniebis auditi), moeTxovebaT daregistrirdnen maTi profesii-
sagan damoukidebel organoSi. Aamrigad, registracia da Sesabamisad misi Senar-
Cuneba warmoadgens auditoruli saqmianobis ganxorcielebis winapirobebs. am
organos wevrebis daniSvna gamWvirvale procesi unda iyos, raTa uzrunvelyos
kvalificiuri pirebis SerCeva, romlebic sazogadoebriv interesebs moemsa-
xurebian. sazedamxedvelo organoebis struqtura da organizacia sxvadasxva
qveynebSi gansxvavebulia, magram zogadad aseT organos aqvs Semdegi funqciebi:
• sabWo, daniSnuli uflebamosili saxelmwifo organos mier, romelsac
regulirebis mTliani procesis aRmasruleblis movaleoba akisria;
• registraciisa da angariSgebis funqcia, romelic moiTxovs TiToeuli
auditoruli firmis mier specifikuri informaciis miwodebas pirveladi regist-
raciisaTvis da aseve moiTxovs periodul angariSgebas sakuTari saqmianobis
Sesaxeb (zogjer moixsenieba, rogorc gamWvirvalobis angariSi);
• inspeqtirebis funqcia, romlis farglebSic tardeba registrirebuli
kompaniebis saqmianobisa da operaciebis perioduli Semowmebebi, Sedegad ki,
rogorc aRniSnul kompanias, aseve dainteresebul sazogadoebas waredgineba
angariSi;
• gamoZiebis funqcia, romlis farglebSic xdeba profesiul standartebsa da
sxva moTxovnebTan Seusabamobis SemTxvevebis gamoZieba da sanqciebze
rekomendaciebis gacema.
yvela auditori unda daeqvemdebaros efeqtur zedamxedvelobas damouki-
debeli organos mxridan, romelic sazogadoebriv interess emsaxureba.Aam organos
wevrebis umravlesoba ki rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, damoukidebeli unda iyos
auditis profesiisgan.YTumca uaxlesi profesiuli gamocdilebis mqone audi-
toruli saqmianobiT dakavebuli pirebi monawileobas unda iRebdnen am organos
saqmianobaSi.
11
sazedamxedvelo organos unda gaaCndes dafinansebis stabiluri wyaro Tavisi
saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad. Ddafinansebam zegavlenis safrTxis winaSe ar
unda daayenos sajaro zedamxedvelobis organo dainteresebuli jgufebis
mxridan. analogiuri sistemebis mqone erovnul regulatorebs Soris unda moxdes
ormxrivi aRiareba, raTa Tavidan iqnes acilebuli regulirebis dublireba, rac
uaryofiTad moqmedebs auditis xarisxsa da xarjebze. aseTi ekvivalenturoba ki
miiRweva sazedamxedvelo organos SeqmniT.
rac Seexeba Cvens qveyanas, 2007 wels saqarTvelos mTavrobasa da
evrokomisias Soris gaformebuli dafinansebis xelSekrulebis _ “saqarTvelos
finansuri marTvis reformis mxardaWera” _ farglebSi saqarTvelos finansTa
saministroSi Camoyalibda riskebis Sefasebisa da Sida auditis sammarTvelo,
romlis ZiriTad mizans warmoadgenda Sida auditis erTeulebis Camoyalibebis da
sajaro finansebis marTvis, kontrolis axali sistemis danergvis mosamzdebeli
qmedebebis ganxorcieleba. Sesabamisad, 2009 wels saqarTvelos finansTa
saministroSi Seiqmna da saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier damtkicda “saxelmwifo
seqtorSi Sida finansuri kontrolis ganviTarebis strategia” (Public Internal
Financial Control (PIFC)), romelic sakmaod detalurad aRwerda sajaro seqtorSi Sida
finansuri kontrolis sistemis ganviTarebis gegmas, magram, cxadia, saxelmwifo
Sida finansuri kontrolis, finansuri marTvis, kontrolisa da Sida auditis
sistemis SemuSavebis, Camoyalibebisa da danergvisaTvis aucilebeli iyo Sesabamisi
sakanonmdeblo bazis arseboba. aqedan gamomdinare, 2010 wlis 26 marts
saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRo “saqarTvelos kanoni saxelmwifo Sida auditisa
da inspeqtirebis Sesaxeb”, romelic warmoadgens saxelmwifo Sida finansuri
kontrolis sistemis Camoyalibebis mTavar safuZvels. am kanonis Tanaxmad, 2010
wlis ganmavlobaSi 12 saministroSi Camoyalibda Sida auditis subieqti. amJamad ki
saqarTveloSi ukve arsebobs 24 Sida auditis erTeuli. “saxelmwifo Sida
auditisa da inspeqtirebis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanonis Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos
mTavrobis 2010 wlis 9 noembris 345-e dadgenilebis safuZvelze Seiqmna “Sida
auditTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis ganmxilveli sabWo” (harmonizaciis centri),
damtkicda sabWos debuleba da ganisazRvra sabWoSi arsebuli samdivnos ufleba-
movaleobebi. Camoyalibda harmonizaciis centris mTavari amocana, rac Sida
auditis erTeulebis saqmianobis koordinacias gulisxmobs. aRniSnul centrs
TanaTavmjdomareoben saqarTvelos finansTa ministri da saqarTvelos kontrolis
palatis Tavmjdomare. harmonizaciis centrma SeimuSava Sesabamisi meTodologiuri
dokumentebi, rogoricaa: Sida auditorTa eTikis kodeqsi; Sida auditorTa
saxelmZRvanelo principebi; Sida auditis meTodologia; Sida auditis
standartebi da saxelmwifo seqtorSi riskis marTvis saxelmZRvanelo, romlebic
Semdgom damtkicda saqarTvelos mTavrobisa da saqarTvelos finansTa ministris
mier.
aRsaniSnavia, rom saxelmwifo Sida finansuri kontrolis sistemis
ganviTareba uwyvet process warmoadgens, Sesabamisad, mudmivad ixveweba midgomebi
am sakiTxisadmi. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia, rom 2011 wels ganxorcielda
“saxelmwifo Sida auditisa da inspeqtirebis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanonis
daxvewa da misi srulad harmonizeba sarTaSoriso standartebTan _ INTOSAL-Tan
da IIA-Tan. amis safuZvelze saqarTvelos parlamentma 2011 wlis 9 dekembers miiRo
Sesabamisi cvlilebebi “saxelmwifo Sida auditisa da inspeqtirebis Sesaxeb”
12
saqarTvelos kanonSi da garda fundamenturi cvlilebebisa, aRniSnuli kanonis
saTauric Seicvala da ewoda “saxelmwifo Sida finansuri kontrolis Sesaxeb”
saqarTvelos kanoni.
zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi zedamxedveloba
iqneba efeqturi, Tu mas Caatareben Sida erovnuli sazedamxedvelo organoebi da
inspeqtorebi, romelTac srulad esmiT im kulturuli da sakanonmdeblo garemos
Taviseburebebi, romlis farglebSic xorcieldeba auditoruli saqmianoba da,
amavdroulad, gamoiyeneben aseve sxva qveynebis regulatorebis mier gaweuli
monitoringis Sedegebs.
gamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literatura
1. gvaramia n. auditis msoflio koncefciebi da ganviTarebis tendenciebi
saqarTvelos sabanko seqtorSi. iv. javaxiSvilis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universiteti. saerTaSoriso samecniero-praqtikuli konferencia, 6-7 aprili,
Tbilisi, 2012.
2. saqarTvelos profesional buRalterTa da auditorTa federacia. J.
buRaltruli aRricxva, #11, Tbilisi, 2010.
3. saqarTvelos kanoni “saxelmwifo Sida finansuri kontrolis Sesaxeb”. 26
marti, Tbilisi, 2010.
4. Кушнареев А. Журнал «Аудит»; #2-3, 2011.
Gvaramia Nazi INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE AND REGULATION OF AUDIT IN GEORGIA
SUMMARY
The scientific work is about the existing international experience and tendencies of the world development in the sphere of audit. Accordingly, it gives the history of regulation of audit work, characterizes the stages preceded the development of audit on the example of different countries in the world. In particular, the work discusses the stages of development of a public supervisory body in the United States of America, the role and main functions of this body. The main aspects of European Union Regulation 8 (obligatory audit) are given in the work. They greatly facilitate to bring the obligatory audit in conformity with the scope of the whole European Union and define the principles of public supervision and quality provision in regard with audit. The work also discusses the criteria of selecting members of supervisory body, their rights and authority, key issues of financing and mutual recognition.
According to the above mentioned the work gives the issues of regulation of audit in Georgia, accordingly, the discussion of legislative base in our country, changes carried out, and presents personal suggestions and opinions of effective functioning of this sphere.
levan grigalaSvililevan grigalaSvililevan grigalaSvililevan grigalaSvili sabuRaltro aRricxvasabuRaltro aRricxvasabuRaltro aRricxvasabuRaltro aRricxva----angariSgebis srulyofis zogierTi aspeqtiangariSgebis srulyofis zogierTi aspeqtiangariSgebis srulyofis zogierTi aspeqtiangariSgebis srulyofis zogierTi aspeqti
soflis meurneobis sawarmoTa magaliTzesoflis meurneobis sawarmoTa magaliTzesoflis meurneobis sawarmoTa magaliTzesoflis meurneobis sawarmoTa magaliTze
sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi sul ufro izrdeba informaciuli sistemebis
srulyofis aucilebloba. cnobilia, rom mmarTvelobis sferoSi sabuRaltro
aRricxva-angariSgebas gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs, miuxedavad imisa, es exeba
calkeul kompaniebs, organizaciebs, saxelmwifo Tu kerZo dawesebulebebs.
13
Sesabamisad, saaRricxvo sistemis srulyofa aamaRlebs ra informaciis xarisxs,
xels Seuwyobs erovnuli meurneobis calkeuli dargebis efeqtian funqcionirebas.
aqedan gamomdinare, sabuRaltro aRricxva-angariSgebasTan dakavSirebuli Teo-
riul-meTodologiuri da meToduri problemebis Seswavla da ganviTarebis mimar-
Tulebebis gansazRvra erT-erTi mniSvnelovani amocanaa.
amJamad saqarTveloSi ZiriTad sammarTvelo informacias saerTaSoriso
standartebze dafuZnebuli saaRricxvo sistema warmoadgens, YTumca unda aRiniS-
nos, rom isini finansuri angariSgebis standartebia da ara angariSwarmoebisa.
amis gamo finansuri angariSgeba garkveulwilad mowyvetilia mimdinare buRal-
truli aRricxvisagan. Ddrom naTlad gviCvena, rom marto finansuri angariSgebis
Sedgenis standartebi sakmarisi ar aris. samewarmeo subieqtebs ufro dawvri-
lebiTi axsna esaWiroebaT imisa, Tu rogor moawyon aRricxvis sakuTari sistema.
isini saWiroeben Sesabamis normatiul-meTodur masalebs rogorc finansuri
angariSgebis Sedgenis, aseve mimdinare da sammarTvelo aRricxvis sakiTxebSic. U
bolo wlebSi sabuRaltro aRricxva-angariSgebaSi arsebuli problemebi
gansakuTrebiT gamoikveTa soflis meurneobaSi. cnobilia, rom arcTu ise didi
xnis win soflis meurneobaSi arsebobda aRricxva-angariSgebis specifikuri
sistema. Mmarto imis aRniSvna rad Rirs, rom soflis meurneobis sawarmoebi
buRaltruli angariSgebis 28 dasaxelebis formas adgendnen, romlebic
srulyofil informacias iZleoda maTi ekonomikuri saqmianobis Sesaxeb. Ddargis
specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT, ramdenime normatiuli aqti gamocemuli iyo
gamoSvebuli produqciis TviTRirebulebis gasaangariSeblad da sxv.
qveyanaSi, sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebis kvalobaze, yalibdeba fermeruli,
glexuri meurneobebi, sadac Cveulebriv iyeneben daqiravebul Sromas, ewevian
xarjebs, yidian miRebul produqcias, Rebuloben Semosavlebs. miuxedavad amisa,
maT ar gaaCniaT aRricxva-angariSgebis mowesrigebuli sistema, ar eqcevian
saxelmwifo sagadasaxado dabegvris arealSi. Sesabamisad, maTi maCveneblebi
srulyofili saxiT ver aisaxeba qveynis statistikur-ekonomikur maCveneblebSi da
a.S. vfiqrobT, dadga dro, aRricxva-angariSgebis mowesrigebasTan erTad,
saxelmwifos mxridan am sakiTxsac saTanado yuradReba mieqces.
ra mdgomareobaa soflis meurneobis mimarTulebiT saerTaSoriso stan-
dartebis SemuSavebis TvalsazrisiT?
buRaltruli aRricxvis saerTaSoriso standartebis komitetis sabWom jer
kidev 1994 wels gadawyvita soflis meurneobis Sesaxeb buRaltruli aRricxvis
saerTaSoriso standartis Seqmna, Tumca amas bevri diskusia da msjeloba win
uZRoda. ZiriTad damabrkolebel garemoebebad miiCneoda is, rom sasoflo-
sameurneo saqmianobaSi Cabmuli sawarmoebis umetesoba mcire zomisaa, damou-
kidebelia, fokusirebulia fulad saxsrebsa da gadasaxadebze, saojaxo biznesia
da, aqedan gamomdinare, iTvleba, rom isini valdebuli ar arian, Seadginon saerTo
daniSnulebis finansuri angariSgebebi.
miuxedavad amisa, TviT mcire sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmoebic ki eZeben gare
kapitalsa da subsidiebs, gansakuTrebiT bankebidan da samTavrobo dawesebule-
bebidan. es ukanasknelni ki, Tavis mxriv, mzard moTxovnas gamoxataven finansuri
angariSgebisadmi. ufro metic, investiciebis zrda iwvevs sasoflo-sameurneo
saqmianobis masStabebisa da miznebis gafarToebas da swored aman warmoqmna
standartis SemuSavebis aucilebloba.
14
1996 wels saorganizacio komitetma gamoaqveyna ZiriTadi principebis
monaxazi, romelic 3 wlis Semdeg, anu 1999 wels damtkicda, rogorc gansaxil-
veli proeqti, xolo 2000 wlis dekemberSi sabolood damtkicda standarti da igi
moqmedebaSi Sevida 2003 wlidan. saboloo jamSi, standartis SemuSavebas cxra
weli dasWirda.
standartis mizania gansazRvros sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobis buRalt-
ruli aRricxvis wesebi, finansuri angariSgebis wardgena da masTan dakavSirebuli
ganmartebiTi SeniSvnebi. standartis gamoyeneba gaTvaliswinebuli iyo sasoflo-
sameurneo saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli iseTi aqtivebis aRricxvisaTvis, ro-
goricaa: biologiuri aqtivebi, soflis meurneobis produqcia nayofis miRebis
momentSi da saxelmwifo grantebi. rogor gaarTva stantartma Tavi am sakiTxebs?
upirveles yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom standartis mizans ar warmoadgenda
sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli miwisa da aramaterialuri
aqtivebis aRricxvis sakiTxebis regulireba. Tumca migvaCnia, rom soflis
meurneobis, rogorc dargis Sesaxeb standartSi aucileblobas warmoadgens miwis,
anu mTavari materialuri bazis aRricxva-angariSgebis sakiTxebi, rac, samwuxarod,
standartSi mocemuli ar aris.
standarti biologiur aqtivebad miiCnevs cxovels an mcenares, ganixilavs
biologiuri aqtivebis transformacias, romelSic igulisxmeba aqtivebis zrda,
degeneracia, warmoeba da gamravleba, rac, Tavis mxriv, iwvevs biologiuri aqtivis
xarisxobriv an raodenobriv cvlilebebs, Tumca masSi arsad ar aris gan-
martebuli rogor aisaxos buRaltrul aRricxvaSi cxovelis wonamati, merqnis
zrda, ZiriTadi da Tanamde produqcia da sxv.
standartis erT-erT Taviseburebas isic warmoadgens, rom igi ar exeba
soflis meurneobis produqciis gadamuSavebas nayofis miRebis Semdeg; magaliTad,
yurZnis gadamuSaveba Rvinod Rvinis mwarmoeblis mier, miuxedavad imisa, rom
SesaZloa amgvari gadamuSaveba sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobis logikuri da
bunebrivi gagrZeleba iyos. cxadia, standarti unda aregulirebdes sasoflo-
sameurneo produqciis samrewvelo gadamuSavebis sakiTxebsac.
standartis mniSvnelovani nawili eZRvneba konkretulad biologiuri
aqtivebis Sefasebas saangariSo periodis bolos. SesaZlo variantebidan ganxilu-
lia Sefasebis iseTi meTodebi, rogoricaa Sefaseba TviTRirebulebiT da realuri
RirebulebiT. ZiriTadad gatarebulia azri, rom umjobesia Sefaseba moxdes misi
realuri RirebulebiT, gayidvisaTvis saWiro xarjebis gamoklebiT. am sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT TviT standartSia moyvanili sxvadasxva faqtebi da sawinaaRmdego
mosazrebani. laparakia imazec, rom realuri RirebulebiT Sefaseba yovelTvis ar
aris SesaZlebeli, Tumca, rogor moviqceT am SemTxvevaSi ganmartebuli ar aris.
yovelive es standartis mimarT arasrulyofilebis STabeWdilebas tovebs imasTan
erTad, rom standartSi mxolod angariSis Sedgenazea saubari da konkretulad
rogor movawyoT aRricxva, rogor viangariSoT soflis meurneobis produqciis
TviTRirebuleba, amaze standarti pasuxs ar iZleva.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna, rom problemebis
gadasaWrelad saWiroa ara marto soflis meurneobis, aramed qveyanaSi moqmedi
aRricxva-angariSgebis sistemis reformireba, romelic unda daefuZnos garkveul
koncefcias. garda amisa, saWirod migvaCnia iseTi RonisZiebebis gatareba,
rogoricaa:
15
moqmedi aRricxva-angariSgebis sistemis analizi, misi Sedareba sxva qveynebis
sistemebTan da amis safuZvelze gasatarebel RonisZiebaTa SemuSaveba;
sabuRaltro aRricxvis normatiuli bazis srulyofa;
aRricxva-angariSgebis samarTlebrivi regulirebis sistemis srulyofa,
romelic gulisxmobs maregulirebeli organos gansazRvras, misi rolisa da
funqciebis Camoyalibeba;
buRaltruli aRricxvis saerTaSoriso standartebis bazaze saqarTvelos
erovnuli standartebis SemuSaveba;
sabuRaltro kadrebis momzadebisa da profesiuli sertificirebis sistemis
srulyofa;
sabuRaltro aRricxvis koncefciisa da reformirebis programis miReba
saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier da sxv.
Grigalashvili Levan SOME ASPECTS OF THE IMPROVEMENT OF ACCOUNTING AND A UDITING SYSTEMS
ON THE EXAMPLE OF AGRARIAN PRODUCTION INDUSTRIES SUMMARY
In the work is reviewed the problematic questions of the accounting and auditing on the example of
the factories in agricultural sphere. Also is proved the necessity for maintaining the national standards and is given the possible proposal that should improve the accounting and auditing procedures.
cicino TeTraulicicino TeTraulicicino TeTraulicicino TeTrauli globalizaciis gavlena inflaciur procesebzeglobalizaciis gavlena inflaciur procesebzeglobalizaciis gavlena inflaciur procesebzeglobalizaciis gavlena inflaciur procesebze
XX saukunis bolo aTwleulSi kacobrioba ganviTarebis axal etapze gada-
vida, romelmac globalizaciis saxelwodeba miiRo. globalizacia regionalizmis
meSveobiT xorcieldeba, anu mimdinareobs kargad Sexamebuli globaluri da
regionuli integraciis procesi. globalizaciis procesi uSualod zemoqmedebs
calkeuli qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebaze. Tanamedrove msoflio ekonomikaSi
erovnuli ekonomikis ganviTarebis donis amaRleba warmoudgenelia globalur
ekonomikur sivrceSi integraciis gareSe, rac moicavs rogorc SesaZleblobebs da
perspeqtivebs, aseve garkveul safrTxeebs. globalur ekonomikaSi calkeuli
qveyana SesaZloa CaerTos pirdapir, anu regionul integraciul procesebSi
monawileobis gareSe, rac damokidebulia calkeuli qveynis strategiasa da mis
politikur-ekonomikur kursze. globaluri ekonomikis pirobebSi integraciul
procesebSi CarTva warmoadgens msoflio ekonomikis Semadgeneli yvela erovnuli
ekonomikis saerTo maxasiaTebel niSans, maTi ganviTarebis donis miuxedavad.
vinaidan globalizacia aris msoflio sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi mimdinare
obieqturi procesi, romelsac ver aicdens verc erTi qveyana, eri, saxelmwifo,
aqedan gamomdinare, TiToeuli qveynisaTvis aucilebelia msoflioSi mimdinare
globaluri procesebis Rrmad Seswavla da misi gaTvaliswineba ekonomikasa da
politikaSi. globalizacia dRiTi dRe ufro TvalsaCino da masStaburi xdeba.
globalizaciis Casaxva, misi dRis wesrgSi dayeneba da msoflio mniSvnelobis
fenomenad qceva Tanamedrove msoflio wesrigma ganapiroba. es wesrigi swvdeba ara
mxolod msoflio politikur sivrces, aramed ekonomikursac, rogorc makro-
16
ekonomikurs, aseve mikroekonomikurs. rodesac laparakia axal msoflio wesrigze,
es ZiriTadad imas niSnavs, rom iqmneba da viTardeba iseTi midgomebi, normebi,
valdebulebebi, pasuxismgeblobebi, strategia da urTierTobaTa eTika, romelic
globalurad vrceldeba msoflios nebismier qveyanaze. amrigad msoflios axalma
wesrigma da misma Seuqcevadobam integrirebis masStabebi globalizaciis pro-
cesad Camoayaliba da amJamad globalizacia Tavad msoflio wesrigs gulisxmobs.
globalizacia mTeli sigrZe-siganiT dgas msoflios yvela qveynis da maT Soris
saqarTvelos winaSe. globalizacia warmoadgens yvela qveynis da regionis
ganviTarebis imanentur process.
saqarTvelo, iseve rogorc sxva qveynebi, globalizaciis wredSia moqceuli
da man rogorc saxelmwifoebriv, ise biznessubieqtebis doneze mis moTxovnebs
unda upasuxos. dRes ukve aRaravis SeuZlia gare samyarodan izolireba erTi
qveynis, erTi qalaqis farglebSi Caketva da biznessaqmianoba. teqnologiebisa da
komunikaciebis saSualebaTa swrafma ganviTarebam aamaRla gare garemos saer-
TaSoriso ganzomilebebis mniSvneloba. mag., kompaniis Stabbina SeiZleba iyos erT
qveyanaSi, xolo misi warmoeba, kvleviTi centri da distribuciebi sxva qveynebSi.
firma ,,makdonaldsis~ da ,,koka-kolas~ Stabbina amerikaSia, distribuciebi da
gayidvebi saqarTveloSicaa da sxva qveynebSic. saqarTveloSi mravali filiali
aqvT safrangeTis (,,respublika~), germaniis (,,prokredit banki~), ukrainis (tao-
privatbanki) da sxva qveynebis bankebs. kompaniebis saqmianoba veRar eteva erTi
qveynis CarCoebSi. 90-ian wlebSi warmoSobilma orma fenomenma _ globalizaciam
da internetma didi revoluciuri Zvrebi moaxdina biznessaqmianobaSi. globa-
lizaciis procesSi kompaniis ganviTareba gadis 4 stadias: 1) Sida; 2) saerTaSo-
riso; 3) multierovnuli; 4) globaluri. marTalia, erovnuli ekonomikis ganvi-
Tareba warmoudgenelia globalur-ekonomikur sivrceSi integraciis gareSe,
magram, meore mxriv, am sivrceSi integrirebuli qveynebi, sameurneo subieqtebi da
iq dasaqmebuli adamianebi sxvadasxva kulturis, mrwamsis, tradiciebis matarebeli
arian, aqedan gamomdinare, maT sxvadasxvanairi midgoma sWirdeba. saerTaSoriso
vaWrobis zrdam msoflio qveynebi sul ufro metad urTierTdamokidebuli gaxada.
saerTaSoriso sferoSi ekonomikuri kavSirebis gafarToebas Tan axlavs
analogiuri procesebi safinanso urTierTobebis sferoSi. fulad kapitals
gaaCnia mudmivi TviTgazrdis unari, rac erovnuli sazRvrebidan misi aucilebeli
gamosvlis stimulicaa.
globalizacia finansur sferoSi saSualebas iZleva, qveyanaSi araefeqtiani
safinanso sistemisa da susti korporaciuli mmarTvelobis gverdis avliT gan-
xorcieldes pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi da imavdroulad moxdes finansuri
kapitalis gadineba. inflacia aqtualuri movlenaa rogorc ganviTarebadi da
ganviTarebuli qveynebisaTvis, aseve sabazro ekonomikaze gardamavali qveynebi-
saTvis. inflacia laTinuri sityvaa da niSnavs gabervas. inflacia aris mimoqcevis
sferoSi qaRaldis fulis didi raodenobiT gamoSveba, romelic realuri
saqonelbrunvis saWiroebebs aRemateba. inflacia, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tanamed-
rove ekonomikis umZimes daavadebadaa miCneuli. kacobriobas ar gaaCnia mimoqcevaSi
fulis gamoSvebis obieqturi kriteriumebi. amitom aranairi zusti kanoni ar
arsebobs mimoqcevaSi gamosaSvebi fulis raodenobis calsaxad gansazRvrisaTvis.
fulis gamogonebis dRidan, kacobriobam ver SeZlo daedgina rogor unda
Seefardebina maT mier warmoebuli sasaqonlo masa maT mierve gamoSvebul fulad
masasTan, qaRaldis fulis gamoSvebam ki mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa inflaciis
17
warmoSobaSi. inflacia maSinac SeimCneoda rodesac mxolod liTonis fuli
arsebobda (Sua saukuneebSi). magram maSindeli inflaciuri procesebi xanmokle
iyo da ZiriTadad omebiTa da ekonomikuri problemebiT iyo gamowveuli.
postkomunisturi qveynebi sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, rTul da
araprognozirebad sivrceSi aRmoCndnen, memkvidreobad darCaT moSlili ekonomika,
sawarmoo resursebis deficiti, deficituri biujeti da maRali inflacia. aseTive
mdgomareobaSi iyo saqarTvelo sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg. saqarTvelo isev
samaneTo zonaSi rCeboda, rac erovnul banks damokidebuls xdida ruseTis
xelisuflebaze, romelic am faqts politikuri da ekonomikuri zewolis iaraRad
iyenebda. 1993 wlis 3 aprils mimoqcevaSi Semovida droebiTi fuladi erTeuli –
kuponi, ramac swrafi tempiT iwyo gaufasureba da saqarTvelo aRmoCnda hiperin-
flaciis zRvarze. 1995 wels saqarTvelos xelisuflebam SemoiRo erovnuli
valuta lari, ramac inflaciuri procesebi Seanela. magram qveyanaSi mainc bevri
problema rCeboda. qveyanaSi warmoebis done dabali iyo da aranairi perspeqtiva
ar Canda mis asamaRleblad axlo momavalSi. amis gamo ver xerxdeboda erovnuli
valutis gamyareba samamulo warmoebis produqciiT da saWiro gaxda erovnuli
valutis sxva xerxebiT gamyareba. amitom moxda laris mibma dolarze. dolari
aRmoCnda laris myari sayrdeni, misi xerxemali. imisaTvis rom gacvlis kursi
dolarsa da lars Soris SedarebiT stabiluri yofiliyo, xdeboda misi
xelovnuri gziT SenarCuneba, dolarze laris mibma arcTu idealuri gamosavali
iyo saqraTvelosTvis, magram Cveni qveyana ar gamoirCeoda Zlieri ekonomikuri
maCvenebliT, maRali iyo umuSevrobis done, iyo deficituri biujeti da navTob-
produqtebze fasebis aweva mkacrad urtyavda Cvens ekonomikas. dolaris kursis
gamyareba xelovnuri gziT inflaciuri wyaros matarebelia faruli saxiT. am
periodidan daiwyo inflaciuri procesebis zrda postkomunistur qveynebSi.
inflaciis postkomunisturi tipi radikalurad gansxvavdeba sxva qveynebis
inflaciisgan misi ganviTarebis pirobebiT, es pirobebi ki mdgomareobs mbrZa-
nebluri ekonomikidan sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlaSi, rodesac fasebi am
periodSi swrafad izrdeba. gegmiuri sameurneo sistemis moSlam gamoiwvia
ekonomikis dargebs Soris disproporcia, warmoebis dacema. globalizaciis
sivrceSi Sesvla, postkomunisturi qveynebis fulad-sakredito sistemisTvis
rTuli da mtkivneuli aRmoCnda saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri reformis I etapze
safinanso sistemis sferoSi saxelmwifo politikis mTavari mimarTuleba iyo
fasebis globalizacia, hiperinflaciis moTokva; savaluto bazris formireba.
sabanko da sagadasaxado sistemis gardaqmna. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi
msoflioSi savaluto-safinanso stabilurobis dasamyarebladaa mowodebuli. is
wevri saxelmwifoebis mxridan makroekonomikuri stabilurobis miRwevisa da
SenarCunebis mizniT, mkacr safinanso disciplinasa da stabiluri savaluto
kursis uzrunvelyofas moiTxvos. Tuki ekonomikurad sustad ganviTarebul
qveyanaSi sakmaod maRalia inflaciis done, maSin igi eqsportis Semcirebis da
importis zrdas gamoiwvevs, rac saerTaSoriso savaluto rezervis Semcirebasa da
qveynebis valutebTan SedarebiT erovnuli valutis gaufasebas ganapirobebs.
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis da msoflio bankis wevri-qveynebi 3 jgufad
iyofian: ,,donorebi~, ,,recipientebi~ da ,,neitralebi~. ,,donorebi~ Tavisi
SenatanebiT am organizaciebis safinanso wyaroebs qmnian. ,,recipientebi~ am
organizaciebidan reformebis Casatareblad safinanso daxmarebas iReben.
,,neitralebs~ ki ar sWirdebaT daxmareba da TviTonac ar monawileoben safinanso
18
wyaroebis SeqmnaSi. Tu saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi CaTvlis, rom ,,recipient~
wevr-qveyanaSi makroekonomikuri stabiluroba darRveulia, igi safinanso
daxmarebas SeaCerebs. am dros msoflio bankic SeaCerebs am qveynebisaTvis
daxmarebas im dromde, sanam saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi ar miiRebs
gadawyvetilebas, rom qveyanaSi gatarebuli safinanso-ekonomikuri politikis
Sedegad aRdgenilia makroekonomikuri stabiluroba, am princips iziarebs
evrokavSiric da uSualod donori saxelmwifoebi.
rogorc globaluri finansur-ekonomikuri krizisis dawyebisas, ise misi
msvlelobisas saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis reformirebis sakiTxi sakmaod
aqtualuria. XXI saukunis pirveli globaluri finansur-ekonomikuri krizisis
fonze kidev ufro aSkara gaxda imis aucilebloba, rom saerTaSoriso savaluto
fondis mandati gafarTovdes da gaizardos ganviTarebadi qveynebis CarTulobis
done fondSi gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis procesSi, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis
arsebobis periodSi misi wevr-saxelmwifoebis ricxvi 4-jer da metad gaizarda.
marTalia, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondica da msoflio bankic gaeros
struqturebia, magram am ukanasknelis eqspertis Sefasebebi yovelTvis dadebiTi
ar aris. magaliTad, msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi saerTaSriso savaluto
fondisa da msoflio bankis mier erToblivad mxardaWerili ,,struqturuli
gardaqmnis politikis~ realizaciis Sedegebis ganzogadebis safuZvelze gake-
Tebulia daskvna, rom am politikas ekologiur degradirebamde mivyavarT da,
saboloo jamSi, adamianiseuli ganviTareba Tavisufal bazrebsa da globa-
lizacias ewireba.
vardebis revoluciis gziT mosuli mTavrobis gansakuTrebul miRwevad unda
CaiTvalos im politikuri nebis arseboba, romlis safuZvelzec qveyanaSi
safinanso wesrigi damyarda da ukve 2004 wels sagadasaxado Semosavlebi (da ara
marto) 2-jer da metad gaizarda. es procesi SemdgomSic grZeldeba. es realuri
warmateba imdenad STambeWdavi aRmoCnda, rom saqarTvelos megobari qveynebi da
saerTaSoriso organizaciebi amiT aRfrTovanebulebi iyvnen. globaluri
ekonomikuri krizisi Seexo msoflio yvela aspeqts _ warmoebas, vaWrobas, sabanko
seqtors, safinanso bazrebs. Semcirda msoflioSi mTliani Sida produqtis
moculoba. bunebaSi arsebuli fuladi resursebis msyidvelobiT unars veRar
akmayofilebs realizaciaSi arsebuli produqciis moculoba, xolo krizisis
Sedegad moSlili ekonomikis realuri seqtori ver uzrunvelyofs bazars
sakmarisi raodenobis produqciiT. am viTarebaSi izrdeba fasebi da qveyanaSi
inflacia da misi Tanamdevi movlenebi iwyeba. inflaciis zrdasTan erTad izrdeba
fulis brunvis siCqare. ,,fulis inflaciuri brunva~, anu fasebis zrdiT
gamowveuli fulis masis brunvis siCqare. am dros saxelmwifos aucilebeli
movaleobaa inflaciis sawinaaRmdego qmedeba, man ise unda warmarTos fuladi
masa, rom inflaciam ar gadaaWarbos normis dasaSveb dones. roca inflacia ukve
momxdari faqtia, dasavleTis qveynebi mimarTaven mis daTrgunvas, amas
axorcieleben fasebze zRvrebis dawesebiT. magram unda aRiniSnos rom es
RonisZieba Trgunavs da droebiT aCerebs ara marto inflacias, aramed saqonlis
mwarmoeblebsac, radgan ikargeba maTTvis aucilebeli materialuri stimulireba.
es ki xels uSlis da aferxebs investiciuri procesebis gaSlas da warmoebis
gafarToebas. aseT dros investorebi kargaven orientacias, radgan gaugebari
xdeba romel dargSi unda warimarTos investiciebi. globaluri ekonomikuri
krizisi yvelaze mwvaved postkomunistur qveynebs Seexo. krizisis saswrafod
19
daZleva ki ver ganxorcielda. aSS-is ekonomikis gansakuTrebuli statusi imeds
gvaZlevs, rom uaxloes periodSi daZleuli iqneba globaluri ekonomikuri
krizisi, rasac gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs rogorc sxva qveynebis, aseve
saqarTvelos stabiluri ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis.
bolo periodis msoflio-ekonomikurma krizisma da ruseT-saqarTvelos omma
2008 wlis agvistos TveSi, mdgomareoba sagrZnoblad gaauaresa Tumca aRsaniSnavia
is, rom saqarTvelos ekonomikam am or did dartymas gauZlo da Sesabamisi
ekonomikuri politikis ganxorcielebisa da saerTaSoriso daxmarebis pirobebSi
mdgomareoba TandaTan gaumjobesda. mTavrobis mier Seqmnil antikrizisul
programaSi erT-erTi strategiuli meqanizmia fulad-sakredito politika.
krizisis pirobebSi monetaruli politika saxelmwifos Carevisgan ar iqneba
Tavisufali. ar unda iqnes daSvebuli erovnuli valutis kursis arc myisieri
xelovnuri gamyareba da arc gaufasureba. erovnulma bankma unda gansazRvros is
oqros Sualedi, romelic uzrunvelyofs fasebis stabilurobas da, meore mxriv,
stimuli unda misces komerciul bankebs da xeli Seuwyos ekonomikis, gansakuT-
rebiT realuri seqtoris aRorZineba-ganviTarebas. globalizaciis pirobebSi
aucilebelia erovnuli da ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis dacva, samamulo warmoebis
produqciis konkurentunarianobis amaRleba, rogorc Sida, ise sagareo bazarze,
sagareo valis Semcireba da qveyanaSi efeqtiani infrastruqturis Camoyalibeba, es
ukanaskneli warmatebiT xorcieldeba saxelmwifos mxridan. saqarTvelos mWidro
urTierToba aqvs da TanamSromlobs saerTaSoriso savaluto fondTan, msoflio
bankTan, evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis bankTan. msoflio bankis
meSveobiT ki xorcieldeba mniSvnelovani proeqtebi socialuri sferos obieq-
tebis, jandacvis, ganaTlebis da sxva dargebis ganviTarebaSi. magram mxolod
garedan daxmareba ver gamoiRebs CvenTvis sasurvel Sedegs, Tu Cvenve ar
ganvaxorcielebT mniSvnelovan RonisZiebebs msoflio biznesis sferoSi CarTviT,
radgan Tanamedrove biznesis mTavari Taviseburebaa misi globaluri, konti-
nenturi da zogadsakacobrio xasiaTi. didi perspeqtivebi iSleba Savi- zRvispira
qveynebis ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis ganviTarebis mimarTulebiT, am urTier-
TobebSi ki saqarTvelo Rirseul adgils ikavebs.
ekonomikurad Zlieri, maRalganviTarebuli qveynebis erovnuli valuta
inflacias ar ganicdis, an naklebad mgrZnobiarea mis mimarT, amitomac saerTa-
Soriso angariSsworebaSi gamoiyeneba am qveynebis erovnuli valutebi. myari
valuta ara marto angariSsworebis sayovelTao aRiarebuli saSualebaa saerTa-
Soriso vaWrobaSi, aramed oqros fulis msgavsad, Tavisuflad icvleba nebismieri
qveynis erovnul valutaze. valutis Tvisebas, Tavisuflad gaicvalos sxva qveynis
fulad erTeulze, saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze, konvertirebas uwodeben, aseT
valutas ki konvertirebads. msoflio fulis funqcias mxolod konvertirebadi
valutebi asruleben. konvertirebadi valutebis gacvlis procesSi yalibdeba
valutebis gasacvleli fasi, romelsac savaluto kurss uwodeben. savaluto
kursi _ esaa erTi qveynis valutis fasi, gamoxatuli meore qveynis valutaSi.
valutis kursi araa gayinuli da ucvleli, igi sistematurad irxeva zemoT da
qvemoT. erovnuli valutis kursis gazrda sxva valutebis kursis mimarT, misi
msyidvelobiTi unaris gadidebas iwvevs da importuli saqonlis fasebs amcirebs.
kursis dacemis pirobebSi mcirdeba erovnuli valutis msyidvelobis unari da
Sesabamisad izrdeba importuli saqonlis fasebi. ucxouri valutis bazris
momsaxurebis mizniT iqmneba specialuri savaluto birJebi, romelTa ZiriTadi
20
funqcia valutiT vaWrobaa. fasiani qaRaldebis bazris aRorZineba iwyeba XX
saukunis 90-iani wlebidan da dakavSirebulia saaqcio sazogadoeba ,,kavkasiis
birJis~ CamoyalibebasTan. msoflios umsxviles safondo birJebs miekuTvneba: niu-
iorkis, tokios, aSS-s, londonis da sxva. birJebi. inflaciis gamomwvevi egzo-
genuri faqtorebidan bevri qveyanaSi da maT Soris postkomunistur qveynebSi,
udidesi wvlili miuZRvis importirebul inflacias, fasebis zrdas navTob-
produqtebze, eleqtro-matareblebze. inflaciis Sedegad postkomunistur
saqarTveloSi moxda mosaxleobis diferenciacia fenebis mixedviT, ZiriTadad
gamoiyo Semdegi fenebi: uRaribesi, Raribi da mdidari fena, saSualo fena,
rogorc aseTi, aRar arsebobs, maT RaribTa fenaSi gadainacvles vinaidan inf-
lacia postkomunistur qveynebSi da maT Soris saqarTveloSi, mravali faqtoriTaa
gamowveuli, upirvelesi yuradReba endogenur faqtorebs unda mieqces saxelmwi-
fos mxridan, radgan endogenuri Siga faqtoerbis marTva SesaZlebelia, egzogenur
faqtorebs ki qveyana ver marTavs. amrigad antiinflaciuri politika unda
moicavdes rogorc makro, ise mikroekonomiuri xasiaTis zomebs. saqarTveloSi
gatarebuli antiinflaciuri politika dadebiTi tendenciiT midis, magram mainc
saWiroa misi daxvewa da srulyofa, globalizaciisa da ekonomikuri krizisis
pirobebSi monetaruli politika maqsimalurad gamWvirvale unda gaxdes biznesis
da sazogadoebisaTvis. ar unda iqnes daSvebuli ervonuli valutis kursis arc
myisierad xelovnurad gamyareba da arc gaufasureba. erovnuli bankis amocanaa,
gansazRvros is ,,oqros Sualedi~, romelic uzrunvelyofs fasebis stabilurobas
da stimuls miscems komerciul bankebs, xeli Seuwyon ekonomikis, gansakuTrebiT
realuri seqtoris aRorZinebas da ganviTarebas.
globalizaciis pirobebSi erovnuli ekonomikis aRorZineba qveynis
damoukideblobis SenarCunebis mTavari atributia. saqarTvelom ,,Ria ekonomikis~
pirobebSi unda moZebnos is ,,oqros Sualedi~, romelic mas arc globalizaciis
ferxulidan amoagdebs da Tavis erovnul TviTmyofadobas SeunarCunebs.
gamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literatura
1. abesaZe r. mdgradi ekonomikuri ganviTareba - XXI saukunis globaluri
gamowveva, samecniero Sromebis krebuli, t. I.
2. papava v. aratradiciuli ekonomiksi, Tbilisi 2011.
3. TeTrauli a. sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlisa da biznesis ganviTarebis
kanonzomierebani saqarTveloSi. naw. I, Tbilisi, macne, 1992.
4. TeTrauli c. inflacia da misi gamomwvevi mizezebi. paata guguSvilis
ekonomikis institutis daarsebis dRisadmi miZRvnili saerTaSoriso samecniero-
praqtikuli konferenciis masalebis krebuli. ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis
gamomcemloba. Tbilisi, 2011.
5. vaniSvili m. finansebi. Tbilisi, 2007.
21
Tetrauli Tsitsino EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON INFLATION PROCESSES
SUMMARY
In the work is reviewed the essence of globalization, effects and results of globalization on the integrated countries economies and on the monetary-credit systems of those countries. Also the way of reducing inflation is reviewed.
nadeJda kvataSiZenadeJda kvataSiZenadeJda kvataSiZenadeJda kvataSiZe finansuri instrumentebis Sefaseba finansuri instrumentebis Sefaseba finansuri instrumentebis Sefaseba finansuri instrumentebis Sefaseba
finansuri instrumentifinansuri instrumentifinansuri instrumentifinansuri instrumenti aris nebismieri xelSekruleba, romelic warmoqmnis
rogorc erTi sawarmos finansur aqtivs, aseve meore sawarmos finansur
valdebulebas an wilobriv instruments1. wilobrivi instrumentiwilobrivi instrumentiwilobrivi instrumentiwilobrivi instrumenti aris nebismieri
xelSekruleba, romelic adasturebs sawarmos aqtivebSi yvela misi valdebulebis
gamoqviTvis Semdeg darCenili wilis sakuTrebis uflebas.
finansuri instrumentis erT-erTi kategoriaa sessessessesxexexexebibibibi dadadada moTmoTmoTmoTxovxovxovxovnenenenebi. bi. bi. bi. es aris
arawarmoebuli finansuri aqtivebi, romlebsac gaaCnia fiqsirebuli an gansazRvra-
di gadasaxdelebi da aqtiur bazarze maTi fasi kotirebuli ar aris. aseTi tipis
finansuri instrumentebi, rogorc wesi, warmoiqmneba saqonlis miwodebisa da
momsaxurebis gawevis an sesxebis gacemis dros. aseTi instrumentebi
Tavdapirvelad aRiarebuli unda iqnes realuri RirebulebiT.Tavdapirvelad aRiarebuli unda iqnes realuri RirebulebiT.Tavdapirvelad aRiarebuli unda iqnes realuri RirebulebiT.Tavdapirvelad aRiarebuli unda iqnes realuri RirebulebiT.
bass 39-is Tanaxmad, iseTi finansuri instrumenti rogoricaa moTxovnebi, moTxovnebi, moTxovnebi, moTxovnebi,
dafarvis vadamde flobili investiciebi, grZelvadiani sesxebi,dafarvis vadamde flobili investiciebi, grZelvadiani sesxebi,dafarvis vadamde flobili investiciebi, grZelvadiani sesxebi,dafarvis vadamde flobili investiciebi, grZelvadiani sesxebi, sawyisi Sefasebis
Semdgom, sawarmom unda Seafasos amoramoramoramortitititizezezezebulibulibulibuli RiRiRiRirerererebubububulelelelebiTbiTbiTbiT efeqefeqefeqefeqtutututuriririri sapsapsapsaprorororocencencencen----
totototo mmmmeeeeToToToTodisdisdisdis gagagagamomomomoyeyeyeyenenenenebiTbiTbiTbiT2. efeqturi saprocento meTodi aris finansuri aqtivisa Tu
finansuri valdebulebis amortizebuli Rirebulebis gamoTvlisa da saprocento Se-
mosavlebis an xarjebis Sesabamis periodSi gadanawilebis meTodi. gadanawileba unda
moxdes efeqturi saprocento ganakveTiT. efeqturi saprocento ganakveTi (effective rate) aris ganakveTi, romelic zustad adiskontirebs momavalSi misaReb an gadasax-
del savaraudo fulad saxsrebs finansuri instrumentis mosalodneli momsaxurebis
vadis ganmavlobaSi an finansuri aqtivisa Tu finansuri valdebulebis wminda saba-
lanso Rirebulebis mokle periodis ganmavlobaSi. efeqturi saprocento ganakveTis
gamoangariSebis dros sawarmom finansuri instrumentebidan fuladi nakadebi unda
Seafasos yvela sakontraqto pirobis gaTvaliswinebiT.... diskontirebis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom momavali fuladi nakadebis
mimdinare Rirebuleba mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba maTi nominaluri Rirebu-
lebisagan. fulis droiTi Rirebulebis Teoriis Tanaxmad sxvadasxva dros erTi
da imave gacemul (miRebul) Tanxas gansxvavebuli Rirebuleba aqvs ori mizezis
gamo: 1) Tanxebis aramoRebis riski; 2) alternatiuli investiciebis SesaZlebloba.
magaliTad, Tu sawarmom SeiZina aqtivebi Cveulebrivi fasebiT, magram miiRo
SeTanxmeba Tanxebis gadaxdis mniSvnelovani gadavadebis Sesaxeb, maSin man
Cveulebriv fasebze dabali fasiT SeiZina aqtivebi. xolo Tu moaxdina aqtivebis
1 bass 32 `finansuri instrumentebi: wardgena~. fass. Tb. 2009, p. 11.
2 bass 39 `finansuri instrumentebi: aRiareba da Sefaseba~. fass. Tb., 2009. p. 47.
22
realizacia gadaxdis mniSvnelovani gadavadebiT, maSin realizacia ganxorcielda
dabali fasebiT. amitom fass-is Tanaxmad, finansuri aqtivebi da valdebulebebi
unda aisaxos ara nominaluri RirebulebiT, aramed diskontirebuli RirebulebiT,
xolo maT Soris sxvaoba gavlenas axdens finansur Sedegebze.
diskontireba gavlenas axdens aRricxvis obieqtis sabalanso Rirebulebaze
da Sesabamisad cvlis sawarmos finansur Sedegebs. kerZod, awonasworebs aqtivebis awonasworebs aqtivebis awonasworebs aqtivebis awonasworebs aqtivebis
(valdebulebebis) sabalanso Rirebulebas da momavalSi gadasaxdel (misaReb) (valdebulebebis) sabalanso Rirebulebas da momavalSi gadasaxdel (misaReb) (valdebulebebis) sabalanso Rirebulebas da momavalSi gadasaxdel (misaReb) (valdebulebebis) sabalanso Rirebulebas da momavalSi gadasaxdel (misaReb)
ffffulad nakadebs. misi gamoyenebiT gaiangariSeba aqtivebis (valdebulebebis) ulad nakadebs. misi gamoyenebiT gaiangariSeba aqtivebis (valdebulebebis) ulad nakadebs. misi gamoyenebiT gaiangariSeba aqtivebis (valdebulebebis) ulad nakadebs. misi gamoyenebiT gaiangariSeba aqtivebis (valdebulebebis)
sabalanso Rirebuleba momavalSi gadasaxdeli (misaRebi) fuladi nakadebis sabalanso Rirebuleba momavalSi gadasaxdeli (misaRebi) fuladi nakadebis sabalanso Rirebuleba momavalSi gadasaxdeli (misaRebi) fuladi nakadebis sabalanso Rirebuleba momavalSi gadasaxdeli (misaRebi) fuladi nakadebis
mixedviT. mixedviT. mixedviT. mixedviT.
bankis mier deklarirebuli (nominaluri) saprocento ganakveTi gansxvavdeba
msesxeblis mier faqtobrivad gadasaxdeli ZiriTadi da saprocento Tanxisagan da
iTvaliswinebs damatebiTi Tanxebis gadaxdas. Ees aris sesxis damtkicebisa da
momsaxurebis sxvadasxva sakomiso Tanxebi: sesxis miRebis; saangariSsworebo
operaciebis warmoebis; giravnobiT gadacemuli qonebis Sefasebis; saxelmwifo
registraciis; dazRvevis; sesxis gacemis da sxva.
aseve, finansuri instrumentebis emisias Tan axlavs garigebis danaxarjebi. garigebis danaxarjebi. garigebis danaxarjebi. garigebis danaxarjebi.
garigebis danaxarjebi3 aris wminda danaxarjebi, romlebic warmoadgens finansuri
aqtivis an finansuri valdebulebis Sesyidvis, emisiis an realizaciis pirdapir
danaxarjebs. wminda danaxarjebi aris danaxarjebi, romlebic ar warmoiSoboda,
Tu sawarmo ar ganaxorcielebda finansuri instrumentis Sesyidvas, emisias an rea-
lizacias. garigebis danaxarjebi moicavs agentebis (gayidvis agentebad moqmed da-
qiravebul momuSaveTa CaTvliT), mrCevelebis, brokerebisa da dilerebis xelfaseb-
sa da sakomisioebs, maregulirebeli saagentoebidan da safondo birJebidan mosak-
reblebsa da satransfero baJsa Tu savaldebulo mosakrebels. garigebis danaxar-
jebi ar moicavs premiebsa da fasdaTmobebs, finansur danaxarjebsa da Sida admi-
nistraciul Tu mflobelTa danaxarjebs.
amdenad, msesxebeli realurad ixdis nominalur ganakveTze mets da saWiro
xdeba realurirealurirealurirealuri saprocento ganakveTissaprocento ganakveTissaprocento ganakveTissaprocento ganakveTis dadgena, anu wliuri saprocento ganakveTis
yvela gadasaxadis gaTvaliswinebiT. aseTi realuri saprocento ganakveTia
efeqturi saprocento ganakveTi. efeqturi saprocento ganakveTi. efeqturi saprocento ganakveTi. efeqturi saprocento ganakveTi.
sesxiT sargeblobisaTvis finansuri instrumentis efeqefeqefeqefeqtutututuri sapri sapri sapri saprorororocencencencento gato gato gato ga----
naknaknaknakveveveveTi aris sapTi aris sapTi aris sapTi aris saprorororocencencencento gato gato gato ganaknaknaknakveveveveTi, romTi, romTi, romTi, romlilililiTac xdeTac xdeTac xdeTac xdebabababa fifififinannannannansur insur insur insur instrustrustrustrumenmenmenmentTan datTan datTan datTan da----
kavkavkavkavSiSiSiSirerererebubububuli Seli Seli Seli Sefafafafasesesesebubububuli fuli fuli fuli fulalalaladi nakadi nakadi nakadi nakadebis disdebis disdebis disdebis diskonkonkonkontitititirerererebabababa momomomocecececemumumumuli inli inli inli instrustrustrustrumenmenmenmentis tis tis tis
mommommommomsasasasaxuxuxuxurerererebis vabis vabis vabis vadis gandis gandis gandis ganmavmavmavmavlolololobabababaSi, gaSi, gaSi, gaSi, gamoTmoTmoTmoTvlivlivlivlisas gaTsas gaTsas gaTsas gaTvavavavalislislisliswiwiwiwinenenenebuli unbuli unbuli unbuli unda iqda iqda iqda iqnes ganes ganes ganes ga----
daxdaxdaxdaxdidididili an mili an mili an mili an miReReReRebubububuli yveli yveli yveli yvela sala sala sala sakokokokomimimimisio da mosio da mosio da mosio da mosaksaksaksakrerererebebebebeli, pirli, pirli, pirli, pirdadadadapir mipir mipir mipir mikuTkuTkuTkuTvnevnevnevnebabababadi gadi gadi gadi ga----
ririririgegegegebis dabis dabis dabis dannnnaaaaxarxarxarxarjejejejebi da yvebi da yvebi da yvebi da yvela sala sala sala sakokokokomimimimisio an fassio an fassio an fassio an fasdakdakdakdaklelelelebabababa4444. . . .
sxvagvarad, efeqturi saprocento ganakveTi efeqturi saprocento ganakveTi efeqturi saprocento ganakveTi efeqturi saprocento ganakveTi asaxavs kreditis srul kreditis srul kreditis srul kreditis srul
Rirebulebas, Rirebulebas, Rirebulebas, Rirebulebas, vinaidan nominaluri saprocento ganakveTis garda, gaangariSebaSi
CarTulia kreditis gaformebisa da momsaxurebis xarjebi. am ganakveTis gamo-
yenebiT SesaZlebelia realuri Semosavlebis (gamsesxeblisaTvis) da xarjebis
(msesxeblisaTvis) daangariSeba.
efeqturi saprocento ganakveTi uzrunvelyofs momavalSi gadasaxdeli an
misaRebi fuladi nakadebis zusts diskontirebas, amitom mniSvnelovania ganakveTis
3 bass 39 `finansuri instrumentebi: aRiareba da Sefaseba~. fass. Tb., 2009, , , , p. 9; mg.13. 4 bass 39 `finansuri instrumentebi: aRiareba da Sefaseba~. fass. Tb., 2009. b. 26, gv. 771.
23
SerCeva. ganakveTi gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva sawarmoebSi da sxvadasxva operaci-
ebisaTvis da damokidebulia diskontirebis obieqtze da msesxeblis kredit-
unarianobaze. saprocento ganakveTi, rogorc wesi, analogiuri kreditunarianobis analogiuri kreditunarianobis analogiuri kreditunarianobis analogiuri kreditunarianobis
sabazro ganaksabazro ganaksabazro ganaksabazro ganakveTiaveTiaveTiaveTia _ sabazro ganakveTi dakoreqtirebuli analogiuri aqtivebisa
da valdebulebebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli riskebiT. ase, debitoruli davaliane-
bis diskontirebis ganakveTi Seesabameba im saprocento ganakveTs, romliTac mo-
cemul kontragents SeeZlo analogiuri pirobebiT sesxis miReba. kreditoruli
davalianebis diskontirebis ganakveTi Seesabameba im ganakveTs, romliTac
msesxebeli analogiuri pirobiT miiRebda sesxs.
sainvesticio proeqtebis Sesafaseblad diskontirebis efeqtur saprocento
ganakveTad gamoiyeneba ukugebis Sida ganakveTi ((((Internal Rate Of Return - IRR ). ). ). ). IRR
aris mogebis is norma (zRvruli ganakveTi, diskontirebis ganakveTi), rodesac
investiciis wminda Rirebuleba (NPV) udris nuls. sxvagvarad, es aris
diskontirebis is ganakveTi, romlis dros investiciisagan misaRebi Semosavlebis
diskontirebuli Rirebuleba udris Tavdapirvel sainvesticio danaxarjebs. IRR
gansazRvravs maqsimalurad misaReb diskontirebis ganakveTs, romlis drosac gansazRvravs maqsimalurad misaReb diskontirebis ganakveTs, romlis drosac gansazRvravs maqsimalurad misaReb diskontirebis ganakveTs, romlis drosac gansazRvravs maqsimalurad misaReb diskontirebis ganakveTs, romlis drosac
SesaZlebelia investireba danakargebis gareSeSesaZlebelia investireba danakargebis gareSeSesaZlebelia investireba danakargebis gareSeSesaZlebelia investireba danakargebis gareSe5.
amdenad, IRR gamoiyeneba sainvesticio proeqtebis Sesafaseblad da gansazRv-
ravs investiciis momgebianobis mosalodnel normasmomgebianobis mosalodnel normasmomgebianobis mosalodnel normasmomgebianobis mosalodnel normas (momgebianobis zeda zRvars,
investiciis rentabelobas) da Sesabamisad sainvesticio danaxarjebis maqsimadanaxarjebis maqsimadanaxarjebis maqsimadanaxarjebis maqsima----
lurad dasaSveb doneslurad dasaSveb doneslurad dasaSveb doneslurad dasaSveb dones. Tu proeqtis IRR metia investirebuli kapitalis
Rirebulebaze, proeqti momgebiania, da piriqiT.
IRR-is ekonomikuri arsi mdgomareobs SemdegSi:
• IRR gansazRvravs proeqtis momgebianobas, rac ufro maRalia proeqtis IRR, miT ufro maRalia sainvesticio proeqtis Semosavlianoba;
• es aris is maqsimaluri fasi, romelic SeiZleba iqnes gadaxdili mozidul
kapitalSi, raTa proeqti ar iyos wamgebiani. magaliTad, Tu kreditSi gadasaxdeli
wliuri saprocento ganakveTi aRemateba IRR-s, proeqti iqneba zaraliani.
efeqturi saprocento ganakveTi gaiangariSeba specialuri maTematikuri
formuliT, Exsel-Si Sedgenili e.w. `sakredito kalkulatoris~ gamoyenebiT,
romelic iTvaliswinebs Semdeg maCveneblebs: kreditis vadas (dReebis raodenoba valdebulebis warmoqmnis dRidan bolo gadaxdis TariRamde), nominalur
saprocento ganakveTs, kreditis dafarvis (gadaxdebis) sqemaს _ fuladi nakadebis
moZraobas, kreditis gacemis sakomisioს; yovelTviuri momsaxurebis sakomisioს,
momsaxurebis sxva xarjebს (dazRveva, notariusi, qonebis Sefaseba da registracia).
efeqturi saprocento ganakveTi aris kreditis sruli Rirebuleba, romelic
gamoiyeneba:
• sxvadasxva bankebisagan miRebuli winadadebebis Sesadareblad da
Sesafaseblad;
• sainvesticio proeqtebis Sesafaseblad;
• finansuri instrumentebis realuri RirebulebiT aRsaricxavad.
5 http://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/irr.asp#axzz1u9lEgYoM http://moneyterms.co.uk/irr/ http://members.tripod.com/~Ray_Martin/DCF/nr7aa003.html http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/internal-rate-of-return-irr-d_1235.html
24
xolo sainvesticio proeqtebis Sesafaseblad diskontirebis efeqtur sapro-
cento ganakveTad gamoiyeneba kapitalis saSualo Sewonili Rirebuleba (WACC _ _ _ _ Weighted Average Cost of Capital) _ sakuTari da moziduli kapitalis (sesxebi, obli-
gaciebi, privilegiuri aqciebi da sxva) Rirebulebebi. am maCvenebeliT gamoixateba
kapitalis Rirebuleba, iseve, rogorc sabanko saprocento ganakveTiT kreditis
Rirebuleba. kapitalis saSualo Sewonili Rirebuleba (WACC) aris Semosav-
lianobis mosalodneli norma, minimaluri ukugeba Cadebul kapitalze, anu misi
rentabeloba6.
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, iseTi finansuri aqtivebi, rogoricaa dafarvis va-
damde flobili investiciebi, sesxebi, moTxovnebi da finansuri valdebulebebi,
Tavdapirveli aRiarebisas unda Sefasdes garigebis dRes arsebuli realuri garigebis dRes arsebuli realuri garigebis dRes arsebuli realuri garigebis dRes arsebuli realuri
RirebulebiTRirebulebiTRirebulebiTRirebulebiT, xolo SemdgomSi _ amortizebadi RirebulebiTamortizebadi RirebulebiTamortizebadi RirebulebiTamortizebadi RirebulebiT. finansuri aqtivis an
finansuri valdebulebis amortizebadi Rirebuleba7777 aris Rirebuleba, romliTac
Sefasebulia finansuri aqtivi an finansuri valdebuleba Tavdapirveli aRiarebis
dros, minus ZiriTadi gadasaxdeli Tanxebi, plus an minus akumulirebuli amorti-
zacia, Tavdapirvel Rirebulebasa da dafarvis droindel Rirebulebas Soris ne-
bismieri sxvaobis efeqturi saprocento meTodis gamoyenebiT da minus (uSualod
an rezervis angariSis gamoyenebiT) gaufasurebis zarali an amouReblobis nebismi-
eri danakargebi. sxvagvarad, sxvaoba finansuri instrumentisfinansuri instrumentisfinansuri instrumentisfinansuri instrumentis Tavdapirvelad
aRiarebul (diskontirebul) Rirebulebasa da faqtobrivad gadasaxdel (misaReb)
Tanxas Soris amortizdeba sasesxo periodSi efeqturi saprocento ganakveTiT.
finansuri instrumentis amortizeba xdeba Semdegi formuliT:
AmCost8 = PV - ∑CF +/- AcumAm, sadac:
AmCost (Amortised cost) — amortizebuli Rirebuleba saangariSgebo periodis
bolosaTvis;
PV (Present Value) — diskontirebuli Rirebuleba;
CF (Cash flows) — fulis gadaxdebi finansuri valdebulebis dasafaravad;
AcumAm (Accumulated amortization) — sxvaobis dagrovili amortizacia.
finansuri instrumentebis Sefaseba efeqturi saprocento ganakveTis meTodiT
uzrunvelyofs finansuri angariSgebis momzadebisas operaciebis iuridiul
formaze ekonomikuri Sinaarsis upiratesobis principis dacvas. finansuri
maCveneblebis Sefaseba fulis droiTi Rirebulebis gavlenis gaTvaliswinebiT
amaRlebs finansuri angariSgebis Sesadarisobas da did SesaZleblobebs iZleva amaRlebs finansuri angariSgebis Sesadarisobas da did SesaZleblobebs iZleva amaRlebs finansuri angariSgebis Sesadarisobas da did SesaZleblobebs iZleva amaRlebs finansuri angariSgebis Sesadarisobas da did SesaZleblobebs iZleva
sainvesticio da finansuri analizisaTvis. sainvesticio da finansuri analizisaTvis. sainvesticio da finansuri analizisaTvis. sainvesticio da finansuri analizisaTvis.
Kvatashidze Nadezhda VALUATION OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
SUMMARY
Valuation of financial instruments using the effective interest rate means an assessment of their value and financial results for the cash flows in accordance with the terms ofcontracts and issues.
6 http://www.investopedia.com/terms/w/wacc.asp#axzz1u9lEgYoM
http://moneyterms.co.uk/wacc/ 7 bass 39 `finansuri instrumentebi: aRiareba da Sefaseba~. fass. Tb., 2009 p. 9, 45-47 8 http://cba.ru/knowledge/articles/2009/11/05/uchet/
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The valuation of financial instruments using the effective interest grows the reliability of financial reporting information, making financial statements comparable to financial analysts.
Керимова Джамиля ВЛИЯНИЕ ГЛОБАЛИЗАЦИИ НА СФЕРУ БАНКОВСКИХ УСЛУГ Со времен своего возникновения мировая финансовая система в целом и отдельные ее
элементы в частности подпадала и подпадает под влияние доминирующих тенденций развития мирохозяйственных отношений. В послевоенный период истории мирового хозяйства на первый план, в качестве наиболее характерной особенности ее эволюции вышла глобализация современного мирового хозяйства и усиление взаимозависимости национальных экономик. В последние десятилетия влияние глобализации мирового и составляющих ее национальных экономических сообществ становилось весьма ощутимым. Процесс глобализации различных сфер хозяйственной деятельности разворачивается, реализуется все динамичнее, все многограннее, выпукло. Эксперты МВФ определяют этот процесс как растущую экономическую взаимозависимость стран всего мира в результате возрастающего объема и разнообразия международных сделок с товарами, услугами и мировых потоков капитала, а также благодаря всё более быстрой и широкой диффузии технологий.
Известный тезис о том, что мировое хозяйство является продолжением национальных экономик ее составляющих получил новое подтверждение. А именно, в результате глобализации национальные экономики становятся частью мирового рыночного хозяйства. Экономический мир в результате сглаживания национальных барьеров все больше приобретает черты целостности в глобальном масштабе. Ускоренные новейшими достижениями научно-технического прогресса, интеграционные процессы в сфере производства и финансов приобретают все больший размах.
Как у любого процесса, тем более столь яркого, глобализация уже сейчас характеризуется неоднозначностью, ибо глобализация несет как положительные, так и отрицательные последствия. С одной стороны, глобализация позволяет ощутимо поднять как количественные, так и качественные показатели производственной деятельности, что в современных условий невозможно без стимулирования НТП через постоянное внедрение его достижений в хозяйственную деятельность. Велико позитивное влияние глобализации на социально-политическую обстановку в отдельно взятом обществе и во всем мире, в частности посредством расширения возможностей по созданию новых рабочих мест и особенно в непроизводственном сегменте экономики.
Однако, велика и негативная составляющая влияния глобализации. Её оппоненты и непримиримые противники по всему миру неустанно указывают на то, что глобализация делает мировую экономику нестабильной, более склонной к кризисам и подверженной им. Это, в свою очередь, только способствует нарастанию разрыва между качественными и количественными параметрами экономического развития индустриально развитыми странами, с одной стороны, и развивающимися – с другой. Как следствие, только нарастает разрыв между доходами слоев населения в отдельно взятой стране и между богатыми и бедными странами, регионами. Масштабные перемещения миллионов людей из неблагополучных стран и регионов в другие, более привлекательные можно сравнить с известными из мировой истории примерами великих переселений этносов. Подобная динамика человеческой стихии не может не влиять, причем преимущественно отрицательно на глобальную ситуацию в мире: влияние на мировые процессы национальных государств снижается, возникающий «вакуум» все больше заполняется растущим влиянием транснациональных политико-экономических образований.
Глобализация экономики привнесла серьезные изменения и в финансовой системе. Финансовая система — это канал, через который финансовая глобализация влияет на экономическое развитие.
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Если глобализация способствует ему, то это проистекает, по крайней мере, частично, из влияния на финансовое развитие. Поэтому надо обратить внимание на связь между двумя этими процессами. В частности, эмпирическая литература утверждает, что с процессом глобализации можно импортировать развитую финансовую систему через доступ к финансовым инновациям. Кроме того, новые иностранные экономические участники могут ограничить власть локальных экономических групп, которые противостоят финансовому развитию.
Можно констатировать, что финансовая глобализация способствует и сопровождается значительным возрастанием роли финансовой сферы. В частности в связи с таким эффектом глобализации как расширение масштабов и усложнение характера мирохозяйственных связей. Финансовая система во все большей степени становится средством перераспределения финансовых ресурсов в соответствии с потребностями и возможностями развития производства не только в национальных, но и в мировых масштабах. Глобализация мировой финансовой системы в макроэкономическом аспекте способствует движению мирового хозяйства к взаимосвязанному, взаимозависимому, в значительной степени интегрированному рынку, не имеющему формальных границ. Для финансовых услуг это означает движение к стандартизации, то есть к повсеместному сближению их основных характеристик, в частности, цены и качества.
В экономической литературе выделяют целый ряд факторов, способствующих развитию финансовой глобализации в мировой экономике. Из основных можно отметить:
- развитие информационных технологий. Для глобализации мировой финансовой системы характерны внедрение современных электронных технологий, средств коммуникаций и информации. Современные информационные технологии являются одной из главных причин, а также условием появления новых финансовых услуг, что способствует ускорению финансовой глобализации;
- процессы либерализации доступа на национальные рынки для нерезидентов и дерегуляции функционирования национальных экономик (процессы, связанные с упразднением законодательных ограничений на проведение ряда международных операций), интегрирующихся в систему мирохозяйственных связей. Отмечается, что указанные процессы позволяют финансовым потокам более интенсивно обращаться на мировом рынке;
- стандартизация финансовых услуг. В целях упрощения деятельности в процессе развития финансовой глобализации унифицируются условия сделок и их основные характеристики;
- появление новых динамично развивающихся рынков. Современная глобальная экономика характеризуется наличием новых динамично развивающихся стран.
Есть все основания утверждать, что финансовая глобализация является главной движущей силой развития мировой экономики, уровень которой достиг определенной зрелости. Настолько, что можно выделить следующие факторы, свидетельствующие об увеличении уровня финансовой глобализации:
1) рост финансовой системы, при этом рост финансовой составляющей экономики особенно заметен в еврозоне;
2) все более выраженная переориентация финансовой системы на сделки с ценными бумагами вместо традиционных банковских услуг рынок капитала все больше отнимает посредническую функцию у банковской системы, которая, в свою очередь, еще больше смещается от традиционного банковского дела с его долгосрочными кредитами и многолетними отношениями с клиентами в сторону инвестиционного банкинга;
3) появление сложных финансовых инструментов, которые существенно изменили подход к управлению рисками;
4) появление на финансовых рынках новых игроков, прежде всего хедж-фондов и фондов прямых инвестиций.
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Глобализация мировой экономики не могла не затронуть и банковскую деятельность. С самого своего начала глобализация изначально оказывала и продолжает оказывать мощное воздействие на функционирование национальных банковских систем, что привело к серьезным изменениям в банковской сфере, в том числе в обслуживании корпоративной и индивидуальной банковской клиентуры. Параллельно шел и процесс научно-теоретического переосмысления основ и характеристик банковского бизнеса в новых условиях.
На протяжении ряда лет развитие банковского бизнеса сопровождается теоретическими исследованиями сущности банковских услуг, влияния на них тенденций развития мировой экономики, экономик национальных государств, потенциальных потребностей клиентов и прочих факторов.
В литературе отмечается, что процесс развития новейшей теории банковских услуг в работах зарубежных авторов, когда банковская услуга анализируется сквозь призму современных тенденций развития мирового хозяйства, можно разделить на три этапа:
� первый этап – конец 1960-х – начало 1970-х гг. В эти годы появились первые исследования, посвященные этой тематике, в которых анализируется влияние международной конкуренции в банковской сфере и интернационализация банковского бизнеса на банковские услуги;
� второй этап – конец 1980-х – начало 1990-х гг. В эти годы развития теории банковских услуг впервые анализируется влияние тенденций глобализации, централизации, концентрации и интеграции банковского капитала на банковские услуги;
� третий этап развития теории банковских услуг берет свое начало с подписания Маастрихтского договора о создании Европейского Валютного союза (1992 г.) и введения с января 1999 г. единой европейской валюты евро. Начало развития новой концепции банковского обслуживания клиента, в основе которой – идея «финансового супермаркета». В технологическом плане этот период отмечается широким распространением банковские электронные услуги. В институциональном же – признаком нового времени становятся многочисленные слияния и поглощения в финансово-банковской сфере.
В последние годы исследователями отмечается, что идет интенсивный процесс финансовой глобализации и формирования мировой банковской индустрии, что банковский бизнес под влиянием процессов глобализации приобретает новые черты, чему способствуют стандартизации национальных банковских систем и появлению единой, доминирующей модели банка.
Особое значение имеет инновационный аспект влияния глобализации на банковскую сферу. Часть финансовых инноваций создается банками в форме банковского продукта или операции (технологии). Это банковские инновации. Банковская инновация – это реализованный в форме нового банковского продукта или операции конечный результат инновационной деятельности банка. Если подойти к вопросу шире, то инновации в банковском секторе – это экономические, организационно-управленческие, институциональные, финансовые, информационно-технологические нововведения по всем направлениям банкой деятельности. Осязаемыми результатами таких нововведений становятся:
- расширение клиентской базы банков и их филиальной сети; - увеличение доли рынка; - сокращение трансакционных издержек проведения банковских операций; - обеспечение устойчивости функционирования банка в долгосрочной перспективе. Для реалий постсоветских республик банковская инновация по содержанию может означать: а) новый банковский продукт для конкретного банка и его клиентуры; б) новый для страны зарубежный банковский продукт, т. е. новый банковский продукт,
появившийся на внутреннем финансовом рынке страны, но уже давно реализуемый за рубежом на финансовых рынках других стран в соответствии с их конкретными условиями и юрисдикцией;
в) новые финансовые операции.
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Пусть и не так быстро как хотелось бы, новые банковские продукты, услуги и операции появляются и на азербайджанском рынке. При этом возникновению банковских инноваций способствуют:
- функционирование финансового рынка в зарубежных странах, что дает информацию о банковских нововведениях за рубежом.
- периодически возникающие кризисы в банковской сфере, что часто становится импульсом, стимулом к усилению финансовой мысли и повышению финансовой устойчивости банка;
- непрерывным движением предпринимательской мысли и стремлением обойти конкурентов; В завершение хотелось бы привести выдержку из опубликованных корпорацией IBM отчета по
результатам глобального исследования «No Bank is an Island: Get Global Before Globalization Gets You» («Банк — не остров: необходимо осваивать глобальные рынки, чтобы не стать жертвой глобализации»). В нем, в частности, отмечается, что 69% руководителей из банковской отрасли признают, что их компании не ведут свой бизнес как глобально интегрированные предприятия. Но при этом планируют в течение ближайших пяти лет осваивать новые рынки, в особенности развивающиеся, чтобы получить новые возможности для расширения бизнеса и повышения его эффективности, однако банки не готовы к реализации этих возможностей.
В отчете отмечается также, что лишь немногие банки готовы эффективно работать за пределами своих национальных рынков или успешно конкурировать на ключевых развивающихся рынках, таких как Китай, Южная Корея, Индия, Ирландия и Турция, для которых характерен стремительный рост спроса на новые банковские продукты и услуги.
«По прогнозам, к 2025 году глобальная финансовая система вырастет в четыре раза, до 1300 триллионов долларов США, — отметил Шанкер Рамамурти (Shanker Ramamurthy), руководитель по глобальным исследованиям банковских и финансовых рынков, служба IBM Global Business Services. — Влияние глобализации ощущают банки любого масштаба, поскольку расширяющиеся процессы международных слияний и приобретений, а также растущее количество таких участников рынка, как небанковские учреждения и поставщики онлайновых и мобильных банковских услуг, приводят к усилению конкуренции. Перед банками стоят следующие вопросы: Какова будет роль традиционных банков в глобально интегрированной отрасли? И смогут ли они адаптировать свои модели ведения бизнеса, чтобы использовать преимущества глобализации? Мы полагаем, что специализированные банки, сотрудничающие с другими компаниями в своей отрасли и за ее пределами с целью удовлетворения специфических потребностей клиентов на различных рынках, будут иметь наилучшие возможности для расширения бизнеса». [http://12news.ru/newsfeed/ext120163.html]
Kerimova Camila
GLOBALIZATION INFLUENCES ON BANKING SUMMARY
In the article author has investigated some questions of globalization of the world economy, its
positives and negatives aspects. Also globalization influences on financial and banking sphere are explained.
qeTevan kokaiaqeTevan kokaiaqeTevan kokaiaqeTevan kokaia
sainvesticio politikisa da sainvesticio politikisa da sainvesticio politikisa da sainvesticio politikisa da fuladfuladfuladfulad----sakredito meTodebissakredito meTodebissakredito meTodebissakredito meTodebis
ganviTareba Tanamedrove etapzeganviTareba Tanamedrove etapzeganviTareba Tanamedrove etapzeganviTareba Tanamedrove etapze
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Tanamderove etapi sruliad axlebur moTxovnebs
ayenebs safinanso da sakredito sferoebis mimarT. kerZod, didi mniSvneloba
29
eniWeba qveyanaSi sainvesticio procesebis ganviTarebas, romelic, saboloo jamSi,
mimarTuli iqneba qveynis ekonomikuri zrdis uzrunvelsayofad. gardamaval peri-
odSi qveynis ekonomikis stabilizaciis misaRwevad, upirveles yovlisa, aucile-
belia sainvesticio regulirebis efeqturi politikis SemuSaveba.
saxelmwifo politikaSi mTavari adgili ukavia investiciebis stimulirebi-
saTvis umniSvnelovanes komleqsur nabijebs, romlebic mimarTulia konkurent-
unariani garemos Camoyalibebisa da gaaqtiurebisaken, antimonopoliuri kanonmdeb-
lobisa da mcire mewarmeobis mxardaWerisaken.
qarTuli ekonomikis gadasvla axal xarisxobriv mdgomareobaSi – warmoebis
dacemidan ekonomikuri aRmavlobisaken – gulisxmobs maRal sainvesticio aqtivo-
bas, romelsac Tan unda axldes kapitalwarmomqmneli investiciebis efeqturobis
zrda.
Tanamedrove pirobebSi sainvesticio procesebis arsi umTavresad swored
warmoebis procesebSi axali teqnologiebisa da inovaciebis danergvas ukavSir-
deba im TvalsazrisiT, rom kapitaldabandebebma unda Seamciron sawarmoo
xarjebi, uzrunvelyon produqciis maRali xarisxi da konkurentunarianoba, rac,
saboloo jamSi, xels Seuwyobs saqonlis ukeT realizaciasa da investorisaTvis
mogebis zrdas.
saxelmwifos sainvesticio politika miznad isaxavs qveynis ekonomikuri da
socialuri ganviTarebis strategiis realizebas. igi samewarmeo saqmianobasa da
mTlianad ekonomikaze zemoqmedebis umniSvnelovanesi nawilia, romelmac xeli
unda Seuwyos qveyanaSi sainvesticio saqmianobis gaaqtiurebas, raTa moxdes
ekonomikis zrda, warmoebis tempebisa da moculobebis mateba, sazogadoebrivi
warmoebis efeqtianobis amaRleba, samecniero-teqnikuri progresis daCqareba,
socialuri ganviTarebis amocanebis realizacia.
finansuri resursebis gamoZebna SesaZlebelia mewarmeTa gadasaxadebiT
dabegvris SemsubuqebiT da mosaxleobis danazogebis mobilizaciiT, rac miiRweva
sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis kardinaluri SecvliT, kreditebsa da investiciebze
saxelmwifo garantiebis sistemis CamoyalibebiT, ekonomikis kriminalizaciis
winaaRmdeg brZoliT da a.S.
ra Tqma unda, yovelive es ar niSnavs direqtiuli mmarTvelobis damyarebas,
Tumca konkurenciis uzrunvelyofis mxriv saxelmwifoze bevria damokidebuli.
unda iTqvas, rom umetes ganviTarebul sabazro ekonomikis qveynebSi saxelmwifom
TviTon Camoayaliba sainvesticio strategia.
aucilebelia saxelmwifo investiciebis moculobis gazrda ekonomikaSi
progresuli Zvrebis mxardasaWerad. Tumca, amis miRweva SeiZleba ara mxolod e. w.
`ganviTarebis biujetiT~, aramed saxelmwifos monawileobiT Sereul sainvesticio
kompaniebSi.
Tanamedrove etapze saxelmwifos sainvesticio politikis gaaqtiureba mdgrad
ekonomikur ganviTarebaze qveynis ekonomikis gadasvlis umTavresi pirobaa.
saxelmwifos sainvesticio politikis umniSvnelovanesi mimarTulebebia: ekonomi-
kuri ganviTarebis prioritetul mimarTulebaTa mxardaWeris gaZliereba, ekono-
mikis realur seqtorSi investiciebis waxalisebis institutis _ samarTlebrivi
da ekonomikuri garemos Seqmna, centrisa da regionebis sainvesticio politikis
SeTanxmeba.
sainvesticio aqtivobis gasadideblad xelsayreli pirobebis Seqmna saxelm-
wifos mier moiTxovs kvlavwarmoebiT procesebze mizanmimarTul zemoqmedebas
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makro da mikroekonomikur doneebze. is umniSvnelovanesi sfero, sadac axleburad
da efeqtianad unda gamovlindes saxelmwifos sainvesticio rolis gaaqtiureba
ekonomikuri reformebis axal etabze, aris fulad-sakredito sfero.
mdgradi sainvesticio aRmavlobis uzrunvelyofa, upirveles yoflisa,
gulisxmobs ekonomikis monetarizaciis gadidebas, fulis masis disproporciebis
aRmofxvras, saprocento ganakveTebis dawevas, sagadasaxado sistemis aRdgenas,
erovnuli valutis dedolarizacias da misi rolis amaRlebas.
ekonomikis monetizaciis amaRleba SezRuduli fulad_sakredito emisiiTaa
SesaZlebeli. misi inflaciuri Sedegebis safrTxis donis gansazRvris dros unda
gaviTvaliswinoT, rom inflaciis inicirebas, emisiis garda, sxva faqtorebic
axdenen. amitom masTan brZola marto emisiis SezRvudaze ar daiyvaneba. saWiroa,
pirvel rigSi, warmoebis myarad funqcionirebis uzrunvelyofa. saqarTvelos
ekonomikis realuri seqtoris monetizaciis donis zrda warmoebis gamococxlebis
umniSvnelovanesi winapirobaa, romelic, Tavis mxriv, wamyvan antiinflaciur
faqtorad gvevlineba.
fulad-sakredito emisiis inflaciuri Sedegebisgan Tavis dacvis ZiriTadi
pirobaa imgvari meqanizmebis Seqmna da amoqmedeba, romlebic cvlian makroeko-
nomikur pirobebs da warmoebis mxardasaWerad warmarTaven fulis nakadebs. aseTi
midgomis dros emisiis moculobas gansazRvravs ekonomikis sawarmoo seqtoris
obieqturi moTxovna im saxsrebis gamoklebiT, romlebic finansebis bazarzea
gadanacvlebuli.
fulis masis miznobrivad gadidebis parametrebis gansazRvrisas gansakuTre-
bul mniSvnelobas iZens fulis miwodebis struqturis aRricxva. fulis emisiis
gansxvavebul arxebs inflaciis mimarT araerTgvarovani mgrZnobeloba aqvs. amis
gamo fulis miwodebis gafarToeba SesaZlebelia arasafinanso sawarmoebis
Tamasuqebis ganaRdebis gziT bankebis refinansirebis meSveobiT da emitirebuli
saxsrebis miznobrivad warmarTviT sawarmoo investiciebis dafinansebaze. emisiis
ufro naklebad inflaciuri arxia sawarmoo investiciebis dafinanseba ganvi-
Tarebis saxelmwifo institutebis mier.
fulis nakadebis miznobrivad regulirebis mniSvnelovani instrumentia
saxelmwifos zemoqmedeba saprocento ganakveTebis dinamikaze. magaliTad,
prioritetulad aRiarebuli warmoebebisa da proeqtebis mxardaWera investirebis
gaaqtiurebis mizniT SeiZleba SeRavaTiani ganakveTebiT da kreditebis meSveobiT.
SeRavaTiani kreditebis moZraoba am dros unda xorcieldebodes ganviTarebis
saxelmwifo bankebis sistemis meSveobiT, xolo mkacri kontrolis daweseba unda
gamoricxavdes saxsrebis aramiznobrivad gamoyenebasa da finansur spekulaciebs.
ekonomikuri wonasworobisa da safinanso seqtorebis dabalansebulad
ganviTarebis miRwevis Semdeg ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos Carevis saWiroeba saerTod
iklebs, amis Sesabamisad ki iklebs fulis bazarze Camoyalibebuli saprocento
ganakveTebis dinamikaze saxelmwifos zemoqmedebis roli.
saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis gamoyenebas garkveuli cikluroba axasiaTebs.
struqturuli disproporciebis gamwvavebis pirobebSi, roca sabazro meqanizmebis
moqmedeba veRar uzrunvelyofs, erTi mxriv, Warbi warmoebis ganviTarebisa da
ZiriTadi kapitalis gaufasurebis Sekavebas, xolo, meore mxriv, sainvesticio
aqtivobis momatebas. ekonomikaze saxelmwifos zemoqmedebis roli, maT Soris _
fulis nakadebis miznobrivad marTvis sferoSi, farTovdeba, xolo mdgrad
zrdaze ekonomikis gadasvlis dros _ mcirdeba.
31
Tanamedrove etapis erTaderTi upirvelesi amocanaa sagadasaxado sistemis
srulad aRdgena, barterul garigebaTa SezRudva, sagadasaxado saSualebaTa didi
masis gamoZeveba mimoqcevidan, radgan isini srulfasovani resursis rols ver
TamaSoben danazogebis potencialis CamoyalibebaSi. misi gadaWris ZiriTadi
xerxebia urTierTCaTvlebis ganxorcieleba ZiriTadi da sabrunavi kapitalis
dafinansebisTvis, sakredito resursebis gaiafeba, gadasuli davalianebis
sekiuritizacia.
fulis mimoqcevisTvis regulirebis efeqturobis amaRlebisTvis da iseTi
emisiuri meqanizmebis gaaqtiurebis SesaZleblobaTa gamoricxvisTvis, romelsac
saqonlis miwodebis gafarToeba ar axlavs Tan, aucilebelia savaluto regu-
lirebisa da kontrolis gaZliereba. es aRkveTs kapitalis aralegalurad gatanas
da Sidaekonomikuri brunvidan gandevnis ucxour valutas.
saqarTveloSi investiciebis safinanso-sakredito regulireba aucilebel
kavSirSia qveynis sainvesticio garemos, misi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebis
SefasebasTan, vinaidan sainvesticio xasiaTis finansuri gadawyvetilebebi pirda-
piraa damokidebuli mTeli rigi politikuri, socialur-ekonomikuri da
kulturuli faqtorebis mowesrigebasTan.
saxelmwifo sainvesticio politikis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes sakiTxs
xelsayreli sainvesticio garemos formireba warmoadgens.
sainvesticio aqtivobam saqarTveloSi axali tempebiT iCina Tavi 2003-2004
wlebSi, rodesac ucxouri investiciebis raodenobam 500 milion dolars miaRwia.
am wlebSi Semosuli ucxouri investiciebi transportis seqtorze nawildeboda,
romelSic ZiriTadi wili kvlav navTobisa da gazsadenis mSeneblobaze modioda.
Znelia gamovyoT sxva motivacia, ramac SeiZleba ucxoeli investori moizi-
dos, vinaidan saqarTvelo ver gaakvirvebs veravis verc ganaTlebis doniTa da
muSaxelis kvalifikaciiT, verc ganviTarebuli infrastruqturiT, verc socia-
luri uzrunvelyofis moqnili sistemiTa Tu sxva saxis pirobebiT.
aqedan gamomdinare, umTavresi iqneba swored privatizaciis Semdeg mosalod-
neli sainvesticio aqtivoba, Tu ramdenad dainteredeba ucxoeli investori
privatizebis Semdeg warmoebis gafarToebiT, es mTlianad damokidebuli iqneba
qveynis SigniT arsebul politikur-ekonomikur stabilurobaze, sakomunikacio
infrastruqturebis ganviTarebasa da ganaTlebis doneze.
sainvesticio saqmianobis stimulireba, sainvesticio garemos gasaumjobeseb-
lad gadadgmul nabijebTan erTad, saqarTveloSi investiciebis mozidvisa da
ganxorcielebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi piroba unda gaxdes da, aqedan
gamomdinare, saxelmwifos ekonomikuri politikis erT-erT ZiriTad Semadgenel
nawilad iqces.
saqarTveloSi arsebuli ekonomikis saerTo donidan gamomdinare, sainves-
ticio procesebis mTavari iniciatori swored saxelmwifo unda iyos. qveynis
ekonomikaSi calkeuli prioritetuli dargebis gansazRvra da saxelmwifo
biujetidan am seqtorebis aRorZinebisaTvis gadadgmuli nabijebi iqneba is
umTavresi stimuli, romelic Seqmnis qveyanaSi stabiluri ganviTarebis dawyebis
precedents.
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Kokaia Ketevan DEVELOPMENT OF INVESTMENT POLICY AND FINANCIAL-CRED IT METHODS
ON CURRENT STAGE SUMMARY
Financial and credit regulation of investments in Georgia are in close required relationship with
investment environment of the country, evaluation of its advantages and disadvantages, as financial decisions of investment feature are directly depended on regulation of a lot of political, social-economic and cultural factors.
Stimulation of investment activity should become one of the most significant condition to attract and implement investments. Hence it follows, it should be one of the basic component of the government economic policy.
Костюкова Инесса Николаевна
Луговской Денис Владимирович УЧЕТ ТОВАРНЫХ ЗАПАСОВ: НА ПУТИ К МСФО
Российский учет сегодня претерпевает значительные преобразования, связанные с адаптацией
Международных стандартов финансовой отчетности. В настоящее время уже можно констатировать общее методологическое единство, при наличии ряда технических отличий, проявляющихся, главным образом, в вопросах оценки товаров.
Торговым организациям в России предоставлено право затраты по заготовке и доставке товаров до центральных складов (баз), производимые до момента их передачи в продажу, включать в состав расходов на продажу.
Стоимостью приобретения товаров признается сумма фактических затрат организации на приобретение, за исключением налога на добавленную стоимость и иных возмещаемых налогов. В качестве таковых признаются: 1) суммы, уплачиваемые в соответствии с договором поставщику (продавцу); 2) суммы, уплачиваемые организациям за информационные и консультационные услуги, связанные с приобретением товаров; 3) таможенные пошлины; 4) невозмещаемые налоги, уплачиваемые в связи с приобретением единицы товаров; 5) вознаграждения, уплачиваемые посреднической организации, через которую приобретены товары; 6) затраты по заготовке и доставке товаров до места их использования, включая расходы по страхованию; 7) затраты по доведению товаров до состояния, в котором они пригодны к использованию в запланированных целях. Данные затраты включают затраты организации по подработке, сортировке, фасовке и улучшению технических характеристик полученных товаров; 8) иные затраты, связанные с приобретением товаров.
В случаях предоставления организациями-поставщиками организациям-покупателям товаров различных скидок товары в торговых организациях учитываются по покупной стоимости (стоимости приобретения). При этом покупной ценой товара считается фактическая величина денежных средств (или ее эквивалент), уплаченная за данный товар, т. е. за минусом предоставленной скидки.
В фактические затраты на приобретение товаров не включаются общехозяйственные и иные аналогичные расходы, кроме случаев, когда они непосредственно связаны с приобретением товаров.
В случае если величина транспортно-заготовительных расходов, связанных с приобретением товаров и доставкой их в организацию, составляет значительный удельный вес в общем объеме выручки от продаж товаров (более 10%), а также при их неравномерном уровне в течение года (продукция растениеводства, рыбный промысел и т. п.), осуществляется пропорциональное
33
распределение указанных сумм между покупной стоимостью проданных в данном месяце товаров и их остатком на конец месяца.
Выбранный метод распределения расходов на продажу (в т. ч. транспортно-заготовительных) устанавливается российской организацией самостоятельно и закрепляется в ее учетной политике. МСФО, напротив, не допускают распределения расходов на продажу между проданными товарами и остатком товаров на конец отчетного периода, так как выполнение данной процедуры приводит к завышению стоимости активов и сокращению величины расходов отчетного периода.
Согласно п. 10 МСФО (IAS) 2 «Запасы» стоимость приобретения товаров должна включать все затраты на приобретение, затраты на переработку и прочие затраты, понесенные для того, чтобы обеспечить текущее местонахождение и состояние запасов. Затраты на приобретение товаров включают в себя цену покупки, импортные пошлины и прочие налоги (за исключением тех, которые впоследствии возмещаются предприятию налоговыми органами), а также затраты на транспортировку, погрузку-разгрузку и прочие затраты, непосредственно относимые на приобретение товаров. Торговые уценки, скидки и прочие аналогичные статьи подлежат вычету при определении затрат на приобретение. Прочие затраты включаются в стоимость приобретения товаров только в той степени, в которой они были понесены для обеспечения текущего местонахождения и состояния товаров.
В МСФО (IAS) 2 «Запасы» (п. 16) приводится перечень затрат, которые не включаются в себестоимость запасов и признаются в качестве расходов в период возникновения:
— сверхнормативные потери сырья, затраченного труда или прочих производственных затрат; — затраты на хранение, если только они не требуются в процессе производства для перехода к
следующей стадии производства; — административные накладные затраты, которые не способствуют обеспечению текущего
местонахождения и состояния запасов; — затраты на продажу. Таким образом, действующий российский порядок формирования покупной стоимости
(стоимости приобретения) товаров в целом соответствует требованиям международных стандартов. В российской практике при формировании первоначальной стоимости товарных запасов могут
использоваться специальные счета, предназначенные для учета процесса заготовления ценностей, порядок учета на которых подробно регламентирован.
В МСФО такой способ учета получил наименование метода нормативных затрат (п. 21 МСФО (IAS) 2 «Запасы»). Примечательно то, что его сущность и методика реализации не конкретизируются. Причина, видимо, состоит в том, что речь идет о методике отражения запасов в учете, а не в отчетности. Тем не менее, это не оправдывает использование такого узкоспециального термина как «метод нормативных затрат» без каких-либо пояснений.
Наряду с методом нормативных затрат организации торговли широко используют и, так называемый, метод розничных цен (п. 21 МСФО (IAS) 2 «Запасы»).
В России это проявляется в праве организаций, осуществляющих торговую деятельность, могут учитывать товары, приобретенные для продажи, одним из следующих способов:
1) по покупной стоимости (стоимости приобретения) непосредственно на счете 41 «Товары»; 2) по продажным (розничным) ценам с обособленным учетом наценок (скидок) на счете 42
«Торговая наценка». Выбранный способ оценки товаров торговой организацией должен быть закреплен в учетной
политике. Формально организации оптовой торговли не вправе использовать второй способ и учитывают
товары исключительно по стоимости их приобретения. Однако здесь уместно напомнить о том, что метод розничных цен, по сути, выступает частным случаем метода нормативных затрат, в отношении использования которого отсутствуют какие-либо ограничения как в МСФО, так и в России.
34
В торговле традиционно применяется стоимостная либо натурально-стоимостная схема оперативного учета товаров, т. е. учет остатков и движения товаров по каждому наименованию ведется либо в стоимостных, либо в стоимостных и натуральных единицах измерения. Организация натурально-стоимостного учета в розничной торговле затруднительна из-за значительного ассортимента продаваемых товаров, ежедневных поставок товаров от разных поставщиков и значительного документооборота. Тем не менее, в настоящее время использование современных моделей контрольно-кассовой техники в розничной торговле позволяет вести учет товаров по покупным ценам на основе применения штрих-кодов, наносимых на продаваемый товар.
При учете организацией, занимающейся розничной торговлей, товаров по продажным (розничным) ценам, к покупной цене товара добавляется величина торговой наценки, которая предназначена для возмещения расходов на продажу (издержек обращения), получения прибыли и уплаты косвенных налогов. Иными словами, торговая наценка — элемент цены продавца, обеспечивающий ему возмещение затрат и получение прибыли.
Организациям розничной торговли поставщиками могут предоставляться скидки на возможные потери товаров и на возмещение дополнительных транспортных расходов. В розничной торговле торговая скидка, как и торговая наценка, выступает частью розничной цены товара, и учитывается на счете «Торговая наценка».
Размер торговой наценки по товарам ничем не ограничен и может быть любым. Исключение составляют отдельные виды товаров, по которым осуществляется государственное регулирование цен, и устанавливаются предельные размеры розничных надбавок к фактической отпускной цене производителя. Таким образом, организация вправе самостоятельно определять размер и тем более механизм расчета торговой наценки. При этом возможны различные варианты, например:
1) на все товары (отдельные группы товаров) устанавливается единый размер наценки в процентах к покупной стоимости товаров;
2) для конкретного товара (группы товаров) торговая наценка устанавливается в виде твердой суммы;
3) устанавливается цена продажи, а затем рассчитывается торговая наценка. Условия рыночной экономики, конкурентная среда, наличие взаимозаменяемых товаров
делают наиболее экономически оправданным третий вариант определения торговой наценки. Это вызвано тем, что от разных поставщиков товары одного и того же наименования поступают по разным покупным ценам. Устанавливать разные розничные цены на одно наименование товара нецелесообразно. Следовательно, при одинаковой цене продажи товаров одного наименования и неидентичных покупных ценах на них, меняется только величина торговой наценки.
МСФО (IAS) 2 «Запасы» (п. 22), как уже говорилось, также разрешено использование метода розничных цен для оценки товаров, состоящих из большого количества быстро меняющихся статей с одинаковой нормой прибыли, в отношении которых невозможно использовать другие методы определения себестоимости. Себестоимость единицы товаров определяется путем уменьшения цены продажи данной единицы на соответствующий процент валовой прибыли. При определении величины используемого процента учитываются товары, стоимость которых была уменьшена до уровня ниже их первоначальной продажной цены. Часто используется среднее значение процента для каждого отдела розничной торговли.
Таким образом, товары в розничной торговле согласно российским и международным стандартам могут оцениваться по ценам продажи. Скидки и наценки при этом учитываются отдельно. При составлении бухгалтерского баланса сумма торговых наценок (скидок) вычитается из цены продажи, чем обеспечивается реализация принципа бухгалтерского консерватизма, направленного на недопущение завышения статей актива баланса.
Говоря о последующей оценке товаров, нельзя не затронуть существующие способы списания их стоимости, поскольку выбор того или иного из них напрямую влияет на величину товарных
35
запасов, отражаемую в учете и отчетности. В России торговые организации, учитывающие товары по покупной стоимости, при продаже
товаров оценивают их одним из способов: 1) по себестоимости каждой единицы; 2) по средней себестоимости; 3) по себестоимости первых по времени приобретения материально-производственных запасов
(ФИФО). Применение одного из способов по группе (виду) товаров производится исходя из допущения
последовательности применения учетной политики. Оценка товаров по себестоимости каждой единицы применяется в отношении тех товаров,
которые не могут обычным образом заменять друг друга (драгоценные металлы, драгоценные камни и т. п.).
Оценка товаров по средней себестоимости производится по каждой группе (виду) товаров путем деления общей себестоимости группы (вида) товаров на их количество с учетом остатка товаров на начало месяца.
Расчет среднего значения фактической себестоимости проданных товаров может осуществляться двумя способами:
1) исходя из среднемесячной фактической себестоимости (взвешенная оценка), в расчет которой включаются количество и стоимость товаров на начало месяца и все поступления за месяц (отчетный период);
2) путем определения фактической себестоимости товаров в момент их отпуска (скользящая оценка), при этом в расчет средней оценки включаются количество и стоимость товаров на начало месяца и все поступления до момента отпуска.
МСФО (IAS) 2 «Запасы» также разрешено рассчитывать среднюю себестоимость с помощью периодической или непрерывной оценки: «Среднее значение может рассчитываться на периодической основе или при получении каждой новой партии в зависимости от специфики деятельности предприятия» (п. 27).
Таким образом, взвешенная и скользящая оценка, установленная российскими методическими указаниями по бухгалтерскому учету материально-производственных запасов, соответствуют периодической и непрерывной оценке согласно международным стандартам.
Оценка товаров способом ФИФО основана на допущении, что они используются в течение отчетного периода в последовательности их приобретения (поступления). Товары, первыми поступающие в продажу, оцениваются по себестоимости первых по времени приобретений с учетом себестоимости товаров, числящихся на начало периода (месяца).
В целом, методы оценки товаров, предусмотренные российскими положениями, аналогичны методом, разрешенным к применению МСФО (IAS) 2 «Запасы». Однако следует заметить, что в МСФО, по сути, разрешен выбор не из трех, а лишь из двух способов — ФИФО и средней себестоимости. Это связано с безальтернативным предписанием стандарта использовать метод специфической идентификации затрат (по себестоимости каждой единицы) для товаров, не являющихся взаимозаменяемыми.
Далее рассмотрим порядок признания и отражения в учете обесценения товарно-материальных ценностей, которое признается в случае, если предполагаемая цена продажи товаров становится ниже их первоначальной стоимости.
В п. 9 МСФО (IAS) 2 «Запасы» отмечено, товары должны оцениваются по наименьшей из двух величин: себестоимости или чистой цене продажи. В основе такого подхода лежит принцип осторожности и его частный случай — принцип наименьшей оценки, предусматривающий, что активы не должны учитываться по стоимости, превышающей сумму, которая, как ожидается, может быть получена от их продажи или использования. Нельзя не отметить, что аналогичный подход
36
предусмотрен п. 25 ПБУ 5/01 «Учет материально-производственных запасов». Снижение цен, как правило, происходит вследствие того, что товары морально устаревают,
истекает срок хранения, снижается покупательский спрос (чем обусловлена, например, сезонная распродажа) и в других случаях. Такие товары должны отражаться в бухгалтерском балансе по текущей рыночной стоимости, если она ниже первоначальной стоимости заготовления (приобретения). На разницу между текущей рыночной и первоначальной стоимостью заготовления (приобретения) товаров в российском учете за счет прочих расходов организации формируется резерв.
Вследствие обесценения стоимость товаров, по которой они были приняты к учету на счет «Товары», остается неизменной. В то же время в бухгалтерском балансе товары, по которым признано обесценение, отражаются в оценке «нетто»: из остатков по счету «Товары» вычитают сумму обесценения, отраженную на счете «Резервы под снижение стоимости материальных ценностей».
Согласно п. 20 Методических указаний по бухгалтерскому учету материально-производственных запасов резерв под снижение стоимости материальных ценностей создается по каждой единице запасов, принятой в бухгалтерском учете. Допускается создание резервов по отдельным видам (группам) аналогичных или связанных материально-производственных запасов. Не допускается создание резервов по таким укрупненным группам (видам) запасов, как основные материалы, вспомогательные материалы, готовая продукция, товары, запасы определенного операционного или географического сегмента и т. п.
Чистой ценой продажи согласно МСФО признается расчетная продажная цена в ходе обычной деятельности за вычетом расчетных затрат на завершение производства и расчетных затрат, которые необходимо понести для продажи. Чистая цена продажи относится к чистой сумме, которую рассчитывает выручить предприятие от продажи запасов в ходе обычной деятельности (п. 6 МСФО (IAS) 2 «Запасы»).
Себестоимость (покупная стоимость или стоимость приобретения) товаров может оказаться невозмещаемой в случае их повреждения, полного или частичного устаревания или снижения их продажной цены (п. 28 МСФО (IAS) 2 «Запасы»).
Списание запасов до чистой цены продажи производится, как правило, постатейно. В отдельных случаях целесообразно группировать сходные или взаимосвязанные друг с другом статьи. В частности, статьи запасов, относящиеся к одному и тому же товарному ассортименту, которые имеют одинаковое предназначение или конечное использование, произведены и продаются в одной и той же географической области и которые невозможно оценить отдельно от прочих статей того же товарного ассортимента (п. 29 МСФО (IAS) 2 «Запасы»). Расчет чистой цены продажи производится с учетом предназначения имеющихся товаров. Так, чистая цена продажи того объема товаров, который предназначен для выполнения договоров на их продажу по твердым ценам, определяется на основе цены, указанной в этих договорах. Если объем запасов, предназначенный для выполнения договоров на продажу, меньше общего объема соответствующих товаров, то чистая цена продажи излишка определяется на основе общих продажных цен. На величину разницы между объемом товаров по договорам на продажу по твердым ценам и объемом имеющихся товаров или из договоров на покупку товаров по твердым ценам формируются оценочные резервы согласно МСФО (IAS) 37 «Оценочные резервы, условные обязательства и условные активы» (п. 31 МСФО (IAS) 2 «Запасы»).
В каждом последующем отчетном периоде оценка чистой цены продажи подлежит корректировке. В том случае, если обстоятельства, обусловившие необходимость списания запасов до уровня ниже себестоимости, перестают существовать или имеется явное свидетельство увеличения чистой цены продажи в силу изменившихся экономических условий, списанная ранее сумма сторнируется таким образом, чтобы новая балансовая стоимость соответствовала наименьшему из двух значений — себестоимости или пересмотренной возможной чистой цене
37
продажи. Сторнирование производится в пределах суммы первоначального списания (п. 33 МСФО (IAS) 2 «Запасы»).
Заметим при этом, что в оригинале МСФО термин «сторнируется» представляет собой весьма вольный перевод слова «reversed», что скорее следует трактовать «восстанавливается, реверсируется», т. е. речь идет не о сортировочной, а об обратной записи. В то же время, учитывая, что МСФО говорят не об учете, а об отчетности, речь просто идет о восстановлении ранее списанных сумм запасов в бухгалтерском балансе.
Российские нормативные документы по бухгалтерскому учету говорят именно о восстановлении, а не о сторнировании. Восстановление обесценения (зарезервированной суммы) происходит, если текущая рыночная стоимость ценностей, снижение которой было отражено посредством признания обесценения (создания резерва), вновь повышается (но не выше первоначальной стоимости): дебет счета «Резервы под снижение стоимости материальных ценностей», кредит счета «Прочие доходы и расходы». Сходная запись делается по мере выбытия (продажи, списания и т. п.) товаров, в отношении которых был создан резерв, в части, соответствующей выбывающим товарам.
Резюмируя, отметим, что несмотря на достаточное количество формальных различий в учете операций с товарами, в основе современных российских стандартов лежит методология МСФО, а количество технических отличий сокращается.
Kostyukova Inessa Lugovskoy Denis
THE TRADE STOCK ACCOUNTING: THE WAY TO IFRS SUMMARY
Russian accounting today is undergoing significant changes associated with adaptation of the
International Financial Reporting Standards. It is now possible to ascertain the general methodological unity, in the presence of a several technical differences are appears in inventories valuation. The article deals with the initial and subsequent valuation of a trade stocks in comparison with the IFRS. Particular attention is paid to the impairment of the inventories.
marina maisuraZe marina maisuraZe marina maisuraZe marina maisuraZe finansuri angariSgebis elementebis aRiarebisfinansuri angariSgebis elementebis aRiarebisfinansuri angariSgebis elementebis aRiarebisfinansuri angariSgebis elementebis aRiarebis da Sefda Sefda Sefda Sefasebis sakiTxebiasebis sakiTxebiasebis sakiTxebiasebis sakiTxebi
finansuri angariSgeba aris sawarmos finansuri mdgomareobisa da misi saqmia-
nobis finansuri Sedegebis struqturulad Camoyalibebuli suraTi. finansuri
angariSgebis mizania sawarmos finansuri mdgomareobis, misi saqmianobis finansuri
Sedegebisa da fuladi nakadebis Sesaxeb saimedo informaciis warmodgena, rome-
lic daexmareba momxmarebelTa farTo wreebs ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebebis misa-
Rebad. finansuri angariSgeba aseve gviCvenebs sawarmos xelmZRvanelobis mier maT-
Tvis mindobili resursebis marTvis Sedegebs. am mizniT, finansur angariSgebaSi
mocemulia Semdegi saxis informacia:
1. sawarmos aqtivebi; 2. sawarmos valdebulebebi; 3. sakuTari kapitali; 4. Semosavlebi da xarjebi, maT Soris, Semosulobebi da danakargebi; 5. mesakuTreTa Senatanebi sakuTar kapitalSi da mesakuTreebze, rogorc
aqciebis mflobelebze, ganxorcielebuli ganawilebebi;
38
6. sawarmos fuladi nakadebi. sawarmos aqtivebi, sakuTari kapitali da valdebulebebi warmodgenilia
balansSi, xolo Semosavlebi da xarjebi sruli Semosavlebis angariSgebaSi
(mogeba-zaralis angariSgeba).
finansuri angariSgebis elementebis aRiareba aris sawarmos balansSi da
mogebisa da zaralis angariSgebaSi im muxlis asaxvis procesi, romelic akma-
yofilebs mocemuli elementis ganmartebas da aRiarebis kriteriumebs:
1) mosalodnelia am muxliT gamowveuli momavali ekonomikuri sargeblis sawarmoSi Semosvla an sawarmodan gasvla;
2) TiToeul muxls gaaCnia TviTRirebuleba an Rirebuleba da SesaZlebelia misi saimedod Sefaseba.
aRiareba gulisxmobs mocemuli muxlis sityvier da Tanxobriv asaxvas
buRaltrul balansSi an mogebisa da zaralis angariSgebaSi.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu aRniSnuli muxlebis aRiarebaSi Secdoma iqna daSvebuli,
misi Sesworeba dauSvebelia maTi Sesabamisi asaxviT finansuri angariSgebis
SeniSvnebsa da axsna-ganmartebiT danarTebSi.
finansuri angariSgebis romelime elementis aRiarebis SesaZleblobis
dadgenisas aucilebelia arsebiTobis principis dacva, rac imas niSnavs, rom yvela
arsebiTi muxli finansur angariSgebaSi wardgenili unda iqnes gancalkevebiT.
araarsebiTi Tanxebi unda gaerTiandes funqciebis an Sinaarsis erTgvarovnebis
mixedviT da saWiro ar aris maTi cal-calke wardgena. Tu calke aRebuli
romelime muxli araarsebiTia, igi agregirdeba sxva muxlebTan da ise aisaxeba
finansur angariSgebaSi an mis ganmartebiT SeniSvnebSi.
Tu finansuri angariSgebis romelime elementis aRiarebasTan dakavSirebuli
momavali ekonomikuri sargeblis Semosvla an gasvla garkveul eWvs iwvevs, rac
dakavSirebulia im ganusazRvrel garemosTan, romelSic sawarmos uwevs saqmia-
noba, aseT SemTxvevaSi sawarmo, momavali ekonomikuri sargeblis sawarmoSi
Semosvlis mimarT ganusazRvrelobis garemos zemoqmedebis xarisxis Sesafaseblad,
eyrdnoba finansuri angariSgebis momzadebis procesSi arsebul xelmisawvdom
informacias.
finansuri angariSgebis elementebis saimedo Sefasebis gamoyeneba finansuri
angariSgebis momzadebis mniSvnelovani nawilia.
buRaltruli aRricxvis saerTaSoriso standartebis Tanaxmad (bass _
finansuri angariSgebis momzadebis da wardgenis struqturuli safuZvlebi),
aqtivi aRiarebuli iqneba balansSi, Tu am aqtivis monawileobiT SesaZlebelia
momavalSi ekonomikuri sargeblis Semosvla sawarmoSi da, amave dros, misi
saimedo Tanxobrivi Sefaseba. Aaqtivi ar iqneba aRiarebuli balansSi, Tu igulis-
xmeba, rom gaweuli danaxarjebis Sedegad sawarmoSi ekonomikuri sargeblis
Semosvla ar moxdeba mimdinare saangariSgebo periodis Semdgom. aseT SemTxvevaSi
aqtivi aisaxeba mogebisa da zaralis angariSgebaSi xarjebis saxiT. Ees niSnavs,
rom mimdinare saangariSgebo periodis Semdgom ekonomikuri sargeblis Semosvlis
albaToba ar aris sakmarisi aqtivis aRiarebisaTvis.
sawarmos balansSi valdebuleba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi aisaxeba, Tu misi
dafarva momavalSi gamoiwvevs sawarmodan ekonomikur sargebelSi ganivTebuli
resursebis gasvlas da SesaZlebelia misi saimedo raodenobrivi Sefaseba-
gansazRvra. is saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebi, romlebic ar Sesrulebula ar
39
aisaxeba sawarmos buRaltrul balansSi. (pirobiTi valdebulebebi) valdebulebis
aRiareba gamoiwvevs masTan dakavSirebuli aqtivebis an xarjebis aRiarebasac.
sawarmos mogebisa da zaralis angariSgebaSi Semosavlis aRiareba-asaxva
xdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sawarmoSi momavali ekonomikuri sargeblis zrda
gamowveulia aqtivebis zrdiT an valdebulebebis SemcirebiT da misi saimedo
Sefaseba SesaZlebelia. Ees niSnavs, rom Semosavlebis aRiareba xdeba maSinve,
rogorc ki aRiarebuli iqneba aqtivebis zrda an valdebulebebis Semcireba.
sawarmos mogebisa da zaralis angariSgebaSi xarjebis aRiareba xdeba maSin,
Tu sawarmodan momavali ekonomikuri sargeblis gasvla dakavSirebuli iqneba
aqtivebis SemcirebasTan an valdebulebebis zrdasTan da Tu SesaZlebelia misi
saimedo Sefaseba-gazomva. Ees ki imas niSnavs, rom xarjebis aRiareba-gansazRvra
xdeba maSinve, rogorc ki aRiarebuli iqneba aqtivebis Semcireba an valdebu-
lebebis zrda.
sawarmos mogebisa da zaralis angariSgebaSi xarjebis aRiareba xdeba maSin,
Tu danaxarjebis gawevisa da Semosavlebis calkeuli muxlebis miRebis procesebs
Soris arsebobs pirdapiri kavSiri. Ees aris amonagebis da danaxarjebis Sesaba-
misobis principi. igi gulisxmobs erTi da imave sameurneo operaciiT an movleniT
gamowveuli xarjebisa da amonagebis erTdroul aRiarebas. magaliTad, produqciis
realizaciaze gaweuli sxvadasxva saxis xarji aRiarebuli da asaxuli iqneba
maSinve, rogorc ki sawarmo miiRebs Semosavals mocemuli produqciis reali-
zaciidan.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sawarmoSi ekonomikuri sargeblis Semosvla mosalodnelia
ramdenime saangariSgebo periodis Semdeg da maTi kavSiris dadgena SemosavlebTan
mxolod arapirdapir aris SesaZlebeli, xarjebis aRiareba unda moxdes
sistematurad raime Sesabamisi normatiuli ganawilebis principis mixedviT. Ees
ZiriTadad aucilebelia iseT aqtivebze gaweuli xarjebis aRiarebasTan dakavSi-
rebiT, rogoricaa: ZiriTadi saSualebebi, gudvili, patentebi, savaWro niSnebi;
aseT dros danaxarjebis aRiareba xdeba cveTis an amortizaciis xarjebis saxiT.
xarjebis ganawilebis aRniSnuli wesi iTvaliswinebs danaxarjebis aRiarebas im
saangariSgebo periodebSi, rodesac aRniSnul muxlebTan dakavSirebuli eko-
nomikuri sargebeli moixmareba an amoiwureba.
Sefaseba aris fuladi Tanxebis gansazRvris procesi, romlis mixedviTac
xdeba finansuri angariSgebis mocemuli elementebis aRiareba sawarmos balanssa
da mogebisa da zaralis angariSgebaSi. Ees procesi gulisxmobs Sefasebis
garkveuli meTodis SerCevas.
sawarmos finansuri angariSgebis Sedgenis dros iyeneben Sefasebis sxvadasxva
meTods, sxvadasxva xarisxiT da mravali kombinaciiT. Ffinansuri angariSgebis
muxlebis Sefasebis meTodebia:
1) pirvandeli Rirebuleba; 2) mimdinare Rirebuleba 3) sarealizacio Rirebuleba; 4) diskontirebuli Rirebuleba. pirvandeli RirebulebiTpirvandeli RirebulebiTpirvandeli RirebulebiTpirvandeli RirebulebiT aqtivebis aRiareba xdeba maTi SeZenis dros
gadaxdili fuladi saxsrebis an maTi ekvivalentebis odenobiT, an im realuri
RirebulebiT, romelic unda gadaxdiliyo maTi SeZenis momentSi. Aaqtivebis
SeZenis Semdeg maTi Sefaseba mraval faqtorzea damokidebuli. magaliTad,
rodesac ZiriTadi saSualebebi, romelic SeZenilia yidviT, akmayofilebs aqtivad
40
aRiarebis kriteriumebs, fasdeba TviTRirebulebiT (SeZenis momentSi), xolo
rodesac ZiriTadi saSualebebi miiReba CuqebiT an gacvliT, is fasdeba realuri
RirebulebiT. realuri Rirebuleba aris is Tanxa, romliTac SeiZleba aqtivi
gaicvalos saqmis mcodne da garigebis msurvel mxareebs Soris ,,gaSlili xelis
manZilis principiT’’. pirvandeli RirebulebiTpirvandeli RirebulebiTpirvandeli RirebulebiTpirvandeli RirebulebiT valdebulebebi aRiricxeba im
aqtivis Tanxis sididiT, romelic miRebulia mocemuli valdebulebis sanacvlod.
zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki im TanxiT, romlis sawarmodan gasvla mosalodnelia am
valdebulebis dasafaravad sawarmos Cveulebrivi saqmianobis pirobebSi
(saSemosavlo gadasaxadi, mogebis gadasaxadi).
mimdinare RirebulebiT mimdinare RirebulebiT mimdinare RirebulebiT mimdinare RirebulebiT aqtivebis aRricxva xdeba fuladi saxsrebis an maTi
ekvivalentebis im TanxiT, romelic unda gadaxdiliyo sawarmos mier misi an
analogiuri aqtivis SeZenisas. valdebulebebi aRiricxeba aradiskontirebuli
fuladi TanxiT, romelic saWiroa mis dasafaravad mimdinare periodSi.
sarealizacio RirebulebiT sarealizacio RirebulebiT sarealizacio RirebulebiT sarealizacio RirebulebiT aqtivebis aRricxva xdeba fuladi saxsrebis an
maTi eqvivalentebis im TanxiT, romlis miReba SesaZlebelia am aqtivis gayidvis
Sedegad mimdinare periodSi. valdebulebebi aRiricxeba aradiskontirebuli
fuladi TanxiT, romelic gadaxdili unda iqnes mis dasafaravad sawarmos
Cveulebrivi saqmianobis pirobebSi.
diskontirebuli RirebulebiT diskontirebuli RirebulebiT diskontirebuli RirebulebiT diskontirebuli RirebulebiT aqtivebis aRricxva xdeba misi diskontirebuli
Rirebulebis TanxiT, romelic sawarmos Cveulebrivi saqmianobis pirobebSi
momavalSi Semosasvleli wminda fuladi saxsrebis tolia. sawarmos valdebu-
lebebi aRiricxeba im mimdinare diskontirebuli TanxiT, romelic saWiroa am
valdebulebis dasafarad sawarmos Cveulebrivi saqmianobis pirobebSi da romelic
sawarmodan momavalSi am mizniT gasasvleli fuladi saxsrebis tolia.
Ffinansuri angariSgebis momzadebisas yvelaze xSirad iyeneben pirvandeli
Rirebulebis meTods. Uufro miRebulia misi gamoyeneba sxva meTodebTan erTob-
livad. A magaliTad:
1) sasaqonlo-materialuri faseulobebi aRiricxeba pirvandel Rirebulebasa da neto sarealizacio Rirebulebas Soris umciresi TanxiT;
2) fasiani qaRaldebis aRricxva SesaZlebelia maTi sabazro RirebulebiT; 3) sapensio uzrunvelyofis valdebulebebi aRiricxeba diskontirebuli
RirebulebiT. finansuri angariSgebis momzadebisa da wardgenis struqturuli safuZvlebis
Tanaxmad, sakuTari kapitali sawarmos finansuri mdgomareobis Sefasebis erT-
erTi elementia. igi warmoadgens sawarmos aqtivebis nawils, romelic rCeba
yvela valdebulebis dafarvis Semdeg. finansuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb
angariSgebaSi igi SeZleba warmodgenili iyos Semdegi qvejgufebis saxiT: saaqcio
kapitali, gaunawilebeli mogeba, gaunawilebeli mogebidan Seqmnili rezervebi da
rezervebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofs kapitalis SenarCunebas. amgvari struqtura
asaxavs mesakuTreTa gansxvavebul uflebebs dividendebis miRebisa da kapitalis
amoRebasTan mimarTebaSi.
buRaltruli aRricxvis saerTaSoriso standartebis Tanaxmad, sawarmos
aqtivebi finansuri mdgomareobis angariSgebis Sedgenis momentisaTvis unda
aisaxoi maTi realuri RirebulebiT. es dakavSirebulia grZelvadiani aqtivebis
gadafasebasTan. gadafasebis Sedegad aqtivebis sabalanso Rirebulebasa da rea-
lur Rirebulebas Soris sxvaoba SesaZlebelia aisaxos sakuTari kapitalis
SemadgenlobaSi, rogorc rezervi. swored amitom, sakuTari kapitalis Semadgen-
41
lobaSi, garda mogebidan Seqmnili rezervebisa, Sedis grZelvadiani aqtivebis
gadafasebis rezervi, romelic Tavisi SinaarsiT arafulad rezervs warmoadgens.
finansuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb angariSgebaSi asaxuli sakuTari kapitalis
sidide damokidebulia aqtivebisa da valdebulebebis Sefasebaze. rogorc wesi, sa-
kuTari kapitalis jamuri sidide SeiZleba mxolod SemTxveviT udrides sawarmos
aqciaTa jamur sabazro fass an Tanxas, romelic SeiZleba iqnes miRebuli wminda
aqtivebis cal-calke an mTlianad sawarmos, rogorc funqcionirebadi sawarmos,
gayidviT.
Maisuradze Marina ISSUES OF RECOGNITION AND ASSESSMENT OF ELEMENTS OF FINANCIAL REPORTS
SUMMARY
A purpose of the financial reports is to present a reliable information regarding financial state, financial results of activity, and the money flows of a company.
Recognition of the elements of the financial reports is a process of reflection of that clause in the company’s balance sheets and the profit-and-loss accounts, which meets the criterion of determination and recognition of a given element:
1) A future inflow into or outflow from a company of an economic benefit caused by this clause is expectable;
2) Each clause has a cost or a value and, can be assessed reliably. Assessment is a process of determination of the amounts of money according to which this or that
element of the financial report is recognized in the balance sheets and the profit-and-loss accounts of a company. This process implies a selection of a certain method of assessment.
When developing a financial report of a company, various methods of assessment are used with different degrees and combinations. The methods of assessment of the clauses of financial reports are as follows:
1) Initial value; 2) Current value; 3) Value of realization 4) Discounted value
iza naTelauriiza naTelauriiza naTelauriiza naTelauri saqarTvelos sagareo vaWrobis modelirebis zogierTi aspeqtisaqarTvelos sagareo vaWrobis modelirebis zogierTi aspeqtisaqarTvelos sagareo vaWrobis modelirebis zogierTi aspeqtisaqarTvelos sagareo vaWrobis modelirebis zogierTi aspeqti
ganvixilavT saqarTvelos eqsportis, importis da wminda eqsportis trendul
modelebs Cvidmetwlian (1995-2011) statistikaze dayrdnobiT. Cven mier gamoye-
nebuli informacia ekuTvnis saqarTvelos statistikis erovnul samsaxurs [4].
monacemebi aRricxulia mln aSS dolarebSi. gaangariSebebi Catarebulia Mikrosoft
Exel-Si, 2007n wels.
SemoviRoT AaRniSvnebi:
Ex*- identificirebuli eqsporti;
Im*-identificirebuli importi;
Nx*-identificirebuli wminda eqsporti;
t (t=1,2,…,12) –dro (wlebi).
daviwyoT eqsportiT.
42
eqsportis droiTi mwkrivis mosworebis analizurma da grafikulma meTodebma
saSualeba mogvca, gagveanalizebina wrfivi, eqsponencialuri, logariTmuli, po-
linomialuri da xarisxovani modelebi or variantSi: 1. statistikuri monacemebis
faqtobrivi doneebis (erTobliobis moculoba n=17) da 2. statistikuri mona-
cemebis mosworebuli doneebis mixedviT. gamoviyeneT mcocavi saSualos meTodi [3],
ufro zustad ki samwevriani mcocavi saSualos meTodi (n=15). pirveli varianti:
wrfivi modelis mixedviT, Ex*=111,9 t-262,7, determinaciis koeficienti -R2=0,848;
eqsponencialuri modelis mixedviT, Ex*=119,4e0,166t, R2 =0,962;
logariTmuli modelis mixedviT, Ex*=588,7lnt-415,7 R2=0,583;
polinomialuri modelis mixedviT, Ex*=9,131t2+52,44t+257,7 R2=0,955;
xarisxovani modelis mixedviT, Ex*=80,85t0,957 R2 =0,792. meore varianti:
wrfivi modelis mixedviT, Ex*=107,5 t-159,7, determinaciis koeficienti -R2=0,912;
eqsponencialuri modelis mixedviT, Ex*=140,6e0,168t, R2 =0,978;
logariTmuli modelis mixedviT, Ex*=520,0lnt-267,1 R2=0,652;
polinomialuri modelis mixedviT, Ex*=8,2t2+23,71t+211,9 R2=0,99;
xarisxovani modelis mixedviT, Ex*=106,1t0,874 R2 =0,809. determinaciis koeficientis maRali maCvenebliT pirvel variantSi gamoirCeva
sami modeli: eqsponencialuri (0,962), polinomialuri (0,955) da wrfivi (0,848),
meore variantSi _ polinomialuri (0,99), eqsponencialuri (0,978) da wrfivi (0,912).
sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, es faqti adasturebs ganxiluli modelebis statistikur
mniSvnelovnebas. korelaciuri velis mixedviT, orive variantSi saukeTesoa
polinomialuri modeli.
rac Seexeba imports, misTvis,
pirvel variantSi:
wrfivi modelis mixedviT, Im*=401,2 t-1050, determinaciis koeficienti -R2=0,799;
eqsponencialuri modelis mixedviT, Im*=365,8e0,171 t, R2 =0,868;
logariTmuli modelis mixedviT, Im*=2085lnt-1549 R2=0,536;
polinomialuri modelis mixedviT, Im*=33,46t2-201,0t+856,8 R2=0,904;
xarisxovani modelis mixedviT, Im*=262,5t0,953 R2 =0,663. meore variantSi:
wrfivi modelis mixedviT, Im*=409,2 t-841,3, determinaciis koeficienti -R2=0,882;
eqsponencialuri modelis mixedviT, Im*=413,9e0,178 t, R2 =0,872;
logariTmuli modelis mixedviT, Im*=1917lnt-1133 R2=0,558;
polinomialuri modelis mixedviT, Im*=38,44t2-205,9t+901,6 R2=0,940;
xarisxovani modelis mixedviT, Im*=343,5t0,869 R2 =0,630. eqsportisa da importis analogiurad, SevecadeT wminda eqsportis, ufro
zustad ki sagareo vaWrobis deficitis maCveneblis, droiTi mwkrivis mosworebas
analizuri da grafikuli meTodebiT. gavaanalizeT wrfivi, eqsponencialuri,
logariTmuli, polinomialuri da xarisxovani modelebiю pirveli varianti:
43
wrfivi modelis mixedviT, Nx*=289,3t-787,8, determinaciis koeficienti -R2=0,760;
eqsponencialuri modelis mixedviT, Nx*=240,3e0,175 t, R2 =0,798;
logariTmuli modelis mixedviT, Nx*=1496lnt-1153, R2=0,505;
polinomialuri modelis mixedviT, Nx*=24,33t2-148,5t-599, R2=0,862
xarisxovani modelis mixedviT, Nx*=178,4t0,951 R2 =0,584. meore varianti:
wrfivi modelis mixedviT, Nx*=301t-672,2, determinaciis koeficienti -R2=0,793;
eqsponencialuri modelis mixedviT, Nx*=272,7e1,183 t, R2 =0,801;
logariTmuli modelis mixedviT, Nx*=1393lnt-855,8, R2=0,519;
polinomialuri modelis mixedviT, Nx*=-30,26t2-183,1t-699,6, R2=0,911
xarisxovani modelis mixedviT, Nx*=238,1t0,860 R2 =0,541.. determinaciis koeficientis mixedviT ukeTesia polinomialuri modeli (0, 862
pirvel variantSi da 0.911 meore variantSi).
SevamowmeT polinomialuri modelis (misTvis determinaciis koeficienti
yvelaze maRalia) sawyis monacemebTan Tavsebadobis sakiTxic. Aam mizniT gamo-
viTvaleT aproqsimaciis saSualo Secdomis maCvenebelebi A=1/n[∑(Exi-Exi*)/Exi] 100.
specialistebis nawili miiCnevs, rom aproqsimaciis saSualo Secdoma Tu
gadaaWarbebs 5-7%-s, maSin modeliT daTvlili maCveneblebi sawyisTan araTav-
sebadia. meore nawilis azriT, es zRvari 10-12 %-ic SeiZleba iyos. saqarTvelos
sinamdvileSi, aproqsimaciis saSualo Secdoma raodenobrivad imaze migviTiTebs,
rom zemoT ganxiluli trenduli modelebiT sagareo vaWrobis maCveneblis
proeqcia realur Sedegebs ver mogvcems [1].
gamoyenebuliLliteraturagamoyenebuliLliteraturagamoyenebuliLliteraturagamoyenebuliLliteratura
1. naTelauri i. saqarTvelos sagareo vaWrobis maCveneblebis analizi da
testireba erTgvarovnebaze (2000-2010). saerTaSoriso samecniero-praqtikuli
konferenciis masalebi.” ekonomikisa da biznesis ganviTarebis tendenciebi
Tanamedrove etapze”. SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis universiteti, saqarTvelos
ekonomikuri ganaTlebisa da ganviTarebis centri, baTumi, 2011.
2. naTelauri i., TaflaZe T. saqarTvelos eqsportisa da importis
maCveneblebis testireba ganawilebis normalurobaze (2000-2010). saerTaSoriso
samecniero-praqtikuli konferenciis masalebi: ”ekonomikis aqtualuri problemebi
globalizaciis pirobebSi”. ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tsu, paata guguSvilis
ekonomikis instituti, Tbilisi, 2011.
3. Статистика. Под ред. И.И.Елиссевой, Москва-Санкт-петербург-Воронеж-… “ПИТЕР”, 2011. 4. http://www.geostat.ge
Natelauri Iza SOME ASPECTS OF MODELING OF GEORGIA’S FOREIGN TRADE
SUMMARY
In the article is analyzed the trend models of exports, imports and net exports: linear, polynomial, logarithmic, exponential and qualitative.
44
rusudan papaskirirusudan papaskirirusudan papaskirirusudan papaskiri finansuri krizisi saqarTvelos mSeneblobasa da komerciul bankebSifinansuri krizisi saqarTvelos mSeneblobasa da komerciul bankebSifinansuri krizisi saqarTvelos mSeneblobasa da komerciul bankebSifinansuri krizisi saqarTvelos mSeneblobasa da komerciul bankebSi
rogorc samTavrobo dokumentebSi, ise mTavrobis warmomadgenelTa gamosv-
lebSi mudmivad musirebs azri imis Sesaxeb, rom saqarTvelos ekonomika
investiciebis gareSe ver ganviTardeba. orientacia gansakuTrebiT keTdeba
pirdapir inevsticiebze. pirdapiri investiciebis 80-90%, ganurCevlad imisa,
adgilobrivia igi Tu ucxouri, samSeneblo kompaniebis mier realizdeba. es aris
fiqsirebul aqtivebSi, anu ZiriTad kapitalSi ganxorcielebuli investiciebi. am
investiciebiT samSeneblo kompaniebi ekonomikis yvela dargs, qvedargs, seqtors,
sferos da calkeul damkveTebs uSeneben Senoba-nagebobebs, xidebs, gvirabebs,
gzebs da a. S. am investiciebs kapitaluri, xSirad ki fizikuri investiciebi
ewodeba.
kapitaluri investiciebis aTvisebis dones da gamoyenebis efeqtianobas
ramdenadme gansazRvravs TviT samSeneblo kompaniebis mdgomareoba.
ase rom, mSeneblobis roli qveynis ganviTarebaSi Zalian didia da is
warmoadgens misi ekonomikuri mdgomareobis mniSvnelovan indikators. cnobili
qarTveli finansisti d. iakobiZe wers: `ar aris saWiro, iyo didi ekonomisti
imisTvis, rom icode _ qveynis makroekonomikuri aRmavloba iwyeba mSeneblobidan.
energetikuli, industriul-samrewvelo, maRal teqnologiebze damyarebuli
gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebisa da satransporto komunikaciebis mSenebloba aris
gza, romelsac yvela ekonomika gamohyavs stagnaciidan~ [1, gv. 24-25].
aseT dros saqarTvelos samSeneblo biznesi krizisSia. ruseT-saqarTvelos
agvistos omis Semdeg Semcirda mSeneblobaSi brunvis moculoba (cxrili 1, naxazi
1, 2), Semcirda dasaqmebulTa raodenoba da Semcirda mogebac.
cxrili 1cxrili 1cxrili 1cxrili 1 saqarTvelos samSeneblo kompaniebis muSaobis ZiriTad maCsaqarTvelos samSeneblo kompaniebis muSaobis ZiriTad maCsaqarTvelos samSeneblo kompaniebis muSaobis ZiriTad maCsaqarTvelos samSeneblo kompaniebis muSaobis ZiriTad maCvenebelTa venebelTa venebelTa venebelTa
moculoba da dinamika 2005moculoba da dinamika 2005moculoba da dinamika 2005moculoba da dinamika 2005----2010 ww. 2010 ww. 2010 ww. 2010 ww. [2]
wlebi brunvis
moculoba,
mln lari
dasaqmebulTa
ricxvi, kaci
mogebis
moculoba,
mln lari
dinamika %-iT wina welTan
brunvis
moculobis
dasaqmebu-
lebis
mogebis
2005 778.8 38560 42.6 100 100 100
2006 1125.3 46681 93.2 144.4 121 218
2007 1604.6 52572 187.7 142.5 112.6 202
2008 1412 38109 64.6 88 72.5 34.4
2009 1199 33500 61.4 85 87 95
2010 1086 28360 60.3 90.6 84.6 98.5
45
nax. 1.nax. 1.nax. 1.nax. 1. mSeneblobmSeneblobmSeneblobmSeneblobis brunvis moculoba saqarTveloSi (mln lari)is brunvis moculoba saqarTveloSi (mln lari)is brunvis moculoba saqarTveloSi (mln lari)is brunvis moculoba saqarTveloSi (mln lari)
nax. 2.nax. 2.nax. 2.nax. 2. mSeneblobaSi dasaqmebulTa raodenoba saqarTveloSimSeneblobaSi dasaqmebulTa raodenoba saqarTveloSimSeneblobaSi dasaqmebulTa raodenoba saqarTveloSimSeneblobaSi dasaqmebulTa raodenoba saqarTveloSi
rogorc cxrilidan da naxazebidan Cans, saqarTvelos mSeneblobas
ganviTarebis gansakuTrebuli bumi hqonda 2005-2007 wlebSi. 2007 weli iyo pikis
weli, roca am seqtorSi brunvam 1604.6 mln lars miaRwia da 52572 kaci dasaqmda.
Semdegi wlidan mSeneblobis dargma dacema daiwyo: 2008 wels brunva Semcirda 12%-
iT, 2009 wels _ 15%-iT, 2010 wels _ 9,4%-iT. amis Sedegad, umuSevrad darCa 2008
wels 14463 kaci, 2009 wels _ 4609 kaci, xolo 2010 wels _ 5140 kaci. brunvis
Semcirebam, cxadia, Seamcira samSeneblo organizaciebis mogebac.
imaves metyvelebs qveynis mTlian Sida produqtSi mSeneblobis wili (nax. 3).
Tu mas 2005 wels 9,1% ekava, 2006 wels daeca 7,9%-mde, 2007 wels _ 7,8%-mde, 2008
wels _ 6,4%-mde da 2009 wels _ 6,1%-mde [2].
1400
1000
800
600
400
200
1800
0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
1600
40000
30000
20000
10000
60000
0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
50000
132.6
1200
132.2 243.4
317.6 309
387.4 778.8
1125.3
1604.6
1412
1199.2
24520 20066 19752 18874
21344
38560
28360
38109
52572 46681
19963
46
nax. 3.nax. 3.nax. 3.nax. 3. mSeneblobis wili qveynis mTlian Sida produqtSimSeneblobis wili qveynis mTlian Sida produqtSimSeneblobis wili qveynis mTlian Sida produqtSimSeneblobis wili qveynis mTlian Sida produqtSi
Cveni azriT, yovelive es im ukontrolobam gamoiwvia, rac mSeneblobaSi,
gansakuTrebiT, binaTmSeneblobaSi sufevs. aseTi daniSnulebis mSeneblobebi
saqarTveloSi, ZiriTadad, kerZo dakveTebiT xorcieldeba. rogorc wesi, damkveTi
mosaxleobaa. samSeneblo kompaniebi mSeneblobas axorcieleben bankis kreditebiT
da mosaxleobis, anu menaSeneebis avansebiT. swored saqarTvelos bankebis mier
`guluxvad~ gacemulma kreditebma (rogorc mosaxleobaze, ise samSeneblo
kompaniebze) gamoiwvia is bumi mSeneblobaSi, romelic 2005 wlidan daiwyo da piks
2007 wels miaRwia. komerciul bankebs, romlebic sazRvargareTidan iRebdnen metad
iafad (6-8% weliwadSi) kreditebs, didi moculobis sakredito resursebi gaaCndaT
da, xSirad, uzrunvelyofis gareSec ki iZleodnen mas. rogorc mosaxleobisTvis,
ise samSeneblo kompaniebisTvis es iyo metad xelsayreli piroba. amitom
qalaqebSi, sadac mosaxleoba, ZiriTadad, avariul da `xruSCovkis~ tipis saxlebSi
cxovreobs, gaCnda didi moTxovna axal sacxovrebel saxlebze. samSeneblo
kompaniebma, romlebic am moTxovnis gaCenisTanave sokoebiviT momravldnen (`arsi~,
`centr-pointi~, `kalasi~, `sasko~, `magistrali~, `kid-arqiteqtura~, `tuqsi~,
`merani~, `besko, `meridiani~, `olimpiuri varskvlavi~, `xuro~ da sxva da sxva), am
movlenas myisierad upasuxes. TbilisSi, quTaisSi, baTumSi Tu sxva qalaqebSi daiwyo
Tavisufal miwebze `nadiroba~, maT yidvaze _ erTmaneTis daswreba da gadaswreba.
bevri danaSauli Caidines am procesSi im saxelmwifo organoebmac, romelTa
kompetenciaSi am miwebis gayidva da mSeneblobebze nebarTvebis gacema Sedioda. Tu
pirdapir ara, arapirdapir maTi daxmarebiT ukanonodac bevri miwa gaiyida da
ukanonodac an kanonis nawilobrivi darRveviT bevri korpusi aSenda. mSeneblobis
mada ise gaizarda, rom maT korpusebi Cadges skverebSi, sagzao zolebSi da
sxvagan. aranair arc erT arsebul Senobas ar dautoves ezo, romlebic maT
sabWoTa mSeneblobis parametrebiT hqondaT micemuli da TiTo 5 Tu 8 sarTulia-
nebis ezoebSi sami-oTxi 9-10 sarTuliani (xSirad ki _ meti) saxlebi wamoWimes.
amis damadastureblad erTi magaliTis moyvanac ikmarebs. gaiareT nucubiZis
quCaze, gansakuTrebiT _ lisis tbis asaxvevidan asaTianis quCamde da daakvirdiT, ra
xdeba marcxena mxares quCis pirze Zvelad aSenebuli 5 sarTuliani saxlebis
ezoebSi. am monakveTSi, romelic albaT 0.5 km Tu iqneba, romelic nucubiZis
mxridan sabWouri 5 sarTuliani sacxovrebeli korpusebiT aris datvirTuli,
xolo vaJa-fSavelas prospeqtis mxridan _ respublikuri saavadmyofos da
samedicino institutis sxvadasxva korpusebiT, siRrmeSi 10-mde sacxovrebeli
korpusi mainc CaSenda mzadyofnis sxvadasxva doniT (Savi karkasi, TeTri karkasi
da korpusi `gasaRebiT~). termini `CaSenda~ imitom vixmareT, rom maTze aSenebas
ver ityviT, isini namdvilad `CaaSenes~. amisaTvis iq gaikafa xeebi, nulamde davida
2005
9.1%
2006
7.9%
2007
7.8%
2008
6.4%
2009
6.1%
47
Senobebs Soris daSoreba, arsebul 5 sarTulianebs gadmoefarnen es 9-10 sarTuliani
Senobebi da daabneles isini da a. S. amasTan, TviT is axali Senobebi ise mijriT
dganan erTmaneTTan da Tanac, yovelgvari simetriis gareSe, rom ubralo adamianic
xvdeba, rom iq `Catevaze~ iyo fiqri da ara standartis dacvaze... q. TbilisSi
aseTi adgilebi mravladaa. Cven mxolod erTi magaliTi moviyvaneT.
mSeneblobis es bumi da qalaqad miwebis moswrebaze yidva 2008 wlis pirvel
naxevramde gagrZelda. 2008 wlis agvistos omma da saqarTvelos komerciul
bankebSi evropidan Tavisufali fulis wyaros daSrobam (iq ganviTarebuli
finansuri krizisis gamo) bankebis krizisic gamoiwvia da _ mSeneblobebisac.
gauWirda menaSene-mosaxleobasac, romelTac bankebi axal kreditebs aRar
aZlevdnen. mSeneblebsac aRar hqondaT fuli dawyebuli Senobebis dasamTavreblad.
bankebi iTxovdnen vadadamdgari kreditebis ukan dabrunebas da a. S. amas isic
daemata, rom Tu Tavidan samSeneblo kompaniebi TavianT produqcias 2-3 wliT
ganvadebiT yiddnen, Semdeg daiwyes 10-15 wliT ganvadeba. konkurentuli
TvalsazrisiT es swori iyo, magram ase Semosuli Tanxebi ver uzrunvelyofda
mSeneblobis tempebs. amitom samSeneblo kompaniebma daiwyes finansuri piramidebis
mSenebloba, rac imas niSnavs, rom axali mSeneblobisTvis Semosuli TanxebiT
Zvel korpusebs asrulebdnen da roca fulis iafi wyaro daSra, axali korpusebi
darCa dausrulebeli. maT mepatroneTa did nawils araTu avansebi, aramed binis
Rirebulebis 80-90% gadaxdili hqonda. Tavidan isini verc gaerkvnen viTarebaSi _
Tu ratom ar mTavrdeboda maTi binebis mSenebloba. Semdeg ki yvelaferi cxadi
gaxda.
saerTod, nebismieri finansuri piramida adre Tu gvian iSleba, magram 2008 wlis
agvistos omma es procesi saqarTveloSi DdaaCqara. garda imisa, rom krizisis
fonze finansuri urTierTobebi kontragentebs Soris daiZaba, moxda isic, rom
mTeli rigi mSenebare obieqtebi, romlis giraoSi CadebiT menaSeneebs ipoTekuri
sesxebi hqondaT bankidan aRebuli, ver damTavrda maTze bankebidan dadebuli
yadaRis gamo.
erTi sityviT, Seiqmna Caketili wre _ menaSene _ banki _ samSeneblo orga-
nizacia da daiwyo maT Soris saqmis garCevebi da urTierTbraldebebi. es procesi ar
damTavrebula da dResac grZeldeba. marto kompania `centr-points~ 3000-ze meti
momCivani menaSene (damkveTi) hyavs.
ram gamoiwvia yovelive es da ra unda gakeTebuliyo imisTvis, rom es ar
momxdariyo?
ekonomika rom ciklurad viTardeba da rom krizisi misi erTi Semadgeneli
etapia, es aravisTvis aris ucxo, magram Tu qveyana da misi bizneserTeulebi am
kriziss momzadebulni Sexvdebian, maSin is iseTi mtkivneuli aRar iqneba, rogorc
es moxda Cven mier aRweril SemTxvevaSi, roca dazaraldnen samSeneblo
kompaniebic, bankebic, samuSaodakarguli adamianebic da menaSene mosaxleobac,
romelTa didma nawilma fulic dakarga da binac. nawilma ki jerac ar icis, ra
elodeba.
es ar moxdeboda, saqarTvelos samSeneblo kompaniebze (da agreTve, bankebze)
dawesebuli rom yofiliyo saTanado kontroli saxelmwifos mxridan. kontroli,
ra Tqma unda, aris, magram igi teqnikuri kontrolia da ara _ finansuri. metic,
samSeneblo kompaniebis 98% kerZo kompaniebia da maTi finansuri kontroli
saqarTvelos kontrolis palatas mxolod maSin SeuZlia, roca amas sasamarTlo
moiTxovs [3], sxva SemTxvevebSi _ ara. Cveni azriT, saqarTveloSi sabazro ekonomika
48
`Sokuri Terapiis~ meTodiT damyarda. amisTvis ar iyo qveyanaSi Seqmnili arc
samarTlebrivi da arc fsiqologiuri baza. qonebis gankerZoebis Semdeg
saxelmwifo, faqtobrivad, gavida ekonomikidan da igi adam smitis `uCinar xels~,
anu sabazro Zalebs gadaabara. ekonomikis kerZo seqtoris dasaregulireblad man
daitova mxolold gadasaxadebi. Cveni azriT, es araswori nabiji iyo da isic
arasworia, rom dResac es viTarebaa. mogebas gamodevnebuli kerZo kompaniebi
uamrav araswor qmedebebs axorcieleben. zaraldebian maTi kontragentebi da
zaraldeba mosaxleobac. saxelmwifo ki am saqmeSi ar ereva.
radgan saqarTvelo gardamavali ekonomikis qveyanaa, Cveni azriT, jer-
jerobiT saWiroa, saxelmwifo struqturebi aqtiurad akontrolebdnen kerZo
firmebs, iseve, rogorc akontroleben saxelmwifo sawarmoebs. es rom ase
yofiliyo, sameSenebelo kompaniebic da bankebic am krizisSi ar aRmoCndebodnen.
amiT imis Tqma ar gvinda, rom evropaSi dawyebuli krizisi saqarTveloSi ar
gavrceldeboda _ sruliadac ara. ubralod, samSeneblo kompaniebi bankebTan
SeTanxmebulad finansur piramdiebs ver aaSenebdnen. igive viTareba rom ar
ganmeordes momavalSi da mosaxleobas daubrundes samSeneblo kompaniebisadmi
ndoba, saWiroa maT finansur operaciebze kontroli, sakuTari kapitalis
sakmarisobis 80%-is doneze normativis dadgena da kompaniebis wliuri
angariSebis, kerZod, wliuri balansebis gamoqveyneba beWdviT organoSi.
gamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literatura
1. iakobiZe d. samSeneblo biznesis ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi faqtorebis srulyofis mimarTulebebi saqarTveloSi, Jurnali `Teusu~, #2, 2010.
2. www. geostat. ge 3. saqarTvelos kanoni `samewarmeo saqmianobis kontrolis Sesaxeb~, Tb., 2005.
Papaskiri Rusudan FINANCIAL CRISIS IN CONSTRUCTION FIELD AND COMMERCI AL BANKS OF GEORGIA
SUMMARY
Rusudan Papaskiri’s work examines the crisis existing in construction companies of Georgia according to current condition, which is partially caused by the financial crisis developed in Europe and partially by the August War 2012.
The fact that the development of construction has been terminated since 2008 is explained in the article by the lack of money physically in commercial banks, which is not able to issue the mortgage credits either to construction companies or the population. On the contrary, they require the repaying of taken loans and those who are not doing so are sold their property loaded under mortgage. In the same condition are the construction companies.
The article denotes that the construction companies have been worked with the financial pyramid method that is that they were spending the money attracted for the new building for the completion of previous one and when the monetary resource was over the buildings were left uncompleted.
Rusudan Papaskiri considers that if the government should have controlled the banks and construction companies more actively, this would not happen.
49
dalidalidalidali soloRaSvilisoloRaSvilisoloRaSvilisoloRaSvili
TeaTeaTeaTea udesianiudesianiudesianiudesiani programuli biujetiprogramuli biujetiprogramuli biujetiprogramuli biujeti _ _ _ _ efeqtianobis auditisefeqtianobis auditisefeqtianobis auditisefeqtianobis auditis safuZvelisafuZvelisafuZvelisafuZveli
saqarTveloSi sabazro urTierTobebis ganviTarebam seriozuli cvlilebebi
gamoiwvia aRricxvisa da auditis sferoSi rogorc kerZo, ise saxelmwifo
seqtorSi. sazogadoebis momsaxurebis sferoebSi auditi aris ara marto finansuri
angariSgebis, aramed fulis Rirebulebis auditic. fulis Rirebuleba ki
ganisazRvreba ekonomiurobis, Sedegebisa da efeqtianobis terminebiT, rac ganpi-
robebulia Semdegi garemoebebiT: saxelmwifo safinanso kontrolis qmediTobis,
Sedegianobisa da efeqtianobis amaRlebis aucileblobiT, aRmasrulebeli
xelisuflebisa da sxva organizaciebis saqmianobis arsebiTi gaumjobesebis
aucileblobiT, saxelmwifo saxsrebis mimRebi organizaciebis saqmianobis
gamWvirvalobis gaumjobesebiT.
efeqtianobis auditi gulisxmobs saxelmwifo proeqtebis, organizaciebis an
programebis ekonomiurobas, efeqtianobisa da qmediTobis damoukidebel kvlevas,
da miznad isaxavs maT daxvewasa da gaumjobesebas.
efeqtianobis auditi auditis im kategorias miekuTvneba, romelmac unda
upasuxos kiTxvebze: viRebT Tu ara gamoyenebuli fuladi saxsrebidan saTanado
Sedegs, SesaZlebelia Tu ara maTi ukeTesad gamoyeneba? am kiTxvaze pasuxis
gacemas ki uzrunvelyofs programuli biujeti. sabiujeto terminologiisa da
sabiujeto procesTan dakavSirebuli sxva ZiriTadi terminebis Tanaxmad,
programuli biujeti programuli biujeti programuli biujeti programuli biujeti aris aris aris aris mxarjavi dawesebulebis mier dasaxuli prioritetebis mxarjavi dawesebulebis mier dasaxuli prioritetebis mxarjavi dawesebulebis mier dasaxuli prioritetebis mxarjavi dawesebulebis mier dasaxuli prioritetebis
misaRwevad gansaxorcielmisaRwevad gansaxorcielmisaRwevad gansaxorcielmisaRwevad gansaxorcielebeli programebis, proeqtebis, RonisZiebebisa da maTi ebeli programebis, proeqtebis, RonisZiebebisa da maTi ebeli programebis, proeqtebis, RonisZiebebisa da maTi ebeli programebis, proeqtebis, RonisZiebebisa da maTi
biujetebis mosalodneli Sedegebisa da Sefasebis indikatorTa erTobliobabiujetebis mosalodneli Sedegebisa da Sefasebis indikatorTa erTobliobabiujetebis mosalodneli Sedegebisa da Sefasebis indikatorTa erTobliobabiujetebis mosalodneli Sedegebisa da Sefasebis indikatorTa erToblioba....
praqtikulad, programuli biujeti detalurad dagegmili biujetia, sadac
Cans ara mxolod dafinansebis moculoba, aramed gawerili programebi, maTi
miznebi, amocanebi, beneficiarebi, detaluri biujeti da mosalodneli Sedegebi.
sazogadoeba programuli biujetis saSualebiT detalur informacias iRebs
biujetis miznobriv da gamWvirvale xarjvaze. programuli biujeti xarjebis
gamWvirvalobis saukeTeso saSualebaa. biujetis gamWvirvalobas ganapirobebs
miznobrivi programebis detalizacia ara mxolod xarjTaRricxvis, aramed
beneficiarebis, Sedegebis miRwevis kriteriumebisa da sxva maCveneblebis saxiT.
2009 wels axali sabiujeto kodeqsis miRebiT sakanonmdeblo doneze
dafiqsirda programul biujetze gadasvlis valdebuleba, sadac gacxadebuli
iyo, rom saxelmwifo biujeti 2012 wlidan, xolo adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveli
erTeulebisa da avtonomiuri respublikebis respublikuri biujetebi 2013 wlidan,
unda dagegmiliyo programul formatSi.
2010 wlis 10 marts saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier miRebul iqna
gankarguleba N284 programuli biujetis danergvis gegmis damtkicebis Taobaze,
amave gankargulebiT damtkicebuli gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli RonisZiebebis
zedamxedveloba da gegmis Sesrulebis saerTo koordinaciis ganxorcieleba
daevala saqarTvelos finansTa saministros. amavdroulad, saqarTvelos
saxelmwifo biujetis dafinansebaze myofi mxarjavi dawesebulebebi, avtonomiuri
respublikebi da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveli erTeulebi saqarTvelos finansTa
saministros moTxovnis Sesabamisad, valdebulni iyvnen, uzrunveleyoT
50
programuli biujetis danergvasTan dakavSirebuli informaciis SesaZlod mokle
droSi miwodeba.
programuli biujeti _ es aris gegma, Tu rogor unda iqnes gamoyenebuli
mimdinare fiskalur wels gamoyofili resursebi. biujeti aris gadawyvetilebebis
miRebis bazisi da, amave dros, angariSgebis iaraRi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor
Sesrulda es gadawyvetilebebi. programuli biujetis momzadebis procesSi
mniSvnelovania monawileobdnen administracia, politikuri liderebi da sazoga-
doebebi. amgvarad Sedgenili biujeti mTavrobasa da moqalaqeebs saSualebas
aZlevs, maqsimalurad efeqtianad gadaanawilon resursebi.
programuli biujetis upiratesobebi gamoixateba mis gamWvirvalobaSi,
mosaxleobis miznebis, moTxovnebisa da SesaZleblobebis gamoaSkaravebaSi, sazo-
gadoebis miznebis SesrulebaSi, koordinirebuli da efeqtiani marTvis
uzrunvelyofaSi, mdgradi da jansaRi finansuri programis ganxorcielebaSi.
rogorc wesi, programuli biujeti gaTvlilia misaReb Sedegebze.
saqarTveloSi programuli biujetis danergva sajaro seqtoris modernizebis
mimdinare reformebis erT-erT ZiriTad nawils warmoadgens. reformebis mizani ki
sajaro finansebis marTvis efeqtianobisa da gamWvirvalobis gaumjobesebaa.
programuli biujetis ganxilvis dros yuradReba eqceva iseT aqtualur
Temebs, rogoricaa: programuli biujetis mniSvneloba sajaro seqtoris marTvaSi,
programuli biujetis danergvasTan dakavSirebuli gamowvevebi da problemebi;
programuli biujetis monawile mxareTa roli da funqciebi. gansakuTrebul
yuradRebas saWiroebs zedamxedvelobisa da angariSvaldebulebis sakiTxebis
mogvareba.
bunebrivia, ibadeba kiTxva: ra kavSiri arsebobs efeqtianobis audits,
Sesasrulebeli samuSaos gansazRvrasa da programaTa Sefasebas Soris?
rogorc aRmasrulebeli, ise sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis pasuxismgeblobis
qveS myof programebTan dakavSirebiT, swored efeqtianobis auditma da
programaTa Sefasebebma unda gansazRvros Tu rogor funqcionirebs garkveuli
programebi, aqedan gamomdinare, auditi da Sefasebebi SeiZleba sxvadasxvagvari
iyos.
gansakuTrebiT gasaTvaliswinebelia kavSiri Sesrulebuli samuSaos
gansazRvras, programebis Sefasebasa da efeqtianobis audits Soris.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, efeqtianobis auditis saSualebiT xdeba samTav-
robo programebisa da organizaciebis kvleva ekonomiurobis, efeqtianobisa da
qmediTobis TvalsazrisiT. efeqtianobis auditi araregularuli drois interva-
liT xorcieldeba da koncentrirebas axdens gansakuTrebiT miRweul Sedegebze
da ara xarjebsa da aRricxvis warmoebaze, rac erTgvarad ganasxvavebs finansuri
auditisagan, Tumca saxelmwifo programis an organizaciis mier dasaxul mizanTa
kvlevSi, efeqtianobis auditTan erTad, SeiZleba CarTuli iyos finansuri
auditic. swored amitom iTvleba saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi programuli biujeti
efeqtianobis auditis wyarod.
51
Sologhashvili Dali Udesiani Tea
PROGRAM BUDGET – BASIS FOR AUDIT OF EFFICIENCY SUMMARY
Audit of efficiency belongs to the category which should answer the questions: Do we get a proper
result from the use of money sources, is it possible to better use them? The program budget will provide an answer to this question in accordance with budget terminology and other key terms related to the budget process.
The program concept itself is flexible in scope, but can serve multiple objectives. The program can be a means of enabling more efficient use of resources within the program by aggregating activity budgets and providing more flexibility to program mangers to apply these resources during the year. And it can be a vehicle for reorganizing administrative units into more coherent structures focused on particular objectives. Analytically, it can be a means of grouping inputs around objectives, and evaluating effectiveness and efficiency in combination with output and performance data.
Program budget is combination of indicators of priorities, programs, projects and expected outcomes and assessments implemented by the spending organizations.
In fact, program budget is budget, planned in detail, which shows not only the amount of funding, but also related programs, their goals, objectives, beneficiaries, and expected results.
ramaz futkaraZeramaz futkaraZeramaz futkaraZeramaz futkaraZe saqarTvelos sagareo vaWrobis aqtualuri sakiTxebis SesaxebsaqarTvelos sagareo vaWrobis aqtualuri sakiTxebis SesaxebsaqarTvelos sagareo vaWrobis aqtualuri sakiTxebis SesaxebsaqarTvelos sagareo vaWrobis aqtualuri sakiTxebis Sesaxeb
strategiuli TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelosaTvis uaRresad didi mniSvneloba
aqvs eqsportis gazrdas, eqsportis diversifikacias, savaWro-ekonomikuri, safinan-
so-sakredito, samecniero, teqnologiuri da sxva saxis urTierTobebis gaRrmavebas
saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis qveynebTan. saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri gan-
viTarebis aucilebel pirobad qveynis saeqsporto SesaZleblobebis Semdgomi rea-
lizacia gvesaxeba, gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebuli qveynebis bazrebze, rac ekonomi-
kuri zrdis maRali tempebis miRwevis safuZvelia.
saqarTvelos sagareo vaWrobis adgili metad mokrZalebulia saerTaSoriso
vaWrobaSi. saqarTvelos eqsportis xvedriTi wili Seadgens msoflio eqsportis
0.01%-s, xolo qveynis importis xvedriTi wili msoflio importis 0.03%-ia. aseve
mokrZalebulia saqarTvelos adgili msoflio eqsportior da importior qveya-
naTa Soris, vaWrobis msoflio organizaciis monacemebis mixedviT, saqarTvelos
ukavia msoflio eqsportior qveyanaTa Soris 132 da msoflio importior qveyanTa
Soris 114 adgili1.
2011 wels saqarTvelos sagareo savaWro brunva, wina welTan SedarebiT, 36%-
iT gaizarda da 9247 mln aSS dolari Seadgina, maT Soris saqonlis mTlianma
eqsportma 2189 mln (39%-iT meti), importma – 7058 mln (34%-iT meti), xolo qveynis
uaryofiTma savaWro balansma 4869 mln aSS dolari (32%-iT meti).
miuxedavad imisa, rom 2011 wlis uaryofiTi savaWro balansi 4869 mln aSS
dolariT ganisazRvra, unda aRiniSnos, rom 2009 wlis Semdeg eqsportis zrdis
1 saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris ,,saqstatis“ da vaWrobis msoflio organizaciis mo-nacemebi. World Trade Report 2011. World trade organization, Geneva, WTO, 2011.
52
maCvenebeli aRemateba importis zrdis maCvenebels da, Sesabamisad, izrdeba
eqsportis wilic savaWro brunvaSi. 2011 wels, eqsportis xvedriTi wili, 2010
welTan SedarebiT, gaizarda 23%-dan 23.7%-mde.
2011 weli rekordulia rogorc eqsportisa da importis, aseve savaWro
brunvis da savaWro saldos maCveneblebiT. amasTan aRsaniSnavia, rom 2011 wels
savaWro partniori qveynebis ricxvmac rekordul maCvenebels miaRwia. saqarTvelos
savaWro partniori qveynebis ricxvi 9 erTeuliT gaizarda wina welTan SedarebiT
da 147 qveyniT ganisazRvra. aqedan, 32 qveyanasTan dafiqsirda dadebiTi savaWro
balansi. somxeTi erTaderTi mezobeli da umsxvilesi savaWro partniori qveyanaa,
romelTanac saqarTvelos 2011 wels dadebiTi savaWro balansi hqonda (164 milioni
aSS dolari).
migvaCnia, rom saqarTvelos erT-erTi mTavari problemaa metad mzardi uaryo-
fiTi savaWro balansi. Sesabamisad qveynis ZiriTadi prioriteti unda iyos
uaryofiTi savaWro saldos etapobrivi Semcireba. saqarTvelos uaryofiTi savaWro
balansi 4,87 mlrd aSS dolaria, rac iseTi patara qveynisaTvis, rogoric saqarTve-
loa, maRali maCvenebelia. metad maRalia importis wili mSp-Si da 2010 wels
Seadgena 31.6%.
cxricxricxricxrilililili 1111.... sasasasaqarqarqarqarTveTveTveTveloslosloslos sasasasagagagagareoreoreoreo vaWvaWvaWvaWrorororobabababa
(mln aSS dolari)2222
weli importi wliuri
zrda, % eqsporti
wliuri
zrda, % balansi
savaWro
brunva
2003 1,141.1 461.4 -679,7 1,602.5
2004 1,845.5 61.7 646,9 40.2 -1,198.6 2,492.4
2005 2,489,.9 34.9 865,4 33.8 -1,624.4 3,355.4
2006 3,677.7 47.7 936,1 8.2 -2,741.5 4,613.9
2007 5,214.8 41.8 1,232.3 31.6 -3,982.5 6,447.2
2008 6,304.5 21.4 1,496 20.8 -4,808.4 7,800.6
2009 4,378.3 -30.6 1,134.9 -24.1 -3,243..3 5,513.2
2010 5 249 16.6 1 574 21.1 -3 675 6 823
2011 7 058 34 2 189 36 -4 869 9 247
miuxedavad imisa, rom wina wlebTan SedarebiT eqsportis moculoba gaizarda,
misi xvedriTi wili jamur savaWro balansSi cvalebadia. tendencia aseTia: 2003
weli – 30%, 2004 – 26%, 2005 – 25,8%, 2006 – 21,2%, 2007 – 19,1%, 2008 _ 19.2%., 2010
weli _ 23%, xolo 2011 weli _ 23,7%. bunebrivia, am fonze matulobs importis wi-
li da Sesabamisad izrdeba uaryofiTi savaWro saldo. marTalia, saqarTvelos sa-
gareo savaWro brunva izrdeba, magram aseve izrdeba savaWro deficiti da Sesaba-
misad ar izrdeba eqsportiT importis gadafarvis koeficienti. izrdeba vaWrobis
geografia da savaWro partniori qveynebis raodenoba, magram ar izrdeba im qveyne-
bis raodenoba, romelTanac saqarTvelos dadebiTi savaWro balansi aqvs. marTa-
lia, mTlianobaSi wina periodTan SedarebiT saeqsporto maCvenebeli izrdeba, mag-
ram ar icvleba saeqsporto sasaqonlo struqtura.
saqarTvelosaTvis udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs savaWro-ekonomikuri urTierTo-
bebis gaRrmavebas evrokavSirTan. saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris
2 saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris ,,saqstatis“ monacemebi http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/georgian/bop/External%20Trade%20of%20Georgia%20in%202011-Geo.pdf
53
,,saqstatis“ monacemebi da evrostatis monacemebis sarkisebri Sedareba mxareebs So-
ris TanamSromlobis sul sxva suraTs iZleva.
1. saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris ,,saqstatis“ monacemebis
mixedviT, saqarTvelos eqsportis 19% da importis 29% evrokavSiris qveynebze
modis3.
2. evrostatis monacemebi, romlis mixedviTac 2010 wels saqarTvelos
eqsportis 36.7% da importis 31.7% evrokavSiris qveynebze modis4.
3. vaWrobis msoflio organizaciis monacemebi, romlis mixedviTac 2010 wels
saqarTvelos eqsportis 18.5% da importis 28.2% evrokavSiris qveynebze modis5.
2010 wels saqarTvelo evrokavSiris eqsportior qveynebs Soris 74-e, importi-
or qveynebs Soris – 82-e da savaWro brunvis mixedviT – 81-e adgilze iyo
warmodgenili. evrokavSiris eqsportSi saqarTvelos xvedriTi wili 0,1%-ia, xolo
importSi – kidev ufro dabali - 0,04%6. evrokavSiri mTlianobaSi saqarTvelos um-
sxvilesi savaWro partnioria. ormxrivi vaWroba sakmaod dinamikurad viTardeba7.
saqarTvelos sagareo savaWro brunva 2011 wels evrokavSiris qveynebTan 41%-iT
gaizarda da 2477 mln aSS dolari Seadgina, maT Soris, eqsporti 46%-iT
gaizarda, 424 mln aSS dolari (mTliani eqsportis 19%). importi ki 40%-iT
gaizarda da 2053 mln aSS dolari Seadgina (mTliani importis 29%).
2011 wels evrokavSirSi ganxorcielebuli saerTo eqsportis 50.4% GSP+ reJimze modis. saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis saministrosa da
saqarTvelos savaWro-samrewvelo palatis mier gaica 1483 warmoSobis sertifikati
forma ”A”, aqedan evrokavSirSi eqsportisas – 1463 sertifikati, xolo GSP-is momniWebel sxva qveynebSi (aSS, kanada, Sveicaria, norvegia, iaponia) – 20
sertifikati. 2011 wels eqsporti 2010 welTan SedarebiT gaizarda evrokavSiris 18
qveyanasTan. amasTan, 100%-ze meti zrda dafiqsirda ungreTTan, SvedeTTan, safran-
geTTan, slovakeTTan, poloneTTan italiasa da estoneTTan. kleba dafiqsirda
evrokavSiris 9 qveyanasTan (gaerTianebuli samefo, saberZneTi, rumineTi, luqsem-
burgi, irlandia, espaneTi, dania, malta da slovenia)8. evrokavSiris bazarze
preferenciuli reJimiT gavida 213.9 mln aSS dolaris 34 saxeobis produqcia.
aqedan, sam ZiriTad saxeobaze modis mTliani eqsportirebuli produqciis 88.9%:
Txili da kakali - 51.3% (109.7 mln aSS dolari), amoniumis gvarjila - 32.4% (69.4
mln aSS dolari) da ferosilikomanganumi - 5.2% (11.2 mln aSS dolari).
bolo wlebia evrokavSiri saqarTvelos erT-erTi umsxvilesi savaWro partni-
oria da SeimCneva misi wilis zrda saqarTvelos savaWro urTierTobebSi. 2011
wels aTi umsxvilesi savaWro partniori qveynis jamurma wilma saqarTvelos
sagareo savaWro brunvaSi 67% Seadgina. evrokavSiris Semdeg saqarTvelos
umsxviles savaWro partniorad kvlav TurqeTi rCeba, romelTan savaWro brunva;l
2011 wels 1.5 mlrd aSS dolaramde gaizarda. Semdeg modis azerbaijani –1.03 mlrd
3 saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris ,,saqstatis“ monacemebi http://geostat.ge 4 GEORGIA. EU bilateral trade and trade with the WORLD. DG. Trade, 8 Jun. 2011. 5 wto.org 6 ix. ufro vrclad. futkaraZe r. saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris savaWro-ekonomikuri urTierTobebi: problemebi da perspeqtivebi. Tb., ,,universali”, 2010. futkaraZe r. saerTaSoriso vaWrobis ganviTarebis mimarTulebebi globalizaciis pirobebSi. Jurnali “saqarTvelos ekonomika” #5. 2007. 7 kakulia m. ormxrivi vaWrobis ganmtkiceba. evrokavSiris samezoblo politika da saqarTvelo. damo-ukidebel eqspertTa analizi (fridrix ebertis fondi), Tb., 2007. gv. 104. 8 saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis saministros informacia. http://www.economy.ge
54
aSS dolari, ukraina – 846.8 mln aSS dolari, CineTi – 553.6 mln aSS dolari,
ruseTi – 426.3 mln aSS dolari (ruseTSi eqsportma 36.6 milioni aSS dolari), aSS
– 389.2 mln aSS dolari, somxeTi – 282.1 mln aSS dolari da arabeTis
gaerTianebuli emiratebi – 266.4 mln aSS dolari. me-2 cxrilSi warmodgenilia
saqarTvelos ZiriTadi savaWro partniori qveynebi, xolo me-3 cxrilSi, aRniSnuli
qveynebi saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi da gamoyofilia maT sagareo savaWro
urTierTobebSi evrokavSiris adgili. migvaCnia, rom saqarTvelos sagareo
vaWrobaSi aucileblad gaizrdeba msoflios #1 eqsportiori qveynis, CineTis
wili.
ccccxrixrixrixrilililili 2222.... sasasasaqarqarqarqarTveTveTveTveloslosloslos umumumumsxvisxvisxvisxvilelelelesisisisi sasasasavaWvaWvaWvaWrorororo parparparpartnitnitnitniooooriririri qveyqveyqveyqveynenenenebibibibi 2020202011111111 wwww....
importis mixedviT eqsportis mixedviT
qveyana mln aSS
dolari %
# qveyana
mln aSS
dolari %
sul 7 058 100 sul 2 189 100
evrokavSiri
27 2 053 29 1
evrokavSiri
27 424 19
TurqeTi 1 272 18 2 azerbaijani 425.9 19.5
ukraina 705.5 10 3 TurqeTi 227.5 10.4
azerbaijani 611 8.7 4 somxeTi 223 10.2
CineTi 524.7 7.4 5 yazaxeTi 156.8 7.2
ruseTi 389.7 5.5 6 aSS 143.5 6.6
aSS 245.8 3.5 7 ukraina 141.2 6.5
arabTa gaer-
Tianebuli
emiratebi
226.4 3.2 8 kanada 114.8 5.2
aRsaniSnavia, rom 2011 wels eqsportSi wina welTan SedarebiT yvelaze
swrafi zrdis tempiT xasiaTdeboda Txili (103%-iani zrda), azotovani sasuqebi
(100%-iani zrda) da msubuqi avtomobilebis reeqsporti (98%-iani zrda).
qveynis saeqsporto aTeulSi pirveli adgili, rogorc wina wels, msubuqma
avtomobilebma daikava da 450.3 mln aSS dolari Seadgina (reeqsporti), mis wilad
eqsportis 20.6% modis. xolo meore adgilzea feroSenadnobebis eqsporti,
romelmac 254.9 mln aSS dolari Seadgina (eqsportis 11.6%), mesame adgilzea
azotovani sasuqebis eqsporti _ 144 mln aSS dolari (eqsportis 6.6%), Semdeg
modis Txili – 130 milioni aSS dolari (5.9%); Savi liTonebis jarTi – 116.8
milioni aSS dolari (5.3%); oqro daumuSavebeli an naxevrad damuSavebuli –109.8
milioni aSS dolari (5%); spilenZis madnebi da koncentratebi – 85.1 milioni aSS
dolari (3.9%); eTilis spirti aradenaturirebuli – 67.8 milioni aSS dolari
(3.1%); e.w. ”armatura” – 61 milioni aSS dolari (2.8%); Rvino – 54.1 milioni aSS
dolari (2.5%).
2011 wels Rvinis, mineraluri wylebis da spirtiani alkoholuri sasmelebis
eqsportma 2006 wlis Semdgom yvela wliur maCvenebels gadaaWarba. 2011 wels
eqsportirebulia 54 mln aSS dolaris Rvino, rac gasuli wlis analogiur
maCvenebelze 38.5% metia da am pozicias 10 ZiriTadi saeqsporto produqciis
cxrilSi 2.5% xvedriTi wiliT me-10 adgili ukavia. eqsporti dafiqsirebulia
msoflios 48 qveyanaSi. 2011 wels eqsportirebulia 68 mln aSS dolaris
55
spirtiani alkoholuri sasmelebi da saeqsporto produqciis ZiriTad aTeulSi me-
8 adgili ukavia 3.1% xvedriTi wiliT. mineraluri wylebis eqsportma ki 48 mln
aSS dolari Seadgina da 2.1% xvedriTi wiliT saeqsporto produqciaSi me-12
adgili daikava.
saqarTvelos sagareo savaWro brunvaSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia msubuqi
avtomobilebiT vaWrobasa da mis reeqsports. unda aRiniSnos, rom bolo wlebis
ganmavlobaSi misi saqarTvelodan sxvadasxva qveynebSi gatanis moculoba mzardi
tendenciiT xasiaTdeba. aRniSnuli poziciiT saqarTvelo msoflios 40-mde
qveyanasTan vaWrobs, maT Soris dsT-s qveynebis wili 87%-ia.
umsxvilesi saimporto sasaqonlo jgufis pirvel poziciaze 2011 wels
navTobi da navTobproduqtebia, ramac 911 mln aSS dolari da mTliani importis
12.9% Seadgina. meore adgilze avtomobilebis importia 510.5 mln aSS dolariT,
rac importis 7.2% Seadgens. pirveli aTi saimporto produqciis wilma mTlian
importSi 35.9% Seadgina.
saqarTvelo evrokavSiris TanamSromlobis erT-erT perspeqtiul mimarTule-
bas warmoadgens mxareebs Soris Tavisufali vaWrobis reJimis (FTA) SemoRebis sa-
kiTxSi. mxareebs Soris Tavisufali savaWro urTierTobebi mniSvnelovnad gazrdis
savaWro urTierTobebis masStabebs. saqarTvelosaTvis mniSvnelovania liberaluri
savaWro politikis pirobebSi evrokavSirTan bazrebis ormxriv doneze gaxsna. aR-
niSnuls aqvs rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi mxare, magram perspeqtivaSi, grZel-
vadian periodSi saqarTvelosTvis es aucileblad momgebiani iqneba. ormxrivi eko-
nomikuri sazRvrebis gaxsna xels Seuwyobs saqarTvelos saeqsporto bazris di-
versifikacias da Seamcirebs qveynis damokidebulebas calkeul bazrebze. saqar-
Tvelos CarTva evropis savaWro-ekonomikur sivrceSi xels Seuwyobs, agreTve, sof-
lis meurneobis, mrewvelobis mTeli rigi dargebis konkurentunarianobis ganviTa-
rebas msoflio bazarze.
saqarTvelo-evrokavSirs Soris Tavisufali vaWroba xels Seuwyobs saqarTve-
los socialur-ekonomikur ganviTarebas, axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas da qve-
yanaSi saSualo fenis gaZlierebas. aRniSnuli SeTanxmebis gaformeba ki xels Se-
uwyobs dRemde dabegvradi saqonlis (romelsac ar iTvaliswinebs dRes moqmedi
GSP+ reJimi) imports evrokavSirSi. saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris Tavisufa-
li vaWrobis Sesaxeb farTo SeTanxmeba ganapirobebs ekonomikur da samarTlebriv
sferoSi evropuli normebis damkvidrebas, standartebsa da sxva arasatarifo ba-
rierebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis daregulirebas, aseve, regionis sxva qveyneb-
Tan savaWro-ekonomikuri urTierTobebis gaRrmavebas.
marTalia, saqarTvelos xvedriTi wona evrokavSiris mTlian eqsportSi mok-
rZalebulia, magram perspeqtivaSi Cvens qveyanas SeuZlia es maCvenebeli gazardos,
amasTan, saqarTvelos teritoriis gamoyenebiT evrokavSirs eZleva saSualeba ga-
zardos savaWro urTierTobebi yofili sabWoTa kavSiris, samxreT kavkasiisa da
Sua aziis qveynebTan. Cveni azriT, saqarTvelos sagareo vaWrobaSi TurqeTTan, sxva
qveynebTan SedarebiT, evrokavSiris wili dabalia, iseve, rogorc misi maCvenebeli.
evrokavSiri warmoadgens TurqeTis #1 savaWro partniors rogorc eqsportis, ise
importis mixedviT.
56
cxricxricxricxrilililili 3333.... sasasasaqarqarqarqarTvTvTvTveeeeloslosloslos Ziridadi savaWro partniori qveynebi saerTaSoriso Ziridadi savaWro partniori qveynebi saerTaSoriso Ziridadi savaWro partniori qveynebi saerTaSoriso Ziridadi savaWro partniori qveynebi saerTaSoriso
vaWrobaSi da evrokavSiris 2010 welivaWrobaSi da evrokavSiris 2010 welivaWrobaSi da evrokavSiris 2010 welivaWrobaSi da evrokavSiris 2010 weli9
qveyana mosaxleoba
(mln)
adgili
msoflio
eqsportSi
adgili
msoflio
importSi
evrokavSiris
wili qveynis
eqsportSi
evrokavSiris
wili qveynis
importSi
TurqeTi 72.7 33 21 47.1 39
Aazerbaijani 9 62 102 47.5 25.3
somxeTi 3.1 145 131 49.5 25.4
CineTi 1339 1 2 19.7 12
yazaxeTi 16.3 47 61 54 30.1
ruseTi 142 12 18 52.2 38.3
aSS 309 2 1 18.8 16.6
ukraina 46 53 44 25.4 31.4
kanada 34 13 11 8.6 11.9
arabTa
gaerTianebuli
emiratebi
7.5 19 26 - 21.6
saqarTvelo 4.45 132 114 18.5 28.2
profesori v. vilsentzi marTebulad miiCnevs, rom saqarTvelos eqsportis wi-
li mSp-Si 40%-mde unda gaizardos. dReisaTvis saqarTvelos ekonomikis gaxsnilo-
ba, romelic mSp-Tan vaWrobis SefardebiT izomeba, daaxloebiT 90%-ia, rac arc
ise maRali maCvenebelia patara qveynisaTvis da ufro dabalia, vidre aRmosavleT
evropis umetes qveynebSi10. saqarTvelos eqsportis wili mSp-Si (11636 mln aSS do-
lari) 2010 wels Seadgenda mxolod 13.5%-s, anu SesaZlebelia saqarTvelos eqspor-
tis mniSvnelovani gazrda.
saqarTvelos didi potenciali aqvs soflis meurneobis produqciis eqspor-
tis mimarTulebiT. evrokavSirSi saqarTvelos eqsportis gazrda did Zalisxmevas
saWiroebs. evrokavSiris bazarze perspeqtiuli saeqsporto produqciaa Rvino, mine-
raluri wylebi, Txili, Tafli da soflis meurneobis sxv. produqti.
saqarTvelos soflis meurneobisa da kvebis mrewvelobis potenciali
uzarmazaria11. unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis seqtori
xasiaTdeba dasaqmebulTa maRali maCvenebliT, dasaqmebuli mosaxleobis
daaxloebiT 50%. aseve unda aRiniSnos, rom socialurad daucveli mosaxleobis
didi nawili soflis meurneobis sferoSia dasaqmebuli. 2010 wlis dasawyisisaTvis
soflis mosaxleobis ricxovnobam procentebiT mTlian mosaxleobasTan 47%
Seadgina, xolo qveynis mSp-is struqturaSi soflis meurneoba, metyeveoba,
nadirobasa da TevzWeraze modis 7,3%12.
9 cxrili Sedgenilia vaWrobis msoflio organizaciis monacemebisa da gamocemebis safuZvelze. – monacemebi ar aris ukrainis ZiriTadi savaWro partniori qveyana, rogorc eqsportis (26.1%), ise importis kuTxiT (36.5%), ruseTia. CineTis umsxvilesi importiori qveyanaa iaponia (12.6%), kanadis ZiriTadi savaWro partniori qveyanaa, rogorc eqsportis (75%), ise importis kuTxiT (50.4%), aSS, aSS-is #1 eqsportiori qveyanaa kanada (19.4%) da aSS-is ZiriTadi importiori qveyanaa CineTi. 10 vinsentzi v. savaWro politika da saqarTvelos eqsporti. Jurn. ,,saqarTvelos ekonomikuri tenden-ciebi”, kvartaluri mimoxilva, oqtomberi, 2008. gv. 68. 11 TvalWreliZe a., silagaZe a., qeSelaSvili g., gedia d. saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis programa. Tbilisi, ,,nekeri”, 2011. gv. 250. 12 ix. saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba 2010, statistikuri publikacia, saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri, Tbilisi 2011. gv. 17-18.
57
saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis produqtebs eqsportis didi potenciali
aqvs. uwmindesi da unetaresi, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqi, ilia II
gasakeTebels Zalian bevrs xedavs da marTebulad ambobs: ,,saqarTvelo yovelTvis
iyo da kvlavac unda darCes vazisa da xorblis qveynad. is mdgomareoba, rac am
kulturebis mimarT dRes aris, damRupvelia rogorc sulieri, ise materialuri
TvalsazrisiT’’13. aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTveloSi msoflio bankis mier Catarebuli
kvlevis Sedegad materialuri warmoebis sferoSi eqvsi maprofilebeli dargi gamo-
ikveTa. esenia: mexileoba, mebostneoba, Rvinis, saSeni masalebis, tansacmlis, medika-
mentebisa da samedicino mowyobilobebis warmoeba”.
saqarTvelos xarisxiani da ekologiurad sufTa soflis meurneobis produqci-
is warmoebis da eqsportis didi potenciali gaaCnia. ilia II marTebulad miiCnevs,
rom: ,,saerTaSoriso bazars unda SevTavazoT ekologiurad sufTa soflis meurneo-
bis produqcia, romlis sawarmoo baza saqarTvelos mTeli mTa da mTiswineTia. es
did mogebas moutans xalxs da aaRorZinebs qarTul sofels.… saqarTvelos didi
potenciali aqvs ekonomikis da, miT umetes, mcire da saSualo biznesis aRorZinebi-
saTvis. ekologiurad sufTa soflis meurneobis nawarmi Tu maTi gadamuSavebiT mi-
Rebuli kvebis produqtebi seriozul Semosavals moutans qveyanas”14. erTi mxriv,
ekologiurad sufTa soflis meurneobis produqtebze (da ara marto) mzardi moT-
xovnaa evrokavSiris bazarze, magram, meore mxriv, qarTveli mewarmeebisaTvis evro-
kavSiris bazarze gasvla da iq adgilis damkvidreba mTel rig problemebTan da wi-
naaRmdegobebTanaa dakavSirebuli.
qveynis eqsportis gazrda, saeqsporto SesaZleblobaTa Semdgomi realizacia,
saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris TanamSromlobis masStabebis gazrda da saqarTvelos aq-
tiuri CarTva msofliosa da evropis erTian savaWro-ekonomikur sivrceSi, xels
Seuwyobs adgilobrivi soflis meurneobis, sabanko seqtoris, mrewvelobis mTeli
rigi dargebis konkurentunarianobis ganviTarebas, investiciebis mozidvas, rac, sa-
boloo jamSi, xels Seuwyobs saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikur winsvlas, mcire
da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebas, axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas, sabiujeto
Semosavlebis gazrdas da sxv.
PPutkaradze Ramaz ACTUAL ISSUES OF THE FOREIGN TRADE OF GEORGIA
SUMMARY
Georgia occupies a very low position in the international trade. A share of export from Georgia makes only 0,01% of the total world export, while a share of imports to Georgia makes 0,03% of the total world imports.
The present work reviews the most current directions and challenges of the foreign trade of Georgia. In 2011, the foreign trade turnover of Georgia made 9247 MIO USD, of which a share of the total exports was 2189 MIO USD, and a share of the total imports – 8058 MIO USD.
Our opinion is that one of the major problems of Georgia is an increasing negative balance in the trade. Respectively, a gradual decline of a negative trade balance should become the main priority for the country. In addition to the above, we think that a deepening of the trade-and-economic relations with the EU Member States has the essential importance for Georgia In 2011, the trade turnover of Georgia with the EU showed a
13 koRuaSvili p. ilia II soflad yofa-cxovrebis aRorZinebisa da ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. Jurn. ,,ekonomika da biznesi”, Tb., 2009, # 3. gv. 21 14 koRuaSvili p. ori ilia saqarTvelos soflis meurnebis Sesaxeb. Tb., ,,inovacia”, 2009. gv. 50-55.
58
considerable growth and made 2477 MIO USD (with 424 MIO USD in export and 2053 MIO USD in import).
Export of the Georgian agrarian products has a great potential. Great attempts are required for increasing a share of exports from Georgia, especially to the EU market. The perspective products able to enter this market, are: wine, mineral waters, nut, honey, other agrarian goods. The article provides a reader with a list of the major trade partner countries, major commodity groups for export and import, other issues.
larisa yorRanaSvili larisa yorRanaSvili larisa yorRanaSvili larisa yorRanaSvili globalizaciisglobalizaciisglobalizaciisglobalizaciis procesebi saerTaSoriso turizmSiprocesebi saerTaSoriso turizmSiprocesebi saerTaSoriso turizmSiprocesebi saerTaSoriso turizmSi
Tanamedrove etapze saerTaSoriso turizmi globalizaciis procesebis
zegavleniT viTardeba. globalizacia, upirvelesad, msoflio masStabiT sabazro
ekonomikisa da demokratiis principebis damkvidrebis, globaluri ekonomikuri
sistemis formirebis safuZvelze civilizaciaTa gaerTianebas, adamianis
saqmianobis yvela sferos urTierTdamokidebulebis zrdas gulisxmobs. globa-
lizaciis zemoqmedebiT izrdeba qveyanaTa gaxsnilobis done da yalibdeba axali
msoflio wesrigi. globalizacia astimulirebs saerTaSoriso turizmis
ganviTarebas, radgan saxelmwifo sazRvrebis liberalizaciis Sedegad izrdeba
moTxovna turistul momsaxurebaze. 2011 wels saerTaSoriso Camosvlebis
raodenobam 980 mln Seadgina, rac wina wels 4.4%-iT aRemateba. Pprognozis
Tanaxmad, 2012 wels msoflioSi saerTaSoriso Camosvlebis raodenoba 3-4%-iT
gaizrdeba [1].
saerTaSoriso turizmis ganviTarebaSi gansakuTrebul rols TamaSobs
globalizaciis erT-erTi aspeqtis – Tavisufali vaWrobis idea, romelic xels
uwyobs qveynebisa da civilizaciebis usazRvrebo da urTierTSexamebul ganviTa-
rebas Sromis saerTaSoriso danawilebis, materialuri da sulieri faseulobebis
Tanasworuflebiani da tolfasovani gacvlis safuZvelze.
meoce saukunis 90-iani wlebidan saerTaSoriso turizmis ganviTarebaSi
gamoikveTa ori urTierTdakavSirebuli msoflio tendencia: 1. maRalteqnologiuri
standartizebuli turistuli momsaxurebis globaluri gavrceleba da,
erTdroulad, moTxovnis garkveuli diversifikacia, rogorc kanonzomieri
kontrtendencia; 2. turizmis bazris SedarebiT axali segmentis – ekologiuri
turizmis zrdis maRali tempebi. turizmis msoflio organizaciis SefasebiT, igi
weliwadSi saSualod 5-7 %-iT izrdeba [1].
saerTaSoriso turizmis globalizaciis safuZvelia turistuli saqmianobis
transnacionalizacia da internacionalizacia. transnacionalizaciis procesebi
iwvevs kerZo kapitalebis saerTaSoriso gadaxlarTvas, sxvadasxva qveynis
monopoliaTa kavSirebis ganmtkicebasa da strategiuli aliansebis Camoyalibebas,
transnacionaluri kompaniebis formirebasa da maT farTo gavrcelebas. aRniS-
nulis Sedegad izrdeba warmoebisa da kapitalis koncentraciisa da centra-
lizaciis done, farTod vrceldeba turistuli momsaxurebis saerTaSoriso
standartebi.
warmoebis koncentracia turistul industriaSi xorcieldeba Sida da gare
mimarTulebebiT. pirvel SemTxvevaSi koncentracia xdeba calkeuli sameurneo
erTeulis CarCoSi da amisaTvis zrdis Sida rezervebi (kompaniis mogeba)
gamoiyeneba. meore SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs sxvadasxva kompaniebis kooperacias
59
(TanamSromlobas) an maT gaerTianebasa da Serwymas. koncentraciasTan erTad,
adgili aqvs specializaciis gaRrmavebis tendencias. specializacia damaxa-
siaTebelia turistuli momsaxurebis msoflio bazris calkeuli segmentebisaTvis.
internacionalizaciis procesis mTavari maCvenebelia Sromis saerTaSoriso
danawilebaze dafuZnebuli qveyanaTaSorisi ekonomikuri gacvlebi, maT Soris
momsaxurebis sferoSi. Tanamedrove etapze momsaxurebiT saerTaSoriso vaWroba
swrafi tempiT viTardeba, ris Sedegad mravali qveynis ekonomikis struqturaSi
man wamyvani adgili daikava. magaliTad, 2011 wels aSS-s mSp-Si momsaxurebis wilma
83% Seadgina, germaniaSi – 73%, did britaneTSi – 78%, azerbaijanSi – 83%,
ruseTSi – 62 %, somxeTSi – 90%, saqarTveloSi – 73% da a. S. [2, gv. 81] (cxrili
1). momsaxurebiT saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi ZiriTadi adgili mogzaurobebs ukavia.
2010 wels aSS-is komerciuli momsaxurebis eqsportSi mogzaurobebs 25.6 % ekava,
importSi – 22.9 %; azerbaijanSi es maCveneblebi Sesabamisad 30.9 da 19.7 % iyo;
braziliaSi – 19.5 da 27.5 %; germaniaSi – 14.9 da 29.9 %; did britaneTSi – 13.4 da
30.2 %; TurqeTSi – 63.5 da 26.3 %; iaponiaSi – 9.5 da 17.9 %; indoeTSi – 11.5 da 9.2 %;
italiaSi – 39.9 da 25.1 %; ruseTSi – 20.4 da 37.8 %; safrangeTSi – 32.4 da 30.5 %;
saqarTveloSi – 43.5 da 20.0 %; somxeTSi – 54.7 da 40.3 %; ukrainaSi – 23.0 da 32.0 %;
CineTSi – 26.9 da 28.6 % [3].
msoflio Tanamegobrobaze globalizaciis procesebis gavlena fasdeba
globalizaciis indeqsiT. Sveicariis (ciurixi) teqnologiebis federaluri
institutis mier gansazRvruli globalizaciis indeqsiT
pirvel adgilzea belgia, meoreze – avstria, mesameze – niderlandebi [4].
cxrili 1.cxrili 1.cxrili 1.cxrili 1. zogierTi qveynis mSpzogierTi qveynis mSpzogierTi qveynis mSpzogierTi qveynis mSp----s struqtura (%s struqtura (%s struqtura (%s struqtura (%----iT mSpiT mSpiT mSpiT mSp----s mimarT), 2011 w.s mimarT), 2011 w.s mimarT), 2011 w.s mimarT), 2011 w.
qveyana soflis
meurneoba
manufaqturuli
industria
aramanufaqturuli
industria momsaxureba
azerbaijani 92 66 55 83
aSS 1 13 8 77
brazilia 6 18 6 69
germania 1 19 7 73
didi britaneTi 1 11 10 78
TurqeTi 9 17 19 65
iaponia 1 20 8 73
indoeTi 18 15 12 55
italia 2 16 9 73
ruseTi 5 15 18 62
safrangeTi 2 11 8 79
saqarTvelo 29 16 88 73
somxeTi 36 55 92 90
ukraina 8 18 11 62
CineTi 10 34 12 43
wyaro: The Global Competitiveness Report 2011-2012, p. 81
aSS-s am indeqsiT 27-e adgili ukavia, CineTs – 73-e, ruseTs – 52-e,
saqarTvelos – 74-e (cxrili 2).
60
cxrili 2.cxrili 2.cxrili 2.cxrili 2. GzogierTi qveynis maxasiaTeblebi, 2011 w.GzogierTi qveynis maxasiaTeblebi, 2011 w.GzogierTi qveynis maxasiaTeblebi, 2011 w.GzogierTi qveynis maxasiaTeblebi, 2011 w.
qveyana
globali-
zaciis
indeqsi
sazRvrebis
gaxsnilobis
indeqsi
mogzaurobisa da
turizmis
konkurentunarian
obis indeqsi
adamianuri
ganviTarebis
indeqsi
azerbaijani 82 79 83 63
aSS 27 15 6 4
brazilia 78 73 52 69
germania 16 6 2 8
didi britaneTi 21 9 7 25
TurqeTi 59 54 50 78
iaponia 44 19 22 10
indoeTi 116 67 68 105
italia 23 37 27 22
ruseTi 52 91 59 60
safrangeTi 7 10 3 13
saqarTvelo 74 46 73 70
somxeTi 102 75 90 72
ukraina 53 88 85 64
CineTi 73 43 39 80
wyaro: Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2011
saerTaSoriso turizmis globalizaciaze arsebiT gavlenas axdens
sazRvrebis gaxsniloba, romelic, Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobs mogzaurobisa da
turizmis konkurentunarianobis amaRlebas. magaliTad, savizo reJimis
gamartivebiT saqarTvelom sazRvrebis gaxsnilobis indeqsiT 46-e adgili daikava,
misi mezobeli qveyana azerbaijani ki mxolod 79-e adgilzea (cxrili 2).
sazRvrebis gaxsnilobis maCvenebliT 2011 wels pirvel adgilzea singapuri,
meoreze – honkongi, mesameze – SvedeTi [5, gv. 92-93]. aSS-s am indeqsiT me-15 pozicia
ukavia, iaponias – me-19 da a. S. (cxrili 2). Gglobalur ekonomikaSi mWidro kavSiri
arsebobs turizmisa da adamianuri ganviTarebis tendenciebs Soris. rogorc wesi,
rac ufro maRalia qveynis adamianuri ganviTarebis indeqsi [5, gv. 50-51], miT ufro
maRalia am qveynis mosaxleobis moTxovna turistul produqtze.
Tanamedrove etapze saerTaSoriso turizmis globalizaciis erT-erTi
mimarTulebaa sayovelTao (planetaruli) kulturuli faseulobebis, saerTa-
Soriso kulturis formirebis procesi. dRes ucxo qveynis kulturis elementebi
msoflios TiTqmis yvela qveynisa da qalaqisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. kerZod,
adamianebi svamen yava kapuCinos da Wamen makdonaldsis hamburgerebs, icvamen
msoflioSi aRiarebuli dizainerebis tansacmels, ismenen afroamerikul bluzsa
da angloamerikul roks, mogzauroben “mersedesis”, “toiotas”, “fordis” da sxva
modelebis avtomobilebiT da a. S. amis gamo sxvadasxva qveynis mosaxleobis
cxovrebis wesi sul ufro metad uaxlovdeba erTmaneTs, rac xels uwyobs
monokulturuli sazogadoebis Camoyalibebas. Ees, Tavis mxriv, saerTaSoriso
turizmis ganviTarebas ganapirobebs.
globalizaciis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani Taviseburebaa regionalizaciis
procesebis ganviTareba. rogorc m. kastelsi aRniSnavs, globaluri ekonomikis
sistemuri maxasiaTebelia regionebad dayofa [6, gv. 117]. misi azriT, turistuli
momsaxurebiT saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi SeiZleba gamoiyos 3 regioni: CrdiloeT
61
amerika, evrokavSiri da azia-wynari okeaneTis regioni. amJamad, turizmis msoflio
organizaciis klasifikaciiT, msoflio dayofilia 5 turistul regionad: evropa,
azia da wynari okeaneTi, amerika, afrika da axlo aRmosavleTi.
Eevropa turistuli momsaxurebis msoflio lideria, Tumca misi wili
msoflio turizmSi TandaTan mcirdeba. 1990 wels masze modioda saerTaSoriso
Camosvlebis 60.1 %, 2020 wlisaTvis ki igi 45,9 %-mde Semcirdeba. SedarebiT
umniSvnelod Semcirdeba amerikis regionis wili: 1990 wlis 21.3 %-dan 2020 wlis
18.1 %-mde. samagierod 11.8 %-dan 25.4 %-mde gaizrdeba aRmosavleT aziisa da wynari
okeaneTis regionis wili. aseve zrdis tendenciaa damaxasiaTebeli afrikis (3.4-dan
5.0 %-mde) da axlo aRmosavleTis (2.2-dan 4.4 %-mde) regionebisaTvis [7]. 2010 wels
msoflioSi turizmisagan miRebulma saeqsporto Semosavalma 940 mlrd aSS dola-
ri Seadgina. aqedan evropaze modioda 50.7 %, azia-wynari okeaneTis regionze _ 21.7
%, amerikaze _ 15.9 %, afrikaze _ 5.2 %, axlo aRmosavleTis regionze _ 6.4%
(cxrili 3) [8, gv. 4].
cxrili 3.cxrili 3.cxrili 3.cxrili 3. saerTaSoriso Camosvlebis dinamika msoflio regionebis mixedviTsaerTaSoriso Camosvlebis dinamika msoflio regionebis mixedviTsaerTaSoriso Camosvlebis dinamika msoflio regionebis mixedviTsaerTaSoriso Camosvlebis dinamika msoflio regionebis mixedviT
regionebi\wlebi 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
bazris
wili, %,
2010
msoflio – sul 435 528 675 798 940 100
evropa 261.5 304.1 385.6 439.4 476.6 50.7
azia-wynari okeaneTi 55.8 82.0 110.1 153.6 203.8 21.7
amerika 92.8 109.0 128.2 133.3 149.8 15.9
afrika 14.8 18.9 26.5 35.4 49.4 5.2
axlo aRmosavleTi 9.6 13.7 24.1 36.3 60.3 6.4
globalizaciis procesebis gavlena saerTaSoriso turizmze turistuli
nakadebis intensifikaciaSi gamoixateba, misi mamoZravebeli Zala ki sainformacio-
sakomunikacio teqnologiebis revoluciuri cvlilebebi da bazrebis
liberalizaciaa. axali informaciuli teqnologiebis farTo gamoyenebis Sedegad
mokle droSi SesaZlebeli gaxda calkeuli turistuli operaciebis avtomati-
zacia da msoflio masStabis eleqtronuli sadistribucio sistemebis Seqmna. maT
Soris gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania dajavSnis globaluri kompiuteruli
qselebi, romelTa meSveobiT aviakompaniebis sistemebi dakavSirebulia sastum-
roebis, turistuli saagentoebis, avtomobilebis gamqiravebeli firmebis da
turistuli industriis sxva kompaniebis kompiuterul qselebTan. AdajavSnis
globalurma kompiuterulma qselebma gaafarTova turistuli momsaxurebis
potenciali, gaamartiva saboloo momxmareblamde turistuli produqtis dayvanis
procesi, xeli Seuwyo turistuli produqtis mwarmoeblebisa da momxmareblebis
mTeli jaWvis mWidro kavSirsa da SeTanxmebul muSaobas.
globalizaciis procesebma seriozuli gavlena moaxdina saqarTvelos turis-
tul orientaciaze da misi dinamikuri zrda ganapiroba. saqarTvelos Sinagan
saqmeTa saministros sasazRvro policiis monacemebiT, 2011 wels saqarTvelos
2820185 adamiani estumra, rac 2010 wels 39 %-iT aRemateba [9]. Gturizmis msoflio
organizaciis msoflio turizmis barometris (marti, 2012) Tanaxmad [10],
saqarTvelo msoflioSi mesame yvelaze mzardi turistuli destinaciaa, ris gamoc
mas ganviTarebis kargi perspeqtivebi gaaCnia. amasTan aRsaniSnavia, rom qveyanaSi
62
turistebis raodenobis Semdgomi zrda turizmis infrastruqturis seriozul
ganviTarebas moiTxovs da amaSi Tavisi wvlili globalurma Tanamegobrobam unda
Seitanos.
turizmis msoflio organizaciis prognoziT, turizmis industria Sedis
mogzaurobebisa da eqskursiebis moculobaTa mudmivi zrdis, qveynebsa da
regionebs Soris konkurenciis gamZafrebis periodSi. am situaciaSi izrdeba
kargad informirebuli momxmareblebis raodenoba, romlebic turistuli
momsaxurebis xarisxsa da usafrTxoebas did mniSvnelobas aniWeben. Tavis mxriv,
informaciuli teqnologiebis gamoyenebis Sedegad, Tanamedrove turistuli
produqti ufro moqnili, individualuri, mimzidveli da msoflios nebismier
wertilSi advilad xelmisawvdomi gaxda. Ees ki saerTaSoriso turizmis
globalizaciis Sedegia.
Ggamoyenebuli literaturaGgamoyenebuli literaturaGgamoyenebuli literaturaGgamoyenebuli literatura
1. http://www.unwto.org/ 2. The Global Competitiveness Report 2011-2012. World Economic Forum. Geneva, Switzerland
2011. 3. http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/statis_e.htm 4. http://globalization.kof.ethz.ch/ 5. Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2011 6. Кастельс М. Информационная эпоха: экономика, общество и культура. М., 2000 7. Tourism: 2020 Vision // http://www.unwto.org/facts/eng/vision.htm 8. UNWTO Tourism Highlights 2011 Edition. 9. http://www.gnta.ge/upload/file/2000-2011_ saqarTvelos _2011_saqarTvelos saxelmwifo
sazRvarze camosuli ucxoeTis moqalaqeebis raodenoba.pdf 10. http://dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net/sites/all/files/pdf/unwto_barom12_02_march_excerpt_ru.pd
f
Korganashvili Larisa PROCESSES OF GLOBALIZATION IN INTERNATIONAL TOURISM
SUMMARY
Tourism has now acquired enormous proportions. Its share in world exports of services has been steadily increasing. Globalization has become one of the major trends in international tourism. Creation of a global society means that tourism businesses have the ability to operate globally and many have opted for a competitive strategy of internationalization. Under the influence of globalization there is an increase in flows of international arrivals. Globalization has opened a whole new world of development opportunities. The driving force behind globalization, international tourism is a revolutionary change in the field of information and communication technologies and the liberalization of markets. The paper shows the influence of globalization on the development of international tourism. The analysis uses the indices of globalization, open borders, human development, travel and tourism competitiveness. The paper also considers the influence of globalization on the development of tourism in Georgia.
63
xaTuna SalamberiZexaTuna SalamberiZexaTuna SalamberiZexaTuna SalamberiZe finansuri bazris formirebis zogierTi sakiTxifinansuri bazris formirebis zogierTi sakiTxifinansuri bazris formirebis zogierTi sakiTxifinansuri bazris formirebis zogierTi sakiTxi globalizaciis fonzeglobalizaciis fonzeglobalizaciis fonzeglobalizaciis fonze
axali saukunis mijnaze finansur sferoSi mimdinare struqturuli cvli-
lebebi finansebisa da ekonomikis globalizaciisa da integraciis procesebis
uSualo Sedegia, romelmac, Tavis mxriv, mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia ganvi-
Tarebis axali pirobebis formirebaze.
finansebis seqtorSi axalma tendenciebma daaCqara da gaaZliera ara marto
ekonomikuri ciklebis ganviTarebaSi struqturuli transformacia, aramed man
katalizatoris roli Seasrula finansebisa da fulis virtualizaciis procesSi.
finansebis globalizacia aris msoflio ekonomikuri da finansuri
urTierTobebis mniSvnelovnad integrirebuli bazari, romelsac sazRvrebi ar
gaaCnia. Tanamedrove msoflioSi finansuri globalizacia mWidro kavSirSia
produqtisa da momsaxurebis globalizaciasTan. sainteresoa, rom finansebis
sistema globalizaciis doniT mTel realur ekonomikas uswrebs.
globaluri finansuri bazris genezisis mTavar winapirobas da faqtors
warmoadgens monacemTa cifrebis formiT gardaqmnis teqnologia, romelmac
revolucia moaxdina msoflio finansur samyaroSi. finansuri globalizaciis
faqtorebidan aRsaniSnavia: ganviTarebuli bazrebi, demografiuli situacia, qceva
dazogvis sferoSi, instituciuri kapitalis saerTaSoriso moZraoba, standar-
tizacia, fuladi nakadebi, portfeluri investiciebis Tanamedrove Teoriebi,
finansuri inovaciebi da bazris umyarobis aspeqtebi, liberalizacia da sxva. am
faqtorebze pirdapir gavlenas axdens mudmiv srulofaSi myofi sainformacio
teqnologiebi.
finansebis globalizaciis moqmed iuridiul pirebs warmoadgendnen: birJebi,
bankebi, mTavroba, centraluri bankebi, zedamxedveloba, msesxebeli da kapitalis
mimRebi, investorebi, sainformacio teqnikis mwarmoeblebi da sainformacio
uzrunvelyofa, Sereuli sawarmoebi logistikisa da sainformacio teqnologiebSi
da sxva.
sabazro urTierTobebis pirobebSi, nebismieri qveynis ekonomikis finansuri
resursebiT uzrunvelyofa warmoebs finansuri bazris meSveobiT. finansuri
bazari fuladi saxsrebis moZraobis organizaciis gansakuTrebuli formaa.
finansuri bazari fulad urTierTobaTa sistemaa, romelic finansur resursebze
moTxovna-miwodebis safuZvelze droebiT Tavisufali fuladi saxsrebis gada-
nawilebis procesSi yalibdeba. finansuri bazris struqtura aerTianebs sxva-
dasxva safinanso institutebs _ sabanko dawesebulebebs, sadazRvevo kompaniebs,
safondo birJebs, romelTagan yvela maTgans gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba.
nebismieri qveynis ekonomikur urTierTobaTa Semdgomi ganviTareba SeuZ-
lebelia adekvaturi fulad-sakredito sistemisa da politikis gareSe, rac, sxva
araferia, Tu ara erovnuli ekonomikis realuri seqtoris stabiluri zrdis
stimulireba mkacri kontrolis pirobebSi. fulad-sakredito politikis mizania
kontrolirebadi inflaciis pirobebSi likvidobis zrdis SesabamisobaSi moyvana
qveynis ekonomikur zrdasTan da sagadasaxdelo balansis parametrebTan.
finansebis sferoSi globalizaciis procesma gamoiwvia ara marto fuladi
resursebis udidesi masis ganTavseba globalur finansur bazrebze, aramed
Secvala msoflio ekonomikaSi fulis funqciebi. fuli gadaiqca saqonlad, xolo
64
valutis kursis dawesebulebaSi spekulaciam miiRo SedarebiT momgebiani sabaziso
operaciis forma.
amasTan, sayuradReboa is garemoebac, rom globalizaciam moicva msoflio
ekonomikur sistemaSi materialuri, finansuri, adamianuri da sxva resursebis
sameurneo mizanmimarTulebis mixedviT ganTavseba, e.i. am resursebis koncentracia
unda moxdes im regionebSi, sadac SeiZleba maTi efeqtiani mopoveba.
SemTxveviTi ar aris is garemoeba, rom finansur sferoSi globalizaciis
procesma farTo ganviTareba pova. kompiuterizacia, eleqtronuli angariSebisa
da sakredito rukebis sistemebi, kosmosuri kavSirebi iZleva imis saSualebas, rom
swrafad gadaeces finansuri informaciebi, gaformdes garigebebi, saxsrebi
Cairicxos erTi angariSidan meoreSi saxelmwifo sazRvrebis siSoris miuxedavad.
am procesma SesaZlebeli gaxada transaqciuri danaxarjebis Semcireba da isini
faqtobrivad warmoadgenen msoflio finansuri bazris formirebis ZiriTad
faqtorebs.
Tanamedrove finansuri krizisis masStabebi da xangrZlivoba ekonomikur
mecnierebas aiZulebs, axleburad ganixilos is cvlilebebi, romlebic
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi dominirebs gasuli saukunis bolo periodidan.
gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa ekonomikis internacionalizaciasTan dakavSirebuli
movlenebi, romelsac Tan axlavs globalizaciisa da integraciis procesebis
gaRrmaveba.
saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri da finansuri reformebis gatarebaze Tavis
gavlenas axdens msoflio globalizaciis procesebi. qveyanaSi misi gavlenis miRma
arc finansur-sakredito urTierTobebi darCa. finansebis globalizaciis arxi
integrirebul finansur bazrebze unda veZeboT, romelsac winaswar gansazRvruli
CarCoebi ar gaaCnia.
saqarTvelos ekonomikis finansuri stabilizacia sakuTari SesaZleblobebis
mobilizaciiT SeuZlebelia. saWiroa qveyana CaerTos msoflios ekonomikuri
cxovrebis globalur urTierTobebSi. amis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani winapiroba iyo
qveynis msoflio savaWro organizaciis wevrad Sesvla. ra Tqma unda,
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondisa da rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis msoflio
bankis, agreTve evrobankis saqmianoba saqarTveloSi dadebiT Sefasebas imsaxurebs.
amasTan, obieqtur aucileblobas warmoadgens erovnuli ekonomikis msoflios Ria
ekonomikaSi CarTva. miT umetes, finansuri globalizacia mWidro kavSirSia Ria
ekonomikasTan, e.i. ekonomikasTan, romelic SeuzRudavad urTierTmoqmedebs sxva
qveynebis ekonomikasTan.
saqarTveloSi, sxva ganviTarebadi qveynebis msgavsad, urTules problemad
rCeba mimoqcevaSi fulis masis regulireba. mdgomareobas arTulebs, erTi mxriv,
qveyanaSi Ria ekonomikis Camoyalibeba-funqcionireba da meore mxriv, Semosavlebis
akumulirebaSi prioriteti ucxour valutaze modis. amis gamo, mimoqcevaSi
fuladi masis moculobis gaangariSeba Zneli xdeba, xolo misi gakontroleba _
kidev ufro meti.
Ria ekonomika sxva qveynebis ekonomikasTan ori gziT urTierTmoqmedebs:
yidulobs da yidis saqonelsa da momsaxurebas msoflios sasaqonlo bazrebze da
yidulobs da yidis kapitalur aqtivebs msoflios finansur bazrebze. Cveni
mizania, SeviswavloT saerTaSoriso finansuri urTierTobebi, e.i. msoflios
finansur bazrebze kapitaluri aqtivebis yidva-gayidvasTan dakavSirebuli
movlenebi.
65
rodesac globaluri finansuri sistemis rols vaanalizebT, saWiroa
ganvixiloT sasesxo kapitalis bazris Taviseburebani. swored es bazari uyris
Tavs danazogebs da imave bazarze xdeba misi sesxad gacemac. bazarze moqmedebs
sargeblis erTiani ganakveTi, romelic, erTi mxriv, danazogebidan mosalodnel
Semosavals gamoxatavs da, meore mxriv, sesxis sargeblobis safasursac.
praqtikidan cnobilia, rom dazogva samamulo investiciebisa da wminda
ucxouri investiciebis jamis tolia. Tu saqarTvelo Tavisi Semosavlis erT lars
zogavs, mas SeuZlia es danazogi sakuTari kapitalis SeZenis an ucxouri aqtivis
Sesyidvis dasafinanseblad gamoiyenos. tolobis ori mxare sasesxo kapitalis or
mxares asaxavs. sasesxo kapitalis miwodeba warmoebs erovnuli danazogebidan,
xolo masze moTxovna ki modis erovnuli da wminda ucxouri investiciebidan.
rogorc wesi, kapitaluri aqtivebis SeZena sasesxo kapitalze moTxovnas
zrdis, miuxedavad imisa, samamuloa es aqtivi Tu ucxouri. sayuradReboa, rom
sasesxo kapitalis miwodebis moculoba da sasesxo kapitalze moTxovnis odenoba
sargeblis realur ganakveTzea damokidebuli. maRali ganakveTi adamianebs
dazogvisaken ubiZgebs, rac, Tavis mxriv, sasesxo kapitalis miwodebas zrdis,
amasTan, amcirebs investiciebsa da sasesxo kapitalze moTxovnis Semcirebas.
globaluri finansuri sistemis srulyofili Seswavlis mizniT, aucilebelia
aseve ganvixiloT valutis bazris Taviseburebebi. valutis bazarze misi
monawileebi erovnul valutas ucxour valutaze cvlian. valutis bazarze
miwodebasa da moTxovnas Soris gawonasworeba warmoebs realuri savaluto
kursiT. magaliTad, roca aSS-s realuri savaluto kursi izrdeba, amerikuli
saqoneli da momsaxureba Zvirdeba ucxour saqonelTan da momsaxurebasTan
SedarebiT, ris gamoc naklebmimzidveli xdeba rogorc aSS-Si, ise mis sazRvrebs
gareTac, ris Sedegadac eqsporti aSS-dan mcirdeba, xolo importi amerikaSi
izrdeba. orive am mizezis gamo, wminda eqsporti mcirdeba. amrigad, realuri
savaluto kursis zrda valutis bazarze aSS dolarze moTxovnis Semcirebas
iwvevs. sasesxo kapitalis bazari da valutis bazari erToblivi ZalebiT
gansazRvraven globaluri ekonomikis mniSvnelovan makroekonomikur cvladebs.
ekonomikis globalizaciis Seuqcevadi procesi saerTaSoriso ekonomikis
mniSvnelobas permanentulad zrdis. dRes msoflioSi ar moiZebneba arc erTi
qveyana, romelic ar yidulobdes ucxoeTSi warmoebul saqonels (momsaxurebas) da
ar awarmoebdes saqonels sazRvargareT gasayidad. finansuri institutebis
meSveobiT, yvela qveyana, maT Soris aSS, msoflios finansur bazrebze fulis
sesxeba-gasesxebas awarmoebs. amitom nebismieri qveynis sxva qveynebTan ekonomikur
urTierTobaTa Seswavla-analiziT SegviZlia davaskvnaT, Tu rogor urTierT-
moqmedebs ama Tu im qveynis ekonomika sxva qveynebis ekonomikasTan.
Tanamedrove epoqaSi ekonomikis globalizaciis problemebs mecnier-
ekonomistebis mier sxvadasxva Sefaseba eZleva. erovnuli ekonomikis winsvliT
dainteresebuli mkvlevrebi globalur ekonomikas adanaSauleben realuri eko-
nomikis danazogebis dabal doneSi, romelic, Tavis mxriv, uaryofiTad moqmedebs
mwarmoeblurobasa da mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis zrdaze.
ekonomikuri Teoriidan da im qveynebis realuri gamocdilebidan, romlebmac
warmatebiT gadawyvites finansuri stabilizaciis amocanebi, cnobilia, rom
namdvili finansuri stabilizacia miiRweva ara romelime erTi, Tundac
mniSvnelovani indikatoriT, aramed sxvadasxva xasiaTis matarebeli, erTmaneTTan
mWidrod dakavSirebuli da urTierTmoqmedi indikatorebis erTobliobiT.
66
im aucilebeli indikatorebidan, romlebic obieqturad asaxavs finansuri
stabilizaciis xarisxs da kompleqsurobas, aRsaniSnavia: inflaciis done, saxel-
mwifo biujetis dabalanseba, ekonomikis yvela seqtoris finansuri mdgomareoba,
erovnuli valutis simtkice, saxelmwifos sagareo da saSinao valis moculoba,
angariSsworebis da gadasaxdelebis mdgomareoba, fuladi masis struqtura da
xarisxi, fuladi da materialur-RirebulebiTi ekonomikuri brunvebis Sesaba-
misoba, sagadasaxado sistemis racionaluroba da efeqtianoba da a.S.
sazogadoebis Tanamedrove ganviTareba warmoudgenelia globaluri finan-
suri bazris gareSe. imisaTvis, rom mewarmeebi valutaTa kursis moulodneli da
mkveTri ryevebisagan iqnen daculi da advilad Seeguon moulodnel finansur
Sokebs, iqneba es xelisuflebis inflaciuri politika Tu sagareo valis prob-
lemebi, nebismieri qveynis mTavroba iZulebulia, globalur WrilSi ganaxor-
cielos ufro mofiqrebuli finansuri strategia.
amrigad, ekonomikis mzardi globalizacia, msoflios Tanamedrove ganvi-
Tarebis done axal amocanebs uyenebs kacobriobas da TiToeul saxelmwifos. aseT
situaciaSi, Tu qveyanas ar eqneba mwyobri strategia da perspeqtivebis xedvis
unari, mosalodnelia mravalnairi gamousworebeli Sedegi. erTaderTi, visac
SeuZlia naTlad ganWvritos xvalindeli dRe, Camoayalibos miznebis ierarqia da
maTi ganxorcielebis Tanmimdevroba, aris saxelmwifo xelisufleba. gasaTva-
liswinebelia, rom am amocanebis gadawyveta Sesabamisad moiTxovs saxelmwifos
rolis amaRlebas ekonomikuri procesebis regulirebaSi imis mixedviT, rom
saxelmwifoebrivi regulireba winaaRmdegobaSi ar aRmoCndes sabazro ekonomikis
funqcionirebis ZiriTad principebTan.
Shalamberidze Khatuna GENERAL ASPECT OF FINANCIAL MARKET
AGAINST A BACKGROUND OF GLOBALIZATION SUMMARY
The modern development level of the world brings up new problems to mankind and each state. In this
situation if the country doesn’t have a strategy and sense of perspectives standpoint, many irremediable results are expected. The government of any country is forced to develop thought financial strategy within the global section.
Our aim is to teach international financial relations, the occurrence connected with purchase and sale of capital assets on financial markets, their influence upon national economics, modern ap-proached of their origin, distribution, use and control, also current factors upon it.
The scales and duration of the modern financial crisis forces the science of economics to discuss the problems dominating within the social life with new methods. Especially, attention should be paid to the occurrences connected with internationalization of economics, which is accompanied by extending of globalization and integration processes.
According to real experience of those countries having successfully decided the problems of financial stabilization is known that the real stabilization is reached with unity of different indica-tors. There is considered that solving of problems requires rising of the state role within the regu-lation of economic processes.
67
vasil xizaniSvili vasil xizaniSvili vasil xizaniSvili vasil xizaniSvili msoflio finansurmsoflio finansurmsoflio finansurmsoflio finansur----ekonomikuri krizisebis eTikuri dimensiaekonomikuri krizisebis eTikuri dimensiaekonomikuri krizisebis eTikuri dimensiaekonomikuri krizisebis eTikuri dimensia
Tanamedrove msoflio finansuri-ekonomikuri krizisi mniSvnelovan rgols
warmoadgens saerTo krizisebis jaWvSi. axlandeli krizisi Tavisi masStabiT
aSkarad gansxvavdeba wina krizisebisagan. gadaWarbebuli ar iqneba imis aRniSvna,
rom man didi depresiis Semdeg pirvelad moicva mTeli msoflio, rac gamowveulia
aSS-is ipoTekuri dakreditebis bazrebze warmoqmnili problemebiT, Tumca mas
safuZvlad gacilebiT fundamenturi mizezebi udevs. esenia – makroekonomikuri,
mikroekonomikuri da instituciuri. am sami ZiriTadi faqtoris garda kidev aris
Zalze mniSvnelovani mxare, romelic arsebiTad gansazRvravs da ganapirobebs
yvela danarCens erTad. es aris sameurneo urTierTobaTa eTikuri aspeqti, romel-
sac Cven SevexebiT, radgan es krizisi sakmaod scildeba finansuri an
ekonomikuri krizisebis farglebs. dRes ara mxolod sabanko sistema an ekonomika
aRmoCnda krizisSi, aramed Tavad sazogadoeba15. arsebuli finansuri da
ekonomikuri krizisi Cveni sazogadoebis faseulobaTa krizisic aris16. meti
TvalsaCinoebisTvis SeiZleba moviyvanoT msoflioSi gaxmaurebuli iseTi SemTx-
vevebi, rogorebicaa – Enron, World-com da Bernard Madoff aSS-i, Siemens germaniaSi.
aRniSnuli skandalebi umTavresad unda ganvixiloT, rogorc kompaniebis da maTi
menejmentis araeTikuri praqtikis Sedegi.
is, rom mimdinare finansur-ekonomikur kriziss safuZvlad eTikuri prob-
lemebi udevs, absoluturad ar ugulvebelyofs da ar akninebs krizisis gamomwvev
sistemur faqtorTa mniSvnelobas. piriqiT, saWiroa aRniSnuli krizisi ganixilos
misive sistemuri faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT kulturuli da socialuri sivrcis
farglebSi.
ekonomikuri sistema ar warmoadgens TviTregulirebis meqanizms: bazris
stabiluroba moiTxovs samarTlebriv da normatiul sistemebs, magram es ar aris
sakmarisi. mas aseve sWirdeba garkveuli zneobrivi regulaciebi myari da usafrT-
xo funqcionirebisaTvis. saWiroa eTika, romelzec daefuZneba adamianTa racio-
naluri qmedebebi socialur garemoSi. eTika, romelsac gaaCnia sami dimensia:
personaluri, organizaciuli da socialuri, da warmogvidgeba rogorc
wonasworobis mdgomareoba aRniSnul mxareTa Soris. krizisis dros warmoqmnili
problemebis gadawyveta iTxovs eTikur reaqciebs samive doneze: adamianebi unda
iyvnen eTikurebi, organizaciebi unda moqmedebdnen eTikasTan SesabamisobaSi da
sazogadoeba unda iqceodes eTikurad. amasTan, mas gaaCnia aseve rogorc
Teoriuli, ise praqtikuli aspeqtebi. Teoriuli aspeqti – ra aris eTika da rogor
ukavSirdeba is ekonomikas da politikas; praqtikuli aspeqti – rogor moxdes
qcevaTa ganvrcoba da rogor Seiqmnas imgvari pirobebi, rodesac politikuri da
instituciuri SezRudvebiT SesaZlebeli iqneba araeTikur moqmedebaTa
blokireba17.
finansur-ekonomikuri logikis struqturasa da humanur pasuxismgeblobas
Soris arsebuli kavSiris garda, eTikuri TvalsazrisiT wina planze iwevs Tavad
15 Stefan Drägert, Die Ursachen den Finanz – und Wirtschaftskrise (26.01.2010): http://archiv.kath.de/index.php? id = 386 &tx_ttnews %5Btt_news%5D=2479×tam... 29.08.2011. 16 Jose Manuel Barroso. Political guidelines for the next Commission. Brussels, September 2009, P 1., http://ec: europa.eu/commission_barroso /president/pdf/press_20090903_E.N.pdf. 17 Antonio Argandõna., Three ethical dimensions of the financial crisis., www. iese.edu/research/pdfs/DI-0944-E.pdf.
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korporaciuli pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi, romelic, farTo gagebiT, aris biznesis
gavlena sazogadoebaze, igi aris biznesis eTikuri qceva sazogadoebriv
gaerTianebebTan mimarTebaSi. is komerciuli warmatebebis miRwevas im gzebiT
gulisxmobs, romlebic afasebs eTikur principebs da pativs scems adamians,
sazogadoebas da garemos. korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgebloba gaigeba,
rogorc pasuxismgeblobis mqone biznesis ganviTarebuli forma, rasac moaqvs
sargebeli biznesisa da sazogadoebisaTvis da xels uwyobs sazogadoebaze
negatiuri gavlenis minimizacias da pozitiuri gavlenis maqsimizacias18. kor-
poraciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi scildeba zogadad ekonomikis
sferos da gadadis faseulobebis sferoSi. im SemTxvevaSi Tuki amgvari midgoma
farTo gavrcelebas povebs, mowmeni gavxdebiT postracionaluri ekonomikis
dabadebis, damfuZneblis ara imdenad kompaniaTa miswrafebebze, moaxdinon mogebis
maqsimizeba, aramed sakuTari saqmidan SeZlon pozitiuri eqsternalebis maqsi-
mizacia mogebisa da kapitalizaciis gansazRvruli donis erTdrouli SenarCu-
nebiT. amis srulad ganxorcieleba ki SesaZlebelia sazogadoebrivi faseulobebis
TandaTanobiTi Zvrebis fonze egocentrizmidan sociocentrizmisaken, romelic
amJamad SeiniSneba dasavleTSi.
zemoT Tqmulis miuxedavad, aris mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac pasuxism-
geblobis koncepti dRemde ar gamoiyeneba ekonomikaSi, rac imas niSnavs, rom is
ekonomikur samyaroSi ar arsebobs19. cxadia, pasuxismgebloba ekonomikur kon-
teqstSi uwinaresad miuTiTebs korporaciebisa da zogadad biznesis valde-
bulebaze ekonomikuri qmedebebis moraluri Sedegebis TvalsazrisiT, anu
ramdenad arsebobs korporaciul gadawyvetilebebSi is eTikuri refleqsiebi,
romlebic sawarmoebSi miRebuli unda iyos rogorc aucilebloba, rac,
samwuxarod, jer kidev arcTu iSviaTad rCeba ugulvebelyofili ekonomikaSi.
globalurma finansur-ekonomikurma krizisma kidev erTxel dagvanaxa eTikis
gardauvali saWiroeba ekonomikasa da finansebSi. niSandoblivia is garemoeba, rom
mxolod krizisuli periodebis dros iZens eTikuri faseulobebi gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobas. biznesisa da finansuri eTikis konceptebisa Tu koncefciebis
ganxilva, TiTqos isini mxolod drodadro xdebian aqtualuri, rasakvirvelia,
mcdaria.
arsebuli krizisi SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc sawyisi wertili, romelic
gviCvenebs Tu ra SeiZleba moxdes, roca eTika miviwyebulia ekonomikaSi. Tuki
globalizebuli ekonomikuri garemo ver SeZlebs morigebas globalurad misaReb
ekonomikur eTikasTan, msoflio ekonomika gardauvladaa ganwiruli qaosisa da
kraxisaTvis. gamosavali mdgomareobs ekonomikaSi marTebuli TamaSis wesebisa da
ekonomikis eTikis formirebaSi, rac waaxalisebs da daexmareba ekonomikur aqti-
orebsa da sazogadoebas TamaSis wesebis Sesabamisad moqcevaSi. wina ekonomikurma
da finansurma krizisebma gvaCvena, rom mxolod mkacri SeTanxmebiT SeuZlebelia
momavlis krizisebis prevencia. msoflio ekonomikaSi, sadac jer kidev ar aris
dawesebuli globaluri TamaSis wesebi, eTikuri sakiTxebi kidev ufro did
mniSvnelobas iZens.
dRes SeiniSneba eTikisadmi gazrdili moTxovnileba. sabednierod, ukve
arsebobs mzardi konsensusi, rom finansuri bazrebi da Tavad ekonomika saWiroebs
18 http://www.un.by/ru 19 Shionoya, Y., Economy and Morality (The Philosophy of the Welfare State), VK., Bodmin, Convall, 2005, P. 279).
69
eTikas da rom isini unda fokusirdnen mdgradi ganviTarebis saWiroebaze, rogorc
socialuri procesebis Sedegebze20.
Khizanishvili Vasil THE WORLD FINANCIAL-ECONOMIC CRISIS ETHICAL DIMENSI ON
SUMMARY
The modern world financial-economic crisis is an important point in the cycle of crisis which is unprecedented in its scale and that it is beyond the scope of financial or economic crisis, and moves in a circle of moral values. Nowadays, not only the banking system or the economics was in crisis, but also to society. The current financial and economic crisis is a crisis of values in our society.
Despite of the ethical issues underlying current financial and economical crisis, which essentially determine the cause of macroeconomic, microeconomic and institutional factors, absolutely do not ignore the crisis and doesn’t reduce the importance of causing systemic texture, it is necessary to discuss the crisis on its own systemic factors within the cultural and social space.
Stable functioning of the economics needs ethics which will be based on human social behavior and social environment; ethics which has three dimensions: personal, organizational and social, represents as a condition of balance between the parties. Structural element of ethics which is very important part of this process is the secret of social responsibility of business in general. It has an ethical dimension of economic activity in the economics and points out the moral obligations of corporations in terms of results.
The global financial-economic crisis has demonstrated once again the inevitable need for ethics in Economics and Finance. The crisis can be considered as a starting point which shows what can happen when in the economics has forgotten ethics. Today there is an increased demand towards ethics. Fortunately there is a growing consensus that the financial markets and the economy need ethics.
20 Gabriel, K., 2009.~ Engagement als Beitrag für Nachhaltige Wirtschaftsweisen~. OEKOM Corparate Responsibility Review. Nachhaltigkeit in Unterdehmensführung und Kapitalanlagen – eine Bestandsaufnahme, P.P. 9-11.
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biznesis problemebis seqciabiznesis problemebis seqciabiznesis problemebis seqciabiznesis problemebis seqcia
Tamar baCiaSviliTamar baCiaSviliTamar baCiaSviliTamar baCiaSvili marketinguli kvleva, rogmarketinguli kvleva, rogmarketinguli kvleva, rogmarketinguli kvleva, rogorc socialuri faqtoris efeqtiani gamoyenebis orc socialuri faqtoris efeqtiani gamoyenebis orc socialuri faqtoris efeqtiani gamoyenebis orc socialuri faqtoris efeqtiani gamoyenebis
erTerTerTerT----erTi mniSvnelovani winapirobaerTi mniSvnelovani winapirobaerTi mniSvnelovani winapirobaerTi mniSvnelovani winapiroba
marketinguli kvlevebi Tanamedrove etapze wamyvan rols asrulebs ara
mxolod amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, sadac is jer kidev XX saukunis damdegs
Caisaxa, aramed dasavleT evropaSi da SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom gamonakliss
arc saqarTvelo warmoadgens.
aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom organizaciebs sul ufro metad ainteresebT
informacia imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra surT adamianebs da ra ara.
sando informacia marketinguli garemos Sesaxeb aucilebelia imisaTvis,
rom organizacia maqsimalurad iyos bazarze orientirebuli da kargad icnobdes
rogorc momxmareblebs, aseve – konkurentebs.
xazgasmulia is garemoeba, rom rodesac biznesi SedarebiT ufro mcire
moculobis iyo, mwarmoeblebs Tavisuflad SeeZloT momxmarebelTa saWiroebebisa
da moTxovnebis gageba.
Tanamedrove etapze, masobrivi warmoebebisa da masobrivi gayidvebis Semdeg,
informaciis uSualo gacvla TiTqmis gaqra. warmoqmnili xarvezis Sevseba, Cveni
azriT, marketingul kvlevebs ekisreba.
marketinguli gamokvleva biznesis sferoSi saSualebas iZleva, rom miRebul
iqnes sando monacemebi momxmarebelTa bazris, konkurentebis arsebuli
mdgomareobis Sesaxeb da a.S.
migvaCnia, rom marketinguli kvlevebis gareSe ar arsebobs Tanamedrove
bazari. is mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs axali saqonlisa da momsaxurebis
gavrcelebasa da reklamirebaSi.
yuradRebas imsaxurebs is faqti, rom biznesSi marketinguli kvleva SeiZleba
mimarTuli iyos momxmareblebis, bazris, saqonlis, sawarmos Sida garemos,
gasaRebisa da reklamis stimulirebis sistemis kvlevaze, agreTve sakuTriv
reklamis kvlevasa da monitoringze.
aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi bizneskompania, rogorc
kvlevis damkveTi, miiCnevs, rom kvlevis Sedegebma mas problemis gadaWris gzebi
ver uCvena.
Cndeba kiTxva: riTia ganpirobebuli marketinguli kvlevis kompaniasa da
damkveTs Soris warumatebeli TanamSromloba?
Cveni azriT, zemoaRniSnuli sruliad SesaZlebelia ganpirobebuli iyos
Semdegi saxis SecdomebiT:
1. Secdomebi dakveTis etapze;
2. Secdomebi kvlevis procesSi;
3. Secdomebi kvlevis Sedegebis gamoyenebis etapze.
rogorc cnobilia, kvlevis dakveTis etapze daSvebuli Secdomebi yvelaze
gavrcelebulia.
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani mizezi, romelic Secdomebs ganapirobebs, aris is,
rom damkveTebs winaswar aqvT Camoyalibebuli garkveuli mosazrebebi kvlevis
meTodebis Sesaxeb.
71
magaliTad, arsebobs mcdari mosazreba, gansakuTrebiT sareklamo sferoSi,
sadac fokus-jgufis meTods gamokvlevis saukeTeso meTodad miiCneven, romelsac
yvela problemis gadaWra SeuZlia.
zemoaRniSnuli meTodi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT kvlevis sxvadasxva stadiebze.
fokus-jgufis daxmarebiT SesaZlebelia ufro Rrmad SeviswavloT movlenis
garkveuli mxareebi da miviRoT pasuxi iseT kiTxvebze, romelTa gamorkvevac
SesaZlebelia anketebis meSveobiT, aseve SeiZleba absoluturad gansxvavebul
situaciebSi gamovlindes adamianTa qcevis mizezebi.
Cven migvaCnia, rom, marTalia, adamianebi, romlebsac iwveven fokus-jgufSi
monawileobis misaRebad SerCeulni arian generaluri erTobliobidan da
warmoadgenen misTvis damaxasiaTebel yvela jgufs, magram, miuxedavad amisa,
sareklamo rgolis arCeva 15 an 20 adamianis xmis daTvliT aranair logikas ar
eqvemdebareba.
sareklamo masalis gaumjobesebis, samomxmareblo motivaciis Seswavlis
amocanebis yvelaze kargad gadaWra SesaZlebelia Tvisebrivi meTodebis saSua-
lebiT. aseve warmatebiT SeiZleba gamoviyenoT rogorc fokus-jgufis, ise
individualuri siRrmiseuli intervius meTodi.
aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom zogierTi bizneskompania mxolod raodenobriv
kvlevebs endoba, maSinac ki, rodesac momxmarebelTa motivaciis Seswavla an
samomxmareblo qcevis ZiriTadi modelebis gamovlenaa saWiro.
raodenobrivi kvlevebis saimedoobas, Cveni azriT, uzrunvelyofs kvlevis
Catarebis xarisxi da SerCeviTi erTobliobis reprezentaciuloba.
raodenobrivi kvlevebis ZiriTad saxeobas gamokiTxvis meTodebi warmoadgens,
romlis ZiriTadi Rirseba mdgomareobs SemdegSi:
• gamokiTxva uzrunvelyofs miRebuli informaciis did sizustes;
• saSualebas iZleva, SedarebiT mokle vadebSi Catardes farTomasStabiani
kvlevebi, gamoikiTxos respondentTa didi raodenoba.
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare migvaCnia, rom kvlevis procesSi damkveTi
darwmunebuli unda iyos, rom mkvlevars, romelic mis proeqtze muSaobs, kargad
esmis kvlevis miznebi. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, sruliad SesaZlebelia, mkvlevarma
sxva amocanebi gadaWras, romlebic klientis winaSe realurad ar dgas.
aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom marketinguli kvlevebis ZiriTad mizans
warmoadgens bazris segmentacia, e.i. masSi momxmarebelTa mdgradi jgufis gamo-
yofa, romelTac msgavsi socio-demografiuli, fsiqologiuri da sxva maxasia-
Teblebi gaaCniaT.
,,samomxmareblo bazari Sedgeba Semdegi ZiriTadi segmentebisagan:
• uaryofiTad reagirebs SeTavazebul saqonelze;
• gulgrilad uyurebs produqts, romelsac usargeblod da arasaWirod
aRiqvams;
• keTilganwyobilia, magram ver poulobs produqtis im saxesxvaobas,
romelic mas mTlianad daakmayofilebda;
• mocemuli produqciis stabiluri da aqtiuri myidveli;
• produqciis xandaxan myidveli da a.S.
cxadia, rom marketingis strategia pirdapiraa damokidebuli, Tu romel
segmentTan apirebs ,,muSaobas~ mocemuli saqonlis mwarmoebeli da gamyidveli~ [1,
gv. 122-123].
72
yuradRebas imsaxurebs is garemoeba, rom marketingul kvlevaze gaweuli
xarjebi efeqtiani im SemTxvevaSi iqneba, Tu garkveuli wesebis dacvas mieqceva
yiradReba.
aseTi midgomis ZiriTadi da mniSvnelovani sakiTxebia:
1. kvlevis gegmakvlevis gegmakvlevis gegmakvlevis gegma.
kvlevis gegma aucileblad unda moicavdes mimdinare cvlilebebs, romlebic
exeba iseTi situaciis monitorings, rogoric aris magaliTad, fasebis kvleva,
samomxmareblo panelebi da a.S. aseve iseTi tipis kvlevebi, romlebic aucilebelia
siaxleebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis misaRebad.
xazgasasmelia is faqti, rom kvlevis programa aucileblad unda Seesaba-
mebodes marketingis gegmas da mxolod is kvlevebi unda Catardes, romelTa
gareSe SeuZlebelia marketinguli gadawyvetilebebis miReba.
kvlevis programis Sedgenis dros SeimuSaveben kvlevis koncefcias.
programa unda pasuxobdes Semdegi saxis kiTxvebs: ra aris problema, ra
xerxebiT Seiswavleba, ra mizniT da a.S.
2.2.2.2. kvlevis biujetikvlevis biujetikvlevis biujetikvlevis biujeti
kvlevis programis safuZvelze mizanSewonilia SemuSavdes kvlevis biujeti.
Cveni azriT, sasurvelia, Tu kvlevis biujeti marketingze daxarjuli Tanxis
daaxloebiT 4/5%-s Seadgens.
rac ufro metia marketinguli danaxarjebi, sruliad SesaZlebelia imaze
meti informacia miviRoT, vidre gadamuSavebaa SesaZlebeli. mcire danaxarjebis
dros ki, piriqiT, arasakmarisi informaciis gamo, araswori gadawyvetilebis
miRebis sakmaod maRali riski arsebobs.
3.3.3.3. werilobiTi ganacxadi kvlevis CatarebazewerilobiTi ganacxadi kvlevis CatarebazewerilobiTi ganacxadi kvlevis CatarebazewerilobiTi ganacxadi kvlevis Catarebaze
xazgasasmelia is faqti, rom aucilebelia yuradReba daeTmos werilobiTi
ganacxadis momzadebas, romlis safuZvelzec mkvlevari moamzadebs SeTavazebas
kvlevis Catarebis safuZvelze. ganacxadi moicavs Semdeg ZiriTad nawilebs:
• kvlevis mizani;
• damkveTi mxaris is problema, romelmac gamoiwvia kvlevis saWiroeba;
• rogor iqneba gamoyenebuli kvlevis Sedegebi;
• samoqmedo standartis formulireba;
• Sedegebis wardgenis vadebi.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare vfiqrobT, rom aseTi formis dokumentis arseboba
damkveTs imis garantias miscems, rom kvleva SeZlebs adekvaturi pasuxebis gacemas
mis kiTxvebze.
yuradRebas imsaxurebs is garemoeba, rom sasurvelia kompanias hyavdes
marketinguli kvlevebis Sida specialisti im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mas sakmaod didi
kvleviTi biujeti gaaCnia. swored aseTi specialistis saSualebiT mzaddeba
kvlevebis programa, monawileobs meTodikis SemuSavebaSi, rac Zalian mniSvne-
lovania, aseve irCevs kvleviT kompanias konkretuli kvlevisaTvis.
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare migvaCnia, rom kvleviTi kompaniis momsa-
xurebaze uaris Tqma im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu organizacias hyavs marketinguli
kvlevebis specialisti – araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba, vinaidan mxolod Sida
resursebiT kvlevebis Catareba garkveulad xels uSlis kvlevebis specialists
drois racionalurad gamoyenebaSi. aseve SeuZlebelia kvlevis meTodebis mTeli
73
misi mravalferovnebiT gamoyeneba ar aisaxos xarisxze da masze gavlena ar
moaxdinos.
Tanamedrove etapze marketingul kvlevebze daxarjuli Tanxebi 3-jer da
metad gaizarda mTel msoflioSi.
rodesac firmebi masobriv produqcias awarmoeben, aucileblad unda icodnen,
Tu vin arian maTi klientebi, sad SeiZleba maTi povna da rogoria maTi
moTxovnilebebi. amisaTvis ki mizanSewonilia marketinguli kvlevebis Catareba,
romelic mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs axali saqonlisa da momsaxurebis
proeqtirebaSi, mis gavrcelebaSi.
marketinguli kvlevebi iyofa raodenobrivad da Tvisebrivad.
informaciis raodenobrivi analizi moicavs gamokiTxvas, intervius,
anketirebas, Tvisebrivi analizi ki emyareba dakvirvebas, fokus-jgufs, kontent-
analizs, qceviT modifikacias.
xazgasasmelia is faqti, rom konkretuli kvleva xSirad ramdenime meTodikas
moicavs da damokidebulia kvlevis miznebsa da amocanebze.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, mizanSewonilia, rom Camoyalibdes miznebi da
amocanebi, rac yvelaze mTavaria, xolo Semdeg ki SemuSavdes teqnikuri dava-
lebebi.
marketinguli kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli problemebis aRwera, romelic
momxmarebelTa Sexedulebebs, interesebs da moTxovnilebebs emyareba, yovelTvis
ar emTxveva mkvlevarTa winaswar prognozebs.
rodesac problemis interpretaciaSi amgvari sxvaobis SemTxvevebi fiqsirdeba,
xdeba axali anketebis Sedgena, romlebic koreqtirebulia imis gaTvaliswinebiT,
Tu rogor xedaven arsebul problemas momxmareblebi.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare migvaCnia, rom marketinguli kvleva aris
socialuri faqtoris efeqtiani gamoyenebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani winapiroba.
socialuri faqtori gansakuTrebul gavlenas axdens sabazro urTierTobebis
ekonomikur efeqtianobaze.
nebismieri movlena, romelic ukavSirdeba ekonomikur struqturas, fasebs,
xelfasis saSualo dones da a.S. gardauvalad aisaxeba individTa interesebsa da
moTxovnilebaSi.
`diskreaciuli Semosavlebis zrdasTan erTad, momxmareblis gemovnebis,
damokidebulebis roli da mniSvneloba warmoebis procesTan mimarTebaSi Seicva-
la. myidveli, bazarze arsebuli produqciis ubralo, pasiuri momxmareblidan
gadaiqca ekonomikuri procesebis faqtorad da misi gemovneba da moTxovnebi,
faqtobrivad, gaxda sainvesticio saqmianobis erT-erTi gadamwyveti monawile~ [2,
gv. 248].
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare vfiqrobT, rom swored marketinguli kvlevebi
iZleva saSualebas, miRebuli iqnes sando monacemebi momxmarebelTa bazris
Sesaxeb, vinaidan sazogadoebaSi socialuri inovaciebis daCqarebam, cxovrebaSi
axali socialuri ideebisa da faseulobebis swrafad ganxorcielebis
aucileblobam momsaxurebis axali formebis Camoyalibebas Seuwyo xeli, rac
kidev ufro metad ganapirobebs Tanamedrove standartebis damkvidrebas mocemuli
mimarTulebiT.
74
gamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literatura
1. macaberiZe m. politikuri marketingis safuZvlebi. Tbilisi. `mecniereba~,
2003.
2. mezvriSvili l. ekonomikuri sociologia. Tbilisi. `mecniereba~, 2003.
Bachiashvili Tamar MARKETING RESEARCH AS ONE OF THE IMPORTANT PRECONDI TIONS
FOR EFFECTIVE USAGE OF THE SOCIAL FACTOR SUMMARY
The role of marketing research in the functioning of modern business organizations is discussed in the
scientific article. The article also discusses the causes of unsuccessful cooperation between the marketing research
company and the customer. The article analyzes that exactly the marketing researches enable to adopt the reliable data about the
customer’s market.
ciala benaSvili ciala benaSvili ciala benaSvili ciala benaSvili
„„„„produqciis sruli danaxarjebiproduqciis sruli danaxarjebiproduqciis sruli danaxarjebiproduqciis sruli danaxarjebis“ cnebas“ cnebas“ cnebas“ cneba da misi gamoyenebada misi gamoyenebada misi gamoyenebada misi gamoyeneba
postsabWour ekonomikur literaturaSi da maT Soris qarTulSic `sruli
danaxarjebis~ cnebis nacvlad da mis tolfasad iyeneben `TviTRirebulebis~
cnebas; ufro metic, inglisurenovani sityva Cost gadmoTargmnilia, rogorc
`Себестоимость - TviTRirebuleba~ maSin, roca igi danaxarjebs niSnavs. rasTan
gvaqvs saqme: marqsis Rirebulebis Teoriis postsabWour gavlenasTan, Tu, ubra-
lod, cnebebis araswor interpretaciasTan. es sakiTxi samsjelo da sakamaToa,
amitom samomavlod SemovinaxoT. amjerad ki gavaanalizoT rogor gamoiyeneba
sruli danaxarjebis cneba mmarTvelobiT aRricxvaSi.
mmarTvelobiTi aRricxvis adreuli sistemebi efuZneboda sruli danaxar-
jebis Sesaxeb arsebuli informaciis mogrovebasa da angariSgebas. finansuri
aRricxva iyenebs mxolod sruli danaxarjebis informacias. amdenad, sruli
danaxarjebis aRricxva aris xidi finansur da mmarTvelobiT aRricxvas Soris.
garda imisa, rom sruli danaxarjebis informacia finansur aRricxvaSi
gamoiyeneba, igi saWiroa menejerebisTvisac, gansakuTrebiT ki produqciaze
fasdadgenis samuSaoebis Sesrulebis dros, agreTve, kontraqtis fasis, rogorc
sruli danaxarjebisa da specifikuri mogebis jamis, gansazRvris dros.
mmarTvelobiTi aRricxva ganixilavs sruli danaxarjebis koncefciebs;
aRwers zogadad rogor aisaxeba sruli danaxarjebi aRricxvis sistemaSi; rogor
gamoiyeneba sruli danaxarjebis informacia, rogor izomeba pirdapiri da
arapirdapiri xarjebi produqciis sruli danaxarjebis gansazRvris dros da
rogor SeiZleba am informaciis gaanalizebiT davexmaroT monitoringis, auditis
da zogadad kontrolis sistemebs.
`danaxarjebi~ metad mravalmniSvnelovani da xSirad gamoyenebadi sityvaa
aRricxvis sferoSi. igi gamoiyeneba mravali gansxvavebuli cnebis gamosaxatavad.
arsebobs pirdapiri danaxarjebi, sruli danaxarjebi, alternatiuli danaxarjebi,
diferencirebuli danaxarjebi da sxv.
75
danaxarjebis arsis gagebisaTvis saWiroa gamovideT misi zogadi ganmar-
tebidan: danaxarjebi aris konkretuli mizniT gamoyenebuli resursedanaxarjebi aris konkretuli mizniT gamoyenebuli resursedanaxarjebi aris konkretuli mizniT gamoyenebuli resursedanaxarjebi aris konkretuli mizniT gamoyenebuli resursebi fulad bi fulad bi fulad bi fulad
gamoxatulebaSigamoxatulebaSigamoxatulebaSigamoxatulebaSi. es ganmarteba moicavs sam mniSvnelovan moments: pirveli da
ZiriTadi aris is, rom `danaxarjebi~ niSnavs `gamoyenebul resursebs~.
danaxarjebis elementebi izomeba gamoyenebuli masalebis raodenobiT, samuSao
Zalis gamoyenebis xangrZlivobiT da sxva resursebis raodenobiT. danaxarjebi
zomavs ra raodenobis, ra sididis resursebi iqna gamoyenebuli. meore momenti is
aris, rom danaxarjebi gamoxatulia da gazomilia RirebulebiT (fulad)
erTeulebSi. es ki saSualebas iZleva, sxvadasxva ganzomilebiT gamoxatuli
resursebi gaxdes Tanazomadi da ganisazRvros danaxarjebi mTlianobaSi. mesame
momentia is, rom danaxarjebis gazomva yovelTvis dakavSirebulia garkveuli
miznis SesrulebasTan. es mizani SeiZleba iyos produqcia, proeqti, ganyofileba
an nebismieri saqmianoba, romlisTvisac resursebis RirebulebiTi formiT gazomva
aucilebeli da sasurvelia.
danaxarjebis obieqti aris produqti, proeqti, organizaciuli erTeuli, danaxarjebis obieqti aris produqti, proeqti, organizaciuli erTeuli, danaxarjebis obieqti aris produqti, proeqti, organizaciuli erTeuli, danaxarjebis obieqti aris produqti, proeqti, organizaciuli erTeuli,
konkretuli saqmianoba da sxva, romlisTvisac danaxarjebi izomebakonkretuli saqmianoba da sxva, romlisTvisac danaxarjebi izomebakonkretuli saqmianoba da sxva, romlisTvisac danaxarjebi izomebakonkretuli saqmianoba da sxva, romlisTvisac danaxarjebi izomeba.
danaxarjebis obieqti zustad unda dadgindes da naTlad ganisazRvros.
magaliTad, lurji jinsebis mwarmoebel fabrikaSi danaxarjebis obieqti SeiZleba
iyos erTi konkretuli modelis jinsi. gansxvavebuli modeli, romelsac masa-
lebis gansxvavebuli raodenoba sWirdeba, SeiZleba calke warmoadgendes danaxar-
jebis obieqts, magram sxvadasxva zomis jinsebi, rogorc wesi, ar warmoadgens
calke danaxarjebis obieqts. analogiurad, serviskompaniebSi SeiZleba gamoiyos
danaxarjebis sxvadasxva obieqti. magaliTad, jandacvaSi danaxarjis obieqti
SeiZleba iyos mTlianad hospitali, eqimebis kontingenti, romeliRac ganyo-
fileba, gadaudebeli daxmarebis ganyofileba, calkeuli saxeobis daavadebebis
mkurnaloba, erTi pacientis mkurnaloba, erTi konkretuli analizi da sxv.
danaxarjebis obieqtis yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxeoba biznesSi produqtia,
rac gulisxmobs saqonelsac da momsaxurebasac. sistemas, romelic agrovebs da sistemas, romelic agrovebs da sistemas, romelic agrovebs da sistemas, romelic agrovebs da
aRnusxavs danaxarjebis obieqtze gamoyenebul resursebs, produqciis aRnusxavs danaxarjebis obieqtze gamoyenebul resursebs, produqciis aRnusxavs danaxarjebis obieqtze gamoyenebul resursebs, produqciis aRnusxavs danaxarjebis obieqtze gamoyenebul resursebs, produqciis
danaxarjebis aRricxvis sistemas uwodebendanaxarjebis aRricxvis sistemas uwodebendanaxarjebis aRricxvis sistemas uwodebendanaxarjebis aRricxvis sistemas uwodeben. produqciis danaxarjebis elementebia:
materialuri, SromiTi da momsaxurebis. produqciis danaxarjebis sistemaSi es
elementebi aRwerilia garkveul kategoriebSi. produqciis danaxarjebis elemen-
tebia: pirdapiri masalebi, pirdapiri Sroma da zednadebi xarjebi, erTobliobaSi
isini warmoebis danaxarjebs warmoadgens. aqedan, pirdapir Sromas da zednadeb
xarjebs gadamuSavebis xarjebs uwodeben. xolo Tu warmoebis danaxarjebs
daemateba gayidvis, saerTo da administraciuli xarjebi, miviRebT produqciis
srul danaxarjebs.
warmoebis danaxarjebi warmoebis danaxarjebi warmoebis danaxarjebi warmoebis danaxarjebi = pirdapiri masalebi + pirdapiri Sroma + zednadebi
xarjebi. /gadamuSavebis xarjebi /
produqciis sruli danaxarjebiproduqciis sruli danaxarjebiproduqciis sruli danaxarjebiproduqciis sruli danaxarjebi = warmoebis danaxarjebi + gayidvis+ saerTo
da administraciuli xarjebi
bolo 3-4 aTwleulebamde danaxarjebis aRricxvis sistemebis umetesoba
mxolod warmoebis danaxarjebs zomvda. es, albaT, imiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rom
saWiro iyo, jer erTi, daumTavrebeli warmoebis moculobisa da mza produqciis
moculobis gamoTvla – balansisaTvis. da meore _ gayiduli saqonlis TviTRi-
76
rebulebis gamoTvla mogeba-zaralis angariSisTvis. sxva xarjebi ganixileboda,
rogorc mogeba-zaralis angariSSi warmodgenili xarjebi agregirebuli saxiT.
amitomac ar iyo imis saWiroeba, rom is miCneuliyo danaxarjebis specifikur
obieqtad gare finansuri angariSgebis miznebisaTvis.
bolo wlebSi danaxarjebis aRricxvis sistemebi gafarTovda da moicavs sxva
tipis danaxarjebsac. industriuli firmebisTvis igi moicavs garkveul nawils
gayidvis, saerTo da administraciuli xarjebidan. magaliTad, zogierTi kompania
gayidvis xarjebSi moiazrebs distribuciis xarjebs, momxmarebelTa momsaxurebis
xarjebs, romlebic specifikur saqonels yiduloben. es informacia SeiZleba win
uZRodes marketingis programis cvlilebas, distribuciis arxebis Secvlas, anda
zogierTi ZviradRirebuli saqonlis an momxmareblis gamoTiSvas brunvidan.
analogiurad, zogierTi kompania kvlevisa da ganviTarebis xarjebs ganixilavs
produqciasTan erTad, radgan zogierTi produqciis gamokvleva, sxvebTan Seda-
rebiT, Zalian Zviri jdeba. es informacia SeiZleba im produqtebis CamonaTvalis
gansazRvris safuZveli gaxdes, romlebSic Rirs saxsrebis dabandeba.
Tu kompaniis menejerebi gaiTvaliswineben produqciis yvela xarjs am
produqtis warmoebis dawyebidan mis Sewyvetamde, amiT danaxarjebi ganisazRvreba
mTeli saarsebo ciklis ganmavlobaSimTeli saarsebo ciklis ganmavlobaSimTeli saarsebo ciklis ganmavlobaSimTeli saarsebo ciklis ganmavlobaSi. produqciis xarjebi moicavs im aucilebel
xarjebs, romelic saWiroa misi Seqmnisa da bazramde mitanisaTvis. aseve xarjebs
kvlevisa da ganviTarebisaTvis, produqciis testirebisaTvis, Tavdapirveli bazris
CamoyalibebisaTvis, SesaZloa agreTve, gamyidvelTa treningisaTvis. es xarjebi,
Cveulebriv, iqamde gaiweva, vidre produqcia raime Semosavals moitans
mwarmoeblisTvis, mas warmoebis gamarTvis xarjebsacwarmoebis gamarTvis xarjebsacwarmoebis gamarTvis xarjebsacwarmoebis gamarTvis xarjebsac uwodeben. produqciis
Camowera, anu brunvidan amoReba da Sesabamisi xarjebis gaweva xdeba, roca miiReba
am produqciis warmoebis Sewyvetis gadawyvetileba, radgan mas aRar moaqvs
mniSvnelovani Semosavali. es xarjebi SeiZleba moicavdes im Camowerili Senoba-
nagebobebisa da manqana-danadgarebis, aseve aRWurvilobis xarjebs, rac aRar iqneba
saWiro, aseve Tanxas, romelic unda gadauxadon specialur personals, romlebsac
aRar daiqiraveben, miwis aRdgenis xarjebi, romelic adre dazianda da sxv.
ra wesiTac unda ganisazRvros danaxarjebis obieqti, mTavar principad mainc
rCeba igive: danaxarjebis obieqtis sruli danaxarjebi udris pirdapiri danaxarjebis obieqtis sruli danaxarjebi udris pirdapiri danaxarjebis obieqtis sruli danaxarjebi udris pirdapiri danaxarjebis obieqtis sruli danaxarjebi udris pirdapiri
danaxarjebis jams damatebuli Sesabamisi wili arapirdapiri xarjebidan.danaxarjebis jams damatebuli Sesabamisi wili arapirdapiri xarjebidan.danaxarjebis jams damatebuli Sesabamisi wili arapirdapiri xarjebidan.danaxarjebis jams damatebuli Sesabamisi wili arapirdapiri xarjebidan.
magaliTad, Tu danaxarjebis obieqtia erT-erTi dargis gamyidveli, misi pirdapiri
danaxarjebi moicavs: xelfass, sakomisios, mogzaurobis xarjebs, gansakuTrebuli
klienturis xarjebs. arapirdapiri xarjebi moicavs: im raionis gayidvebis
menejeris xelfass da im raionis gayidvebis ofisis xarjebs, romlebic exmareba
dargis menejers. arapirdapiri xarjebis mikuTvnebis (daricxvis) principebi
iseTivea, rogorc produqciaze.
gadamyidveli organizaciebis SemTxvevaSi, rogoricaa supermarketebi, medi-
kamentebis sawyobebi da sxv., gayidvis danaxarjebi aisaxeba gayiduli saqonlis
angariSfaqturebSi. maT amitomac aqvT danaxarjebis aRricxvis metad martivi
sistema gayidvis TviTRirebulebis dasadgenad. sruli danaxarjebis informacias
isini im mizniT iyeneben, rom daadginon TavianT SemadgenlobaSi myofi sxvadasxva
gayidvebis departamentebis momgebianoba. am SemTxvevaSi TiToeuli gayidvebis
departamenti warmoadgens danaxarjebis obieqts.
servisorganizaciebSi (saxelmwifo saagentoebisa da organizaciebis CaTvliT)
ufro meti adamiani muSaobs, vidre mwarmoebel sawarmoebSi. danaxarjebis gansaz-
77
RvrisaTvis am sferoSic igive saerTo sqema gamoiyeneba, rogoric materialur
warmoebaSi. zogierT servisorganizaciaSi mosaxerxebelia, rom specifikuri
klientisaTvis gaweuli momsaxureba gamoiyos rogorc calke `samuSao~ da
danaxarjebis obieqtad iqnes aRiarebuli es calkeuli `samuSaoebi~. magaliTad,
avtomobilebis saremonto organizaciebSi gamoyofili aseTi `samuSaoebi~ moicavs
danaxarjebs, romlebic axlavs TiToeuli manqanis momsaxurebas. igi moicavs
pirdapir danaxarjebs: gamosacvleli detalis xarjs da teqnikuri muSakis Sromis
anazRaurebas. agreTve arapirdapiri xarjebis kuTvnil wils: organizaciis
xelmZRvanelis xelfasi, ganaTebis, gaTbobis da sxva aseTi xarjebi, aseve,
organizaciis aRWurvilobis amortizaciis xarjebi. es xarjebi Caiwereba
daumTavrebeli warmoebis angariSSi im gansakuTrebuli samuSaoebisaTvis, romelic
aris danaxarjebis obieqti.
danaxarjebis aRricxvis im firmebSi, romlebic eweva samarTlebriv, arqiteq-
turul, sainJinro da konsaltingur momsaxurebas, agreTve iyeneben `samuSaoebis~
danaxarjebis Canawerebs TiToeuli samuSaos an proeqtisaTvis, romelsac isini
akeTeben. analogiurad, samedicino dawesebulebebis saaRricxvo sistema gani-
xilavs TiToeul pacients, rogorc danaxarjis obieqts da SeimuSavebs `samuSao-
Ta~ danaxarjebis Canawerebs TiToeuli servisisaTvis, romelsac pacients
utareben. sxva SemTxvevebSi, servisorganizaciebi ar aRricxaven danaxarjebs
TiToeuli samuSaosaTvis. magaliTad, saavadmyofos laboratoriaSi danaxarjebis
calke aRricxva ar xorcieldeba TiToeuli Catarebuli sisxlis analizisaTvis.
ubralod gansazRvrulia am analizis saSualo Rirebuleba _ analizis pirdapiri
danaxarjebi, rogoricaa laboratoriis teqnikuri muSakebis samuSao dro da
specialuri masalebi, romelsac isini analizisTvis iyeneben. laboratoria,
sisxlis analizis garda, akeTebs sxva analizebsa da gamokvlevebsac. iseTi
danaxarjebi, rogoricaa laboratoriis xelmZRvanelobis xelfasi, laboratoriis
mimdinare danaxarjebi (Suqi, wyali, gaTboba) da aseTive saerTo danaxarjebi aris
arapirdapiri danaxarjebi sxvadasxva tipis analizebisa da gamokvlevebisaTvis.
amgvari arapirdapiri danaxarjebis kuTvnili wilic daemateba sisxlis analizs,
rogorc danaxarjebis obieqts. periodis bolos Catarebuli analizebis
raodenobis mixedviT gaiyofa arapirdapiri danaxarjebis raodenoba da dadgindeba
arapirdapiri xarji sisxlis analizisTvis. gamoiTvleba sisxlis erTi analizis
danaxarji. amgvar midgomas ewodeba danaxarjebis gansazRvra procesebis mixedviT.amgvar midgomas ewodeba danaxarjebis gansazRvra procesebis mixedviT.amgvar midgomas ewodeba danaxarjebis gansazRvra procesebis mixedviT.amgvar midgomas ewodeba danaxarjebis gansazRvra procesebis mixedviT.
umogebo organizaciebi iseTi organizaciebia, romelTa mizanic ar aris
mogebis miReba, aramed mTavaria momsaxurebis gaweva an sxvadasxva samuSaos
Sesruleba. umogebo organizaciebia: jandacva, ganaTleba, gamoyenebiTi xelovneba,
wevrobaze damyarebuli organizaciebi, saxelmwifo dawesebulebaTa umravlesoba.
danaxarjebis aRricxvis sistema aseT organizaciebSi iseTivea, rogorc mogebaze
orientirebulebSi. orive es organizacia iyenebs resursebs da unda ganisazRvros
saWiro resursebis raodenoba erTi an ramdenime danaxarjis obieqtisaTvis.
amasTan, bevri umogebo organizaciis saqmianoba ar moicavs specifikuri
klienturis sameurneo operaciebs. isini axorcieleben operaciebs, romelTac aqvT
mizanze orientirebuli saqmianobebis qseli programebis saxiT. es saSualebas
iZleva, mxolod organizaciis wevrebis, an farTo sazogadoebisaTvis iqnes
gaweuli xelmisawvdomi momsaxureba. magaliTad, sajaro biblioTeka gascems
wignebs cirkulaciis ganyofilebis saSualebiT, aqvs periodikis samkiTxvelo
darbazi, axorcielebs referensserviss. garda amisa, aqvs specialuri ganyofileba
78
bavSvebisaTvis. yvela es CamoTvlili saqmianoba Seadgens calke programas da
SeiZleba ganixilos rogorc danaxarjebis obieqti. TiToeuli am programis
sruli danaxarjebi udris pirdapiri danaxarjebisa da maTi wili arapirdapiri
xarjebis (rogoricaa gaTboba, ganaTeba da sxva saerTo xarjebi) jams.
menejeruli aRricxvis mier dadgenili danaxarjebis obieqtis sruli
danaxarjebi gamoiyeneba: (1) finansur angariSgebaSi, (2) momgebianobis analizis-
Tvis, (3) kiTxvaze `ra jdeba es?~ pasuxis gasacemad. (4) regulirebad dargebSi
fasebis dasadgenad. (5) normaluri fasdadgenisTvis.
finansuri angariSgeba.finansuri angariSgeba.finansuri angariSgeba.finansuri angariSgeba. Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rogor gamoiyeneba finansur
aRricxvaSi sawarmoo danaxarjebi daumTavrebeli warmoebis moculobisa da mza
produqciis moculobis gansazRvris safuZvlad _ balansisaTvis, xolo gayiduli
saqonlis TviTRirebulebis maCveneblis gamosaTvlelad _ mogeba-zaralis anga-
riSisTvis. rodesac kompania aSenebs Senoba-nagebobebs, iZens manqana-danadgarebs an
sxva fiqsirebul aqtivebs Tavisi saWiroebisaTvis, angariSebSi Setanili da Semdeg
balansSi aRniSnuli cifri aris am aqtivebis sruli danaxarjebi.
momgebianobis analizi.momgebianobis analizi.momgebianobis analizi.momgebianobis analizi. finansur aRricxvaSi ganixileba agreTve, momge-
bianobis gansazRvris teqnika finansuri koeficientebis gamoyenebiT. danaxarjebis
aRricxva saSualebas iZleva, ganxorcieldes analogiuri analizi biznesis
calkeuli nawilebisTvis, rogoricaa erTi romelime produqti, produqciis
warmoebis xazi, Tanamdevi produqciis jgufi, saamqro, ganyofileba, gayidvis
teritoria an kompaniis romelome qveganyofileba, romelic warmoadgens interesis
sagans. danaxarjebis aRricxvis principebis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba ganisazRvros
pirdapiri danaxarjebi da Sesabamisi wili arapirdapiri danaxarjebidan. Tuki
warmoebis es nawili ar iZleva saTanado Semosavals, rom garantirebuli iyos
mogeba daqiravebul aqtivebze, es imas niSnavs, rom raRac ar aris wesrigSi da
saWiroa qmediTi RonisZiebebis gatareba.
`ra jdeba es?~`ra jdeba es?~`ra jdeba es?~`ra jdeba es?~ sxvadasxva movlenisa da procesis danaxarjebis gansazRvris
problema sul ufro farTovdeba da mniSvnelovani xdeba. magaliTad, ra dajda
mdinaris gawmenda dabinZurebisagan, ra dajda prezidentis bolo arCevnebi, ra
dajda policiis Senaxva, ra jdeba safosto momsaxurebiT werilis gagzavna erTi
punqtidan meoremde, ra jdeba saskolo kafeteriis funqcionireba weliwadSi,
ramdenia romeliRac kvleviTi proeqtis danaxarjebi da a.S. am kiTxvebze pasuxis
gacema iolia danaxarjebis obieqtebis sruli danaxarjebis gansazRvriT. sruli
danaxarjebi gamoiyeneba agreTve kontraqtebSic, romelSic erTi mxare kisrulobs
valdebulebas, SeiZinos meore mxarisagan saqoneli an momsaxureba srul
danaxarjebze dafuZnebuli fasiT. yovelwliurad miliardobiT aseTi kontraqti
funqcionirebs. gaugebrobaTa Tavidan asacileblad saWiroa, kontraqtSi mieTiTos
danaxarjebis gansazRvris konkretuli wesi.
regulirebadi fasebis dadgena.regulirebadi fasebis dadgena.regulirebadi fasebis dadgena.regulirebadi fasebis dadgena. bevri fasi dgindeba ara sabazro meqanizmebis
gamoyenebiT, aramed maregulirebeli organoebis _ komisiebis mier. igi moicavs
fasebs sayofacxovrebo sagnebsa da momsaxurebaze (wyali, eleqtroba, gazi,
kanalizacia, satelefono servisi), sakabelo televizia, safosto momsaxureba,
sadazRvevo premiebi da bevri sxva. yvela am SemTxvevaSi maregulirebeli komisia
adgens fass, romelic udris srul danaxarjebs damatebuli mcire Tanxa mogebis
misaRebad.
fasdadgena gamorCeul produqciaze.fasdadgena gamorCeul produqciaze.fasdadgena gamorCeul produqciaze.fasdadgena gamorCeul produqciaze. gamorCeulia is produqti, romelsac
momxmarebeli gamoarCevs konkurentuli produqciisagan. arCevani SeiZleba moxdes
79
TviTon produqtis Tvisebebis gamo; momxiblavi reklamiT; ganvadebis pirobebiT;
finansuri mosazrebebiT an sxva raime ukeTesi maxasiaTeblis gamo. danarCeni
produqcia, yoveldRiuri, farTo moxmarebis saqonelia. magaliTad, soflis
meurneobis produqtebi, generikuli wamlebi (patentirebuli, kerZo sawarmoebis
wamlebisagan gansxvavebiT), mineralebi, qaRaldis sxvadasxva nawarmi da bevri sxva
produqti, romelsac momxmarebeli yidulobs mwarmoeblebsa da brendebze
gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis miqcevis gareSe. momsaxurebis zogierTi saxeobac
miekuTvneba farTo moxmarebis produqcias, rogoricaa manqanis gawyoba benziniT,
fotokopireba da sxv. Cvens SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba is aris, rom
danaxarjebis gazomva gamoiyeneba gamorCeuli produqtis da ara yoveldRiuri
moxmarebis sagnebisaTvis. maTTvis gasayidi fasi yalibdeba bazris meSveobiT.
bunebrivia, mewarme cdilobs sagnebi daamzados ufro naklebi danaxarjebiT,
vidre konkurenti mewarme. amitom fasdadgenisTvis naklebad iyeneben danaxarjebis
gazomvas, igi gamoiyeneba mxolod danaxarjebis Semcirebis miznisaTvis. Tu es ver
moxerxda da produqcia ar gaxda momgebiani, maSin saeWvoa warmoebis gagrZeleba.
normaluri fasdadgenanormaluri fasdadgenanormaluri fasdadgenanormaluri fasdadgena. biznesis ZiriTadi ekonomikuri mizania gonivruli
ukugebis miReba investiciaze, anu im aqtivebze, romelic CarTulia biznesSi.
amisaTvis saWiroa produqciis da momsaxurebis gayidvidan miRebulma Semosav-
lebma: (1) dafaros gaweuli danaxarjebi da (2) miRebuli iqnes mogeba, romelic
Seqmnis optimalur ukugebas gaweul investiciaze. biznesi warmatebuli iqneba,
Tuki erTad aRebuli yvela misi produqciis gayidviT miRebuli Semosavali
gadaaWarbebs mTlian danaxarjebs. amasTan aucilebelia TiToeuli produqti-
saTvis gasayidi fasi dadgindes cal-calke. amisaTvis saWiroa TiToeulma pro-
duqtma moicvas biznesis mier gaweuli danaxarjebis Sesabamisi wili, anu zogadad,
gasayidi produqciis fasma dafaros misi pirdapiri danaxarjebi da arapirdapiri
danaxarjebis Sesabamisi wili da miRebuli iqnes damakmayofilebeli mogeba.
amgvari fasi aris normaluri fasi. praqtikulad, mocemuli konkretuli produq-
tis fasi yovelTvis ar aris sruli danaxarjebisa da mogebis ubralo Sejameba.
xSirad fasi dgindeba myidvelis Tvalsazrisis gaTvaliswinebiT. produqciis
danaxarjebis gansazRvra aris sawyisi etapi fasdadgenis procesSi. is faqti, rom
mogebaze orientirebuli biznesi unda cdilobdes, miiRos saTanado ukugeba im
aqtivebze, romelic CarTulia produqciis warmoebaSi, gvafiqrebinebs, rom mogebis
odenoba fasSi dakavSirebuli unda iyos aqtivebis odenobasTan, magram
sinamdvileSi fasi Cveulebriv dakavSirebulia danaxarjebTan da ara aqtivebis
RirebulebasTan.
droiTi da materialuri fasdadgenadroiTi da materialuri fasdadgenadroiTi da materialuri fasdadgenadroiTi da materialuri fasdadgena gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva saremonto
samuSaoebis fasis gansazRvrisaTvis, dabeWdvis momsaxurebis ganxorcielebisas.
iyeneben agreTve, sxvadasxva profesionalebi, organizaciebi da fizikuri pirebi,
iuristebi, frenis instruqtorebi, konsultantebi da saaRricxvo firmebi. am
meTodiT fasis gansazRvris dros ganisazRvreba ori komponenti: daxarjuli
samuSao drois da gamoyenebuli masalebis. daxarjuli samuSao drois komponenti
gamoiTvleba rogorc Semdegi Semadgeneli nawilebis jami: (1) daqiravebulis
xelfasi (da danamati) yovel saaTSi, (2) Sesabamisi wili yvela arapirdapiri
aramaterialuri danaxarjebidan da (3) mogebisaTvis danamati. gamoyenebuli
masalebi, anu materialuri komponenti, moicavs gamoyenebul masalebs da e.w.
`masalebis motanasac~. igi emateba angariSfaqturaSi aRniSnuli gamoyenebuli
masalebis Rirebulebas da Sedgeba masalebis Semozidvis, dasawyobebis xarjebisa
80
da danamatisagan – mogebisaTvis. profesiuli servis firmebisaTvis aRniSnuli
komponentebis gansazRvra iwodeba, rogorc `bilingis~ procesi.
umogebo organizaciebSi fasdadgenis igive praqtika gamoiyeneba, garda erTi
gamonaklisisa: radganac umogebo organizaciebs ar gaaCniaT sakuTari kapitali,
maT ar uxdebaT mogebis, rogorc am investiciis ukugebis miReba. zogierT umogebo
organizacias sWirdeba mcire danamati sruli danaxarjebis zemoT, rom
uzrunvelyos gauTvaliswinebeli movlenebisgan dacva da organizaciis usafrT-
xoeba, aqtivebis flobis gadasaxadebis gadaxda. magram igi ar iTvleba produqciis
danaxarjebis elementad.
gasayidi fasis dadgenis dros arsebobs situaciebi, rodesac fasdadgenis
procesi sapirispiro mimarTulebiT viTardeba. gasayidi fasi, romelic aqamde
moiazreboda rogorc konkurenciis strategiis iaraRi, aRqmulia rogorc
mocemuloba. saWiroa ganisazRvros ra raodenobis xarjebi unda gaswios kompa-
niam, rom miiRos damakmayofilebeli Semosavlebi mocemuli fasis pirobebSi.
amgvari midgoma iwodeba rogorc `samizne danaxarjebi~. magaliTad, tansacmlis
biznesSi tradiciulad iyeneben sacalo fasis variantebs: 19.95, 29.95, 39.95 dolari
da a.S. mwarmoebeli SeimuSavebs individualur modelebs, raTa moergos am
fasebidan romelimes. mwarmoeblis gasayidi fasis misaRebad, sacalo fass akl-
deba sacalo gayidvebis normaluri zRvruli mogeba. darCenili TanxiT
mwarmoebelma unda SeZlos warmoebis danaxarjebis elementebis SeZena. `samizne
danaxarjebi~ wlebis ganmavlobaSi warmatebiT gamoiyeneboda iaponiis avtomo-
bilebis warmoebaSi da eleqtromrewvelobaSi, Semdeg ki farTod gavrcelda
msoflioSi.
nebismieri organizaciisTvis uaRresad mniSvnelovania danaxarjebis drou-
lad codna, misi zrdisa da klebis tendenciebis dadgena. yovelwliurad asobiT
mcire sawarmo kotrdeba swored imis gamo, rom maTma menejerebma ar ician ras
udris maTi warmoebis danaxarjebi da fasebs arasworad adgenen. danaxarjebis
informacia exmareba menejerebs, ganaviTaron biznesis strategia, rac warmoSobs
mdgrad upiratesobebs konkurenciaSi. am process zogjer danaxarjebis
strategiul menejments uwodeben. igi exmareba menejerebs, danaxarjebis
monacemebi gamoiyenon kompaniis sisusteebis da upiratesobebis dasadgenad
konkurentebTan SedarebiT. danaxarjebis strategiuli menejmenti gansazRvravs
agreTve, Tu rogor gamoiyenebs kompania fasebis jaWvis analizs. fasebis jaWvi
aRwers saqmianobis saxeebs, romelic saWiroa produqciis an momsaxurebis Seqmnis,
ganviTarebis, gayidvis, distribuciis da momsaxurebisaTvis. menejerebisaTvis
saWiroa, icodnen sad, ra etapze aqvT fasebis jaWvSi mdgradi upiratesoba. es
Sinaganad daexmareba maT, ganaviTaron saqmianoba arCeuli mimarTulebiT. anda
SeuZliaT Seamciron TavianTi monawileoba warmoebaSi da garkveuli kvanZebi da
detalebi mza saxiT iyidon gare mimwodeblebisagan.
gamoyenebuli litgamoyenebuli litgamoyenebuli litgamoyenebuli literaturaeraturaeraturaeratura
1. R.N. Anthony, D.F. Havkins, K.A. Merchant, 2007, Accounting, Text & Cases, Mc Graw Hill, London;
2. C.T. Horngren, W.T. Harrison, 2007, Accounting, Prentice-Hall, Inc.,Upper Saddle River, New Jersey;
3. Principles of Accounting; by , Patricia Libby, Robert Phillips, Fred Whitecotton, Stacey Publisher: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Copyright Year: 2008;
81
4. finansuri informacia menejerebisaTvis, ACCA wigni 1.2. saxelmZRvanelo,
saerTaSoriso praqtika, Targmani inglisuridan,
5. sbaf, Tb., 2003.
Benashvili Tsiala
THE CONCEPT “FULL COSTS OF PRODUCT” AND ITS APPLICA TION SUMMARY
Cost is a measurement, in monetary terms, of the amount of resources used for some purpose. Cost
object is the technical name of the product, project, organizational unit, or other activity or purpose for which costs are measured.
In each instance, the cost object must be carefully stated and clearly understood. The full cost of a product includes full production cost and portion of non production cost.
We try to analyze using of full product cost in different branches of economy, in financial reporting, in setting regulated prices, in normal pricing, in strategic management, in competition.
xaTuna beriSvilixaTuna beriSvilixaTuna beriSvilixaTuna beriSvili P pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis roli saqarTvelospirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis roli saqarTvelospirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis roli saqarTvelospirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis roli saqarTvelos biznesis biznesis biznesis biznesis
ganviTarebaSi ganviTarebaSi ganviTarebaSi ganviTarebaSi
1990-ian wlebSi saqarTvelo mZime politikur, ekonomikur da socialur
mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. Sesabamisad qveyana garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi
investorTa yuradRebis miRma rCeboda. 90-iani wlebis bolos viTareba ukeTe-
sobisken Seicvla. pirveli seriozuli interesi saqarTvelos mimarT investorebs
1997 wels gauCndaT. swored am periodidan SeiniSneba sainvesticio aqtivobis
zrda saqarTveloSi. amasTan, am dros mimzidveli sainvesticio garemos Seqmnas
mravali faqtori uSlida xels, maT Soris, saqarTvelos mTavrobis mxridan
gadaWarbebuli regulaciebis sistema, sistemuri korufcia, saxelmwifo qonebis
privatizaciis dabali done da sxva. gansakuTrebiT garTulebuli iyo miwis
privatizacia, rac ara marto ucxoel investorebs, aramed saqarTvelos moqa-
laqeebsac bevr problemas uqmnida. saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis armqone pirebs, im
dros arsebuli sakanonmdeblo regulaciiT, ar gaaCndaT saqarTvelos terito-
riaze miwis flobis ufleba, maT SeeZloT mxolod misi ijariT aReba. ijaris
maqsimaluri xangrZlivoba 49 weli iyo. 1996 wels moxda ori umniSvnelovanesi
sakanonmdeblo aqtis miReba. esenia: kanoni ,,sainvesticio saqmianobis garantiebsa
da xelSewyobis Sesaxeb’’ da kanoni ,,mewarmeobis Sesaxeb~, ramac safuZveli Cauyara
investiciis legalur mxares. mewarmeobis Sesaxeb kanoni germanuli modelis
safuZvelze aigo.
imisaTvis, rom qveyanaSi arsebuli sainvesticio garemo ukeTesobisken
Secvliliyo, 2004 wlidan MmTavrobam daiwyo legalizaciisa da agresiuli priva-
tizaciis politikis gatareba. saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli mravali obieqti
auqcionis wesiT gaiyida adgilobriv Tu ucxoel investorebze, daiwyo intensiuri
brZola sistemuri korufciis winaaRmdeg, gaaqtiurda xelisuflebis saqmianoba
infrastruqturis ganaxlebisa da modernizaciis kuTxiT. ekonomikis ganviTarebisa
da investiciebis mozidvis mizniT qveyanaSi Seiqmna Tavisufali industriuli
zonebi: TbilisSi, foTsa da quTaisSi. is kompaniebi, romlebic mocemul zonebSi
82
bizness awarmoeben, Tavisufldebian korporaciuli Semosavlis, dRg-s, sabaJo da
qonebis gadasaxadisgan, ZalaSi rCeba mxolod saSemosavlo gadasaxadi. amasTanave,
saqarTvelo sargeblobs evrokavSiris GSP+ reJimiT, rac gulisxmobs, rom qveya-
nas evrokavSiris qveynebSi 7200-mde dasaxelebis produqtis eqsportis
ganxorcieleba SeuZlia gansakuTrebiT xelsayrel reJimSi, sabaJo gadasaxadis
gareSe. saqarTvelos xelsayreli mdebareoba saSualebas iZleva, Tavisufal
industriul zonaSi warmoebuli saqoneli daubrkoleblad miewodos, erTi mxriv,
evropul da, meore mxriv, aziur bazrebs. saqarTveloze gadis mniSvnelovani
satranporto da savaWro da evropisa da aziis damakavSirebeli umoklesi gzebi.
qveyanaSi sainvesticio aqtiurobis zrdas xels uwyobs stabiluri makroekono-
mikuri garemo, dinamiurad ganviTarebadi sabanko seqtori. am ukanasknelis
potencialis maCvenebelia is faqti, rom saqarTveloSi yovel wels ixsneba
cnobili ucxouri bankebis filialebi. liberaluri savaWro urTierTobebi
msoflios mraval qveyanasTan, ufro aadvilebs biznesis keTebas saqarTveloSi.
saqarTvelo msoflio savaWro organizaciis wevria 2000 wlidan. is sargeblobs
GSP reJimiT iaponiasTan, aSS, kanadasTan, norvegiasa da SveicariasTan, rac mas
uflebas aZlevs, gansakuTrebiT dabali tarifebiT moaxdinos saqonlis eqsporti
zemoCamoTvlil qveynebSi. ufro xelsayreli da momgebiani reJimiT sargeblobs
qarTuli produqcia evrokavSiris qveynebTan mimarTebiT, igulisxmeba, rom
qarTuli warmoebis 7200 dasaxelebis produqti sabaJo gadasaxadisagan
Tavisufalia evrokavSiris qveynebSi maTi importis dros.
dsT-s qveynebsa da TurqeTTan gaformebulia xelSekruleba Tavisufali
vaWrobis Sesaxeb. saqarTveloSi gamartivebulia licenziebisa da nebarTvis aRebis
procedurebi. dainteresebuli pirebis xelSewyobis mizniT licenziebi 84%-iT
Semcirda. 30 dRea saWiro licenziis da 20 dRe _ nebarTvis asaRebad. yvelanai-
rad ewyoba xeli infrastruqturis ganviTareba. qveyanaSi dReisaTvis funqcio-
nirebs 4 aeroporti, 3 porti, farTod daqselili sarkinogzo xazi da ganviTa-
rebuli saxmeleTo gzebis sistema. msoflio bankis `biznesis keTebis’’ monacemTa
bazis 2011 wlis maCveneblebiT, saqarTvelo biznesis keTebis siadviliT erT-erT
mowinave poziciebzea. qveyana investorebs sTavazobs kvalificiur da ganaTlebul
kadrebs.
bunebrivia, iseTi ganviTarebadi qveynisTvis, rogoric saqarTveloa, pui-s
moaqvs iseTi dadebiTi efeqtebi, rogoricaa kapitali, teqnologia, mmarTvelobiTi
da samewarmeo unar-Cvevebi, brendebi da misawvdomoba aqamde Znelad SesaRwev
bazrebze. es faqtorebi sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania ganviTarebadi qveynisTvis,
raTa man uzrunvelyos ekonomikuri zrda, Seqmnas samuSao adgilebi da amiT
ebrZolos siRaribes. naTeli gaxda ra pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis dadebiTi
gavlena qveynis ekonomikur keTildReobaze, ganviTarebadi qveynebi yvelanairad
cdiloben Seqmnan kargi sainvesticio garemo da amisaTvis sxvadasxva xerxebsa da
instrumentebs mimarTaven. yvelaze mTavari da yvelaze aprobirebuli xerxia
sainvesticio reJimis liberalizacia. saqarTvelos mTavrobam noyieri sainves-
ticio klimatis Sesaqmnelad Seamcira tarifebi, SeimuSava politika, raTa
qveyanaSi liberaluri savaWro reJimi Camoeyalibebina, xeli Seuwyo Tavisufali
savaWro zonebis formirebas.
Sedegad, 2004-2011 wlebSi qveyanaSi dinamiurad izrdeba pui-s moculoba.
miuxedavad 2008 wlis ruseTis mier saqarTvelos teritoriebis okupaciisa,
83
xelisuflebam umokles droSi moaxdina sainvesticio klimatis dabalanseba da
nakadebis zrda, rac Cans 1 cxrilidan.
cxrili 1 cxrili 1 cxrili 1 cxrili 1 2004200420042004----2011* wleb2011* wleb2011* wleb2011* wlebSi saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuli pirdapiriSi saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuli pirdapiriSi saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuli pirdapiriSi saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuli pirdapiri
ucxouri investiciebi, milioni aSS dolariucxouri investiciebi, milioni aSS dolariucxouri investiciebi, milioni aSS dolariucxouri investiciebi, milioni aSS dolari
2004 499.1
2005 449.8
2006 1190.4
2007 2014.8
2008 1564
2009 658.4
2010 814.5
2011* 642
*2011 wlis III kv. monacemebi
wyaro: [4, gv.11]
2008 wlidan investiciebis Semcirebis mizezi globaluri finansuri krizisi
da agvistos omi iyo. 2009 wels investiciebi 67%-iT iyo Semcirebuli 2007
welTan SedarebiT, 2010 wels mdgomareoba SedarebiT gamosworda da wina welTan
SedarebiT investiciebis moculobam 23%-iT moimata, 2011 wlis III kvartlis
monacemebiT, saqarTveloSi gasul wels ganxorcielda 642 mln aSS dolaris
investicia.
pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis dinamika 2009-2011 wlebSi Semdegi saxiT
warmogvidgeba:
diagrama 1diagrama 1diagrama 1diagrama 1
pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi saqarTveloSi 2009-2011* ww. (mln aSS
dolari)
*winaswari monacemebi
wyaro: Sedgenilia statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris monacemebis mixedviT.
sainteresoa is faqti, rom qveyanaSi ganxorcielebuli investiciebis
TvalsazrisiT sul ufro izrdeba rogorc evropis, aseve aziis qveynebis roli,
rac kargad Cans 2-e cxrilidan.
84
cxrili 2 cxrili 2 cxrili 2 cxrili 2
ZiriTadi pirdapiri investori qveynebia saqarTveloSi 2008ZiriTadi pirdapiri investori qveynebia saqarTveloSi 2008ZiriTadi pirdapiri investori qveynebia saqarTveloSi 2008ZiriTadi pirdapiri investori qveynebia saqarTveloSi 2008----2011*ww. (mln aSS 2011*ww. (mln aSS 2011*ww. (mln aSS 2011*ww. (mln aSS
dolari)dolari)dolari)dolari)
2008 2009 2010 2011 I-IIIkv.
sul 1564 658 814.496 643.1
maT Soris:
evrokavSiris qveynebi 476.7 224.7 248.2 134.7
dsT-s qveynebi 94.7 1.0 91.2 -
aSS 167.9 -10.0 135.8 -
TurqeTi 164.5 97.9 91.8 67.9
niderlandebi 135.9 32.6 73.4 134.7
gaerTianebuli
samefo 148.9 72.3 59.0 37.6
azerbaijani 23.9 29.8 58.0 40.4
arabeTis gaerT.
emiratebi 306.6 162.8 55.5 -
dania 99.8
kviprosi 37.1 80.8
ruseTi 42.3 39.3
indoeTi 26.1
yazaxeTi 21.0
germania 19.7
virjiniis k-ebi (brit.) 42.5 13.8
avstria 9.2 12.4
saerT. organizaciebi 34.0 42.9
sxva qveynebi 616.2 273.0 341.1 6.8
* winaswari monacemebi
wyaro: [4, gv. 19].
cxrilidan Cans, rom investiciebis ZiriTadi nawili evrokavSiris qveynebidan
Semodis. 2008 wlis umsxvilesi investori qveynebi iyo aSS, TurqeTi, niderlandebi,
gaerTianebuli samefo, arabeTis gaerTianebuli emiratebi. 2009 wlis umsxviles
qveyanaTa ricxvs miekuTvneboda arabeTis gaerTianebuli emiratebi, TurqeTi,
gaerTianebuli samefo, niderlandebi. 2011 wels ZiriTadi investorebia: TurqeTi,
niderlandebi, dania.
saqarTvelos erovnuli sainvesticio jgufis mier dadgenilia is dargebi,
romelTa mimarT did interess iCenen investorebi. esenia: turizmi, soflis
meurneoba, infrastruqtura, finansebi da dazRveva, transportireba da lojistika,
internetteqnologiebi da komunikaciebi, energetika, warmoeba da uZravi qoneba.
mocemuli biznesseqtorebi yvelaze imedis momcem mimarTulebebad miaCniaT
sxvadasxva specialistebsa da eqspertebs.
saqarTvelos aqvs didi potenciali, ganaviTaros turistuli industria da
miiRos mniSvnelovani Semosavali. amis winapirobas iZleva misi mdidari
kulturuli memkvidreoba, bunebis mravalferovneba, geografiuli mdebareoba,
qarTveli xalxis kulturuli Taviseburebani. bolo wlebSi mTavrobam turizmi
prioritetul dargad aRiara da cdilobs Seqmnas iseTi garemo, rac xels
Seuwyobs turistuli infrastruqturis ganviTarebas. turistuli industria
saqarTveloSi jer ganviTarebis sawyis fazazea, izrdeba sastumroebis ricxvi.
85
ucxoel vizitorTa raodenoba ufro da ufro izrdeba. statistikis Tanaxmad,
2000-2011 wlebSi vizitorTa raodenobam mkveTrad imata. 2000 wels saqarTvelo
moinaxula 400000-mde adamianma, 2005 wels maTma raodenobam 500000 gadaaWarba,
gaizarda ra 44%-iT 2000 wlis monacemTan SedarebiT, 2007 wels Camosul
turistTa ricxvma milions gadaaWarba. 2010 da 2011 wlis monacemebiT, vizitorTa
ricxvi 2 milions ascda, Seadgina ra 2031717 kaci 2010 wels da 2820185 kaci 2011
wels. turistuli nakadis zrdas xeli Seuwyo saqarTvelos mier arasavizo
reJimis xelSekrulebis gaformebam mTel rig qveynebTan, rogoricaa aSS, iaponia,
didi britaneTi, evrokavSiris wevri qveynebi da a.S. rogorc vxedavT, es turistTa
ZiriTadi generatori qveynebia. samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi jer ar xdeba
turistuli industriiT miRebuli sargeblis gaangariSeba, ase rom, ucnobia, Tu
ra saxis Semosavlebi miiRo qveyanam mzardi turistuli nakadisgan. saqarTvelos
mTliani Sida produqtis struqturaSi gamoiyofa sastumroebi da restornebi,
romelic turistuli industriis erT-erT ZiriTad Semadgenel nawils
warmoadgens da, statistikur monacemebze dayrdnobiT, misi moculoba mSp-Si
izrdeba. 2009 wlis 346 milionidan is 435 milionamde gaizarda 2011 wlisTvis.
saqarTveloSi perspeqtiulia infrastruqturul proeqtebSi investiciebis
Cadeba. igulisxmeba ZiriTadad satransporto, energo da gaz-navTobis
infrastruqtura. biznesis mocemuli seqtoris ganviTarebas xels uwyobs
saqarTvelos strategiuli mdebareoba, romelic metad xelsayrelia tranzitisa
da vaWrobisaTvis, gvevlineba mniSvnelovan bunebriv derefnad, romelic evropas
bunebrivi gazisa da navTobis resursebTan akavSirebs, plus modernizebuli
satransporto infrastruqturis arseboba. saqarTvelo, xelsayreli geopoli-
tikuri mdebareobis wyalobiT, mniSvnelovan satranzito centrad gvevlineba
regionSi. imisaTvis, rom xeli Seuwyos saerTaSoriso vaWrobas da misgan
sargebeli miiRos, saqarTvelo cdilobs, ganaviTaros satransporto infra-
struqtura, rac gamoixateba sarkinigzo da saxmeleTo gzebis reabilitaciasa da
keTilmowyobaSi, aeroportebis mSeneblobaSi, sazRvao portebis modernizaciasa
da msgavs RonisZiebebSi. saqarTvelo eweva eleqtroenergiis eqsports da
produqtze mzardi moTxovna ubiZgebs mas, gazardos eleqtroenergiiT vaWrobis
moculoba. saqarTvelo energoeqsports axorcielebs oTxive mezobel qveyanaSi da
varaudobs, rom moTxovna kidev ufro gaizrdeba. Sedegad xorcieldeba maRali
Zabvis xazebis gayvana TurqeTis mimarTulebiT. saqarTvelo aris bunebrivi
derefani, romelic sami milsadenis saSualebiT centralur azias da evropas
akavSirebs. baqo-Tbilisi-jeihani aris 1767 km sigrZis milsadeni, romelic
azerbaijanuli navTobis TurqeTSi transportirebas axdens, meore navTobsadeni,
romelic kvlac azerbaijanuli navTobis gadacemas emsaxureba, aris baqo-sufsis
navTobsadeni. saqarTveloze gadis agreTve baqo-Tbilisi-erzrumis gazsadeni.
sabanko seqtori erT-erTi kargad ganviTarebuli biznesia, romelic
xasiaTdeba msxvili investiciuri nakadebis mozidviT. amave dros, mocemuli
seqtori maRali momgebianobiT gamoirCeva, stabiluri sistemaa Camoyalibebuli da
aqtivebi maRali likvidurobiT xasiaTdeba. mTavrobis mier ganxorcielebuli
liberaluri regulaciis Sedegad mocemuli seqtori mimzidveli gaxda
investorebisaTvis. mSp-Si finansuri saqmianobidan miRebuli Semosavali 130
milioni lari iyo 2004 wlisTvis, 2009 wlisTvis maCvenebelma 452.7 milioni lari
Seadgina, rac niSnavs rom 5 weliwadSi 248%-iT gaizarda finansuri saqmianobis
86
moculoba. 2011 wlis I_III kvartlebis monacemebiT, 123 milioniani investicia
ganxorcielda mocemul sferoSi.
saqarTvelo ori kontinentis gadakveTis adgilas mdebareobs da evropisa da
aziis damakavSirebeli umoklesi gza swored masze gadis. saqarTvelo warmoadgens
erT-erT savaWro-satransporto centrs samxreT kavkasiasa da Savi zRvis regionSi
da xelmisawvdoms xdis daaxloebiT miliardian saerTaSoriso samomxmareblo
bazars. satransporto industria erT-erTi swrafad mzardia qarTul ekonomikaSi
da mniSvnelovan sainvesticio proeqtebs sTavazobs dainteresebul pirebs. 2010
wels investiciaTa 35% swored mocemul industriaSi iyo dabandebuli. mTlian
Sida produqtSi mocemuli seqtoris wili 9.8%-ia.
xelsayreli adgilmdebareoba da warmoebis resursebis simdidre
saqarTvelos tansacmlis, qsovilebis, wamlebis da a.S. sawarmoeblad mimzidvel
qveynad aqcevs. 2004 wlidan qveynis samewarmeo sferoSi investiciebis ganxor-
cieleba daiwyo tansacmlis, wamlebis, qsovilebis da a.S. xaziT. 2010 wlisTvis
seqtoris mier warmoebuli produqciis Rirebulebam 13.3 miliardi lari Seadgina,
ZiriTada, warmoebuli produqcia iyo rkina, saaviacio nawilebi, samanqano
nawilebi, eleqtromowyobilobebi, qimikatebi. 2009 wels saqarTvelom 1.6 miliardi
dolaris Rirebulebis produqciis eqsporti moaxdina. eqsportirebul
produqciaSi Sedioda bunebrivi madani, sasuqebi, Rvino, wyali, eleqtroenergia da
alumini. Tavisufali industriuli zonebis formirebis Semdeg qveyanaSi
sxvadasxva saxis produqciis warmoeba minimaluri danaxarjebiT aris SesaZle-
beli, radgan mwarmoeblebs mxolod piradi saSemosavlo gadasaxadis gadaxda
mouwevT.
amdenad, saqarTveloSi Seqmnili sainvesticio garemo, ucxouri investiciebis
mozidvis TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovan resurss warmoadgens. miuxedavad amisa,
qveynis teritoriebis okupacia da investiciebis gigantur proeqtebSi Cabmis
survili mniSvnelovnad zRudavs maT seqtorul gadanawilebas, rac, saboloo
jamSi, aisaxeba qveynis calkeuli dargebis ganviTarebis dinamizmze, mniSvnelovnad
zRudavs ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi dargobrivi proporciebis dacvis principis
gamoyenebas.
Berishvili Khatuna THE ROLE OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTS
IN BUSINESS SECTOR DEVELOPMENT IN GEORGIA SUMMARY
Georgia offers a good environment for business development through meaningful economic policies.
Georgian government offers several preferential duties on the production that are made in Georgia. Different kinds of trade agreements make it easier to trade with neighboring and other countries, with different regions of the world. Agreements on free trade relations lower the tariffs and as a result Georgian export becomes more competitive on the world market. Increasing number of investors are interested in investing in Georgia, the latter is determined by the above mentioned factors.
87
Berulava George SERVICES SECTOR LIBERALIZATION AND MANUFACTURERS’ E XPORT
PERFORMANCE 21
Introduction . Exporting is an important type of economic activity that many consider crucial to the growth of productivity, and living standards. The experience of the East Asian tigers provides evidence that exporting is an important component of the growth strategy in emerging markets (The World Bank, 1996). Ensuring a favorable environment for exporting thus represents one of the key challenges for transition economies on their path to economic development.
Discussions of factors that determine success of export performance have been ongoing for many years. Both the factors that are under the firm control and external factors have been studied extensively in the academic literature. However, the role of services sector as one of the external factors in promoting exporting performance of downstream sectors remained relatively unstudied. The existing research of the consequences of services sector liberalization is limited mainly to the analysis of the impact of services sectors on the on the productivity in downstream industries (Arnold, Javorcik and Matoo, 2011; Arnold, Matoo and Narciso, 2006; Esschenbach and Hoekman, 2006; Fernandes and Paunov, 2012).
In this paper we extend the existing research by emphasizing the relationship between the services sectors and the export performance of downstream industries. In particular, the objective of the study is to explore the impact of services inputs on export performance of manufacturing firms in transition economies.
The results of the study are intended to improve our understanding of the consequences of services sector policy, and thus it extends the existing theoretical framework. However, the findings of the current research are important not only for theoretical but also for practical considerations. They provide grounds for the recognizing one of the main determinants of manufacturers’ export performance in transition economies. In that way, the research contributes to the ongoing political debate on economic development issues and provides insights for targeting of public policies.
Literature Review. This paper focuses on the role of the services sector in influencing export performance of manufactures in transition economies. The literature indicates that countries in transition can benefit from increased exports. An increase in exports might boost productivity through “learning by exporting” of individual companies. Or it may allow additional imports of high tech products. Either avenue
would stimulate economic growth.
Though the productivity-export link has been studied very extensively in recent years, some aspects of this relationship remain relatively unexplored. For instance, the now large heterogeneous firms’ literature initiated Melitz (2003) assumes that the more productive firms are the ones that export. He assumes there is a fixed cost in selling in export markets and only the more productive firms will choose to export, while less productive firms will decide to serve the domestic market. However, the productivity of firms can be caused by factors external to the firm and which are not under its control. The recent empirical research of the relationship between exporting and external factors influencing productivity is focused mainly on the study
of the effects of business climate variables. For instance, Clarke (2005) in a study of African
exporters finds that in addition to enterprise characteristics, policy-related variables also affect export
performance. In particular, the author suggests that restrictive trade and customs regulations and poor customs administration can discourage manufacturing enterprises from exporting. Balchin and Edwards (2008) find that the business climate is closely associated with firm-level manufacturing export performance in Africa. The empirical evidence on the effects of business climate and infrastructure on manufacturers’ export supply capacity is also documented in (Escribano and Guasch, 2005; Dollar et al., 2006; Iwanow and Kirkpatrick, 2008; Portugal-Perez and Wilson, 2010 ).
21 The full version of this paper was published in Economics Education and Research Consortium Working Paper Series, Working paper No 11/17E, available at: http://www.eerc.ru/paper
88
Similarly, liberalization of the services sectors can be considered as one of the external factors that positively influences costs and productivity of downstream firms’ and thus promotes their export activities. Services can be considered a factor of production along with labor, capital and other inputs. The enhancement of services inputs can reduce production costs, increase the marginal productivity of other inputs and raise output. The impact of services sector liberalization on the productivity in downstream sector is well documented in academic literature (Arnold, Javorcik and Matoo, 2012; Arnold, Matoo and Narciso, 2006; Esschenbach and Hoekman, 2006; Fernandes and Paunov, 2011). These studies indicate that the availability of high-quality and low cost services contributes to the reduction of costs and increase of productivity of downstream manufacturing firms. Taking into account the fact that services sector efficiency is an important determinant of manufacturing firm productivity and productivity is an important determinant of exporting, one may hypothesize that services sector liberalization through the improvement of productivity can increase exports of the firms in downstream industries.
Again relying on Melitz, services sector liberalization can positively influence not only the export intensity of manufacturers but also their decisions to participate in export markets and the number of export markets that they serve. Thus, theory suggests that a more efficient services sector through increasing the productivity of firms and reducing the fixed costs of exporting can boost the number of firms in downstream industries that “self-select” into export markets. Thus, services sector liberalization, by increasing the efficiency, variety and quality of services markets, can then increase exports.
Though theory indicates that better services should increase exports (both intensively and extensively), the empirical links are not well studied. Further, those studies that do exist are based on African or Latin American data, so there is a lack of literature based on transition country data. In this research we try to fill this gap by examining the relationship between performance of services sector and export performance of manufacturing firms in transition economies.
Research Design. Based on the literature review, the main research hypothesis of the study can be formulated as follows: the enhancement of services sector positively and significantly influences both the decision of manufacturers to participate in export markets (“extensive margin”)and their export intensity in any market (“intensive margin”).
In order to test the research hypothesis and to estimate the impact of services inputs on export performance of manufacturers we use the panel data regression model. The main source of the data for the research is the micro-level unbalanced panel data from the Enterprise Surveys database (Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (BEEPS) Panel)22. To measure services sector performance, the two kinds of indicators were employed in this paper. First one includes the subjective measures of individual manufacturers as to how much of an obstacle for their business they consider the performance of the following three service sectors: electricity, telecommunications and finance. Another type of variables employed in this study was EBRD policy reform indices (EBRD 2009) which reflect the overall liberalization of services sector.
However, some issues can arise while estimating the model. First, since the export share is a truncated variable, a sample selection bias issue can arise while estimating the model. The second problem is related to potential endogeneity of service input variables as well as some other independent variables. To deal with selection bias problems the two-stage estimation process will be employed in this study (Heckman, 1979; Helpman et al., 2008; Shepotylo, 2009). First, we formulate a model for the probability of exporting. At the second stage, we correct for self-selection by incorporating a transformation of the predicted individual probabilities or the inverse Mills ratio (obtained from the first stage probit regression estimation) as an additional explanatory variable to the panel regression equation. To address the problem of endogeneity of the services input variables, which are very likely to be correlated with the individual specific effect, the
22 https://www.enterprisesurveys.org/
89
export intensity equation will be estimated by applying Hausman-Taylor IV estimation procedure (Hausman and Taylor, 1981).
Study Results. Generally, the key finding of the study is that improvement in the services sectors would enhance the export performance of manufacturers in transition economies. In particular, the study results suggest that reducing constraints and obstacles originating from inefficiencies in electricity, telecommunication, infrastructure and banking will encourage export performance of downstream industries. Thus, advancing liberalization reforms in telecommunications, electric power, railway transport, road transport, and water distribution sectors as well as in banking sector will stimulate expansion of export activities of manufacturers. Our results also suggest that services reform impacts more strongly on the intensity of existing exporters than it does in encouraging new exporters or new export markets.
This paper looks at firm specific factors that affect the export performance of manufacturers in transition economies as well. Consistent with the results in existing research, we find that firm specific characteristics such as the introduction of new products, investment in research and development, employment of advanced technologies, and employee skills are key drivers of export performance in the manufacturing sectors of transition economies. Introduction of new products and services, investment in research and development as well as employment of advanced technologies (high-speed, broadband internet connection) increase the competitiveness of the manufacturing firms in global markets and thus increase exports as a share of sales.
We find that the firm’s size and foreign investment do matter as well. These factors significantly and positively affect not only the decision to export, but also export intensity of manufacturers. Large firms have more advantages in accessing to finance, which is necessary to establish distribution networks in foreign markets. Generally larger firms have more resources for the investment necessary for attaining of competitive advantage globally. This is especially true for transition economies. Foreign ownership, in turn, facilitates transfer of advanced managerial expertise, skills and technologies that makes the firm more competitive in international markets. We also find that other factors such as trade facilitation, regulatory quality, the degree of competition, membership in European Union also positively affect exports.
The results of the study have several policy implications. The first insight is that an efficient service sector infrastructure represents a strategic and underexploited resource of export enhancement that can be influenced by policy makers. To stimulate export performance of manufacturing industries policy makers must emphasize further reforms and liberalization of their services sectors. These reforms must be focused on providing adequate access to services for downstream industries and thus on reducing their costs of doing business. Moreover, government should create favorable conditions for attracting foreign direct investments and encourage investments in innovation, research and development, employment of advanced technologies. A final policy point is that reducing trade related costs, through trade and customs procedures facilitation, would also increase exports. Private entrepreneurs should also expect that that their investments in innovation, research and development, employee skills and advanced technologies will be beneficial for their export activity.
In summary, the results of this study provide information for policymakers and stakeholders that will facilitate elaboration of policy interventions aimed at improvement of export performance of manufactures in transition economies.
REFERENCES
1. Arnold, J.M., A. Mattoo, and G.Narciso (2006), “Services Inputs and Firm Productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from Firm-Level Data,” The World Bank, Policy Research Working Paper 4048, Washington D.C.: World Bank.
2. Arnold, J.M., B. Javorcik, and A. Mattoo (2011), “Does Services Liberalization Benefit Manufacturing Firms: Evidence from the Czech Republic,” Journal of International Economics Vol. 85 (1), 136-146.
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3. Balchin, N., and L. Edwards (2008), “Trade-Related Business Climate and Manufacturing Export Performance in Africa: A Firm-Level Analysis,” Paper presented at the 2008 Conference of the African Econometric Society (AES), Pretoria, South Africa. Available at: http://www.africametrics.org/documents/conference08/day2/session5/balchin_edwards.pdf
4. Clarke, G. (2005), “Beyond Tariff and Quotas: Why Don’t African Manufacturing Enterprises Export More?” The World Bank, Policy Research Working Paper WPS3617, Washington D.C.: World Bank.
5. Dollar, D., M. Hallward-Driemeier, and T. Mengistae (2006), “Investment Climate and International Integration,” World Development 34(9), 1498-1516.
6. EBRD (2009), Transition report 2009: transition in crisis? European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Available at: http://www.ebrd.com/downloads/research/transition/TR09.pdf
7. Eschenbach, F., and B. Hoekman (2006), “Services Policy Reform and Economic Growth in Transition Economies,” Review of World Economics 142(4), 746-764.
8. Escribano, A., and J.L. Guasch (2005), “Assessing the Impact of the Investment Climate on Productivity Using Firm-Level Data: Methodology and the Cases of Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua,” The World Bank, Policy Research Working Paper 3621, Washington D.C.: World Bank.
9. Fernandes A. M., and C. Paunov (2012), “Foreign Direct Investment in Services and Manufacturing Productivity Growth: Evidence for Chile,” Journal of Development Economics Vol.97 (2), 305-321.
10. Hausman, J. A., and W. E. Taylor (1981), “Panel Data and Unobservable Individual Effect,” Econometrica 49, 1377-1398.
11. Heckman J. J. (1979), “Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error,” Econometrica 47(1), 153–161.
12. Helpman, E., M. Melitz, and Y. Rubinstein (2008), “Estimating Trade Flows: Trading Partners and Trading Volumes,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 123(2), 441-487.
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14. Melitz, M.J. (2003), “The Impact of Trade on Intra-Industry Reallocations and Aggregate Industry Productivity,” Econometrica 71, 1695-1725.
15. Portugal-Perez, A. and J. S. Wilson (2010), “Export Performance and Trade Facilitation Reform: Hard and Soft Infrastructure, Policy Research Working Paper 5261, The World Bank Development Research Group, Trade and Integration Team, Washington D.C.: World Bank.
16. Shepotylo O. (2009), “Export Diversification Across Industries and Space: Do CIS Countries Diversify Enough?” Discussion Papers 20, Kyiv School of Economics.
17. World Bank (1996), The East Asian Miracle: Economic Growth and Public Policy, World Bank Policy Research Reports (Oxford University Press).
Britchenko Igor Miklovda V.
Kubiniy N. Olshantseva T.
FEATURES OF JAPANESE MODEL OF ENETERPRENEURSHIP INTRODUCTION
Globalization of the economy gives an opportunity to use foreign companies’ experience in management. It creates additional impulse for increasing of enterprises competitiveness. Japanese model of entrepreneurship uses specific instruments, which are based on local traditions, mentality and institutional rules, but some of them can be adapted to European practice.
That is why the aim of this article is to show the content of Japanese model of the entrepreneurship, which can be used by Ukrainian enterprises.
There are two submodels in Japanese model of the entrepreneurship: the internal management
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sybmodel and the submodel of relationships with business environment. Internal management submodel consists of lots of aspects, but in this article we investigate the quality system management, financial management and human resource management. In relationships with business environment submodel consists of two parts: the relationships with human resource market and government.
During the investigation the following methods were used: analysis, synthesis, generalization and others.
RESULTS Model of the entrepreneurship consists of two subsystems: the internal management model and the
model of relationships with business environment. The main content of the following submodels is described on the picture 1.
Picture 1. The main elements of Japanese system of entrepreneurship
The model of management in Japanese companies has several aspects including just –in-time system, of human resource management, and financial management. Among the factors, that ensure effective strategic management and competitiveness improvement, there is a high level of adaptation to changes in surrounding conditions. One of the components, that make a possibility of quick adaptation, is a system of operational management. “Just in time” system occupies a special place among them. “Just in time” system is the one created for planning logistics that provides full conformity to the production process and updates the high quality of production. This system includes:
raw, semi-finished products, components are submitted by small lots directly at the right point of the production process, bypassing warehouses.
finished products are also shipped directly to consumers when production is complited. This system gets more affordable and allows to control the distribution of productive resources: people, materials, machines and information. To ensure effective strategic management it is important to make modern systems of operational management – to produce and deliver the products in time, which produce the required number of products, sell it to the customer, then again produce, etc. As practice shows, for the implementation of "just in time" system cannot rely only on the methods of central planning, determining the schedule of production once for all stages of production. That’s why, the necessary condition for providing the production and supply of products "just in time" is the introduction of the system kanban.
Thus, the kanban system is the information system (relative to the "just in time" system), which allows to control output of the desired products in various stages of production. For the practical implementation of
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“just-in-time” system
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"just in time" system for the company and its suppliers can use a variety of methods. The most effective one is – the reduction of inventories and distances.
Reduction of stocks can be implementing two ways – by cutting the number of products (item size), and reduction of the reserves. Reduction of lot item is a step toward the production of "just in time", because the production of smaller parties frequently corresponds to a rate of consumption. The matter is that, each program which improves the quality gives limited effect if the item size remains high.
Production of small batches increases the quality of the party due to the following reasons: 1. Eliminating large batches with lots of defective products; 2. Information from the consumer-company about the defective products for applying corrective
measures; 3. The cause of the defect is quite simple and can be removed by the employee directly in obtaining
relevant information from the consumer; 4. There is no usually need for a long-term preservation of information; 5. An opportunity to correct defects appears, which causes the reasons for requiring them to identify
the participation of several experts from the department of quality assurance, technical maintenance and other units, which becomes important due to the rapid feedback.
If a perfect organization of the "just in time" system is provided, it practically does not need much time to transport the processed products. The enterprise does not need the place for stocks. Because, the time between operations and the number of processed products, stored as inventory, is reduced to a minimum, shrinking the circle of necessary inspections and rework in case of defects. In other words, while defects are closer to the time of detection, it allows identifying and eliminating their causes quickly.
Thus, the "just in time" system is primarily designed to provide high quality. Reduction of stocks is used as a tool to discover the causes of production problems.
The introduction of the "just in time" system gives the integral effect of many indicators. As the practice shows, the typical results of the "just in time" system introduction is the system of the inventories reduction and production time by 90%, cost of labor - by 10-30%, time to preparation the production - a 75%, production area - a 50%, indirect costs - by 50-60%, park equipment - 90%, improving product quality by 75-90%.
This example shows that when the introduction of the "just in time" system does not need to focus on reducing the. It makes staff confused. Back in the mid-80's the "just in time" system was used less than 10% at industrial enterprises of the United States, though the interest on it was constantly growing.
The main conditions for successful implementation of the "just in time" system is the mass involvement of staff, the company should clearly understand the concept and the content of the system and compare it to their needs and capabilities. The experience of many firms shows, that it is desirable that a high level was an enthusiast of the system, that would actively engaged in its implementation. Expedient also is the initial testing of only one, rather well-established industrial area.
The kanban system is responsible for three levels of material flows: - from provider of material to the production area; - within the limits of the technological chain; - from producer to consumer. The next element of the internal management submodel is the system of financial management.
Japanese business typically works with high proportion of borrowed funds and therefore low autonomy. The coefficient of autonomy cannot be lower fifties percent at the western companies. Factor of autonomy is calculated as the ratio of own funds to total assets of the enterprise. The autonomy index is below this level, this means that, the company did not have enough own funds to respond to the liability necessary. But the Japanese rules of financial management permit to have the figure of about these thirty per cent. All this facts increase the risk of non bank loans. However, this risk is important not only for businesses but for the banks as well. So, there are several points that can manage the risk better and reduce its degree:
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Japanese financial management is characterized by low values of financial investment company. Japanese companies do not review portfolios of stocks and reflect the accounting value of their purchase prices, which could take place many years ago.
Underestimation of the real value of the land, owned by a Japanese company. The land under the house of Mitsubishi Estate was bought in 1892 for 6.4 thousand dollars, this amount of money is shown in balance paper till now. But its value today is not less than two billion dollars.
Preventive activities to reduce the risk for the bank are to make lending only by the pledge. Human resource management has a lot of specific features. One of the differences betwen Japanese management and American or West European is that young workers conduct functions that do not meet their official position.
A total training plays an important role in a career of staff at the enterprise. Employee during the first ten years of his/her work practically attends all parts (departments) of the enterprise. This system is useful in cases, where the necessary decisions are concerning the activities of the whole company. The system, which was built up on the rotation of young personnel, allows to the manager of one department to know the advantages and disadvantages of the other departments.
Ukrainian authors emphasize the positive features of the Japanese model of personnel management, the example of this is the point of view, outlined in Table 1.
Table 1. Comparative characteristics of Japanese and American models of human resources strategy
Criterion Japanese model U.S.A. Model
1. The system of hiring a labour Lifelong Short
2. Building a career Slow, depends on experience Fast, depends on individual abilities
and contribution to the work
3. Education With the job coach Outside on a wide range of a business schools, training centres, consulting
companies
4. Mobility of labour Low High
5. Wages As a result of collective work For individual contribution
6. Relations with subordinates Informal Formal
7. Responsibility results Collective Individual
8. Relation to the chief Patriarchal Indifferent
9. The nature of managerial decision making
Collective Individual
10. Control Collective Individual
11. Training Universal Highly specialized
12. Duration of work Scheduled and unscheduled Scheduled
Regarding the interaction of Japanese companies with the outside environment can be emphasized the following. The limits of this science work cannot allow analyzing for all areas of these interactions, but we can stop only at the most interesting: with the labor market and the state. There is no unemployment in Japan, in fact, unlike other countries. In larger cities, on the contrary, there are situations of lack of
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manpower. Appropriate level of life is characterized by one indicator, the average life expectancy, which in Japan is the largest in the world. The Japanese model of labor market is characterized by:
1. "Lifelong" labor. 2. The developed system of training within the company. 3. The size of the salary depends on experience. If necessary to reduce the production, the staff of its
enterprise is not exempted, and a reduction of working time per employee takes place. A widespread business education in the United States has identified a situation on the market of
managers dominated the professional managers whose has juridical or economic education. In Japan, managers have mainly technical education.
In the U.S.A. more than five hundred thousand lawyers and each year more than thirty thousand people pass the exams for the right to practice a law practice. In Japan, about seventeen thousand lawyers. Their number is growing every year only on three hundred people. At that time when the U.S.A. is preparing lawyers, Japan actively prepares engineers. In Japan, in twice more engineers, while the population is twice less.
This determines used certain approaches to defining the problem and ways how to fix it. So, in the U.S.A. lawyers firstly consider the problem or ways of its solving, they justify the legality of the ways of development or finding the ways to avoid problems. In Japanese enterprises the engineers firstly make a diagnostic of the problem and then solve it by looking for the specific, constructive solutions.
The educational status does not play any role for Japanese managers in advancing their career, while in the U.S.A. without the title of Master of Business Administration building the career is impossible.
As a result of lifelong employment, the Japanese corporations prefer to prepare professionals by own programs according to goals, objectives and specifics of the corporation. The Japanese believe that the main task of the University is to prepare the fully developed, well-educated person at the general academic base. Thus universities are very clearly ranged by its images, so competition in the prestigious universities is very high. To prepare the required level, applicant passes an educational program that starts in a prestigious kindergarten, then in a prestigious school, and finally - in a prestigious university.
Relations between business and entrepreneurship with the state characterized the role of the government in economic life and institute of business. The USA along with famous European states implementing the principle of least intervention in the economic environment. A characteristic feature of Japanese politics is a state planning and a regulation of the economy. For example, the post-war government plans for social and economic development. From the standpoint of realization the most successful was the plan of doubling the national income in 60-years. The quintessence of this plan was a creation of the priority from "total" values to "capitalist": stimulation of industrialization, increase exports, development of human capabilities in an era of scientific and technological progress. An active economic policy of government in Japan is aimed at ensuring long-term strategic goals as a condition for sustainable development.
CONCLUSIONS The results of the investigations give as an opportunity to use the following aspects of management on
the Ukrainian enterprises: 1. The quality management “just-in-time” system, needs to organize in universities the departments,
specialized on quality management systems. In Ukrainian universities the specialization in quality management is absent. This specialization needs close links with logistic courses, operation management courses and others.
2. The internal system of training as a part of the human resource management can be introduced on the Ukrainian enterprises. According to the Ukrainian statistics there are only 8 percents of personnel of enterprise improves the professional skill per year. Without powerful internal system of the training the Ukrainian business will be out of competition movement in terms of globalization.
3. The globalization gives opportunity to be competitive only on the base of the best world management experience.
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Britchenko Igor Miklovda V.
Kubiniy N. Olshantseva T.
FEATURES OF JAPANESE MODEL OF ENETERPRENEURSHIP SUMMARY
The article is devoted to the specific aspects of Japanese, model which can be used in European
entrepreneurship practice business. There are two submodels: the internal management system, and the submodel of relationships with business environment. Internal managemen submodel consists of the active system of management, financial and human recourse management. The relationships with human recourse market and government are covered in terms of the relationships with business environment.
Гаджиев Фазиль ПРОБЛЕМЫ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕННЫХ МОЩНОСТЕЙ
В УСЛОВИЯХ РЫНОЧНОЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ
Требованием рыночной экономики является повышение объема и качества продукции во всех
отраслях национальной экономики, а так же повышение производительности труда. Успешное решение этой проблемы зависит от рационального использования основных производственных фондов и производственных мощностей.
В централизованном экономическом периоде в Азербайджане были созданы производственные мощности, обладающие большими возможностями. Реализация этих возможностей в новой среде требует новых подходов.
Активизация мощностей в рыночных условиях встречается с многочисленными проблемами вызванными организацией производства, конкурентоспособностью продукции на внутреннем и внешнем рынке. В настоящее время страна каждый год от неполного пользования производственных мощностей теряет продукцию на сумму в 1 миллиард манат. Поэтому в условиях достижения нужных результатов научно-технического прогресса перед всеми отраслями производства стоят такие обязательства, как полное пользование мощностей и оборудования, улучшение использования основных фондов и повышение фондоотдачи. Этот вопрос особенно актуален в отраслях нефтяного машиностроения республики.
За последние годы наблюдаются снижение фондоотдачи на нефтяных машиностроительных предприятиях, что требует повышения уровня использования производственных мощностей.
Одной из основных требований рыночной экономики является обновление и модернизация технологического оборудования. Однако, несмотря на все это оборудование в машиностроительной отрасли Азербайджана и посей день находится не надлежащем уровне. Положение в машиностроительной промышленности страны показывает, что производственные мощности предприятий, входящих в данную отрасль промышленности, работают на 6-9%. По статистическим сведениям в конце 2010 г. баланс основных фондов страны составлял 67227.1 млн. манат. На основании сведений последней переоценки проведенной 1 июля 2000 г. уровень износа основных фондов составлял 34.6%, а в промышленности 44.6 %. С того периода по 2010 г. он колебался между 4.9 - 2%. А в промышленности, за указанный период, этот коэффициент колебался между 4.85 – 1.8%. Коэффициент износа еще ниже: 2000-2010 гг. максимальное число коэффициента 2000 г. (1,1%), а в 2010 г. минимальный коэффициент был (0,4%).В промышленности максимальное и минимальное число коэффициента износа приходится на тот период и соответствует 1,1 и 0,4 %. Однако, в
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развитых странах, с точки зрение экономики, полезный срок действующих частей основных фондов (в развитых странах принимается) меньше, чем 10 лет. Многие предприятия, Российской Федерации за длительное время не эксплуатировали свои проектные мощности больше 50-55%. Одой из основных причин является концентрация тяжелых, точных и сложных машиностроительных предприятиях в Российской Федерации, и частично на Украине и в Беларуси. А южные и юго-восточные республики используют свои производственные мощности на уровне 100-110%. [1. c.562]
Однако, в середине 80-х годов прошлого века в развитых странах, к примеру, если в Японии на производственных предприятиях период обновления движущихся деталей основных средств составляло 4-4.5 года, в Германии 4-4.5 года, в Соединенных Штатах Америки 5-5.5 лет, то показатели Советского Союза 40-50 лет, а показатели республик, входящих в союз превышали даже 50-55 лет. [5. с. 245]
Все это показывает то, что с технологией, не отвечающей современным требованиям, невозможно завоевать позиции на рынке промышленной продукции. Выводом из этого является то, что мероприятия по восстановлению и осуществлению обновления производства должны вестись синхронно и с последними достижениями научно-технического прогресса, что позволит создать возможность изменения величины основных фондов и использования производственных мощностей. В условиях рыночной экономики для устранения кризиса хозяйственных субъектов необходимо ускорять применение в производстве научно-технических достижений.
Комплекс машиностроения и его научно-технический потенциал занимает главное место в создании и развитии основных направлений научно-технического прогресса. Роль машиностроительной промышленности в оснащении национальной экономики техникой обеспечивается за счет нижеуказанных направлений: усовершенствование машиностроительного производства и повышение технико-экономического уровня данного производства.
Развитие техники протекает различными путями. С точки зрения перспектив экономического роста машиностроения производство машинных конструкций, владеющих новым принципом движения является важнейшим направлением научно-технического прогресса. Машины такого типа не имеют аналогов, они, как правило, создаются заново. Для этого осуществляется ряд исследований разведочного характера и испытательно-конструкторские работы. Новые виды техники требуют комплексного использования научных мыслей в различных отраслях науки.
Создание новых видов техники находится на завершительной стадии технического прогресса. Созданы машины и технологии с новым принципом работы, они проходят испытания в условиях реальной эксплуатации и должны быть подготовлены для промышленного производства.
Основными направлениями совершенствования техники являются нижеследующие: повышение единой мощности машин, осуществление интенсивности технологического процесса и режима работы машин, создание машинного комплекса путем воссоединения машин на технологических линиях на основании механизации и автоматизации, снабжение машин системами автоматического управления и системами регулирования, повышение точности работ за счет улучшения регулируемых машин, улучшения качества продукции, производимой на их основании, повышение экономичности машин.
Среди перечисленных, основными направлениями являются: повышение единой мощности энерго-оборудования машин, а также повышение экономической продуктивности в промышленных отраслях. За последние 10 лет единица мощности оборудования электроэнергии на Кишлинском машиностроительном заводе, который является одним из ведущих предприятий Открытого Акционерного Общества «Азнефтьхиммаш», была увеличена более чем в 3 раза. Новые машины дают возможность сократить расходы топлива, количество служебного персонала на единицу установленной мощности, а также стоимость строительно-монтажных работ. Увеличение единицы мощности оборудования и агрегатов, используемых в машиностроительной промышленности,
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приводит к сокращению себестоимости выпускаемой продукции на 5-15%, а также дает возможность уменьшить стоимость оборудования на 6-17%. [3.с. 125]
Осуществление интенсивности технологических процессов и снабжение машин системами автоматического управления и регулирования является одним из перспективных направлений совершенствования техники.
Совершенствование машин и оборудования, применяемых в производственном процессе, а также строение парка станков, характеризуются определенными направлениями. Во-первых, современные изменения в строении парка станков. Эти изменения, в первую очередь, относятся к повышению особого веса подготовительного оборудования в общем балансе применяемых рабочих инструментов. Во-вторых, в строении парка станков металлорежущего оборудования происходят современные изменения. На передний план выдвигается ускоренное развитие автоматического оборудования, являющегося малогабаритной электронной системой управления и контроля с помощью цифровых программ. В-третьих, возрастной состав оборудования меняется в прогрессивном порядке. В- четвертых, в технологическом снабжении машиностроительного производства происходят прогрессивные изменения. Технологическое обновление помогает сократить расходование затрат машин в процессе производства.
Анализ технологического строения современного машиностроения показывает, что в среднем 60%, а иногда даже 80% общего объема работы производства машин, оборудования, аппаратов и приборов составляют механическая переработка деталей и сбор изделий. Учитывая разнообразие процесса научно-технического прогресса, создаются препятствия полной оценки того или иного процесса, или объекта исследования, не изучив степень воздействия на них НТП.
НТП существенно воздействует на использование и рост производительности предприятий. Использование и рост производственной мощности тесно взаимосвязан со снабжением производства основными фондами, электроэнергией, и особенно, с автоматизацией производства. Комплексная механизация и автоматизация всего производственного процесса повышает производительность машин и оборудования, а также, создает возможность для улучшения использования производительности на предприятии.
В настоящее время в Открытом Акционерном Обществе «Азнефтьхиммаш» проводятся определенные работы по применению достижений науки и техники. Это, в первую очередь, состоит из механизации и автоматизации производства, а также, из применения на предприятии новейших машин и оборудования, передовой технологии, из модернизации действующего оборудования.
На предприятиях Открытого Акционерного Общества «Азнефтьхиммаш» осуществляется реконструкция, расширение производства и совершенствование технического снабжения. Капитал, направленный на промышленное строительство, был израсходован в ниже следующем порядке: 60,3% - техническое снабжение, 31,9% - расширение и реконструкция, 7,8% - новое строительство, это означает, что большая часть всех капиталовложений была направлена на техническое снабжение предприятия. Это, в свою очередь, является положительным процессом. Решение этой проблемы указывает на то , что капиталовложения в основном должны быть направлены на техническое обновление действующих предприятий и повысить процент замены старых машин и оборудования на новые.
В условиях высокого темпа научно-технического прогресса, повышение продуктивности в области производства могут быть достигнуты в результате использования современного оборудования, размещения основных фондов, осуществления организационно-технических мероприятий, рационального использование новых машин и оборудования, в рамках двух-трехсменного режима работы, на протяжении всего дня, а также внутрисменного режима работы, повышения интенсивности производства, совершенствования организации труда, производства и управления и продуктивного использования как активной, так и пассивной части основных фондов производства.
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Ускорение НТП в первую очередь требует экономического развития на современном уровне, углубление интенсивности и повышения производительности. Для решения этой проблемы необходимо еще более усовершенствовать хозяйственный механизм, создать единую систему управления и определить направления, создающие возможность для повышения производительности. Интенсивность производства отражает процесс повышения продуктивности на основании совершенствования качеству всех факторов производства и это, в первую очередь, приобретается посредством достижений научно-технического процесса и рационального использования всех производственных ресурсов (технические материалы и труд).
Рыночная экономика характеризуется нехваткой финансовых средств. По этой причине, осуществление активизации производительности на машиностроительных предприятиях (модернизация оборудования, применение производственных технологий и т.д.), которое требует крупного инвестиционного вложения, должно считаться одним из стратегических направлений развития промышленности.
Также немало работ, осуществляемых за счет возможностей самого предприятия. Рациональное использование оборудования, ликвидация простоев, совершенствование организации труда, производства и управления могут послужить примером этому.
В данных условиях, особую роль играет анализ возможности использования производительности основных фондов производства.
Актуальность выполнения данных задач также обосновывается тем, что на настоящий момент масштаб имеющихся ресурсов, неиспользованных годами, очень велик и эти ресурсы часто остаются за рамками воздействия экономического механизма.
Одним из основных экономических показателей характеризующих эффективность использования основных фондов производства и производительности является фондоотдача, что требует особого подхода к различным модификациям этого показателя в современной экономической теории и практике. Существует такая мысль, что фондоотдача должна быть определена как непосредственное соотношение к национальным доходам (соотношение национального дохода к основным фондам производства). Эта мысль обосновывается тем, что именно этот показатель считается основным критерием для повышения финансового благосостояния народа или единственным его источником. В настоящее время немало сторонников определения фондоотдачи с помощью норматива объема фонда в размерах продукции. Также прогрессирует мысль о том, что фондоотдача как критерий определяется соотношением прибыли к основным фондам.
Полагается, что все или другие предложенные различные показатели фондоотдачи широко применяются на практике. Эти показатели характеризуют различные стороны экономических связей между использованием основных производственных фондов и результатом хозяйственной деятельности. Таким образом, эти показатели не могут выступать в качестве основных показателей, определяющих уровень фондоотдачи. Возможность ограниченности и противоречий этих показателей неоднократно доказывалась различными исследователями. Доказательствам является то, что национальный доход, чистая прибыль зависят от многих факторов, не связанных с функцией основных производственных фондов. В определении фондоотдачи исследователи, предложившие принятие общей продукции со сравнительной оценкой как основной показатель, может считаться более реалистичным с точки зрения факторов. Итак, специфические особенности показателей фондоотдачи состоят исключительно из измерения (сопоставления) объема материалов продукции из состава трудовых средств.
На основании результатов анализов проведенных 2000-2010 гг. в Открытом Акционерном Обществе «Азнефтьхиммаш» и его заводах по фондоотдаче, доходов и повышения рентабельности имеются неиспользованные ресурсы. Важным из них, как было указано выше, проведение изменений в планировании производственных мощностей, параллельно с их развитием и усовершенствованием. Рациональное решение такого вопроса связанно с усовершенствованием управления нефтест-
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роительных предприятий, подачей предпринимательского права на продукцию, произведенную коллективом, а также с приватизацией этой собственности или делает ее значимой. Только в условиях хозяйственных отношений, предпринимательства и предприимчивости можно повысить уровень использования неиспользованных ресурсов, хотя на практике достичь реализации на основании административных механизмов непосредственного управления таких средств очень трудно или практически невозможно.
Проведенные исследования доказывают, что на предприятиях нефтестроительной промышленности рациональное использование производственных мощностей дает возможность выявить рациональную деятельность новых рыночных структур и тем самым предусматривает интенсивное применение методик, представленных экономическим анализом в области неиспользованных ресурсов.
В условиях рыночной экономики на предприятиях нефтяного машиностроения важное значение, как с практической, так и с теоретической точки зрения, придается анализу факторов, которые отражают количество, качество уровня интенсивного использования производственных мощностей. Расширение производственного масштаба и повышения его экономической рациональности ставит перед собой цель обнаружения ресурсов, улучшения использования производственных мощностей, имеющихся на предприятии. Исходя из этого нужно определить группу факторов, воздействующих на условия использования производственных мощностей, имеющихся на предприятии и уровня их рационального использования. Известно, что факторы, действующие на производственные мощности, имеющиеся на предприятии и уровень их рационального пользования взаимосвязаны. И поэтому каждый действующий фактор как единый объект считается производственной мощностью предприятия. Итак, все это дает еще одно основание на необходимость системного изучения этих факторов.
Заключение В общем, в машиностроительной промышленности, в особенности на предприятиях нефтяного
машиностроения, возможно достижение перераспределения производственных мощностей, применение еще более новейших и прогрессивных технологий в производстве при устранение безотносительности возникшей в результате неравного развития производственных мощностей. На ликвидацию (или регулирование) возникшей безотносительности производственных мощностей выполнение таких мер не всегда действует одинаково. Итак, если в результате применения каждой меры уровень объема фонда падает, тогда в промышленности применения других мер объем машин и энергообъем увеличивается.
В условиях рыночной экономики рациональная организация производства без использования дополнительных капиталовложений на предприятиях и хозяйственных субъектах не сможет обеспечить развитие пропорциональное развитие производственных мощностей. Таким образом, последовательность пропорционального развития производственных мощностей считается одним из основных факторов их интенсивного пользования.
В общем, организация интенсивного пользования производственных мощностей на нефтяных машиностроительных предприятиях обуславливает решение двух важных проблем:
1. Определение путей экономического анализа ресурсов, имеющихся в направлении пропорционального развития производственных мощностей с техническим вооружением производства отдельных цехов заводов и хозяйственных субъектов;
2. Усовершенствование организации производства соответствующего требованиям рыночной экономики, что еще больше повышает эффективность использования производственных мощностей и машинной системы.
ЛИТЕРАТУРА
1. Статистические показатели Азербайджана – Б: Седа, 2008, 769 с.
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2. Алиев Илхам. Каспийская нефть Азербайджана. М., «Известия», 2003, 710 с. 3. Мусаев А.Ф., Ахмедов А.Н. Тенденции развития экономики машиностроения в
Азербайджане. Баку, 1999, 220 с. 4. Атакишиев М. Дж. Экономическая эффективность рационального использования
производственных мощностей в бурении. М.: Нефть и Газ, 1997, 188с. 5. Самедзаде З.А. Этапы большого пути: экономика Азербайджана за полвека, ее реалии и
перспективы. Баку, 2004, 936 с. 6. Сломан Дж. Основы экономики. М., «Издательство Проспект», 2006, 568 с.
Haciyev Fazil PROBLEMS USING THE PRODUCTION CAPACITY IN A MARKET ECONOMY
SUMMARY
Formation of regional clusters in a market economy poses a very important urgent commitments such as the study evaluation of international economic agreements, and evaluation of socio-economic development. In such circumstances, in all sectors of national economy, especially in the petroleum engineering industry the important role played by the intensity of direct economic ties between enterprises, management of production facilities, identifying resources increase the potential return on assets (relative to the average annual income of fixed assets to production facilities), which is considered the most important parameter of rationality at this time. In the engineering industry production capacity characterize the works of oil engineering companies at the highest level, as well as the potential for creating conditions for their use in certain business entities in compliance with the terms and quality. Currently, the definition of potential engineering enterprises in creating new facilities provided by the calculation of production capacity. In the process of calculation and determination of available capacity and full capacity utilization of process equipment reveals the need for material, labor and financial resources necessary for the engineering industry.
irma dixaminjiairma dixaminjiairma dixaminjiairma dixaminjia strategiuli marTvastrategiuli marTvastrategiuli marTvastrategiuli marTva,,,, rogorc rogorc rogorc rogorc organizaciuliorganizaciuliorganizaciuliorganizaciuli ganviTarebganviTarebganviTarebganviTarebis faqtoriis faqtoriis faqtoriis faqtori
makrosamyaro mudmivad dinamiuri wonasworobis mdgomareobaSia. icvleba
samyaro da masTan erTad yvelaferi arsebuli. msoflio bazarze arsebuli
dRevandeli situacia mraval kompanias aiZulebs, Seicvalon, raTa SeinarCunon
arsebuli mdgomareoba da SeiZinon axali konkurentuli upiratesoba. saerTod,
organizaciebi yalibdeba imitom, rom makrosamyaroSi iqmneba yvela saWiro da
sakmarisi piroba maTi warmoSobisTvis da icvleba gare samyaroSi cvlilebebTan
erTad. vinaidan organizacia Ria sistemaa, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia
cvlileba droSi, konkurentunarianobis SesanarCuneblad igi aucileblad unda
axorcielebdes organizaciul cvlilebebs. icvleba bazris kanonebi da Zveli
kanonebiT moqmedi yvela kompania ganidevneba bazridan. metic, radgan operaciuli
garemos mamoZravebeli Zalebi icvleba droTa ganmavlobaSi, organizaciam uari
unda Tqvas im taqtikuri xazis brmad gamoyenebaze, romelic adre warmatebis
momtani iyo, Tumca momavalSi ar iZleva aseTive warmatebis garantias. amis
magivrad unda ganxorcieldes garemos turbulentobis donis monitoringi.
idealur SemTxvevaSi, menejerebs, romlebic floben uwyvet informacias,
ganaxlebads da amomwuravs, SeuZliaT moaxdinon Sesabamisi gegmebis da proce-
durebis identificireba da gamoyeneba, romlebic SemuSavebulia turbulentobis
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garkveuli donisaTvis. Tuki isini kargad esadagebian gareSe garemos realur
pirobebs, organizacia miaRwevs did warmatebebs. esaa swored, i. ansofis mixedviT
“warmatebis strategiuli hipoteza”[2. gv. 16].
marTvis Tanamedrove Teoriis koncefciebis Tanaxmad, arsebobis Sesanar-
Cuneblad aucilebelia strategiuli menejmentis dogmebis dacva – misiis Camoya-
libeba; Zlieri da susti mxareebis, gareSe SesaZleblobebisa da safrTxeebis
gansazRvra (SWOT), miznebis dasaxva, resursebis ganawileba da strategiis
realizacia, aqve mniSvnelovania garemos cvlilebebidan gamomdinare strategiis
gadaxedva. i. ansofi werda: ”roca garemomcevli samyaro gadadis cvlilebis axal
doneze, firmis strategiuli agresuloba unda aiwios an daiwios adekvatur
doneze. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki agresiuloba da potenciali ar pasuxobs garemos
moTxovnebs, firma dakargavs poziciebs konkurenciaSi da aramomgebiani gaxdeba” [2.
gv. 53]. organizaciebis umravlesoba asec iqceva, Tumca ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
es seriozulad cvlis situacias. im organizaciebze, romlebic iSlebian, amboben:
“ver moergnen”. ratom ver SeZles maT morgeba? gana am kompaniebs ar hqondaT
strategia, romelic dafuZnebuli iyo imaze, rasac strategiuli marTvis Teoria-
Si eZaxian “xedvas”? mecnierebi emeri da tristi magaliTis saxiT gvTavazoben erT-
erTi inglisuri firmis warumateblobas, romelmac ver SeZlo garemos
mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswineba. isini aRniSnavdnen, rom “organizaciis arseboba
dakavSirebulia organizaciis codnis donesTan misi garemomcveli garemos
Sesaxeb” [3. gv. 117]. amerikis oficialuri statistikis Tanaxmad, oci wlis win
arsebuli kompaniebis 40% dResdReobiT ar arsebobs. 1970 wels gamoqveynebuli
“Fortune 500”-is CamonaTvalidan dReisTvis gaqra kompaniebis 60% [1]. amis mizezi iyo
maTi STanTqma sxva kompaniebis mier an ubralod gakotreba da biznesis sferodan
gamosvla. biznesorganizaciebis sferoSi, ra Tqma unda, SeiZleba Segvxvdes didi
xnis kompaniebic, romelTa asaki iTvlis aswleulebs. magaliTad, kompania,
“franguli Rvinismwarmoebeli sawarmoebi”, romelic 2000 welze meti xania
arsebobs da dResac warmatebiT funqcionirebs [3. gv.132].
ramdenad SeuZlia strategiul marTvas organizaciebisTvis komerciuli
warmatebisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofa? es sakiTxi warmoadgens
sakmaod Tanamedrove da aqtualur problemas. organizaciuli ganviTarebis
ucxouri gamocdilebidan Cans, rom: 1. dResdReobiT im organizaciebs, romlebic
funqcionireben garkveuli strategiis Sesabamisad da im organizaciebs, rom-
lebsac ar aqvT strategia, arsebobis praqtikulad erTnairi SesaZlebloba
gaaCniaT; 2. Tanamedrove qaosurad cvalebad organizaciul garemoSi strategiuli
marTvis dogmebi warmatebuli organizaciuli ganviTarebis garantias ar iZleva,
Tumca organizaciis marTvaSi Semoaqvs garkveuli mizanSewoniloba; 3. organi-
zaciebSi, romelTac ara aqvT funqcionirebis mkafiod Camoyalibebuli strategia,
ganviTarebas aqvs evoluciuri xasiaTi maSin, rodesac organizaciebSi, romlebic
imarTeba strategiuli gegmis Sesabamisad, aseTi ganviTareba mimdinareobs
revoluciurad; 4. warmateba Tan sdevs iseT organizaciebs, romelTa strategia
mimarTulia TavianTi Sida potencialis aqtiuri gamoyenebisken gare samyaros
Sesacvlelad, da ara ubralod masTan adaptaciisaken [2,4,5,6,].
mincbergma gviCvena, rom strategiuli marTva aris im organizaciebSi, sadac
mzad arian revoluciuri cvlilebebisTvis. aseT organizaciebSi menejerebi
cdiloben, SeewinaaRmdegon im cvlilebebs, romlebiskenac maT ubiZgebs garemos
faqtorebis dinamika. miuxedavad imisa, rom garemo organizacias miuTiTebs
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ganviTarebis gansakuTrebul gzaze, es ukanaskneli agrZelebs moZraobas winaswar
dagegmili strategiuli kursiT, magram TandaTan gareSe pirobebis da
organizaciis funqcionirebis meTodebis Seusabamoba aRwevs Tavis kritikul
wertils. es dapirispireba adre Tu gvian iwvevs organizaciul kriziss. orga-
nizaciuli krizisis pirobebSi aseTi organizacia axorcielebs Sida uecar
revoluciur cvlilebebs, romlebsac gamohyavs igi ganviTarebis sruliad axal
etapze, anu imsxvreva Zveli organizaciuli struqturebis azrovnebis stereo-
tipebi da inergeba inovaciuri azrovneba. korporacia “Apple”-is ganviTareba
adasturebs am daskvnas. Tavisi arsebobis sxvadasxva etapze es korporacia
iyenebda sxvadasxva strategias, romlebsac Tavidan mohqonda didi ekonomikuri da
moraluri warmateba. Tumca garkveuli drois Semdeg naTeli gaxda, rom arCeuli
strategia Sors iyo realobisgan. maSin dadga organizaciuli krizisi, romlis
gamosworeba yovelTvis mtkivneulia da dakavSirebulia axali strategiuli
mimarTulebebis arCevasTan. swored am axalma mimarTulebebma moutana mas
msoflio aRiareba da warmateba.
aqedan gamomdinare, strategiuli marTva mimarTulebas aZlevs organizaciis
ganviTarebas, Tumca periodulad mas organizaciul krizisamde mivyavarT. l.
greinerma SemogvTavaza originaluri modeli, romelic aRwers aseTi organi-
zaciebis ganviTarebas Tanamimdevruli krizisuli periodebis gavliT. igi gamo-
yofs organizaciuli ganviTarebis 5 stadias, romlebic erTmaneTisgan daSore-
bulni arian organizaciuli krizisebis momentebiT. organizaciis erTi stadiidan
meoreze gadasvlis gza mdgomareobs Sesabamisi krizisis gadalaxvaSi. l. greineri
asaxelebs organizaciuli ganviTarebis Semdeg stadiebs da krizisebs [8]:
• ganviTarebis stadia, romelic efuZneba Semoqmedebas. es stadia aris
organizaciis daarsebidan mis pirvel organizaciul krizisamde – liderobis
krizisamde. organizacia iqmneba menejerebis ZalisxmevebiT da viTardeba misi
damfuZneblebis SemoqmedebiTi potencialis realizaciiT. Tumca, organizaciis
zrdasTan erTad, damfuZneblebs sWirdebaT organizaciis kontroli da misi
ganviTarebis gardaqmna, rac moiTxovs axal specializebul codnas, romelic maT
jer ar gaaCniaT. es xdeba pirveli krizisis mizezi, romlis mTavari kiTxva
mdgomareobs imaSi, Tu saiT unda imoZraos organizaciam da vis SeuZlia amis
gakeTeba.
• ganviTarebis stadia, romelic efuZneba xelmZRvanelobas. rodesac lide-
robis krizisi warmatebiT aris gadalaxuli, dgeba organizaciuli zrdis perio-
di, romlis safuZvels warmoadgens naTlad dagegmili samuSao da profesiuli
menejmenti. Tumca garkveuli drois Semdeg marTvis biurokratiuli struqtura
zRudavs menejerTa Semoqmedebas. organizaciis marTvis sistema xdeba uTanxmoebis
wyaro, romlis arsi isaa, rom sxvadasxva adamians organizaciaSi sxvadasxvanairad
esmis saWiro da sakmarisi Tavisufleba marTvis sxvadasxva doneze. es aris
avtonomiis krizisi.
• ganviTarebis stadia, romelic efuZneba delegirebas. avtonomiis krizisis
warmatebuli gadalaxva dakavSirebulia struqturul gardaqmnasTan da garkveuli
gadawyvetilebebis uflebamosilebis delegirebasTan maRali doneebidan ufro
dabalze. es garkveulwilad zrdis organizaciis ganviTarebis potencials, Tumca
adgili aqvs axal kriziss – kontrolis kriziss, rodesac topmenejmenti
acnobierebs, rom organizaciaze kontrols kargavs.
103
• ganviTarebis stadia, romelic efuZneba koordinacias. kontrolis krizisis
gadasalaxad organizaciis struqturaSi gamoiyofa strategiuli ganyofilebebi,
romlebsac aqvT operatiuli damoukideblobis sakmaod didi done, magram, amasTan
erTad, isini mkacri kontrolis qveS imyofebian strategiuli resursebis gamoye-
nebis TvalsazrisiT: finansuri, SromiTi, teqnologiuri da a.S. es ganviTarebis
axali impulsia, magram TandaTan iwvevs funqcionalur ganyofilebebsa da
Stabbinebs Soris sazRvrebis kriziss.
• ganviTarebis stadia, romelic efuZneba TanamSromlobas. sazRvrebis krizi-
sis gadasalaxad saWiroa fsiqologebis profesionalizmi, romlebsac SeuZliaT
gadawyviton adamianebs Soris konfliqti. organizaciaSi Tanamoazreebis gundis
Seqmna mas ganviTarebisTvis axal impulss aZlevs. mocemuli stadia ar aris bolo,
is ubrlod miuTiTebs organizaciis ganviTarebis garkveuli ciklis logikur
dasrulebaze. l. greineri Tvlis, rom es stadia SeiZleba dasruldes fsiqolo-
giuri daRlilobis an ndobis krizisiT, roca yvela, rogorc erTiani gundi,
iRleba samuSaosgan.
organizaciis ganviTarebis l. greineris mier SemoTavazebuli Teoriidan
Cans, rom organizaciis ganviTareba ramdenime etaps gadis, amasTan, etapebs Soris
gadasvla dakavSirebulia organizaciis sidideze: rac didia masStabi, miT metia
SesaZleblobebi, rTulia marTvis sistema da ganviTarebis etapic. yoveli etapi
mTavrdeba zrdis krizisiT, romlis drosac organizacias SeuZlia gadavides an
dacemis periodSi da daasrulos Tavisi arseboba, an Semdeg etapze zrdis
SesaZleblobebis miRebiT. organizaciebSi adre Tu gvian dgeba cvlilebebis
gatarebis saWiroeba miuxedavad imisa, Tu ganviTarebis romel ideologias
eyrdnobian isini. Tumca am cvlilebebis sworad ganxorcielebazea damokidebuli
ara marto maTi arsebobis xangrZlivoba, aramed maTi funqcionirebis efeqtia-
nobac.
amerikuli, evropuli da iaponuri kompaniebis saqmianobis gacnobiT vxedavT,
rom zogi kompania ufro warmatebulad funqcionirebs da viTardeba, vidre sxva
kompaniebi, radgan maT sxvagvarad warmoudgeniaT TavianTi organizaciuli
ganviTarebis safuZvlebi da mamoZravebeli Zalebi. mecnier-mkvlevarTa analizidan
gamomdinare, naklebad warmatebuli kompanebi dRes agrZeleben strategiuli
marTvis klasikuri Teoriis debulebebis gamoyenebas, iswrafvian ra im Tvisebebis
ganviTarebisken, romlebic uzrunvelyofs karg mdgomareobas konkurentul
garemoSi. aseTi kompaniebi, rogorc wesi, gamoiyeneben tipur strategiebs. ufro
warmatebuli kompaniebi, piriqiT, yovelTvis arian mimarTuli TavianTi resursebiT
manipulirebaze, inovaciebis danergvasa da, erTi SexedviT, miuRweveli miznebis
miRwevaze. am kompaniebSi mTavari yuradReba eTmoba arsebuli resursebis ufro
intensiur da aratradiciul gamoyenebas organizaciis axali SesaZleblobebis
Sesaqmnelad. ufro warmatebuli organizaciebi ubralod ki ar miiswrafvian,
miesadagon garemos cvlilebebs, aramed isini aqtiurad moqmedeben aseTi garemos
Seqmnis mimarTulebiT.
rogorc vxedavT, garemos ganviTarebis tendenciebis codnis gareSe
SeuZlebelia SesaZleblobebisa da safrTxeebis warmodgena, romlebic am garemoSi
aris. Tanamedrove pirobebSi strategiuli marTva aucilebelia imisaTvis, rom
organizacias meti Zala gaaCndes normaluri funqcionirebisa da ganviTarebisTvis.
organizaciis Tanamedrove strategiebi unda efuZnebodes ara mxolod garemos
104
SesaZleblobebisa da safrTxeebis analizs, Zlieri mxareebis ganviTarebas, aramed
organizaciis Sida potencialis Secnobasa da ganviTarebas.
gamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literatura
1. http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2011/full_list/ 2. Ансофф И. Н. Стратегическое управление, изд. дом «Управление»., Изд. С-Петербург. 1989 . 3. Мескон М.Х., Альберт М., Хедоури Ф. Основы менеджмента: пер.с англ.- М.: Дело, 2002. 4. Минцберг Г., Альстрэнд Б., Лэмпел Дж. Школы стратегий. Стратегическое сафари:
экскурсия по дебрям стратегий менеджмента.Издательство:Питер.2001. 5. Ральф Кристенсен. Стратегическое управление человеческими ресурсами. Дорожная карта.
От великой идеи к деловой практике, Издательство: Олимп-Бизнес, 2011. 6. Michael A. Hitt, R. Duane Ireland, Robert E. Hoskisson, Strategic Management: Competitiveness
and Globalization: Concepts and Cases., South-Western College Pub., 2008. 7. Evolution and Revolution As Organizations Grow", Larry E. Greiner, May – Harvard Business
Review, June 1998.
Dikhaminjia Irma STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT AS A FACTOR OF ORGANIZATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
SUMMARY
Organization is an alive organism, which is characterized by changes in time. In order to maintain its competitive position it should necessary undergone organizational changes according to market rules. But it is impossible to imagine those capabilities and dangers without having knowledge of tendencies of the environment development. Successful companies implement innovations and make attempts to achieve inaccessible goals. They devote principal attention to more intensive and non-traditional usage of existed resources for the purpose of creating new capabilities. In order to create long termed success it is important not only to get used to already existed resources for the demands of the environment, but their creatively usage, organizational update, its renewal as from the point of view of inner position, from outside factors as well. Exactly this is the guarantor of success in modern world.
Tamar dudauriTamar dudauriTamar dudauriTamar dudauri biznesis globalizaciis aqtualuri sakiTxebi biznesis globalizaciis aqtualuri sakiTxebi biznesis globalizaciis aqtualuri sakiTxebi biznesis globalizaciis aqtualuri sakiTxebi
globalizaciis aqtualuri sakiTxebi dResdReobiT yvelaze metad ganixileba
sxvadasxva sferos warmomadgenlebs Soris. am terminis farTo gavrceleba
migvaniSnebs am movlenis masStaburobaze. arsebobs sxvadasxva TvalTaxedva TviT
globalizaciis fenomenze, pirobiTad SegviZlia gamovyoT skeptikuri da
radikaluri TvalTaxedva. skeptikosebi Tvlian, rom globalur ekonomikas ar
gaaCnia gansakuTrebuli siaxle wina periodebTan SedarebiT, xolo radikaluri
TvalTaxedviT, globalizacia warmoadgens realur movlenas, romlis gavlena
igrZnoba yvela sferoSi.
biznesis globalzaciis pirobebSi aqtiurad viTardeba msoflio bazari,
iSleba nacionaluri sazRvrebi, saxelmwifoebi kargaven Tavisi suverenitetis
mniSvnelovan nawils. izrdeba finansuri nakadebis intensivoba da kapitalis
moZraoba. globalizacia xels uwyobs axali codnis, ideebis, saqonlis
gavrcelebas, axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebad
105
qveynebSi. globalizacia moicavs ara mxolod ekonomikur, aramed politikur,
socialur, kulturul, sulier, teqnologiur da bunebriv sferoebs.
globalizacia viTardeba araTanabrad da misi Sedegebi ar aris yovelTvis
sasikeTo. globalizacia qmnis gamarjvebulTa samyaros, romlic mcirea, da
damarcxebulTa samyaros, romelic sakmaod mravalricxovania. ase magaliTad,
amerikeli profesori kolumbiis universitetidan emanuel valerstaini Tavis
wignSi “nacnobi samyaros dasasruli”, werda, rom msoflios uRaribesi
mosaxleobis 20%-is wili mTlian msoflio SemosavalSi 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi
2,3%-dan daeca 1,4%-mde, im dros, rodesac yvelaze mdidari mosaxleobis 20%-is
wili gaizarda. 20 afrikul qveyanaSi saharis udabnos samxreTiT erT sul
mosaxleze Semosavali daeca meoce saukunis 70-iani wlebis doneze.
sufTa ekonomikuri TvalTaxedviT, globalizacia amZafrebs gansxvavebas
ganviTarebul da ganviTarebad qveynebs Soris. globalizaciis erT-erTi mTavari
Tezisi ase JRers, rom qveynebs Soris unda moxdes specializacia e.i. maT unda
gamouSvan is produqcia, sadac maTi danaxarjebi minimaluria. es ki niSnavs imas,
rom aSS-Si, iaponiasa da evrokavSiris zogierT qveyanaSi viTardeba biznesis
yvelaze teqnologiuri saxeebi, xolo ganviTarebadi qveynebi xdebian iafi samuSao
Zalis mimwodeblebi.
mravalnacionaluri anu globaluri kompaniis fenomeni gansazRvravs
postindustriul ekonomikas mTlianobaSi. aseTi kompaniebi biznesis
warmarTvisadmi saerTaSoriso midgomas iyeneben sawarmos ganTavsebaze, bazris
arCevaze, personalis SerCevaze. globalur kompanias gaaCnia globaluri xedva
bazrebsa da konkurenciaze, is kargad icnobs Tavis konkurentebs, akontrolebs
Tavis operaciebs msoflio masStabiT. mravali qveynis finansuri saxsrebi bevrad
naklebia, vidre msxvili globaluri kompaniisa. Sesabamisad warmoiSo msxvili
kompaniebis interesebis lobirebis SesaZlebloba saxelmwifo struqturebTan
urTierTqmedebiT. imis miuxedavad, rom, tradiciulad, globalur kompaniebs
ganixilaven, rogorc ganviTarebul qveynebze zemoqmedebis instruments, xandaxan
globaluri kompaniebi Tavisi qveynis mTavrobaze zemoqmedebas axdenen, raTa man
gauwios SeRavaTebi da mouxsnas sanqciebi im qveyanas, sadac aris ganTavsebuli
misi sawarmoebi. magram, ZiriTadad, maT zemoqmedebis didi SesaZleblobebi aqvT
mimRebi qveynebis mTavrobebze, magaliTad, Tu qveyanaSi aris siRaribe da
umuSevroba, maSin nebismieri investori, romelic qmnis samuSao adgilebs, iRebs
Tavisi pirobebis karnaxis saSualebas mocemul bazarze. amrigad, kompaniebis
globalur bazarze gasvlis ZiriTad mizezs warmoadgens produqciis warmoebasa
da realizaciaze gaweuli danaxarjebis Semcireba iafi samuSao Zalis mozidvis
xarjze da amitomac kompaniebs warmoebebi gadaaqvT ganviTarebad qveynebSi sadac
metia iafi samuSao Zala, rac warmoqmnis umuSevrobas TviT ganviTarebul
qveynebSi, ganviTarebul qveynebSi warmoebuli masiuri moxmarebis sagnebi ukve
sakmaod Zviria da, Sesabamisad, arakonkurentunariani ganviTarebadi qveynebidan
mowodebul saqonelTan SedarebiT.
dResdReobiT, albaT, saerTaSoriso bazarze gasvlis yvelaze popularuli
strategia aris warmoeba kontraqtiT, rodesac sawarmo Tavisi produqciis
warmoebas avalebs organizaciebs, romlebic imyofebian ucxoeTis bazarze.
kontraqtis mixedviT warmoeba, ucxour bazarze gamoiyeneba sawarmos sawarmoo
simZlavreebis deficitis SemTxvevaSi, satransporto xarjebis SemcirebisaTvis,
rigi SeRavaTebis misaRebad da, pirvel rigSi, sawarmoo danaxarjebis
106
Sesamcireblad. iseTi kompaniebi, rogorebicaa Nike, Adidas, IKEA, Benetton da sxv. aqtiurad iyeneben mcire samkervalo mwarmoeblebs sazRvargareT, romlebTanac
muSaoben kontraqtis safuZvelze. sakontraqto warmoeba Sida bazarze Semomaval
kompanias did Tavisuflebas aniWebs: mas SeuZlia daudos xelSekruleba nebismier
sxva firmas, YTu mas ar akmayofilebs Sesrulebuli samuSaos xarisxi an vadebi.
xSirad kontraqtorebi, romlebTanac ideba xelSekruleba, SekveTas gadascen
qvekontraqtors, romelic mizeruli anazRaurebiT asrulebs samuSaos.
saerTaSoriso kompaniebi aqtiurad cdiloben Seamciron sagadasaxado
tvirTi, amitom maT Tavisi operaciebis nawili gadaaqvT im regionebSi, sadac
gadasaxadebi dabalia, magaliTad Tavisufal ekonomikur zonebSi. xSirad
Tavisufal ekonomikur zonebSi ganTavsebulia holdinguri, finansuri, sadazRvevo
kompaniebi, romlebic saSualebas iZlevian, gatardes ufro moqnili sabazro da
sainvesticio politika. aseTi zonebi saerTaSoriso kompaniebs mimzidvel pirobebs
sTavazoben biznesis sawarmoeblad: aq mogebis gadasaxadi ar aris an Seadgens 1-
2%-s, maqsimalurad gamartivebulia registraciis procedura, ar arsebobs
SezRudva valutis gatanaze, liberaluria firmis marTvis procedurebis
reglamentacia, mraval qveyanaSi, sadac ekonomikuri zonebia, sagadasaxado da
sabaJo darRvevebi sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulad ar iTvleba.
Tanamedrove etapze SegviZlia vilaparakoT Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebis
Tavbrudamxvev ganviTarebaze, rogorc ekonomikis damoukidebel dargze.
magaliTad, dResdReobiT filipinebSi arsebobs 50-ze meti ekonomikuri zona,
sadac dasaqmebulia naxevar milionze meti adamiani. CineTSi, romelmac Tavisi
produqciiT gaavso msoflio bazari, 124 Tavisufal ekonomikur zonaSi
dasaqmebulia 18 milioni adamiani, magram am zonebSi sakmaod mZime pirobebSi
uwevT muSaoba Cinel muSebs, radgan maTi samuSao dRe Seadgens 12-dan 16 saaTamde,
momuSaveTa umetesoba qalebia, xelmZRvanelobis stili naxevrad samxedro,
samuSao arakvalificiuri, Sromis anazRaureba saarsebo minimumze dabali, ar
arsebobs dasaqmebis garantia. amasTan Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebis
teritoriaze faqtobrivad ar moqmedebs profkavSirebi, am zonis SigniT
akrZalulia demonstraciebi da piketebi. Aamitomac adamanis uflebebis damcvelma
organizaciebma am sakiTxebs unda miaqcion gansakuTrebuli yuradReba.
mravali globaluri kompania gamodis ideologiidan, romlis Tanaxmadac,
adamianis uflebaa, daimorCilos buneba, aqedan gamomdinareobs albaT rigi
qveynebis survilis arqona, moaweron xeli “kiotos oqms”. sainteresoa is faqti,
rom xelSekrulebis xelmowera savaldebuloa mxolod ganviTarebuli
qveynebisaTvis, rac ubiZgebs kompaniebs, energotevadi da mavne sawarmoebi
gadaitanon ganviTarebad qveynebSi, rac warmoSobs am qveynebSi ekologiur
problemebs.
garemos SenarCunebis miRweva mdgradi ganviTarebis mdgomareobaSi
SesaZlebelia ori xerxiT: sawarmoo saqmianobis negatiuri Sedegebis daZlevis
gziT an adre gamoyenebuli bunebrivi resursebis aRdgenaSi kapitalis CadebiT.
Mmagram aseTi RonisZiebebi sakmaod Zviria sawarmoebisaTvis, maT SesaZloa
gamoiwvion warmoebis Semcireba da, Sesabamisad, isini xelsayreli ar arian
mwarmoeblebisaTvis. mraval qveyanaSi, pirvel rigSi evrokavSiris qveynebSi
(germania, avstria, belgia, Sveicaria da sxva), sakmaod mkacri bunebisdacviTi
kanonmdeblobaa, amitom jamuri xarjebis Semcirebis aucilebloba aiZulebs
kompaniebs, gadaitanon warmoeba iq, sadac ar aris aseTi mkacri SezRudvebi.
107
emanuel valerstaini ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis gamoyofs garemosdacviTi
sakiTxis sam alternatiul gadawyvetas. pirveli _ qveynis xelisuflebam unda
daadginos da moaxdinos am saxis danaxarjebis kompensacia, rac aucileblad
aisaxeba kompaniebis saerTo mogebaze. meore _ saxelmwifos SeuZlia gamoiyenos
sagadasaxado Semosulobebi da daiwyos ekologiuri programebis realizacia,
magram am SemTxvevaSi aseTi alternativis realizacia gamoiwvevs sagadasaxado
tvirTis gazrdas kompaniebisa da mosaxleobisaTvis, aman ki SesaZloa gamoiwvios
socialuri fonis gauareseba, rac arasasurvelia. mesame alternativa
mdgomareobs imaSi, rom araviTari RonisZieba ar gatardes, samwuxarod,
Tanamedrove pirobebSi am problemis gadawyvetis swored aseTi midgoma
dominirebs.
amrigad, saerTaSoriso biznesi qmnis didi raodenobis ekologiur problemas.
naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi usafrTxoeba da normebi ekologiis sferoSi
gaumarTleblad Semcirebulia an saerTod ar arsebobs. am mdgomareobidan erT-
erT gamosavlad SesaZloa CaiTvalos kiotos oqmis xelmoweris aucilebloba
msoflios yvela qveynisaTvis, risi praqtikuli ganxorcielebac sakmaod rTul
problemas warmoadgens.
XX saukunis dasawyisSi cnobilma ekonomistma v. paterma yuradReba miaqcia
imas, rom finansuri xelSekrulebebis moculobebi bevrad uswrebda realur
sasaqonlo garigebebs. dRes es garRveva kidev ufro gaZlierebulia, ikargeba
kavSiri sasaqonlo da safinanso bazrebs Soris. msoflio finansuri sistema
warmoadgens gadabrunebul piramidas, sadac mcire nawili finansebia, romlebic
emsaxureba realur seqtors, xolo did nawils ki ar gaaCnia materialuri
safuZveli. kompiuteruli teqnologiebis ganviTarebiT SesaZlebeli gaxda
lokaluri finansuri bazrebis erTian globalur qselSi CarTva.
ekonomikis industrializacia xasiaTdeba materialuri da aramaterialuri
aqtivebis Tanafardobis cvlilebiT. britaneTis sasaqonlo niSnebis dacvis
institutis monacemebiT, bolo oci wlis ganmavlobaSi did britaneTsa da aSS-Si
kompaniis sabalanso Rirebulebis fardoba maT sabazro RirebulebasTan Semcirda
5-jer. mraval ekonomikurad ganviTarebul qveyanaSi kompaniis sabazro
Rirebulebis mxolod 30-40% aisaxeba balansSi, yvelaferi danarCeni modis
aramaterialur aqtivebze, rogorebicaa: nou-hau, licenziebi, korporaciuli
kultura, reputacia da brendi. e.i. dRes Tanafardoba materialur da
aramaterialuri aqtivebis Soris Seadgens 30:70, xolo kompania koka-kolaSi
gadaxra aramaterialur aqtivebs mxares ufro maRalia da Seadgens 4:94. aqedan
gamomdinare, rodesac vyidulobT saqonels, pirvel rigSi Cven vixdiT brendSi,
saxelSi, kompaniis prestiJSi da a.S. gansakuTrebiT es exeba e.w. “elitur”
saqonels. saqonlis yidvisas adamiani pirvel rigSi akmayofilebs fsiqologiur
da socialur moTxovnilebebs, magaliTad, axdens irgvliv myofTaTvis
keTildReobis maRali donis demonstrirebas.
swored globalizaciam moaxdina gavlena wina saukunis 80-ian wlebSi
brendingis, rogorc sasaqolno markis winsvlis instrumentis, ganviTarebaze.
araxelsayreli gaxda gajerebul sasaqonlo bazarze marketinguli kampaniis
Catareba yoveli brendisaTvis cal-calke. kompaniebi miiswrafodnen, SeeqmnaT
globaluri brendebi, romlis qveSac SeeZlebodaT mravali sxvadasxva saxis
produqciis wardgena. ase magaliTad, iseTi globaluri kompaniebi, rogorebcaa:
Nike, Benetton, Coca-Cola da sxva, pirvel rigSi dakavebulni arian Tavisi imijis
108
reklamiT. e.i. saqoneli, es aris saSualeba, risi meSveobiTac iyideba maTi mTavari
produqti _ brendi, ideologia. yvelaferi am kompaniebis kulturaSi emsaxureba
maTi markis reklamas, magaliTad, korporaciuli sloganebi, firmis stilis
dacvisadmi didi yuradReba, kompaniis misiis formulirebebSi pretenzia maRal
sulierebaze.
marketinguli Teoriis Tanaxmad, samarko saqoneli bazarze iyideba
daaxloebiT 40%-iT ufro Zvirad, vidre arasamarko. Tu visaubrebT “luqsis”
klasis saqonelze, maSin fasi SesaZloa gaizardos erTi TanrigiT. Sesabamisad
momxmarebeli aseT produqciaSi sakmaod did Tanxas ixdis. rogorc ukve
aRvniSneT, globaluri kompaniebi cdiloben, maqsimalurad Seamciron danaxarjebi
warmoebis ganviTarebad qveynebSi gadataniT, sadac ufro iafia samuSao Zala.
Aamrigad, aseTi kompaniebis mogeba mkveTrad izrdeba awarmoeben ra globalur
marketings da bazars sTavazoben unificirebul sasaqonlo, sakomunikacio,
sarealizacio da safaso politikas, amcireben sawarmoo danaxarjebs. globaluri
marketingi gvTavazobs winsvlis standartizebuli kompleqsis gamoyenebas.
standartuli reklama xels uwyobs produqciis saerTaSoriso imijis Seqmnas,
danaxarjebis Semcirebas reklamis SemuSavebasa da warmoebaze.
globalizaciis yvelaze mtkivneul problemas warmoadgens nacionaluri
suverenitetis Semcireba kulturis sferoSi, rac metwilad aris ori
urTierTdakavSirebuli faqtoris Sedegi. pirvel rigSi _ sagadasaxado Semosav-
lebis Semcirebis Sedegad mcirdeba kulturis programebis dafinanseba
biujetidan. meore faqtori mdgomareobs SemdegSi _ msxvili biznesis SeRweva,
magaliTad korporaciuli sponsorobis formiT, misTvis araprofilur kul-
turuli warmoebis sferoSi, aqedan gamomdinare gansazRvruli ekonomikuri
xasiaTis SedegebiT, axali valdebulebebiTa da TamaSis wesebiT. egreT wodebli
masiuri kulturis mwarmoelebi cdiloben gemovnebis karnaxs, Sesabamisi
moTxovnilebis Camoyalibebas, floben ra informaciis gavrvelebis qsels.
moxmarebis mravali ideologis azriT, daRlili, dasvenebis msurveli momxma-
rebeli miiswrafis swored martivi, ubralo da garTobiTi dasvenebisaken.
amitomac maTTvis misaRebia masiuri kultura, romelic moaqvs biznesis
globalizacias.
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, biznesis globalizacia aaxloebs erebs da
saxelmwifoebs da exmareba maT ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi, xolo is problemebi,
romelic Tan sdevs globalizacias, saxelmwifoTa doneze unda daiZlios.
qveynebSi, gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebad qveynebSi saxelmwifo doneze unda
SemuSavdes am problemebis daZlevis gzebi da saSualebebi, daisaxos konkretuli
RonisZiebebi, xolo am RonisZiebebis dasafinanseblad Seiqmnas specialuri
fondebi, sadac moziduli iqneba saxsrebi sxvadasxva wyaroebidan, magaliTad,
sazRvargareT mcxovrebi SeZlebul TanamemamuleTa Semowirulobebi, turizmidan
Semosuli Tanxebis nawili da sxva.
Dudauri Tamar TOPICAL ISSUES OF BUSINESS GLOBALIZATION
SUMMARY
The phenomenon of globalization can be considered at different levels: since macro level which is expressed in macroeconomic indicators, various demographic curves, indicators of the structural shifts
109
occurring in ecosystems, economy sectors, governments, cultural production etc., and finishing level directly observable social the practicing and interactions, including, in the field of the organization and ways of business.
Globalization develops non-uniformly; its consequences aren't always salutary. From purely economic positions globalization strengthens a gap between developed and developing countries.
The phenomenon multinational, or global, the companies defines specifics of post-industrial economy as a whole. If in the country very sharply there is a problem of employment, poverty, etc., any investor creating workplaces and paying a salary (it is frequent, scanty), has an opportunity to dictate the conditions in this market. Today, probably, the most popular strategy of an exit to the international markets is production under the contract when the enterprise charges manufacturing of the goods to the organizations being in the foreign markets. Now it is possible to speak about rapid development economically independently zones, as independent sector of economy. Now it is possible to speak about rapid development economically independently zones, as independent sector of economy.
Many global companies start with an ideological parcel according to which nature conquest is a natural human right, from here, probably, there is also an unwillingness of a number of the states, to sign the agreements connected with ecological safety.
Globalization affected in the 80th years branding development as instrument of advance of a trademark. It became unprofitable to carry out marketing campaigns separately for each brand in the oversaturated commodity market. The companies began to aspire to create global, often brands under which it was possible to present a set of the different goods. Global marketing assumes use of the standardized complex of advance. Standard advertising promotes creation of the international image of the goods, reduction of expenses on development and production of advertising.
gulnaz erqomaiSviligulnaz erqomaiSviligulnaz erqomaiSviligulnaz erqomaiSvili mcire mewarmeoba da misi gamcire mewarmeoba da misi gamcire mewarmeoba da misi gamcire mewarmeoba da misi ganviTarebis ekonomikurinviTarebis ekonomikurinviTarebis ekonomikurinviTarebis ekonomikuri politika saqarTveloSipolitika saqarTveloSipolitika saqarTveloSipolitika saqarTveloSi
sazRvargareTis qveynebis gamocdileba cxadyofs, rom mcire mewarmeoba
sabazro ekonomikis erT-erTi perspeqtiuli mimarTuleba da ekonomikis
mamoZravebeli Zalaa, rasac ganapirobebs inovaciuri procesi, produqtis axali
saxeebis Seqmna, romelic xSirad mcire sawarmoebSi xorcieldeba. mcire
mewarmeoba qmnis damatebiT samuSao adgilebs da xels uwyobs saSualo klasis
formirebas.
2011 wlis monacemebiT, saqarTveloSi 67%-ze meti mcire sawarmoa, Tumca
maTze modis warmoebuli produqciis mxolod 4,1%.Mmcire sawarmoTa maRali
xvedriTi wiliT _ 27,5% gamoirCeva vaWroba, avtomobilebis, sayofacxovrebo
nawarmisa da piradi moxmarebis sagnebis remonti, meore adgilzea damamuSavebeli
mrewveloba _ 12,6%; Semdeg modis mSenebloba _ 6,2%. rac Seexeba dasaqmebulTa
raodenobas, mcire sawarmoebSi dasaqmebulTa ricxovnoba 13,8%-s ar aRemateba.
samewarmeo garemosa da pirobebis Seqmnas, mcire mewarmeTa interesebis dacvas
xeli unda Seuwyos saxelmwifos ekonomikurma politikam, romelic, organizaciul
da finansur mxardaWerasTan erTad, gulisxmobs swori samewarmeo politikisa da
samamulo warmoebis konkurentunarianobis amaRlebis RonisZiebaTa gatarebas.
mcire mewarmeobis ganviTarebis saxelmwifoebriv mxardaWeraSi igulisxmeba:
sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi, dotaciebi, SeRavaTiani sabanko kreditebi, mcire
mewarmeobis ganviTarebis programebis SemuSaveba da realizacia, aseve
kanonmdeblobis miReba da misi dacva.
110
miuxedavad im udidesi mniSvnelobisa, romelic mcire mewarmeobas qveynis
ekonomikis winsvlisaTvis eniWeba, saqarTveloSi saxelmwifom mewarmeebs
jerjerobiT ver Seuqmna xelsayreli socialuri, politikuri, samarTlebrivi da
sabazro garemo. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos mewarmeobis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva
etapze garkveuli sakanonmdeblo bazis arseboba, romelsac unda daeregulirebina
mcire mewarmeobis sferoSi arsebuli urTierTobebi. kerZod, 1999 wlis 23 ivliss
miRebul iqna kanoni `mcire sawarmoTa~ mxardaWeris Sesaxeb, romliTac sajaro
samarTlis iuridiuli piris statusiT Seiqmna `mcire sawarmoTa ganviTarebisa da
xelSewyobis centri~. am centris arseboba realurad xels ver Seuwyobda mcire
mewarmeobis ganviTarebas imdenad, rom TviT am centris dafinansebisaTvis
biujetSi mizeruli Tanxa iyo gamoyofili. 2000 wlis oqtomberSi, saqarTvelos
ekonomikis, mrewvelobisa da vaWrobis saministros iniciativiT, saministrosTan
arsebul ekonomikur sabWos gansaxilvelad waredgina `mcire da saSualo
mewarmeobis saxelmwifo mxardaWeris koncefcia~, sadac xazgasmuli iyo, rom unda
Seqmniliyo xelsayreli garemo mcire struqturebisaTvis. samwuxarod, samewarmeo
garemoSi ZiriTadi upiratesoba da gansxvaveba mxolod sagadasaxado reJimSi
gamoixateboda. am koncefciis mixedviT, mcire sawarmos eqmneba xelsayreli da
sagrZnoblad gansxvavebuli sagadasaxado pirobebi. mcire biznesi saxelmwifos
mxridan unda iRebdes finansur daxmarebebs, SeRavaTian kreditebs, subsidiebs,
garda amisa, mcire mewarmes saSualeba unda hqondes advilad miuwvdes xeli
sxvadasxva resursebze. 2002 wels iqna miRebuli kanoni `mcire biznesis
mxardaWeris Sesaxeb~, Tumca verc am kanonma Seasrula arsebiTi roli mcire
biznesis ganviTarebaSi. 2006 wels cvlilebebi Sevida kanonSi `erovnuli
sainvesticio saagentos Sesaxeb~, romliTac dadginda ganmarteba mcire zomis
sawarmoTaTvis. kerZod, mcire sawarmo _ `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis
Sesabamisad Seqmnili yvela organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formis sawarmoa,
romelSic dasaqmebulTa raodenoba ar aRemateba 20-s, xolo wliuri brunva – 500
aTas lars. Tumca aRniSnul ganmartebas ar mohyolia raime mizanmimarTuli
saxelmwifo politika mcire sawarmoebis xelSewyobis mizniT.
dResdReobiT, msoflioSi yvelaze gavleniani mediaholdingis, `blumbergis~
reitingiT saqarTvelo, biznesis keTebis simartiviT, msoflios 160 qveynidan 50
qveyanas Soris ver moxvda, Tumca saerTaSoriso safinanso korporacia Doing Business-is kvlevis mixedviT, saqarTvelo biznesis keTebis simartivis mixedviT me-16
poziciazea. 2011 wels msoflio bankis mier Catarebuli kvleviT saqarTvelo
biznesis warmoebis simartivis TvalsazrisiT msoflios 183 qveyanas Soris me-12
adgilze dasaxelda, Tumca es reitingi ara biznesis keTebis, aramed biznesis
dawyebis simartives gulisxmobs. biznesis keTebis TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelo
saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier yovelTvis iyo aRiarebuli problemur qveynad.
xSiria dajarimebebi, mewarmeTa daWerebi, kompaniebis daluqvebi, sakuTrebis
CamorTmevis faqtebi, rac cudad aisaxeba biznesgaremoze. msoflioSi arsebuli
tendenciebidan gamomdinare, ucxoeli investorebis yuradRebas swored
xelsayreli biznesgaremo da mTavrobis swori ekonomikuri politika ipyrobs.
2012 wlidan saqarTveloSi mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis mxardaWeris
sainvesticio fondi (SEAF) `kavkasia~ dafuZnda. igi saerTaSoriso institutebma
(evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis banki, saerTaSoriso safinanso korpo-
racia, niderlandebis ganviTarebis banki, Savi zRvis vaWrobisa da ganviTarebis
111
banki) daaarses. aRniSnuli fondi saqarTveloSi, azerbaijansa da somxeTSi kerZo
investiciebis xelSewyobis mizniT 42 milion dolars moizidavs. SemdgomSi
fondis gazrda 70 milion dolaramde igegmeba. es aris kavkasiaSi pirveli
sainvesticio fondi, romelic sesxebs mxolod mcire da saSualo sawarmoebi-
saTvis gascems. fondi investirebas ganaxorcielebs sxvadasxva seqtorSi, kerZod,
agrobiznesSi, sadistribucio qselSi, energoseqtorsa da sacalo seqtorSi.
aRniSnuli fondis saqmianoba bankis saqmianobisagan gansxvavebulia, radgan banki
mxolod sesxebs gascems, xolo fondi orientirebulia kapitaldabandebis gazr-
daze. kapitalis nakleboba mcire da saSualo sawarmoebisaTvis yvelaze rTuli
problemaa. fondi maT am mniSvnelovani dabrkolebis gadalaxvaSi daexmareba, es
ki sawarmoebis ekonomikis diversificirebisa da samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis mTavar
Zalas warmoadgens. Cveni azriT, fondi mcire da saSualo biznesSi radikalur
Zvrebs ver ganaxorcielebs, magram udavod misasalmebeli iniciativaa. fondi
investirebas ar ganaxorcielebs iseT sawarmoebSi, romelTa brunvac 15 milion
larze naklebi iqneba an 250-ze naklebi piri eyoleba dasaqmebuli. aq mniSvne-
lovania aseve, rom fonds SeuZlia kompaniis kapitalSi Sevides. Tu fonds
riskebis Sefasebis dabali kriteriumebi eqneba, maSin SeuZlia daafinansos iseTi
sawarmoebi, romelTac banki ver afinansebs.
mcire mewarmeobis ganviTarebis politika SeiZleba moicavdes sxvadasxva
mizans: riskebis Semcireba; sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi; axali firmebis finansuri
daxmareba; samewarmeo potencialis zrda; konkurencia; eqsportis mxardaWera da
sxv.
bolo wlebSi sagadasaxado sistemaSi uamravi cvlileba ganxorcielda.
mniSvnelovnad aris Semcirebuli gadasaxadebis raodenoba 21-dan 6-mde (2004-2010),
aseve, sagadasaxado ganakveTebi. A
axali sagadasaxado kodeqsiT (amoqmedda 2011 wlis 1 ianvridan) siaxlea _
mikrobiznesis statusis SemoReba. aseTad SeiZleba daregistrirdes 2011 wlis 15
Tebervlamde 30 aTas laramde wliuri brunvis mqone fizikuri piri, romelic ar
iyenebs daqiravebul pirTa Sromas. Tumca 30 aTas laramde brunvis mqone yvela
fizikuri piri ver miiRebs mikrobiznesis statuss, radgan, kodeqsis Tanaxmad,
gamonaklisi saqmianobis saxeebs mTavroba parlamentTan erTad gansazRvravs. mas
aseve eqneba ufleba, akrZalos am statusis qveS calkeuli saqmianobebis
ganxorcielebac. mikrobiznesis statusis mqone fizikuri pirebi ar ixdian
saSemosavlo gadasaxads, aseve ara aqvT sakontrolo salaro-aparatis gamoyenebis
valdebuleba.
dabegvris specialur reJimSi moeqcnen aseve mcire biznesis statusis mqone
mewarme fizikuri pirebi. aseTad iTvleba is saqmianoba, romlis wliuri brunvac
100 aTas larze naklebia.
mcire biznesis statusis mqone biznesis Semosavali 3%-dan 5%-mde daibegreba.
Semosavlis 3%-iani dabegvriT sargeblobs is mcire biznesi, romelic SeZlebs,
warmoadginos mTliani Semosavlis 60%-is xarjebis (garda daqiravebulze
daricxuli xelfasis xarjebisa) damadasturebeli dokumentebi. 30%-iani dabegvriT
aseve sargebloben mcire biznesis is warmomadgenlebi, romlebic specialuri
savaWro zonis teritoriaze saqmianoben. magaliTad, bazroba.
aRniSnuli kodeqsis proeqts biznesmenebma pirveli mosmeniT `revoluciuri~
uwodes, magram aRmoCnda, rom mikro da mcire mewarmeebisaTvis gaweuli
SeRavaTebiT biujets rac daakldeba, msxvilma biznesma gazrdili gadasaxadebiT
112
unda aanazRauros. aseTebad is biznesebi iTvleba, romlebic `zemogebaze~
muSaoben. kerZod, mobiluri kompaniebi, spirtiani sasmelebis biznesi, samedicino
aparaturis importiorebi da aseve umaRlesi saswavleblebi. Tumca bolo ori am
etapze dRg-Ti ar daibegreba. G
axali kodeqsiT sagadasaxado tvirTi saSualo biznessac ezrdeba. saSualo
biznesi, romlis wliuri brunva 200 aTas larze metia, saqonlis mcire
mewarmisagan Sesyidvis dros dRg-s veRar CaiTvlis. Mmas xarji gaezrdeba da 18-is
nacvlad dRg-s ganakveTi, faqtobrivad, 36%-mde gaezrdeba. amiT mcire bizness
moespoba motivacia, gaizardos da saSualo biznesad iqces.
2012 wlidan mikro da mcire biznesis statuss daemata fiqsirebuli
gadasaxadis gadamxdelis statusis mqone piris cneba. es SeiZleba iyos piri,
romelic ar aris damatebuli Rirebulebis gadamxdeli da axorcielebs
fiqsirebuli gadasaxadiT dasabegr erT an erTze met saqmianobas. Tumca romelia
es saxeebi, amas mTavroba gansazRvravs. fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis ganakveTebi
SeiZleba dasabegr obieqtze ganisazRvros 1-dan 2000 laramde an dasabegri
saqmianobidan miRebuli Semosavlis 3%-iT. am ganakveTsac, saqmianobis mixedviT,
saqarTvelos mTavroba gansazRvravs. pirs ufleba aqvs, fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis
dabegvris reJimze wlis nebismier Tves gadavides. mTavroba fiqrobs, rom
aRniSnuli gadasaxadiT da sxva SeRavaTebiT 5%-iani ekonomikuri zrda miiRweva.
garda am cvlilebebisa, `revoluciur kodeqsSi~ kidev uamravi cvlileba
ganxorcielda, es niSnavs, rom urTierToba mewarmesa da xelisuflebas Soris
metad cvalebadia, ekonomika politizebuli gaxda.
qveyanaSi unda gacnobierdes, rom sabazro ekonomikis mTavari mamoZravebeli
Zala mewarmeTa fenaa. rac ufro myarad Camoyalibdeba mewarmeTa axali klasi, miT
ufro male gamova igi ekonomikuri krizisidan. saxelmwifom mewarmeebs unda
Seuqmnas xelsayreli socialuri, politikuri, samarTlebrivi da sabazro garemo.
sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi mewarmes unda marTavdes mxolod bazari da
saxelmwifoSi moqmedi kanonmdebloba.
Ggamoyenebuli literaturaGgamoyenebuli literaturaGgamoyenebuli literaturaGgamoyenebuli literatura
1. erqomaiSvili g., xaraiSvili e. firmis ekonomika. Tbilisi, 2011. 2. erqomaiSvili g. mewarmeobis formirebisa da ganviTarebis Taviseburebani
saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi, Tsu gamomcemloba, 2004. 3. mewarmeobis Teoriuli safuZvlebi. jozef hasidi, aleqsis-stefanos
komselisi, r. gvelesiani, e. meqvabiSvili, i. gagniZe, e. lekaSvili, m. nacvalaZe, nawili I-II. Tsu gamomcemloba, 2009.
4. saqarTvelos axali sagadasaxado kodeqsi. Tbilisi, 2011.
5. www. Parliament.ge 6. www.geostat.ge 7. www.rs.ge 8. www.internet.ge
113
Erkomaishvili Gulnaz SMALL ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND ECONOMIC POLICY
OF ITS DEVELOPMENT IN GEORGIA SUMMARY
One of the paramount aims of the state economic policy is the development of economic policy which is the base of economies stable growth. Creation of enterprising environment and conditions, protection of entrepreneurs interests must be supported by the state economic policy which along with organizational and financial promotion implies pursue of activities for competition ability of national production and the enterprising policy.
The developed states have increased the joint enterprising activities by raising of enterprising mentality. Therefore this trend of the policy is significant for economic growth.
The current economic reforms implemented during recent years in Georgia are directed towards liberalization and development of the private sector based on provision of economic growth. In this regard there have been made significant steps, in particular: as a result of reforms implemented in tax system the Georgian tax legislation is considered to be the most liberal in Europe.
There should be general awareness of the state that the main driving force of market economy is the entrepreneurs sector acting by dictation of the market therewith provides the state economics perfection and development. As more sustainable is the new class of entrepreneurs the sooner it will come out of the economic crisis. The state should create for the entrepreneurs beneficial social, political, legal and the market environment. In conditions of market economy the entrepreneur should be managed by only the market and the active legislation of the state.
eTer kakuliaeTer kakuliaeTer kakuliaeTer kakulia nana bibilaSvilinana bibilaSvilinana bibilaSvilinana bibilaSvili
globalizacia: mcire da saSualo biznesis roliglobalizacia: mcire da saSualo biznesis roliglobalizacia: mcire da saSualo biznesis roliglobalizacia: mcire da saSualo biznesis roli
umuSevrobis SemcirebaSi saqarTveloSiumuSevrobis SemcirebaSi saqarTveloSiumuSevrobis SemcirebaSi saqarTveloSiumuSevrobis SemcirebaSi saqarTveloSi
msoflio integraciis procesebi ocdameerTe saukunis produqts ar
warmoadgens. igi yalibdeba mas Semdeg, rac saxelmwifoebs Soris produqciis
gacvla-gamocvla daiwyo. misi pirveli forma iyo eqsport-importi (vaWroba).
gasul saukuneSi momxdarma giganturma teqnologiurma Zvrebma (fiWuri telefoni,
personaluri kompiuteri, Tanamgzavruli kavSirebi da sxva) da koloniuri
sistemebis daSlis safuZvelze damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis warmoqmnam,
saxelmwifoebis ekonomikis sabazro sistemaze gadasvlam gamoiwvia saxelmwifoTa
konkurentul ekonomikur sistemebad (sabWour da sabazro) dajgufebis mospoba, da
15 damoukidebeli saxelmwifos aRmoceneba. aman msoflio globalizaciis
procesSi mravali Tavisebureba warmoaCina. Semcirda saxelmwifoebis Careva
ekonomikaSi, romelmac xeli Seuwyo integraciis gaRrmavebas, saerTaSoriso
biznesis zrdas.
dRes arsebuli globalizaciis era ganapiroba meoce saukunis bolo
aTwleulebsa da ocdameerTe saukuneSi saerTaSoriso biznesis zrdis giganturma
masStabebma.
ekonomikaSi, evrokavSiris magaliTze, mcire ekonomikas warmoadgens mikro,
mcire da saSualo sawarmoebi, globalur bizness `transnacionaluri kompania~
(tnk), es ukanaskneli msoflio globalizaciis procesSi erT-erT gadamwyvet
114
rols asrulebs. 2009 wlis monacemebiT, msoflioSi 500 umsxvilesi transna-
cionaluri kompania arsebobda. cnobilia, rom tnk-ebi did zegavlenas axdenen
saerTaSoriso savaWro da sainvesticio saqmianobaze. ekonomikur literaturaSi
tnk-is xuT Taobas gamoyofen. mexuTe Taoba Cndeba XXI saukunis dasawyisSi, am
dros msoflioSi maTma ricxvma miaRwia 80 aTasze mets, xolo maTi filialebi 850
aTass udris. dedakompaniebi ZiriTadad ganlagebulia ganviTarebul qveynebSi (52,2
aTasi), xolo filialebis didi raodenoba (485 aTasi) ganviTarebad qveynebSi.
maTze modis msoflio mrewvelobis daaxloebiT naxevari da sagareo vaWrobis 2/3-
ze meti. isini akontroleben patentebis, licenziebis, axali teqnologiebis da
nou-haus 80%-s [2; 5].
msoflio qveynebis sagareo-savaWro ekonomikur kavSirebSi gadamwyvet rols
asrulebs ganviTarebul qveynebSi Tavmoyrili transnacionaluri kompaniebi (tnk).
2009 wels msoflios 500 umsxviles kompaniaTa Soris aSS-ze modioda 140 kompania,
iaponiaze _ 68, safrangeTze _ 40, germaniaze _ 39, CineTze _ 37, did britaneTze _
26, Sveicariaze _ 15, niderlandebze _ 12, espaneTze _ 11, italiaze _ 10, SvedeTze
_ 6, belgiaze _ 5 da a.S. [1; 6]. marto 2004 wels msoflio saqonelbrunvam 10
trilion aSS dolars gadaaWarba [2; 5].
globalizaciis procesebidan naTlad Cans, rom mimdinareobs msoflio
erTiani globaluri ekonomikuri sivrcis formireba. Tanamedrove msoflio
meurneoba sul ufro gamokveTilad iZens erTiani sistemis, mTliani organizmis
niSan-Tvisebebs da Tavisi masStabebiT globalur dones aRwevs.
dRes msoflio integraciis globalizaciis procesebi regulirdeba
ekonomikur, ekologiur, socialur-SromiTi, samarTlebrivi da sxva aspeqtebiT. am
mxriv Seqmnilia saerTaSoriso organizaciebis sistema, romelic aerTianebs 4000-
ze mets, aqedan 300 mTavrobaTaSoris organizacias [2].
globalizaciis arsebiT dadebiT mxared migvaCnia is, rom tnk-is meSveobiT
igi axerxebs Tanamedrove, uaxlesi teqnikasa da teqnologiebSi arsebuli
miRwevebis danergvas ganviTarebad qveynebSi. iTxovs msoflio ganaTlebis sistemis
integrirebas, kadrebis momzadebaSi iseTi reformebis gatarebas, rac
uzrunvelyofs msoflios qveynebSi saerTo donis ganaTlebis miRebas, axali
Tanamedrove azrovnebis damkvidrebas Tundac im qveynebSi, romlebic aqtiurad
cdiloben msoflio globalizaciis procesebSi CarTvas, vinc droulad aRebs
kars saerTaSoriso urTierTobebisaTvis, aseT qveynebs ganekuTvneba dRes
saqarTvelo.
gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebidan da gansakuTrebiT vardebis revoluciis
(2003) Semdgom bevri ram keTdeba msoflio globalizaciis procesebSi CarTvis
mizniT, ekonomikur, ekologiur, samarTlebriv, samxedro, politikur Tu sxva
mimarTulebiT. amJamad saqarTvelo daaxloebiT 105 saerTaSoriso organizaciis
wevria. kavSiri aqvs msoflios xuTive kontinentis qveynebTan. globalur
ekonomikasTan qveynis integrirebis mniSvnelovani maCvenebelia sagareo vaWrobis
moculoba, pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi (pui), xolo maTi Tanafardoba
qveyanaSi Seqmnili mSp-is moculobasTan da mosaxleobis raodenobasTan, aseve
eqsportuli, importuli da investiciebis kvota gansazRvravs msoflio
ekonomikaSi erovnul ekonomikaTa integraciis xarisxs. saqarTveloSi sagareo-
savaWro brunvis maCvenebelma 2009, 2010, 2011 wlebSi Sesabamisad 5633,8; 6934,6; 9246,9
milioni aSS dolari Seadgina. rogorc Cans, es maCvenebeli zrdadi tempiT
xasiaTdeba (magram jerjerobiT qveynis sagareo vaWrobis saldo uaryofiTia).
115
aseve pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi qveyanaSi wliTiwlobiT izrdeba, Tu igi
2010 wels Seadgenda 814,8 mln aSS dolars, 2011 wels Seadgina 980,6 mln aSS
dolari. pui 2008, 2009 wlebSi Sesabamisad mSp-is: 53 da 70,2%-s Seadgenda [8; 9].
msoflio savaluto fondis SefasebiT, saqarTvelo ekonomikis ganviTarebis
da biznesgaremos gaumjobesebis kuTxiT gatarebuli reformebis mxriv
reformator qveynebs Soris mowinaveTa rigebSi dgas.
saqarTvelo ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis indeqsiT msoflioSi 32-e, xolo
evropis 41 qveyanas Soris me-18 adgils ikavebs. es maCvenebeli 2008 wels 69,23%
Seadgenda. maSin roca am maCvenebliT qveynis mdgomareobas 0-100 baliani skaliT
afaseben. am mxriv saqarTvelo arcTu ise cud mdgomareobaSia.
qveyanaSi gatarebuli reformebis da msoflio erTian ekonomikur sistemaSi
integrirebis mizniT gatarebul RonisZiebebis miuxedavad, globalizaciis
indeqsis reitingSi 62 qveyanas Soris saqarTvelo ver moxvda [7].
cnobilia, rom qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebis donis maxasiaTeblad
aRiarebulia: mpS, inflacia da umuSevrobis maCveneblebi. erT sul mosaxleze
mTliani Sida produqciis maCvenebeli bolo sami wlis ganmavlobaSi zrdadi
tendenciiT xasiaTdeba. misi sidide 2009, 2010, 2011 wlebis mixedviT Sesabamisad
Seadgens 2455.2; 2623.0; 3215.4 aSS dolars. umuSevrobis donis maCvenebeli bolo
wlebis (2003-2011) ganmavlobaSi ver Camosula orniSna cifrs qvemoT. ouკenis
kanonis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, umuSevrobis donis yoveli 1%-is zrda mSp-is
daaxloebiT 2%-ian klebas iwvevs [3]. e.i. igi gviCvenebs samuSao ZalaSi
dausaqmebelTa wilis TiToeuli procenti ra danakargs iZleva qveynis ekonomi-
kisaTvis da rogor zegavlenas axdens igi mosaxleobis (dausaqmeblis) socialur-
fsiqologiur, ekonomikur mdgomareobaze. saqarTveloSi umuSevrobis donis
maCvenebeli 2011 wels 2010 welTan (16,3%) SedarebiT, 1,2 procentuli punqtiT ki
Semcirda, magram Seadgina 15,1%. 2010 wels, oficialuri statistikuri monacemebis
mixedviT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 31% imyofeboda siRaribis zRvars qvemoT [7].
umuSevrobis Semcirebis mizniT qveyanaSi ganxorcielebulma saxelmwifo prog-
ramebma da sxva saxis RonisZiebebma jerjerobiT sasurveli Sedegi ver mogvca.
EPRS _ ekonomikuri politikis kvlevis centris mier Catarebul gamokvlevaSi
naTqvamia, rom jer kidev gaurkvevelia qveyanaSi ra saxis umuSevrobasTan gvaqvs
saqme. qveyanaSi bolo 10 wlis monacemebiT, 2007 weli mTliani Sida produqtis
zrdis yvelaze maRali maCvenebliT xasiaTdeboda, miuxedavad amisa, umuSevrobis
done mainc maRali iyo _ 12,3% [8].
qveynis ganviTarebisaTvis, umuSevrobis SemcirebisaTvis mTavrobis mxridan
mTavari aqcenti unda gakeTdes mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebaze.
globalizaciis epoqaSi erovnuli konkurentunarianobis strategiis mTavar
dasayrdens da mamoZravebel Zalas warmoadgens Tanamedrove teqnologiebsa da
inovaciebze orientirebuli mcire da saSualo biznesi. msoflio praqtikam
damajereblad aCvena, rom mcire sawarmoebs namdvilad SeswevT unari, mokle
droSi ganaxorcielon ekonomikis struqturuli gardaqmna. mcire sawarmoTa
qselis Seqmna uzrunvelyofs mosaxleobis dasaqmebas, bazarze sasaqonlo
moculobis zrdas da momxmarebelTa momsaxurebas. igi xels uwyobs ekonomikaSi
jansaRi konkurenciis arsebobas, rac ganapirobebs ekonomikis yovelmxriv
harmoniul ganviTarebas. isini erTpirovnulad emsaxurebian qveynis regionuli
ekonomikis gaumjobesebas.
116
mcire da saSualo sawarmoebi biznesis is organizaciuli formebia, sadac
SesaZlebelia dasaqmdes nebismieri samuSao Zala (rogorc maRali, ise dabali
kvalifikaciiT da a.S.) da samuSao Zalis miRma darCenili, romelsac SeuZlia
iSromos (pensionerebi, 15 wlamde mozardi da a.S.). amdenad igi ekonomikaSi
umuSevrobis Semcirebis mZlavri iaraRia.
saqarTveloSi mcire da saSualo biznesSi arsebuli mdgomareobiT Tu
vimsjelebT, mcire da saSualo biznesis xarisxobrivi da raodenobrivi
ganviTarebis maRali potenciali gaaCnia qveyanas. dRes mcire bizness qveynis
mTlian Sida produqciaSi ukavia mxolod 9%, maSin, roca ganviTarebul qveynebSi
es maCvenebeli xasiaTdeba 60-70%-iT.
amerikaSi mTlian dasaqmebulTa 65% mcire biznesSia dasaqmebuli, inglisSi _
49%; germaniaSi _ 80%; Cvens qveyanaSi ki mTlian dasaqmebulTa daaxloebiT 25%-ia
mcire da saSualo biznesSi dasaqmebuli [8]. taivanis ekonomikaSi dominirebs mci-
re da saSualo biznesi da Seadgens firmebis saerTo raodenobis 98%-s, sadac da-
saqmebulia Sromis unariani mosaxleobis 78%. umuSevrobis donis yvelaze maRali
maCvenebeli bolo oci wlis ganmavlobaSi iyo 2001 wels da udrida 3,1%. [7]
mcire da saSualo sawarmoTa ricxovnoba yovel 1000 mcxovrebze modis did
britaneTSi _ 46; italiaSi _ 68; aSS-Si _ 74; iaponiaSi _ 50; yofil sabWoTa
sivrcidan ruseTSi _ 6; belorusiis respublikaSi – 3 [6]; saqarTveloSi Cveni
gaangariSebiT daaxloebiT 4-is tolia. mcire biznesis intensivobis es maCvenebeli
imdenad mcirea, rom aq mcire da saSualo biznesis raodenobrivi zrdis didi
potenciali gaaCnia qveyanas.
mcire biznesis udides mniSvnelobaze metyvelebs gasuli saukunis 70-iani
wlebis, didi britaneTis magaliTi, 1970 wlebSi did britaneTs ekonomikuri
krizisis talRam gadauara, Seiqmna samTavrobo komisia, ramac daadastura didi
britaneTis CamorCeniloba konkurentebs Soris mcire da saSualo biznesis
xarisxobriv da raodenobriv ganviTarebaSi. 1971 wels gamoqveynda mcire firmaTa
gamokvlevis angariSi, romelic cnobilia, rogorc `boltonis angariSi~.
angariSSi werdnen: `maRali donis mcire firmis koeficienti Seesabameba ...
produqciis gamoSvebis maRal dones. mcire biznesis seqtoris arajansaRi
mdgomareoba warmoadgens, Cveni rogorc industriuli eris SedarebiTi dakninebis
simptoms da gamomwvev mizezebs~ [1]. swored es angariSi gaxda didi
britaneTisaTvis, mcire da saSualo biznesis mxardamWeri saxelmwifoebrivi
meqanizmis formirebis mizezi.
dRes qarTuli ekonomikis ganviTarebisaTvis, maSin, roca igi globalizaciis
pirobebSi (garemocvaSi) aSenebs ekonomikis sabazro meqanizms aucilebelia,
qveyanaSi Seiqmnas mcire da saSualo biznesis raodenobrivi da xarisxobrivi
ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi erTiani saxelmwifo meqanizmi, romelic iqneba mud-
mivmoqmedi. qveyanaSi am mimarTulebiT saxelmwifos mxridan gatarebuli, ineqciuri
da lokaluri xasiaTis RonisZiebani ver iZleva sasurvel Sedegs. amis naTeli
magaliTia saqarTvelo, aq arsebuli ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, umuSevrobis da
migraciis maRali done.
dRes qveyanaSi bevri keTdeba kargi, gansakuTrebiT ekonomikis
infrastruqturis mowesrigebis mimarTulebiT, axla aucilebelia qveyanaSi iseTi
institutebis Seqmna, romelic uzrunvelyofs umuSevrobis Semcirebas, da xels
Seuwyobs qveynis ekonomikis daCqarebuli tempiT aRorZinebas. amis erT-erT
xelSemwyob faqtorad migvaCnia mcire da saSualo biznesi.
117
gamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literatura
1. nidli d. biznesis koteqstSi, 2003.
2. saerTaSoriso biznesi, Tbilisi, gamomcemloba `universali~, 2011.
3. Ciqobava m., kakulia n. makroekonomika, 2010.
4. centraluri sainformacio saagento (CA). 5. jolia g. saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebi. Tbilisi, 2008.
6. Мазоль С. Экономика малого бизнеса. Минск, 2004. 7. www.heritage.ge 8. www.geostat.ge 9. www.economy.ge 10. www.resonancedaily.com [7/22/2011] 11. ekonomikuri politikis kvlevis centri. EPRS.
12. www.european.ge _ (evropuli arCevani saqarTvelosTvis).
Kakulia Eter
Bibilashvili Nana GLOBALIZATION: THE ROLE OF SMALL AND MIDDLE BUSINES S IN REDUCING
UNEMPLOYMENT IN GEORGIA SUMMARY
In the work is shortly given the processes of world globalization and the modern circumstance of the
integrity of Georgia in it. The talk is about the role of the direct foreign integrity in the development of the economy of the country; in the conditions of world globalization in the period of integration of Georgia; about the role and place of small and middle business in the case of reducing of high level of existing unemployment. Is given the opinion about the necessity of supporting abilities and development of small and middle business in the country.
qeTevan kiwmariSviliqeTevan kiwmariSviliqeTevan kiwmariSviliqeTevan kiwmariSvili firmis finansuri uzrunvelyofafirmis finansuri uzrunvelyofafirmis finansuri uzrunvelyofafirmis finansuri uzrunvelyofa
sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi msoflioSi yovelwliurad aTasobiT firma
kotrdeba da mis adgils axali firmebi ikavebs. firmis gakotrebis mizezi umete-
sad cudi menejmentia. firmis finansuri mdgomareoba ufro metad damokidebulia
finansebis menejeris codnasa da gamocdilebaze. finansuri menejeris amocanaa
firmis gankargulebaSi arsebuli materialuri, SromiTi da finansuri resursebis
efeqtiani gamoyenebis gziT maqsimaluri Sedegis (mogebis) miReba, amisaTvis mas
gaaCnia am resursebis marTvis ekonomikuri berketebi.
Cveni azriT, buRaltruli aRricxvis avtomatizaciis Tanamedrove meTodebisa
da teqnikis gamoyenebiT sruliad SesaZlebelia firmis finansuri monitoringis
Catareba yoveldRiurad, rac praqtikaSi iSviaTobaa. menejers mudmiv kontrolze
unda hqondes finansuri mdgomareobis iseTi maCveneblebi, rogoricaa likvidoba,
brunvadoba da maTi tendenciebi. es da sxva ekonomikuri maCveneblebi biznesisa da
investiciebis garemoSi urTierTobis enad iTvleba, amitom maTi codna da
gamoyeneba aucilebelia.
118
bevri kerZo mewarme, romelsac ar SeuZlia awarmoos firmis finasnuri
mdgomareobis Sefaseba, firmis saqmianobis Sedegebs afasebs cocxali fulis
masiT, warmoebuli produqciis moculobiT da asortimentiT an sxva
maCveneblebiT.
xSirad iuridiuli pirebic ki, romelTac ar SeuZliaT waikiTxon Tavisi
finansuri dokumentacia, orientacias axdenen amave maCveneblebze.
finansuri mdgomareoba gviCvenebs sawarmos SesaZleblobas, dafaros Tavisi
valdebuleba da SeinarCunos sawarmos marTvis ufleba xangrZliv perspeqtivaSi.
is SeiZleba Sefasdes ori koeficientiT: sakuTari kapitalis SefardebiT mTel
pasivTan da meore, sakuTari kapitalis SefardebiT nasesxeb kapitalTan.
finansurad mdgrad sawarmosTvis pirveli koeficienti ar unda iyo 0.5-ze naklebi,
xolo meore – 1-ze naklebi.
warmoebis likvidoba, es aris warmoebis unari, droulad dafaros mokleva-
diani valdebuleba sruli moculobiT sabrunavi aqtivebis xarjze. igi fasdeba
sam maCvenebelSi: saerTo likvidoba, absoluturi da elviseburi likvidoba.
mimdinare likvidobis koeficienti udris, mimdinare aqtivebi Sefardebuli
moklevadian valdebulebasTan. absoluturi likvidobis koeficienti ufris
fulad saxsrebs + moklevadiani finasnuri dabandebebi, Sefardebuli moklevadian
valdebulebebTan. es koeficienti gviCvenebs sawarmos unars, dafaros mokleva-
diani valdebulebebi aqtivebis yvelaze likviduri nawiliT – fuladi saxsrebisa
da moklevadiani finansuri dabandebebiT. am koeficientis sarekomendacio
maCvenebeli ar unda iyos 0.2-ze naklebi.
swrafi (elviseburi) likvidobis koeficienti udris fuladi saxsrebis,
moklevadiani finansuri dabandebisa da debitoruli davalianebis jami,
Sefardebuli moklevadian valdebulebebTan. es koeficienti gviCvenebs sawarmos
valdebulebebis dafarvis unars aqtivebis likviduri nawilis xarjze.
swrafi likvidobis koeficienti aseve SeiZleba gaangariSdes, rogorc mimdi-
nare aqtivebis – maragebis Sefardeba moklevadian valdebulebebTan. mocemuli
koeficientis mniSvneloba ar unda iyos 1-ze naklebi.
aRniSnuli koeficientebis gaangariSebis dros moklevadian valdebulebas
unda gamoakldes momavali periodis Semosavlebi, mosalodneli xarjebis
rezervebi da gadasaxadebi.
saorientaciod, praqtikaSi miRebulia, rom firmis finansuri mdgradobis
uzrunvelsayofad mimdinare aqtivebi orjer unda aRematebodes moklevadian
valdebulebebs.
likvidobis maCveneblad SeiZleba aseve gamoviyenoT wminda sabrunavi kapita-
lis maCvenebeli. igi gviCvenebs, Tu sabrunavi kapitalis ra nawili finansdeba
sakuTari kapitalis xarjze, amave dros gviCvenebs sawarmos likvidobis da
finansuri mdgradobis dones.
wminda mogebis koeficienti gaiangariSeba sabrunav aqtivebsa da moklevadian
valdebulebebs Soris sxvaobiT. am maCveneblis uaryofiTi mniSvneloba gviCvenebs,
rom moklevadiani valdebulebebi aRemateba sabrunav kapitals. sxvanairad,
valdebulebebi, romelic unda dafaros sawarmom wlis ganmavlobaSi, aRemateba
wlis ganmavlobaSi myof aqtivebs. es xdeba, roca valdebulebebis zrdis tempi
aRemateba sabrunavi aqtivis zrdis temps. es imas niSnavs, rom sawarmo
araefeqtianad marTavs nasesxeb finansur wyaroebs.
119
sawarmos finansur menejments yovelTvis unda axsovdes, rom sakuTari
saxsrebiT unda dafinansdes rogorc mudmivi aqtivebi, aseve sabrunavi kapitali
(e.i. balansis mesame ganyofileba unda iyos meti an toli pirvel ganyofilebaze).
sainvesticio kapitalis Sefardeba mudmiv aqtivebTan unda iyos erTze meti. Tu
igi erTze naklebia, es imas niSnavs, rom nasesxeb xarjebze finansirdeba mTeli
sabrunavi aqtivebi da brunvis gareSe aqtivebis nawili. aseT SemTxvevaSi orga-
nizaciis mdgomareoba finasnurad aramdgradia da nasesxebi saxsrebis dafarvi-
saTvis seriozuli problema iqmneba. brunvadoba. sawarmo fulis brunvisagan
iRebs Semosavals fuladi saxsrebis brunvis procesSi. TanmimdevrobiT gaivlis
Semdeg etapebs: momwodeblebis avansebi, materialuri maragebi, daumTavrebeli
warmoeba, mza produqcia, gadatvirTuli saqoneli, debitoruli davalianeba da
axali fuli. rac ufro grZelia es cikli, miT meti fuladi saxsrebi esaWiroeba
sawarmoo procesis dafinansebisaTvis.
sawarmoo procesSi dafinasnebis wyaroebia: mimdinare davalianeba momwo-
deblebis winaSe (kreditoruli davalianeba), biujetis davalianeba, personalis
davalianeba da myidvelTa avansebi.
brunvadobis siRrmiseuli analizisaTvis saWiroa debitoruli davaliane-
bidan gamovricxoT uimedo debitoruli davalianeba, xolo saTadarigodan _
`aralikviduri naSTebi~. brunvadoba SeiZleba SevafasoT, erTi mxriv, myidvelebis
avansebis debitorul davalianebasTan SefardebiT da, meore mxriv, momwodeblis
avansebis kreditorul davalianebasTan SefardebiT.
brunvadobis analizis gamoyeneba saSualebas gvaZlevs, gavakeToT
mosalodneli Sedegis analizi krizisuli situaciis dadgomamde, ramdenadac am
maCvenebelze damokidebulia sawarmos cocxali fulis maragi.
yvela zemoT CamoTvlili maCvenebeli damokidebulia ZiriTad parametrze –
aqtivebsa da kreditorul davalianebaze. am SemTxvevaSi aqtivSi Seitaneba ara misi
mTliani moculoba, romelic Sedis balansSi, aramed is saxsrebi, romelic rea-
lurad mokle drois periodSi SeiZleba movaqcioT fulis nakadSi. firmisaTvis
optimalur Sefardebad iTvleba roca aqtivi izrdeba, xolo kreditoruli
davalianeba mcirdeba, rac praqtikaSi iSviaTia. firma SeiZleba darCes mdgradad,
roca aqtivebis zrdis tempi aWarbebs kreditoruli davalianebis zrdis temps an
roca aqtivebis Semcirebis maCvenebeli naklebia kreditoruli davalianebis
Semcirebis maCvenebelze.
yvelaze uaresi maCvenebelia, roca aqtivebi mcirdeba, xolo kreditoruli
davalianeba izrdeba, Tu es movlena tendenciuria, es niSnavs, rom xelmZRva-
neloba ar flobs maTi marTvis berketebs. es ki xdeba, roca xelmZRvaneloba ar
aqcevs sakmao yuradRebas finansur analizs, ar esmis misi mniSvneloba, an ara aqvs
sakmao finansuri ganaTleba, amitom upiratesobas aniWebs sxva naklebmniSvnelovan
maCveneblebs. fuladi saxsrebis moZraobis angariSis analizis safuZvelze
SegviZlia davadginoT sawarmos investiciuri politikisa da mimdinare saqmianobis
mdgomareoba. sawarmo yvelaze uxeS Secdomas uSvebs, roca `cocxali~ fulis masa
didia (ramdenadac ucnaurad ar unda mogveCvenos igi). swored am dros miiReba
gadawyvetileba, romelmac SeiZleba gamoiwvios firmis gakotreba. mxolod
fuladi saxsrebis analizma SeiZleba gvaCvenos, ramdenad unariania firmis
xelmZRvaneloba fuladi saxsrebis marTvaSi. sainvesticio gegmis uqonloba ufro
xSirad Rupavs firmas, vidre ufuloba. am SemTxvevaSi firma Tavis Tavs ayenebs
bazris zemoqmedebis qveS.
120
aqtivebisa da kreditorul davalianebaTa araefeqtiani marTvis mizezi
SeiZleba iyos erTi, roca ar aris napovni misi mizezi, da meore – marTvisaTvis
gamoiyeneba araefeqtiani berketi. Tu firmis xelmZRvaneloba cdilobs, garkveuli
periodis ganmavlobaSi gamoasworos mdgomareoba, magram ver aRwevs Sedegs, es
niSnavs, rom araefeqtiani marTvis mizezi devs ara iq, sadac igi eZebs. samwuxarod,
amJamad moqmedi buRaltruli angariSis struqtura orientirebulia sagadasaxado
angariSebze, rac ar iZleva saSualebas firmis finansuri mdgomareobis Rrma
analizisaTvis misi operaciul marTvaSi gamosayeneblad, amitom, saWirod
migvaCnia, Zlierma da perspeqtiulma firmebma gamoiyenon iseTi meqanizmi, romlis
saSualebiTac SesaZlebeli iqneba erTdroulad gakeTdes analizi, daexmaros
firmas marTvasa da momavali finansuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebaSi.
amJamad aseT berketad aRiarebulia mmarTvelobiTi aRricxva, romelmac sak-
maod didi aRiareba pova dasavleT evropaSi. mmarTvelobiTi aRricxvis damaxa-
siaTebeli Taviseburebaa is, rom igi iyenebs iseT maCveneblebs, rogoricaa mudmivi
da cvalebadi danaxarjebi, fuladi nakadi, finansuri mdgradoba, likvidoba,
brunvadoba, uzaralobis wertili.
msxvili firmebi Sedgeba ramdenime struqturuli erTeulisagan, romelTa
wvlili firmis saerTo mogebaSi mkveTrad gansxvavebulia, momgebian – maRal-
efeqtian erTeulebTan erTad gvxvdeba ararentabeluri, wamgebiani struqturuli
erTeulebic, romlebic Tavisi zaraliT STanTqaven maRali rentabelobis sameur-
neo erTeulebis mogebas, riTac sagrZnoblad amcireben firmis saerTo sameurneo
Sedegebs. aseT SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs gaTanabrebas sameurneo Sedegebis Sefa-
sebaSi, qreba maRalrentabelur qvedanayofTa daintereseba maRali ekonomikuri
maCveneblebis misaRwevad, rac sabolood uaryofiT gavlenas axdens firmis
sameurneo Sedegebze.
aRniSnulis likvidaciisaTvis saWiroa farTod gamoviyenoT firmis Siga
komerciuli angariSi. es meTodi gulisxmobs TiToeuli struqturuli erTeulis
komerciul angariSze gadayvanas. amisaTvis saWiroa TiToeuli qvedanayofi
moqmedebdes TviTdafinansebisa da TviTanazRaurebis principiT. TiToeul maTgans
udgindeba sagegmo maCveneblebi (Semosavlebi da danaxarjebi, warmoebis moculoba
da realizacia, mogeba da sxva), meti damoukidebloba unda mieces sameurneo
sakiTxebis gadawyvetaSi, mogebis formirebasa da mis ganawilebaSi. komerciuli
angariSi saSualebas gvaZlevs firmis finansuri maCveneblebis amaRlebisaTvis
brZolaSi aqtiurad CavabaT firmis TiToeuli muSaki, dawyebuli rigiTi muSakidan
firmis xelmZRvanelis CaTvliT. mxolod am SemTxvevaSi gaxdeba SesaZlebeli
amaRldes TiToeuli qvedanayofisa da, saerTod, firmis efeqtianobis maCveneblebi,
misi finansuri mdgradoba.
imisaTvis, rom vawarmooT mogeba-warmoeba gasaRebis saqmianobis kontroli,
sakmarisia vakontroloT uzaralobis wertili, vinaidan resursebis xarjva
yoveldRiuria. amitom kontrolic unda iyos aseve yoveldRiuri. mmarTvelobiTi
aRricxvis sistemaSi zemoT dasaxlebulTagan erTi parametris kontroli
zemoqmedebas axdens ramdenime sxva parametrze. Tu sawarmos Seswevs unari, marTos
aqtivis Sefardeba kreditorul davalianebasTan, maSin danarCeni maCveneblebi
avtomaturad imarTeba. mmarTvelobiTi kontroli gviCvenebs, Tu xelmZRvanelobis
mier dRes miRebuli gadawyvetilebis Sedegad rogor warmogvidgeba xval
sawarmos mogeba-zaralis angariSi da fuladi saxsrebis moZraoba, mmarTvelobiTi
aRricxva asrulebs aseve mudmivmoqmedi reviziis rols, vinaidan igi akontrolebs
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yvela sameurneo operacias, buRaltrul aRricxvasTan erTad. mmarTvelobiTi
aRricxvis meTodis gamoyeneba uzrunvelyofs firmis finansur mdgomareobas,
amaRlebs firmis ekonomikur efeqtianobas.
gagagagamoyenebuli literaturamoyenebuli literaturamoyenebuli literaturamoyenebuli literatura
1. erqomaiSvili g., xaraiSvili e. firmis ekonomika, Tbilisi, 2011. 2. bolqvaZe b. biznesis finansuri analizi: Teoria da praqtika, Tbilisi, 2007. 3. xaraiSvili e., CavleiSvili m. firmis finansuri ekonomika, Tbilisi, 2009. 4. Sengelia T. biznesis administrirebis safuZvlebi, Tbilisi, 2008. 5. Прошков А.В. Бизнес-план: Рекомендации по составлению. Москва, Прогресс, 2001. 6. Michael H. Mescon, courtland L. Bovee, John V. Thill. Business Todey. Vpper Saddie River, New
Jersey, 2003.
Kitsmarishvili Ketevan FINANCIAL SOFTWARE FIRM
SUMMARY
Often bankruptcy of a firm is caused by the fact that its authority doesn’t lead everyday analysis of the firm working. Mostly, this analysis is made once a year. At this period, improving of the made mistakes is difficult, recovery of spent material and financial resources is impossible; as a result the financial condition of the firm comes to dead end. So the condition of spending of material and money resources has to be under permanent control, so as the mistakes which were made are improved in time.
ekaterekaterekaterekaterine maRlakeliZeine maRlakeliZeine maRlakeliZeine maRlakeliZe elisabed malaniaelisabed malaniaelisabed malaniaelisabed malania
marketinguli SesaZlebloba Tu safrTxemarketinguli SesaZlebloba Tu safrTxemarketinguli SesaZlebloba Tu safrTxemarketinguli SesaZlebloba Tu safrTxe energokompaniebisaTvis?energokompaniebisaTvis?energokompaniebisaTvis?energokompaniebisaTvis?
saqarTvelos energetikisa da wyalmomaragebis maregulirebeli erovnuli
komisiis 2011 wlis 16 noembris #19 dadgenilebam, romelic iTvaliswinebs amave
komisiis mier miRebul 2008 wlis 18 seqtembris #20 dadgenilebaSi (“eleqt-
roenergiis (simZlavris) miwodebisa da moxmarebis wesebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb”,
ssm III, 22.09.2008 w., #140, muxli 1385) cvlilebebis Setanas, azrTa sxvadasxvaoba
gamoiwvia eleqtroenergetikis sferos saqmianobiT dainteresebul sazogadoebas
Soris. iseve, rogorc yvela kanons, am konkretul dadgenilebasac mravali waxnagi
aqvs. zogierT SemTxvevaSi is SesaZleblobas aZlevs ganawilebis licenziatebs –
ss “Telasi”, ss “kaxeTis energodistribucia” da ss “energo-pro jorjia” _
monopoliurad maRali zemogeba miiRon komisiis mier damtkicebuli 0,220 kv, 0,380
kv da 6/10 kv Zabvis axali momxmareblebisaTvis gamanawilebel qselze mierTebis
safasuris SeTavazebuli paketis safuZvelze, zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki garkveuli
safrTxis Semcvelic aris (ix. danarTi 1).
pirvel rigSi davazustoT, Tu vin moiazreba axali momxmareblis katego-
riaSi. komisiis #19 dadgenilebis 26 muxlis me-3 punqtis mixedviT, axal
momxmareblad iTvleba im sacxovrebeli binis mflobeli, sawarmo an sxva obieqti,
romelic ar aris mierTebuli gamanawilebel qselTan da ar xdeba misTvis
kanonmdeblobiT dagenili pirobebis Sesabamisad eleqtroenergiis miwodeba. axali
momxmarebelia, agreTve, uZravi qonebis gayofiT (abonentis gayofiT) miRebuli
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momxmarebeli, Tu arsebobs qonebis mesakuTris mier abonentad registraciis
moTxovna.
axali dadgenilebis mixedviT, gamanawilebel qselze axali momxmareblis
mierTebis safasuri, Cveni azriT, zogierT SemTxvevaSi sakmaod soliduria da
ganawilebis licenziatebs monopoliurad maRali zemogebis SesaZleblobas
aZlevs, zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki maTTvisac zaralis momtania. qselze mierTebis
safasuri momgebiania maSin, rodesac qseli ganviTarebulia da, maSasadame,
danarTi 1danarTi 1danarTi 1danarTi 1 0,220kv, 0,380 kv da 6/10 kv Zabvis axali momxmareblis0,220kv, 0,380 kv da 6/10 kv Zabvis axali momxmareblis0,220kv, 0,380 kv da 6/10 kv Zabvis axali momxmareblis0,220kv, 0,380 kv da 6/10 kv Zabvis axali momxmareblis
gamanawilebel qselze miegamanawilebel qselze miegamanawilebel qselze miegamanawilebel qselze mierTebis safasurirTebis safasurirTebis safasurirTebis safasuri
Zabvis safasuri,
kv
simZlavre, kvt
axali momxmareblis
gamanawilebel qselze
mierTebis uzrunvelyofis
periodi-vada (kalendaruli
dRe)
axali momxmareblis
mierTebis safasuri
dRg-is CaTvliT,
lari
0.220
1-10
35
400
0,380
1-10 35 1200
11-30 40 4700
31-50 40 7000
51-80 45 10500
81-100 45 12000
101-125 45 14000
126-200 45 21500
201-320 60 33000
321-500 60 50500
501-800 90 80000
801-1000 90 100000
6-10
1-500 60 48500
500-1000 90 94000
1001-1500 90 137000
1501-2000 90 177000
2001-3000 90 257500
3001-5000 90 416000
wyaro: http://gnerc.org. axali momxmareblebis gamanawilebel qselze mierTeba
ganawilebis licenziati ukve arsebuli gamanawilebeli qselidan uzrunvelyofs
axali momxmareblisaTvis el. energiis miwodebas. am SemTxvevaSi miiRweva
masStabis ekonomia. magram Tu qseli ar arsebobs, saidanac unda moxdes axali
momxmareblebis el. momarageba, am SemTxvevaSi qselze mierTebis safasuri
SeiZleba ganawilebis licenziatisaTvis wamgebianic aRmoCndes. imavdroulad,
irRveva axali momxmareblis interesebic, radgan qselze mierTebis safasurSi
gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris is manZili, rac axal momxmarebels aSorebs arsebuli
qselidan. ase magaliTad, momxmarebeli 100 metriT aris daSorebuli arsebuli
qselidan Tu 2 kilometriT, erTi da imave Zabvisa da simZlavris moTxovnis
pirobebSi man erTi da igive safasuri unda gadaixados qselze mierTebisaTvis.
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Cveni azriT, samarTliani iqneboda, rom maregulirebel erovnul komisias
ganesazRvra qselze mierTebis safasuri 1 kvt energiaze gaangariSebiT sam
sxvadasxva Zabvaze (0.220, 0.380 da 6-10 kv), anu SeemuSavebina diferencialuri
satarifo sistema moxmarebuli Zabvisa da moTxovnili simZlavris mixedviT, rac
gamanawilebel qselze mierTebis msurvelebs (axal momxmareblebs) SesaZleblobas
miscemda, gadaexadaT moTxovnili kvt-s mixedviT da ara imis safuZvelze, Tu
simZlavris romel diapazonSi moxvdebodnen.
axla SevecdebiT davasabuToT Cveni mosazreba. magaliTad, ss “Telasi”-s
abonentebs Soris yvelaze didi xvedriTi wiliT warmodgenili arian 0,220 kv
Zabvis momxmareblebi (e.w. komunaluri momxmareblebi), romlebic ZiriTadad 3-5 kvt
eleqtroenergiaze akeTeben ganacxads, magram, amis miuxedavad, imave safasuris
gadaxda mouwevT, rogorc momxmareblebs, romlebic imave Zabvaze 10 kvt energias
moiTxoven. 0,380 kv-is, anu samfaza denis momxmareblebi, ZiriTadad, mcire biznesis
mesveurebi arian. am kategoriis momxmareblebisTvisac qselze mierTebis safasuri,
migvaCnia, rom arasamarTliania. Tu danarTSi miTiTebul axali momxmareblebis
qselze mierTebis safasuris diapazons ganvixilavT, davrwmundebiT, rom
simZlavreebis diapazoni Zalian farToa da, imavdroulad, damatebiT 1 kvt
energiis moTxovna qselze mierTebis safasurs mniSvnelovnad zrdis. ase
magaliTad, danarTis mixedviT, 500 kvt energia 50500 lari jdeba, xolo ukve 501
kvt-s simZlavreebs sul sxva diapazonSi gadavyavarT da, Sesabamisad, qselze
mierTebis safasuric sagrZnoblad izrdeba – 80000 lari. amasTan, usamarTlod
migvaCnia, rom 0,380 kvt-is momxmareblebma, imis miuxedavad, 321 kvt-ze gaakeTeben
ganacxads, Tu 500 kvt-ze, erTi da igive safasuri gadaixadon _ 50500 lari dRg-is
CaTvliT. igive SeiZleba iTqvas simZlavris yvela sxva diapazonis Sesaxebac. 6-10
kv Zabvis momxmareblebi, ZiriTadad, saSualo da msxvili biznesis warmomad-
genlebi arian, romlebic qveynisaTvis mniSvnelovan produqcias qmnian. isini
ganawilebis licenziatebis momxmareblebs Soris yvelaze naklebi xvedriTi
wiliT arian warmodgenili, magram am kategoriis momxmareblebze el. energiis
Sesyidvebis yvelaze didi xvedriTi wili modis. ganawilebis licenziatebisaTvis,
da gansakuTrebiT ss “energo-pro jorjiasaTvis”, romlis energodistribuciis
areali sakmaod farToa da TiTqmis mTel saqarTvelos faravs, kaxeTis regionisa
da Tbilisis garda, 6-10 kv Zabvis momxmareblebis momsaxureba SeiZleba serio-
zulad wamgebianic aRmoCndes qselis ararsebobis pirobebSi, imis gaTvaliswinebiT
Tu axali momxmarebeli ra simZlavreze gaakeTebs ganacxads. dResdReobiT
momxmareblebi Rirebulebis maqsimizatorebi arian, gansakuTrebiT ki, biznes-
momxmareblebi. simZlavreTa SeTavazebuli diapazonidan isini, cxadia, maqsimalur
simZlavreze gaakeTeben ganacxads Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom 500 kvt da 1000 kvt
energia erTi da igive Tanxa daujdebaT _ 137 000 lari. damatebiT simZlavres ki
rezervis saxiT Seinaxaven.
amrigad, maRali Zabvis qselze axali momxmareblebis mierTeba ganawilebis
licenziatebisaTvis SeiZleba zaralianic aRmoCndes. wamgebian momxmareblebs ki
rogor eqcevian, es yvelasTvis kargad cnobilia – tradiciulad, isini an
momgebiani momxmareblebis kategoriaSi gadahyavT, an saerTod uars amboben maT
momsaxurebaze. amazea agebuli momxmareblebTan urTierTobis marTvis teqnolo-
giebi. Sesabamisad, ganawilebis licenziatebs mouwevT momgebiani garigebidan
miRebuli SemosavlebiT gadafaron wamgebiani proeqtebi, rac sabazro ekonomikis principebs ewinaaRmdegeba. ganawilebis licenziatebisaTvis naklebmomgebiani da,
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gansakuTrebiT, wamgebiani momxmareblebis iZulebiT momsaxurebam SeiZleba sxva
Tanamdevi problemebic Seqmnas, kerZod, mosalodnelia gamoiwvios eleqtroener-
giaze tarifebis zrda, rac mZime tvirTad daawveba rogorc biznesis mesveurebs,
ise maT momxmareblebs, romelzedac gadanawildeba gazrdili tarifis tvirTi.
“eleqtroenergiis (simZlavris) miwodebisa da moxmarebis wesebis damtkicebis
Sesaxeb” 2008 wlis 18 seqtembris #20 dadgenilebaSi Sesuli cvlilebebi garkveul
safrTxes uqmnis eleqtroenergetikis sferoSi momuSave kerZo samSeneblo-
samontaJo kompaniebs da maT potenciur momxmareblebsac azaralebs. saqmeSi
Cauxedavi adamianisaTvis gasagebi rom iyos Tu razea saubari, mivyveT movlenebs
Tanmimdevrulad. axali dadgenilebis 26-e muxlis me-8 punqtSi vkiTxulobT, rom
“0,4 kv (380/220v.) da 6/10 kv Zabvis axali momxmareblis (axali momxmareblis eleqt-
ruli qselis) gamanawilebel qselze mierTebis samuSaoebi SeiZleba ganxorciel-
des mxolod ganawilebis licenziatis miermxolod ganawilebis licenziatis miermxolod ganawilebis licenziatis miermxolod ganawilebis licenziatis mier. ganawilebis licenziati
uzrunvelyofs axali momxmareblis (axali momxmareblis eleqtruli qselis)
kuTvnil teritoriamde mierTebisaTvis saWiro yvela samuSaosa da xarjs (srul srul srul srul teqnologiur ciklsteqnologiur ciklsteqnologiur ciklsteqnologiur cikls), maT Soris, gamanawilebeli qselis gayvanas, saSualebebis
SeZenas, mierTebis saproeqto-samSeneblo samuSaoebs, mis SesrulebasTan dakavSi-
rebuli Tanxmobis an nebarTvis mopovebas da yvela saxis saWiro moqmedebas da
samuSaos (aRricxvis kvanZis mowyobasa da eleqtroenergiiT momaragebis dawyebis
CaTvliT), rac dakavSirebulia gamanawilebel qselze axali momxmareblis mier-
Tebis uzrunvelyofasa da eleqtromomaragebasTan.” 26-e muxlis me-9 punqtSi ki
calsaxad aris dafiqsirebuli, rom “dauSvebelia mierTebis msurvelis (ganmcxa-
deblis) mier mierTebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis saWiro saSualebebis SeZena an/da
gamanawilebel qselze moTxovnili mierTebisaTvis saWiro samuSaoebis warmoeba,
masTan dakavSirebuli saproeqto-samSeneblo samuSaoebis an raime saxis Tanxmobis
an nebarTvis miRebaSi monawileoba ... .” amave punqtis mixedviT, “mierTebis msurve-
li (ganmcxadebeli) ar aris valdebuli …... daeswros eleqtroenergiiT momaragebis
dawyebas.” Cveni azriT, ufro samarTliani iqneboda, rom momxmarebels SesaZleb-
loba hqonda mesame piris meSveobiT zedamxedveloba gaewia el. samontaJo
samuSaoebis mimdinareobaze da ganawilebis licenziatis mier arsebuli stan-
dartebis darRvevis, an meoradi mowyobilobebis da masalebis gamoyenebis
SemTxvevaSi ganawilebis licenziatisaTvis moeTxova Sesabamisi makoreqtirebeli
RonisZiebebis gatareba. aseve arasworia, rom qselze mierTebis msurvels (ganmcxa-
debels) wavarTvaT mierTebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis saWiro saSualebebis SeZenis
ufleba imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom moziduli masalebi unda akmayofilebdes
maTdami standartiT da teqnikuri pirobiT wayenebul moTxovnebs.
axla visaubroT imaze, Tu ra xdeboda aRniSnuli dadgenilebis miRebamde.
gamanawilebel qselze mierTebis msurvels SesaZlebloba hqonda, miemarTa
nebismieri samSeneblo-samontaJo samuSaoebis mimwodebeli kompaniisaTvis da
masTan molaparakebis safuZvelze mieRo momsaxurebis sruli paketi ganawilebis
Sesabamisi licenziatis mier gacemuli teqnikuri pirobisa da samuSaoebis
warmoebaze gacemuli nebarTvis safuZvelze. garda amisa, samSeneblo-samontaJo
samuSaoebis mimwodebeli kompaniebi damkveTisaTvis uzrunvelyofdnen samuSaoebis
Sesrulebis sabanko garantias, xarisxis garantias da miReba-Cabarebis aqtis
gaformebas. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, axali momxmarebeli garantirebulad
Rebulobda misTvis gamanawilebel qselze mierTebisaTvis saWiro el. samontaJo
samuSaoebs ganawilebis licenziatis mier gacemuli teqnikuri pirobisa da
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kontraqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebis (maT Soris vadebis) sruli dacviT.
amasTan, samSeneblo-samontaJo kompaniebis mier Sesrulebul samuSaoebs ibarebda
Sesabamisi ganawilebis licenziati da mxolod amis Semdeg xdeboda axali
momxmareblis CarTva arsebul qselSi. imavdroulad, qselze mierTebis msurvels
(ganmcxadebels) samSeneblo-samontaJo samuSaoebis mimwodeblebs Soris Tavisufa-
li arCevanis gakeTebis kanoniT miniWebuli ufleba hqonda rac, axali dadgeni-
lebis mixedviT, mas waarTves. amasTan, konkurentuli garemo samSeneblo-samontaJo
samuSaoebis fass momxmareblis sasargeblod aregulirebda. samSeneblo-samontaJo
samuSaoebis fass mimwodebelsa da damkveTs Soris uSualod gaformebuli
kontraqti gansazRvravda. maSasadame, 26-e muxlis me-9 punqtis Tanaxmad, axal
momxmareblebs samSeneblo-samontaJo samuSaoebis mimwodeblebs Soris Tavisufali
arCevanis gakeTebac ekrZalebaT da gamanawilebel qselze mierTebis safasuric
moTxovnili simZlavris mixedviT ganesazRvrebaT (ix. danarTi 1).
axali dadgenilebis mixedviT, kerZo samSeneblo-samontaJo kompaniebic
kargaven axal momxmarebelze pirdapiri wvdomis SesaZleblobas da, rac yvelaze
mniSvnelovania, mTlianad damokidebuli xdebian ganawilebis licenziatis
“keTilganwyobaze”, rac erT dros maTma umetesma nawilma warmatebiT daZlia da
damoukidebel kompaniebad Camoyalibdnen. amgvarma damokidebulebam ki SeiZleba
kvlav korufciul garigebebs daudos saTave, rac qveynis mTavrobis didi ZalisxmeviT rogorc iqna daZleulia. kerZo samSeneblo-samontaJo kompaniebi
iZulebuli gaxdebian, rom mizeruli mogebis pirobebSi moemsaxuron ganawilebis
licenziatebs, ramac SeiZleba isini gakotrebis piras miiyvanos. gamoricxuli ar
aris, rom samSeneblo-samontaJo kompaniebma, arsebobis SenarCunebis mizniT,
Seamciron daqiravebuli muSaxelis xelfasebi an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, maTi
raodenoba, rac gazrdis umuSevrobas da daamZimebs socialur fons. yovelive es
ki “safrTxis” kvalifikacias Rebulobs rogorc eleqtroenergetikaSi momuSave
firmebis, ise mTlianad sazogadoebisaTvis.
erTaderTi punqti, romelic SeiZleba iTqvas, rom axali momxmareblis
sasargeblod muSaobs, es aris 261 muxlis me-8 punqti, romlis mixedviTac,
“gamanawilebel qselze axali momxmareblis mierTebis uzrunvelyofis samuSaoebis
gansazRvrul vadaSi dausruleblobis (eleqtroenergiiT momaragebis dawyebis
gansazRvrul vadaSi Seusruleblobis) SemTxvevaSi, axali momxmareblis mierTebis
safasuri Semcirdeba 50%-iT... .” amasTan, Riad rCeba eleqtruli qselis qonebrivi
kuTvnilebis sakiTxi. dadgenilebaSi miTiTebuli ar aris, Tu axali momxmareblis
saxsrebiT aSenebuli eleqtruli qseli axali momxmareblis balansze rCeba Tu
ganawilebis licenziatis balansze gadadis Semdgomi eqspluataciisaTvis.
zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos energetikisa da wyalmomara-
gebis maregulirebeli erovnuli komisiis 2011 wlis 16 noembris #19 dadgenileba,
romelsac arsebiTi cvlilebebi Seaqvs amave komisiis 2008 wlis 18 seqtembris #21
dadgenilebaSi (ssm III, 22.09.2008, #140, muxli 1382) “eleqtroenergiis gamanawilebel
qselze axali momxmareblis mierTebis safasuris Sesaxeb,” xels uwyobs
monopoliis gaZlierebas eleqtroenergiis ganawilebis sferoSi, rac daazaralebs
rogorc gamanawilebel qselze mierTebis msurvelebs, ise eleqtroenergetikis
seqtorSi momuSave kerZo samSeneblo-samontaJo kompaniebs. ganawilebis licenzia-
tebisaTvis ki zogierTi proeqti momgebiani iqneba, zogierTi ki _ wamgebiani.
2008 wlis 18 seqtembris #20 dadgenilebaSi cvlilebebis Setanis oficialur
mizezad momxmarebelsa da licenziats Soris urTierTobis gamartiveba dasaxel-
126
da. komisiis ganmartebiT, dainerga “erTi fanjris principi”, ramac mierTebis
samuSaoebisaTvis gansazRvruli procedurebis raodenoba, faqtobrivad, erT
proceduramde Seamcira. magram saqme ase martivad rom iyos, Cven am Temas ar
SevexebodiT. rogorc yvela regulators, am konkretul dadgenilebasac mravali
Tanamdevi efeqti aqvs. is garkveul SesaZleblobebs xsnis ganawilebis licenzia-
tebisaTvis maTi sabazro Zalauflebis gaZlierebis TvalsazrisiT, magram,
imavdroulad, garkveuli safrTxis matarebelic aris rogorc maTTvis, ise
eleqtroenergetikis sferoSi momuSave kompaniebisa da maTi potenciuri momxma-
reblebisaTvis, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT mosalodnel makroekonomikur Sedegebze.
kanoni mxolod maSin aris misaRebi, Tu igi SeZlebs, daabalansos yvela
dainteresebuli mxaris interesebi da, imavdroulad, dargs ganviTarebis SesaZ-
lebloba misces. yvelafers momavali gviCvenebs.
Maglakelidze Ekaterine Malania Elisabed
MARKETING OPPORTUNITIES OR THREATS FOR ENERGY COMPA NIES? SUMMARY
The article highlights anticipated results of the amendment made to the GNERC Decree #20,
September 18, 2008 on “Adoption of Principles of Electricity (Capacity) Supply and Consumption”. For the power distribution companies such as JSC “Telasi”, JSC “Energo-Pro Georgia” and JSC “Kakhetis Energodistributsia” these amendments have created good opportunities for growing burgaining market power. But for the private energy companies, providing construction-installation works for 0.220 kV, 0.380 kV and 6-10 kV customers, these amendments are qualified as a threat since they are losing the chance to maintain direct access to the “new customers” and are finally becoming dependent on the goodwill of power distribution companies in this field of activities. “New Customers” are also loosing the chance to select between the providers of construction-installation works and as a result to get acceptable price for the chance to be connected to the distribution network.
medmedmedmedea melaSviliea melaSviliea melaSviliea melaSvili globalizaciis gavlena saxelmwifo sawarmoebis funqcionirebazeglobalizaciis gavlena saxelmwifo sawarmoebis funqcionirebazeglobalizaciis gavlena saxelmwifo sawarmoebis funqcionirebazeglobalizaciis gavlena saxelmwifo sawarmoebis funqcionirebaze
ekonomikur literaturaSi msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis ekonomikur ganviTa-
rebaze globalizaciis mniSvnelobisa da gavlenis Sesaxeb azrTa sxvadasxvaoba
arsebobs, zogjer radikalurad mwvave. globalizaciis momxreTa ZiriTad kozirs
warmoadgens is, rom dReisaTvis mravali globaluri problema arsebobs, romelTa
gadaWra calkeuli qveynisaTvis SeuZlebelia da igi erTian Zalisxmevas moiTxovs.
esenia: omisa da mSvidobis, siRaribis da umuSevrobis, ekologiuri, demografiuli,
kosmosis aTvisebis, SimSilis daZlevis da sursaTiT uzrunvelyofis problemebi
da a.S. radikalurad gansxvavdeba globalizaciis mowinaaRmdegeTa mosazrebebi,
romlebic Tvlian, rom wamyvani qveynebi ganviTarebad qveynebSi bunebriv resursebs
mtaceblurad iyeneben, rac iwvevs maTi ekonomikuri mdgomareobis araTu gaum-
jobesebas, aramed, piriqiT, siRaribis, SimSilis maCveneblebis zrdas, ekolo-
giuri situaciis gauaresebas, konkurentunarianobis Semcirebas da a.S., riTac
xels uwyobs erovnuli kulturis degradacias, tradiciebis da erovnuli
TviTmyofadobis dakargvas da sxva. rasakvirvelia, globalizaciis pirobebSi
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aseTi safrTxe arsebobs, Tumca aucileblad gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqtori,
rom globalizacia realuri procesia da saWiroa misi ara kritika da uaryofa,
aramed maqsimaluri Zalisxmevis gamoCena misi negatiuri zemoqmedebis ganeit-
ralizebisaken.
globalizaciis gavlena, ufro sworad ki zewola, imdenad Zlieri aRmoCnda,
rom calkeuli qveyana veRar aregulirebs erovnul ekonomikas. zogierTi qveyana
(kanada, iaponia, inglisi, norvegia, germania, dania, SvedeTi, taivani, malaizia,
singapuri, samxreT korea) axerxebs biznesis daregulirebas da strategiuli
daniSnulebis samrewvelo obieqtebisa da prioritetuli seqtorebis saxelmwifo
subsidirebas (efeqtiani politikisa da Zlieri menejmentis daxmarebiT). es swored
imis gamo xdeba, rom am qveynebSi arsebuli saeqsperto da analitikuri kvlevis
centrebi ki ar uaryofen globalizaciis yovlismomcvelobas, aramed muSaoben
globalur problemebze da sakmaod efeqturadac, da rekomendaciebs aZleven
mTavrobebs. vTvliT, rom Cvenma qveyanam aucileblad unda gaiTvaliswinos
aRniSnuli saxelmwifoebis udavod warmatebuli gamocdileba.
globalizaciam mniSvnelovnad Secvala msoflioSi TamaSis wesebi. mas
mecnierebma `kapitalizmis triumfi~ uwodes. amJamad virtualurad nebismier
sawarmos SeuZlia miiRos monawileoba ekonomikuri brZolis procesSi msoflio
bazarze xelsayreli poziciebisa da sadaveebis mosapoveblad. zogierTi maTgani
globalur cvlilebaTa msxverpli xdeba, zogierTi ki piriqiT _ mogebas iRebs
aRniSnul cvlilebaTa Sedegad. albaT mcirea iseT sawarmoTa jgufi, romlebic
globalur sivrceSi xelSeuxebeli rCeba. Tanamedrove msoflio viTardeba,
rogorc erTiani sistema, romlis farglebSi Tanaarseboben transnacionaluri
kompaniebi da erovnuli ekonomikuri sawarmoebi. transnacionalur sawarmoTa
sistema zemoqmedebs erovnuli ekonomikebis ganviTarebaze. transnacionalur
kompaniebsa da saxelmwifo sawarmoebs sruliad gansxvavebuli miznebi gaaCnia.
maTi saerTo mizania axal bazrebze damkvidreba.
transnacionaluri kompania msxvili biznesia, romelic dafuZnebulia
ganviTarebul qveyanaSi. msoflioSi 500 multierovnuli kompaniaa, romelTa
naxevarze meti ekuTvnis aSS-s, erTi meeqvsedi _ iaponias, erTi meaTedi _ ingliss.
amasTan, 1990-iani wlebidan aseve gaizarda ganviTarebadi qveynebis (malaizia,
singapuri, samxreT korea, honkongi) transnacionaluri biznesi.
transnacionaluri korporaciebi umwvavesi konkurenciis zegavleniT,
iZulebuli arian, maqsimalur mogebaze iyvnen orientirebuli da daipyron bazrebi.
amitom isini TavianT saqmianobas iseT qveynebSi axorcieleben, sadac samuSao Zala
da bunebrivi resursebi iafia. maT gaaCniaT ultraTanamedrove sakadro, sain-
formacio da teqnologiuri resursebi. amitom erovnuli saxelmwifo sawarmoebi
maT konkurencias ver uweven. TviT saxelmwifoc iZulebulia, rig daTmobebze
wavides da gaaformos maTTan kabaluri kontraqtebi, minimaluri sargeblis
tarifebis, teqnologiuri, eqspertizis, teqnikuri aRWurvilobis, sainvesticio
kapitalis da sxva saxiT.
dRes sul ufro da ufro aSkara xdeba globalizaciis zegavlenis
gaZliereba sawarmoebis funqcionirebaze saerTod da kerZod, saxelmwifo
sawarmoebze. es zegavlena gansxvavebulia ganviTarebuli da ganviTarebadi qvey-
nebis saxelmwifo sawarmoebze da Tvisebrivad aisaxeba maTi konkurentunarianobis
maCveneblebze. bunebrivia, ganviTarebadi qveynebis saxelmwifo sawarmoebs uWirT
globalur gamowvevebze adaptireba, rac iwvevs maTi saqmianobis arastabilurobas.
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saxelmwifo sawarmoebi eqcevian transnacionaluri korporaciebisa da
sabanko struqturebis zegavlenis qveS. garda amisa, msoflio bazarze es
korporaciebi akontroleben saerTaSoriso vaWrobas da lideroben komerciuli
mniSvnelobis mqone inovaciebis (axali teqnologiebis, produqtebisa da axali
organizaciuli formebis) warmoebaSi.
globalizaciis epoqaSi transnacionaluri kapitalis, bazrebisa da
komunikaciebis gakontroleba veRar xerxdeba calkeul saxelmwifoebriv
teritoriul sazRvrebSi, dgeba zesaxelmwifoebrivi mmarTvelobis SemoRebis
sakiTxi. qveynebis teritoriuli mmarTveloba veRar akontrolebs iseT sakiTxebs,
romlebic dakavSirebulia Tanamedrove sainformacio, sakomunikacio da
SeiaraRebis teqnologiebTan, globalur ekologiur cvlilebebTan, globalur
bazrebTan da a.S.
dRes calke aRebuli erTi qveynis centraluri xelisufleba aq erTaderTi
dominanti Zala aRaraa saxelmwifo sawarmoTa mmarTvelobaSi. kapitalis
transnacionaluri dineba da uaxlesi teqnologiebi asustebs maT ekonomikas.
umetes SemTxvevaSi, ganviTarebadi qveynebis (romelTa ricxvs saqarTveloc
miekuTvneba) mTavrobebi TavianT teritoriebze funqcionirebadi transnacio-
naluri korporaciebisgan sakontrolo pakets ver Rebuloben, ris gamoc isini
kabalur mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndebian xolme. am SemTxvevaSi aucilebeli xdeba
Zlieri samTavrobo institutebis Seqmna, raTa qveyanam da iq arsebulma
saxelmwifo sawarmoebma gauZlos globalizaciis axal Semotevebs.
Cveni azriT, Zalian sainteresoa dRevandel msoflioSi CineTis ekonomikis
arsebuli mdgomareoba, rac gansakuTrebul fenomens warmoadgens da ganpi-
robebulia Semdegi strategiebiT:
- man uari Tqva `Sokur Terapiasa~ da deregulaciaze da gamoiyena keinzis
principi, ganaxorciela mxolod mcire da saSualo biznesis privatizacia, xolo
msxvili bankebi da sxva strategiuli obieqtebi saxelmwifos sakuTrebaSi datova.
es ki mTavrobis mier qveynis konkurentunarianobaze zrunvis saukeTeso berketi
aRmoCnda;
- CineTma konkurentunarianobis strategiis gamoyenebiT SeZlo msoflio
bazrebis dapyroba. man aqcenti gaakeTa patentebis warmoebasa da produqciis
dabal TviTRirebulebaze konkurentunarianobis gazrdiT (nacvlad sakuTari
brendebis Seqmnisa, rac sakmaod did drosa da resursebs saWiroebda);
- man prioriteti mianiWa ganaTlebasa da mecnierul-teqnikur progress, risi
wyalobiTac ganaviTara da danerga uaxlesi teqnologiebi;
- Tavisufali ekonomikuri zonebis SeqmniT man gazarda konkurentuna-
rianobis maCveneblebi. zogierTi avtori miiCnevs, rom arsebuli tendenciebis
SenarCunebiT, CineTi 2025 wlisaTvis mTliani erovnuli produqtis saerTo
moculobiTa da SemosavlebiT gauswrebs aSS-s. Cveni azriT, CineTis gamocdilebis
mecnieruli Seswavla da Semdgom misi gamoyeneba Cveni qveynis ganviTarebis
arsebuli donisa da pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, sakmaod karg efeqts mogvcemda.
komunikaciebisa da satransporto teqnologiis ganviTarebam xeli Seuwyo
produqciis, momsaxurebisa da kapitalis mobilurobas. ganviTarebuli qveynebi
afarToeben msoflio bazrebs sakuTari produqciis realizaciisaTvis, risTvisac
iyeneben ganviTarebad qveynebSi arsebul iaf muSaxelsa da bunebriv resursebs.
isini saerTaSoriso safinanso institutebisa da regionuli savaWro SeTanxmebebis
meSveobiT ganviTarebad qveynebs tarifebis Semcirebas aiZuleben saxelmwifo
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sawarmoebis privatizaciasTan dakavSirebiT. es investorebs aZlevs kolosalur
mogebas, ganviTarebad qveynebs ki zarals.
amJamad TandaTanobiT mimdinareobs adgilobrivi samrewvelo sawarmoebis
Serwyma transnacionalur biznesTan, romelic moicavs teqnologiis dizains,
mecnierul kvlevebs, produqciis warmoebas, miwodebasa da distribucias, raSic
did rols TamaSobs satelituri kavSirebi, uaxlesi satransporto saSualebebi
da media. transnacionaluri korporaciebi deben investiciebs ucxo qveynebis
ekonomikaSi, rac gamoixateba rogorc adgilobrivi kompaniebis SesyidvaSi, ise
axali warmoebis an momsaxurebis saqmianobis ganxorcielebaSi.
globalizaciis epoqaSi ucxouri transnacionaluri kompaniebi zRudaven
adgilobrivi warmoebis ganviTarebas. Tumca Teoriulad, yvela qveyanas (da aq ar-
sebul saxelmwifo sawarmoebs) gaaCnia konkurentulobis ganviTarebis SesaZleb-
loba. amisaTvis aucilebelia qveyanaSi Seiqmnas codnis komercializaciisa da
inovaciuri teqnologiebis aucilebeli garemo, ganviTardes erovnuli warmoeba
da biznesi.
codnisa da informaciis dRevandel epoqaSi konkurencia (individualur Tu
saxelmwifo doneze) moiTxovs ganaTlebisa da mecnieruli kvlevebis orientirebas
maRal standartebze, globalur garemoSi konkurentulobis misaRwevad. Cvens
qveyanas esaWiroeba msoflio TanamegobrobaSi integrireba. amasTan, qveynis
mTavrobam unda ganaxorcielos efeqtiani konkurentuli strategia.
Cveni qveynisaTvis aucilebelia imgvari mikro da makroekonomikuri refor-
mebis ganxorcieleba, rac xels Seuwyobs qveynis mdgrad ganviTarebasa da
sawarmoTa konkurentunarianobis zrdas globalur sivrceSi.
gamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literatura
1. abesaZe r., arevaZe n., sarCimelia r., melaSvili m. `ekonomikuri
ganviTarebisa daprognozirebis problemebi~, gam. `universali~, Tbilisi, 2004.
2. asaTiani r., asaTiani s. `biznes-menejmenti da globaluri konkurencia~,
gam. `teqnikuri universiteti~, Tbilisi, 2009.
3. ivaniaSvili g. `globalizacia da eri _ saxelmwifos momavali: eri _
saxelmwifos konkurentunarianobis strategia globalizaciis epoqaSi~.
disertacia, Tbilisi, 2008.
4. kveselava e., SubiTiZe v. `politologia ~. Tbilisi, 2009.
5. meliqiZe v. `msoflio politikis globalizacia~, gam. `socialur
mecnierebaTa centri~, Tbilisi, 2006.
6. jamagiZe l. `transnacionaluri korporaciebis roli msoflio
ekonomikis globalizaciis procesSi~ disertacia, Tbilisi, 2008.
Melashvili Medea
EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF THE STATE ENTERPRISES SUMMARY
Globalization has significantly changed the rules of governance in the world. These changes are of so
great importance that particular states cannot govern their own national economies. In the epoch of globalization the central governments are not the only source of regulation for the state enterprises.
National corporations are unable to compete with the international corporations. The latter influence the national economies.
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In terms of the current tendencies it is important to create the environment that encourages the commercialization of theoretical knowledge. Along with these measures it is essential to conduct such macro and microeconomic reforms that will result in the increase of the competitiveness of the national enterprises in globalised world.
Орлова Валентина ПРОБЛЕМЫ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ КРЕДИТОВАНИЯ СУБЪЕКТОВ
МАЛОГО И СРЕДНЕГО БИЗНЕСА
В современных условиях экономического развития существенно актуализировалась проблема развития малого бизнеса. Это обусловлено рядом взаимоувязанных причин. Во-первых малый бизнес как институциональный сектор экономики давно стал доминирующим по численности и объемам производства в ведущих странах мира. Во-вторых, кризис мировой экономики негативно повлиял на внешние рынки сбыта. В-третьих, кризис мировой экономики негативное влияние оказал на рост отдельных национальных экономик. Больше всего посткризисная рецессия отразилась на малом бизнесе, поскольку малый бизнес не имеет достаточных резервных ресурсов и страховых
инструментов для самостоятельного преодоления кризисного давления. При этом, одним из главных
препятствий на пути деятельности субъектов малого бизнеса в условиях кризиса является отсутствие достаточных объемов финансовых ресурсов.
Актуальность проблемы кредитования субъектов малого и среднего бизнеса в посткризисный период нашла отражение в исследованиях отечественных и зарубежных ученых и практиков. Значительный вклад в раскрытие этой темы внесли: С. Аржавитин [1], О. Дзюблюк [2], И. Волошин [3], А. Папаика [4], С. Арбузов [4], А. Семик [5], Синкли Дж. [6], и другие ученые. Вместе с тем, исследования научных источников и анализ современной практики кредитования субъектов отечественного малого бизнеса показали, что проблемы банковского кредитования малого бизнеса не решены в полной мере. В научных трудах эти проблемы исследуются фрагментарно, в связи с чем возникает необходимость дальнейшего усовершенствования работы банков в части кредитования субъектов малого и среднего бизнеса, которые имеют большое значение в деятельности банков. В связи с этим возникает необходимость дальнейшего усовершенствования управления кредитованием субъектов малого бизнеса.
Мировой опыт свидетельствует о том, что высокоэффективная экономика оптимально объединяет деятельность крупных, средних и малых предприятий, а также физических лиц – субъектов предпринимательства. Исследования дают возможность утверждать, что развитие малого и частного предпринимательства является индикатором, с помощью которого можно судить о степени открытости рыночной экономики, о независимости и ответственности субъектов хозяйствования, об уровне их предпринимательской культуры и этики, а так же закреплении частной собственности.
Кроме того малый и средний бизнес имеет свои преимущества в приспособлении к условиям рыночной экономики. Так малые и средние фирмы как правило, входят в рынок избегая таких проблем как наличие значительной кредиторско-дебиторской задолженности, что характерно для крупного бизнеса.
Вместе с тем, мировой опыт свидетельствует, что субъекты малого бизнеса не располагают крупными собственными ресурсами, в тоже время возможности получить банковский кредит довольно ограничены по целому ряду причин. Наиболее распространенной причиной является незаинтересованность банков в выдаче небольших по размерам займов, так называемых микрокредитов. И не менее важной причиной является то, что процедура принятия банками соответствующего решения относительно микрокредитования субъектов малого и среднего бизнеса
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носит относительно сложный характер. Вместе с тем микрокредиты существенно отличаются от обычных банковских кредитов поскольку у микрокредитов меньший размер, более короткие сроки погашения, для их оформления требуется относительно минимальное количество документов и в качестве обеспечения применяется не только ликвидационный залог, но и деловая репутация получателя микрокредита. Все это способствует работе банков в динамичном режиме, так как кредиты субъектам малого бизнеса предоставляются, своевременно погашаются, определенная их часть переходит в категорию просроченных. Кроме того спрос на микрокредиты, как и на кредиты для крупных клиентов банков во многом зависит от процентных ставок и требований к клиентам банков. В целом микрокредиты играют немаловажную роль как в развитии малого бизнеса так и в повышении эффективности деятельности непосредственно банков. Например, на Украине по данным финансового состояния на 01.01.2011 год абсолютная сумма кредитов, предоставленных физическим лицам в общем объеме кредитов, выданных клиентам банков, возросла по сравнению с предыдущим годом на 3,2 %. При этом доля микрокредитов в общем объеме выданных кредитов банками по состоянию на 01.01.2011 г. снизилась и составила 33 % против 36 % по состоянию на 01.01.2012 г., что свидетельствует о том, что микрокредитование на Украине является достаточно распрост-раненным и достаточно управляемым [7]. С целью повышения эффективности микрокредитования, банки заинтересованы в формировании информации, позволяющей устанавливать параметры кредитования. При этом обрабатывать огромные информационные массивы о клиентах банков – субъектах малого и среднего бизнеса и о населении не автоматизированным способом не представляется возможным и целесообразным. В нынешних условиях инновационного развития технологий формирования и обработки различной информации банки используют автома-тизированные информационные и информационно-аналитические системы. По мнению И. Волошина, розничное кредитование требует использования мощных аналитических средств, входящих, например в бизнес-интелидженс – системы, как инструменты, которые используются для преобразования, хранения, анализа, моделирования, оптимизации и доставки информации с целью принятия управленческих бизнес-решений [3].
Исследование проблемы управления банковским кредитованием малого и среднего бизнеса так же позволяет сделать вывод о том, что процесс кредитования малого и среднего бизнеса отличается от стандартного процесса предоставления кредитов, оперативностью, комплексом финансовых услуг, объединенных таким механизмом кредитной поддержки малого и среднего бизнеса как микрофинансирование. Микрофинансирование, кроме микрокредитов включает целый комплекс финансовых услуг таких как: депозиты, страховые продукты, льготное кредитование, софинансирование, предоставление гарантий на получение кредита, венчурное финансирование, аудиторско-консалтинговое обслуживание и др.
Учитывая прогнозы ведущих экономистов малый и средний бизнес является одним из наиболее перспективных в ближайшем будущем. Однако, кроме благоприятных условий относительно банковского кредитования для дальнейшего развития малого и среднего бизнеса необходима государственная поддержка, как в вопросах обеспечения льготными ресурсами, так и предоставлении определенных налоговых льгот как субъектам малого бизнеса – заемщикам так и банковским учреждениям – кредиторам малого и среднего бизнеса, что будет способствовать удешевлению банковских кредитов, предоставляемых субъектам малого и среднего бизнеса. В условиях действия Налогового кодекса целесообразно урегулировать:
1. Финансовые результаты деятельности банковской системы Украины свидетельствуют о том, что на протяжении 2009-2011 гг. в целом банковская система Украины являлась убыточной не смотря на то, что объем чистых убытков сократился на протяжении анализируемого периода от 31469,3 млн. грн. до 7708,7 млн. грн. (табл. 1).
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Таблица 1. Финансовые результаты и расходы на уплату налога на прибыль
коммерческими банками Украины (построено за данными 7) Период Расходы на резервы под
задолженность по кредитам млн. грн.
Прибыль до налогообло-жения млн. грн.
Расходы на налог на
прибыль млн. грн.
Чистая прибыль млн. грн.
Резервы под обесценивание кредитов млн. грн.
2009 65865,7 - 32120,9 651,6 - 31469,3 107186,8 2010 46107,3 - 13111,5 129,5 - 12982,0 139626,7 2011 35483,0 - 6496,8 - 1211,9 - 7708,7 147762,7
Данные таблицы 1 свидетельствуют о том, что основной причиной убыточности банковских
учреждений является формирование в 2009-2011 гг. страховых резервов в значительных объемах. При этом расходы по кредитным операциям в 2011 году все же снизились на 10624,3 млн. грн. и составили 35483,0 млн. грн. что свидетельствует о повышении качества кредитных портфелей банков. Стоимость резервов под обесценивание кредитов на протяжении 2009-2011 гг. увеличилась из 107186,8 млн. грн. в 1,38 раза. Считаем, что путем определенных манипуляций в процессе формирования страховых резервов, прибыль банковских учреждений довольно легко минимизировать. Поэтому считаем, что в условиях действия Налогового кодекса Украины с целью правомерного отнесения на расходы сумм страховых резервов банковскими учреждениями, целесообразно усовершенствовать механизм администрирования налога на прибыль банков. Прежде всего целесообразно урегулировать вопрос переноса убытков прошлых лет на будущие периоды.
2. Данные таблицы 1 свидетельствуют о том, что согласно законодательству Украины коммерческие банки ежегодно формировали резервы под возмещение возможных расходов по всем видам кредитных операций. Вместе с тем Налоговым кодексом Украины, введенным в действие с 01.01.2011 года, снижен норматив создания банками страховых резервов за счет валовых расходов. Начиная с 01.01.2012 г. этот норматив не может превышать 20 %. На наш взгляд, эту норму воспринимать однозначно не представляется возможным, поскольку она может привести к снижению гарантированных сумм возврата денег вкладчикам банков.
3. Требует дальнейшего реформирования механизм начисления и уплаты налога на прибыль в госбюджет банковскими учреждениями. Согласно таблицы 1, на протяжении 2009-2010 гг. расходы на налог на прибыль в целом по банковской системе Украины носил положительный характер и уменьшал чистые убытки банков, однако в 2011 году сумма налога на прибыль имела отрицательное значение (- 1211,9 млн. грн.). На протяжении анализируемого периода у банковских учреждений возникали отсроченные налоговые активы и налоговые обязательства, при этом порядок отражения в бухгалтерском учете банков отсроченных налоговых активов и налоговых обязательств был установлен Инструкцией, утвержденной Постановлением Правления Национального банка Украины от 17.03.2009 г. № 140. Согласно указанной Инструкции отсроченный налог на прибыль – сумма налога на прибыль, признанная отсроченным налоговым обязательством и отсроченным налоговым активом. Считаем, что с целью стимулирования субъектов малого бизнеса, целесообразно законодательно установить снижение ставки по налогу на прибыль по кредитным операциям предоставленным субъектам малого бизнеса, осуществляющим свою деятельность в производственной сфере и других приоритетных сферах экономики.
Таким образом, проблема кредитования субъектов малого и среднего бизнеса заслуживает дальнейшего исследования с учетом государственной стратегии развития малого и среднего бизнеса и перспектив дальнейшего усовершенствования системы налогообложения.
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ЛИТЕРАТУРА 1. Аржавитин С. Финансово-кредитные методы государственного регулирования экономики
– К: Институт экономики НАНУ, 2003. – 245 с. 2. Дзюблюк О. Проблеми забезпечення ефективного функціонування банківської системи в
перехідній економіці // Вісник Національного банку України. – 2005. - № 3. – С. 30-35. 3. Волошин І. Оптимальне управління роздрібним кредитуванням банку // Вісник
Національного банку України. – 2010. - № 5. – С. 12-15. 4. Сомик А., Жуйков С. Сучасний стан та напрями стимулювання розвитку банківського
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Orlova Valentyna PROBLEMS AND POTENTIAL OF CREDIT PROVISION FOR SMAL L
AND MEDIUM BUSINESS ENTITIES SUMMARY
Problems and potential of improvement in credit provision management for small business entities are
considered. Proposals are worked out for disposal of the rules of the Tax Code of Ukraine concerning profit taxation of financial institutions taking into account small and medium business growth policy.
nugzar paiWaZenugzar paiWaZenugzar paiWaZenugzar paiWaZe TanamSromlebTan ukonfliqtod muSaobis xelovnebaTanamSromlebTan ukonfliqtod muSaobis xelovnebaTanamSromlebTan ukonfliqtod muSaobis xelovnebaTanamSromlebTan ukonfliqtod muSaobis xelovneba
konfliqtebi, rogorc saqmian urTierTobebSi winaaRmdegobaTa gadalaxvis
forma, gardauvalia, xolo zogierT SemTxvevaSi aucilebeli. saqme isaa, rom isini
iZlevian informacias organizaciis problemebze. maTive daxmarebiT SeiZleba
organizaciaSi mimdinare faruli procesebisa da TanamSromelTa sasargeblo
Tvalsazrisis gamovlena da a. S.
konfliqtebis saxeebi, maTi warmoSobis mizezebi, Sinaarsi da gadaWris gzebi
didadaa ganpirobebuli organizaciebis mmarTvelobiTi struqturiT, romelsac 20
saukuneze meti istoria aqvs. eklesiasa da armiaSi sawyisaRebuli misi piramiduli
forma didi xnis ganmavlobaSi iTvleboda logikurad da pasuxobda organizaciebSi
arsebul obieqtur pirobebs. sazogadoebrivi pirobebis cvlilebebis Sedegad aseTi
mmarTvelobiTi struqturis efeqtianoba ukve saeWvo gaxda, rac ZiriTadad gamo-
wveulia organizaciebis struqturirebaze iseTi axali faqtorebis zemoqmedebiT,
rogoricaa: ganaTleba, moralis (tradiciuli gagebiT) daqveiTeba, sazogadoebrivi
da piradi idealebi da sxv. mokled am yvelafris Sesaxeb: saqme isaa, rom Sromis
procesis umartives operaciebad danawilebam Tavis droze dadebiTi Sedegebi
moitana. dRes ki specialisti xSirad iZulebulia, Seasrulos primitiuli funq-
ciebi da rutinuli samuSaoebi. swored aq warmoiSoba momuSaveTa daukmayofileb-
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loba da protestebi, ramdenadac, Tanamedrove ganaTlebisa da cxovrebis stilis
gavleniT, xarisxobrivi cvlilebebi ganicada momuSavis moTxovnilebebma da
motivebma. amitom, sruliad bunebrivia maRalganaTlebuli specialistebis ukma-
yofileba, romlebic iZulebulni arian, aseTi samuSao Seasrulon. dRes,
samwuxarod, aris rigiT TanamSromelTa arc ise mcire nawili, romelTa ganaTleba
sakmaod kargia, xolo im saqmis codna, rasac akeTeben ufro Rrma, vidre aqvs maT
Sefs, magram yvela iZulebulia mudmivad Seasrulon maTi gankargulebebi. rogorc
vxedavT, saxezea aSkara daSoreba maRalkvalificiur TanamSromelTa organizaciaSi
dakavebul mdgomareobasa da maT mierve Secnobil sakuTar SesaZleblobebsa da
ambiciebs Soris. cxadia, yovelive es warmoSobs konfliqtur situacias. saerTod,
organizaciebSi adamianTa saqmianobis difernciaciis zrda da Sromis danawileba
TavisTavad SeiZleba iyos konfliqtis warmoSobisa da gafarToebis mizezi. rac
metia organizaciuli doneebi, rogorc wesi, miT maRalia Sromis danawilebis
xarisxi, miT metia erT konkretul davalebaze TanamSromelTa yuradRebis
gamaxvilebisa da saerTo amocanebisa da miznebisagan daSorebis saSiSroeba, miT
ufro Zlieria brZola damatebiTi resursebisaTvis struqturul ganyofilebebs
Soris. Sromis danawilebis garRmavebaTan dakavSirebuli konfliqtebis erT-erTi
yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli mizezia TanamSromelTa movaleobebisa da uflebebis
aramkafiod ganawileba. xSirad xdeba ise, rom sxvadasxva Tanamdebobriv pirTa
samsaxurebrivi movaleobebi erTmaneTs emTxveva. es ki iwvevs TanamSromelTa
dabneulobas, gaugebrobasa da, saboloo angariSiT, erTmaneTs Soris konfliqts.
meore faqtoria moralis (tradiciuli gagebiT) daqveiTeba. morali
yovelTvis iTvleboda adamianTa madisciplinirebel sawyisad. esaa, upirveles
yovlisa, RmerTi da misadmi rwmena da a. S. dRes ki Tanamedrove adamianTa didi
nawili ukve araa darwmunebuli imaSi, rom RmerTi yvelafers xedavs da yvelafers
marTavs. igi romc xedavdes, maTi gagebiT, mTavaria, Sefma ar gaigos imaze, rom
samuSao periodSi TanamSromelTa mxridan adgili aqvs garkveul disciplinur
darRvevebs. magaliTad, xSirad isini (TanamSromlebi) xangrZlivi droiT saubroben
telefonze firmis xarjze an samuSao dro ixarjeba “mogzaurobebze~ gasarTob
internetsaitebze da sxv. rogorc ukve iTqva, mTavaria amis Sesaxeb ar gaigos Sefma.
sxvagvarad konfliqti gardauvalia.
mesame faqtori ki sazogadoebrivi da piradi idealebia. rwmena wesierebaSi
axlo naTesaobaSia samyaros agebis religiur warmodgenebTan. sanam ierarqiuli
piramida Seesabameboda “modelebs~: ufrosi _ qveSevrdomi, samxedro meTauri _
jariskaci, patroni _ Sinayma, mama _ ojaxis sxva wevrebi, maswavlebeli _ moswavle
da a. S., maSindeli gagebiT,samyaro iyo wesrigSi. zemoaRniSnuli ierarqiuli
piramida iyo xelSeuxebeli, romelic Semdgom samudamod Cabarda istorias.
asparesze gamovida kritikuli, jiuti, Wirveuli da ambiciuri Tanamedrove adamiani,
romelsac aqvs Tavisi interesebi da miznebi. TanamSromelTa interesebi zogjer ar
emTxveva organizaciebisa da, Sesabamisad, misi xelmZRvanelebis interesebs. es ki
xSirad konfliqtis warmoSobis mizezia. rwmenis krizisTan erTad, Setortmanda
TviT ierarqiuli wesrigi. aman ki Sedegad moitana adamianTa moqmedebis mTavari
mamoZravebeli Zalis _ rwmenis Secvla SiSiT. faqtobrivad, organizaciuli
struqtura SenarCunda, magram gaizarda daZabuloba adamianTa Soris.
bunebrivad ismis kiTxva _ ra pirobebSi aRweven adamianebi maRal Sedegebs da
ra pirobebSi cdiloben isini Tavi aaridon samuSaos? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemaSi
daxmarebis aRmoCena yvelaze ukeT SeuZliaT fsiqologebsa da sociologebs.
135
magaliTad, 1927_1936 wlebSi ilinoisis Statis q. CiCeroSi kompania “vestern
eleqtrikis~ kotornis qarxanaSi fric rotlisbergerisa da sxvaTa mier Catare-
bulma gamokvlevebma daadastura, rom adamianebs moswonT, roca xelmZRvaneloba
interesdeba maTi SesaZleblobebiTa da saqmianobis SedegebiT. amaSi isini xedaven
TavianT daniSnulebas, rac zrdis maT enTuziazms. es ki Sromis mwarmoeblurobis
amaRlebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani faqtoria. adamianuri urTierTobebis cnobilma
mkvlevarma duglas mak gregorma kidev ufro ganaviTara aRniSnuli debuleba da
gaakeTa Semdegi daskvnebi: a) admianebi iswrafian Sedegebisadmi da mobilizacias
ukeTeben veeberTela Sinagan energias, roca dainteresebulebi arian TavianTi
miznebis SesrulebiT; b) swori xelmZRvanelobisas isini ar gaurbian TavianT
pasuxismgeblobas; g) warmatebiTa da aRiarebiT miRebuli siamovneba, SromisaTvis
maT mzadyofnaze ufro met qmediT gavlenas axdens, vidre xelfasis an fuladi
premiis mateba; d) saSualo adamianic ki gansacvifreblad mdidaria sxvadasxva
ideiT1.
ekonomikisa da misi calkeuli dargis ganviTarebaSi xSirad warmoiSoba ama Tu
im saxis siZnele. misi mizezi SeiZleba iyos dasaqmebis araracionaluri
stimulireba, susti disciplina da momuSaveTa dabali daintereseba, dabali mora-
li da sxv. yovelive es, rogorc wesi, momuSaveebSi iwvevs agresiulobis gazrdas
da gulgrilobas, daZabulobas pirovnebaTaSoris urTierTobebSi da komunikaciebSi
seriozul darRvevebs. aRniSnuli problemis gadawyvetis gasaRebi TviT orga-
nizaciis ganviTarebaSia. upirveles yovlisa, aucilebelia mivaRwioT, rom
adamianebma TavianT moRvaweobaSi dainaxon saerTo TavianT miznebTan. maT unda
esmodeT, rom am miznebis miRweva SeiZleba organizaciis TiToeuli wevris Zlieri
mxareebis amoqmedebiT. adamianebma unda iswavlon erTmaneTTan TanamSromloba,
aRiarebdnen da pativs scemdnen erTmaneTs. organizaciis aseTi ganviTareba Sromis
humanizaciis ZiriTadi pirobaa.
organizaciis ganviTareba advili amocana ar aris. mis misaRwevad, sxva
faqtorebTan erTad, aucilebelia, SromiTi koleqtivi organizaciulad kargad iyos
Sekruli da adamianebs Soris arsebobdes urTierTpativiscemaze damyarebuli
normaluri da civilizebuli urTierToba. aseT koleqtivebSi ufro xSirad ibadeba
axali ideebi, SesamCnevad mcirdeba danaxarjebi da, saboloo angariSiT, viTardeba
organizacia. yovelive amis realurad ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia mxolod
adamianTa saqmianobis efeqturad marTvis pirobebSi. marTva ki adamianTa iseTi
xelmZRvaneloba da warmoebis saSualebebis iseTi gamoyenebaa, romelic dasmuli
amocanebis Sesrulebis saSualebas iZleva humanuri, ekonomikuri da racionaluri
gziT. marTvis procesi yovelTvis SemoqmedebiTi procesia. igi mudmivad moiTxovs
axal ideebs da mzadyofnas srulyofisaTvis. unda gvaxsovdes, rom marTvaSi TiTo-
euli Secdomis Rirebuleba didi finansuri danakargebia. kidev ufro meti, igi
uaryofiTad moqmedebs konkretuli mmarTvelisadmi daqvemdebarebul adamianebze.
Sedegad, maT ar surT srulad gamoavlinon TavianTi SesaZleblobebi da imuSaon
sruli mondomebiT. es ki xSirad warmoSobs konfliqtebs. msgavsi situaciebis
Tavidan asacileblad, xelmZRvanelisaTvis (menejerisaTvis) erT-erTi pirvelxaris-
xovani amocana unda iyos momuSavis unarisa (SesaZleblobisa) da kvalifikaciis
SesabamisobaSi moyvana mis Sesasrulebel funqciasTan. Tu kvalifikacia arasakma-
1 ufro dawvrilebiT ixileT wignSi: Temur xomeriki, menejmentis safuZvlebi, Tb., 2008, gv. 26-29.
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risia, aucilebelia momuSavis daintereseba mis amaRlebaSi, xolo im SemTxvevaSi,
Tu man (kvalifikaciam) gadaaWarba mocemul samuSao adgilze misadmi wayenebul
moTxovnebs, saWiroa misi mflobeli momuSavis gadayvana Sesaferis samuSao
adgilze. saqme isaa, rom ufro meti codnis, unar-Cvevebis, warmoebrivi da
praqtikuli gamocdilebis mqone adamianebs surT TavianTi SesaZlebloba gamoiyenon
maT mier dakavebul Tanamdebobaze. cxadia, maTi dakmayofilebulobis xarisxi miT
ufro maRalia, rac ufro axerxeben isini amis miRwevas. samwuxarod, xSirad es ver
xerxdeba da TanamSromeli amas aRSfoTebiT pasuxobs, sruli moculobiT ar
asrulebs masze dakisrebul movaleobas, xdeba daudevari, gulgrili da jiuti.
swored am movleniT aixsneba xelmZRvanelTa bevri Civili TanamSromelTa
dauinteresebulobasa da inertulobaze. bunebrivad ismis kiTxva _ ra aris
gamosavali? pasuxi naTelia: aucilebelia TanamSromlebs mieceT maTi potencialis
Sesabamisi saqmianobis sfero. es sxva araferia, Tu ara funqciebisa da amocanebis
mudmivi delegireba (ara marto rutinulis da wminda teqnikuris). kargma Sefma unda
icodes, rogor gakvalos Tavis daqvemdebarebulTa gza warmatebisaken, rogor gada-
aqcios misi samuSao sainteresod, rogor misces mas SesaZlebloba, datkbes
warmatebiT, misi aRiarebiTa da dajildoebiT. Znelia gaugo xelmZRvanelebs,
romelTac ar SeuZliaT Tavis TanamSromelTa mimarT Tqvan madlobis Tundac erTi
sityva da msjeloben principiT: pirveli me, danarCeni ukan _ Sors. unda gvaxsovdes,
rom adamianis yvelaze idumali (faruli) survilia TviTgamoxatva, TviTrealizacia.
man icis, rom amis miRweva SeiZleba, upirveles yovlisa, sakuTari Sromis saSua-
lebiT. misi survilia, yovel saRamos siamayiT Sexedos ganvlil dRes da Tqvas: “es
Cemi Sromaa, me misi nawili var~. samwuxarod, dRes yvela ase ar fiqrobs. amis
mizezi xSirad organizaciaSi arsebuli sxvadasxva konfliqtebia, romelsac axlavs
stresuli situaciebiT, mudmivi gadaRliTa da samuSao adgilze dautvirTaobiT
gamowveuli qronikuli daZabulobebi. yovelive es xSirad gadaizrdeba konfliq-
tebiT gamowveul fsiqologiur avadmyofobaSi. misi ZiriTadi mizezebia: cudi
mmarTvelobiTi saqmianoba, mouwesrigebeli sakadro samsaxuri, Sromis danawilebis
araefeqturi struqtura da a. S. maTgan yvelaze gavrcelebuli mizezia xelmZRva-
nelebis mxridan TanamSromelTa damsaxurebis Seufasebloba, ramdenadac, motiva-
ciis Teoriis Sesabamisad, adamianebi, romlebsac saTanadod ar afaseben, cdiloben
aiRon revanSi. aseT pirovnebebs surT gamoCndnen mniSvnelovan adamianebad.
gansakuTrebul aqtiurobas avlenen maSin, roca warmatebas aRweven ara isini, ara-
med viRac sxva, romelic xdeba maTgan yovelgvari mtruli aqciebis samizne. rogor
unda moiqces xelmZRvaneloba mocemul SemTxvevaSi? pasuxi moklea: saWiroa mkafio
sainformacio politikis gatareba, saqmeTa koreqtuli warmoeba, distancia
TanamSromlebTan urTierTobaSi, swori motivacia. msgavsi konfliqturi situacii-
sas, xelmZRvaneli unda cdilobdes, awarmoos saubari mis iniciatorTan. kargad
mofiqrebuli kiTxvebiT da saubris warmarTviT saWiroa gamovlindes misi realuri
moTxovnilebebi. mas unda auxsnaT, rom saubarSi monawileobis miReba SeuZlia mis
mier dasaxelebul yvela adamians. am dros mTavaria msgavsi Sexvedrebidan swori
daskvnebis gamotana. xelmZRvaneli yovelTvis unda cdilobdes miiRos orive
mxarisaTvis misaRebi gadawyvetileba. amasTan, araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba
gaumarTlebel da organizaciisaTvis saziano daTmobebze wasvla. unda gvaxsovdes,
rom konfliqtebis Sesamcireblad brZolisas, ZiriTadi yuradReba gadatanili unda
iyos maT prevenciaze. yvelaze ufro sariozul konfliqtTa Tavidan acilebis
mizniT, sasurvelia, daculi iyos Semdegi ZiriTadi wesi: 1. mxareebi aRiarebdnen
137
erTimeores; gasaubreba warmoebdes Sewyvetis gareSe; 3. demonstrireba gaukeTdes
sxvisi rolis gagebas; 4. gairkves meore mxare rogor aRiqvams da rogor grZnobs
am dros Tavs; 5. cxadad Camoyalibdes ganxilvis sagani; 6. dadgindes saerTo
Tvalsazrisi; 7. gairkves mxareTa gancalkevebis mizezi; 8. amis Semdeg isev
Camoyalibdes konfliqtis Sinaarsi; 9. eZion saerTo gamosavali; 10. miiRon saerTo
“komunike~ (gadawyvetileba).
konfliqtis ganxilvisas xelmZRvaneli unda iyos uaRresad yuradRebiani.
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia Secdomebi da sakmaod usiamovno Sedegebi. amis
Tavidan asacileblad saWiroa konfliqtis frTxilad ganxilva da, saWiro
SemTxvevaSi, aucilebeli zomebis miReba. xelmZRvanelisaTvis gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania Tavisi codniTa da gamocdilebiT iyos iseT mdgomareobaSi, rom
SeZlos gaumklavdes konfliqtur situaciebs. amisaTvis igi unda flobdes
intuiciasa da sakmaris codnas fsiqologiis sferoSi. jer kidev konfliqtSi myof
TanamSromelTan gasaubrebamde man unda gaacnobieros, rom konfliqti araa iseTi
movlena, romelic aucileblad dakavSirebulia mis monawileTa saxelsa da
RirsebasTan, aramed cxovrebis iseTi nawilia, romlis gadawyveta savsebiT
SesaZlebelia. amasTan erTad, TanamSromelma unda igrZnos xelmZRanelis mzadyofna
_ daexmaros mas. es mas, Tavis mxriv, daexmareba pirveli Semxvedri nabijis
gadadgmaSi. erT-erTi variantia saubris ase dawyeba: “me Semeqmna STabeWdileba, rom
Tqven viRac gCagravT. Tu me SemiZlia Tqven dagexmaroT, amas siamovnebiT gavakeTeb.
SegiZliaT mommarToT nebismier dros.~ Semdgomi saubris procesSi saWiroa
xelmZRvanelma yuradReba miaqcios Semdeg momentebs: a) TanamSromels unda
agrZnobinos, rom igi misTvis sainteresoa, rom mis problemas is seriozulad
ekideba; b) TanamSromeli darwmunebuli unda iyos, rom misi problema ar gava im
Senobidan, sadac saubroben da is ar ganixileba rogorc danaSauli; g)
TanamSromels unda mieces Tavisi azris Tavisuflad gamoTqmis saSualeba, saubari
ar unda Seawyvetino, Tundac igi saubrobdes didxans da pauzebiT. Sewyvetineba
niSnavs, rom xelmZRvaneli demonstrirebas ukeTebs Tavis mouTmenlobasa da
TanamSromlisadmi upativcemlobas; d) TanamSromels unda daesvas iseTi kiTxvebi,
romlebic daexmareba mas, dainaxos Tavisi problemebi. amasTan, araviTar
SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba wamoWrili problemis gaubraloeba. Tu es ase ar moxdeba,
igi (TanamSromeli) Tavis Tavs CaTvlis TavmoyvareobaSelaxulad da uars ityvis
xelmZRvanelis nebismier daxmarebaze. yoveli msgavsi aseTi saubris mizania
”TviTdaxmarebis~ stimulireba. TanamSromeli yovelTvis unda miiswrafodes,
xelmZRvanelis mxardaWeraze dayrdnobiT, damoukideblad gaumklavdes Tavis
problemas. ar SeiZleba xelmZRvanelma Tavis Tavze aiRos misi problema da misces
mas mza gadawyvetileba. aseTi moqmedebiT, nebsiT Tu uneblieT, eubnebian rom, mas,
Tavisi ususurobis gamo, ar SeuZlia gadawyvitos Tavisi problemebic ki. cxadia,
aseT SemTxvevaSi TanamSromeli verafers iswavlis da yovelTvis iqneba
siZneleebTan brZolaSi. saqme isaa, rom, Tu TnamSromlis qcevaSi dominantia
lodini daxmarebaze ufrosobis mxridan, igi iqneba uflebwarTmeuli _ iswavlos.
amasTan erTad, igi rCeba mowyalebis imedze, rac mniSvnelovnad amcirebs misi
qcevis diapazons.
TanamSromlebTan konfliqtebis Sesamcireblad didi mniSvneloba aqvs maT
(konfliqtebis) swor marTvas. mocemul SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia gamoyenebul iqnes
konfliqtur situaciasa da konfliqtSi monawileTa qcevaze zemoqmedebis meTodTa
mTeli kompleqsi. unda gvaxsovdes, rom aucilebelia konfliqtis ginivruli marTva
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misi warmoSobis pirveli dRidanve, sanam igi ar gaZlierdeba da gadaiqceva
destruqciul Zalad. konfliqtebis sworad marTvisaTvis xelmZRvaneli unda
flobdes Semdeg ZiriTad Tvisebebs: aramTavrisagan mTavris gansxvavebis unari,
Sinagani simSvide, emociuri simwife, movlenebze zemoqmedebis zomis codna,
problemebisadmi sxvadasxva TvalsazrisiT midgomis unari, sinamdvilis swori
aRqma, dakvirvebuloba, miswrafeba _ gaugo sxvebs, SorsmWvreteloba da a.S. swored
aseTi Tvisebebis mqone xelmZRvanels SeuZlia maqsimalurad ganmuxtos Tavis
TanamSromlebTan konfliqturi situaciebi da organizaciis muSaobisaTvis
normaluri pirobebi Seqmnas, rac misi (organizaciis) zrdisa da warmatebis
upirvelesi sawindaria.
Paichadze Nugzar MANAGEMENT ART OF DEALING WITH COLLEAGUES
SUMMARY
The article analyzes factors affecting conflict situations with the workers of modern organization, such as: education, declining morals (in traditional understanding) and public and personal ideals. Various issues of relations of manager with conflicting co-workers are considered, including methodology of interviewing them. Special attention is paid to actual methods for the managers to deal with the workers who secure conflictless working environment in the organization.
roland sarCimeliaroland sarCimeliaroland sarCimeliaroland sarCimelia riski da misi ganmartebis Taviseburebebiriski da misi ganmartebis Taviseburebebiriski da misi ganmartebis Taviseburebebiriski da misi ganmartebis Taviseburebebi
warsulidan momavalze eqstrapolaciiT gagrZelebuli gamocdileba
(dakavSirebuli firmis dagegmvasa da marTvasTan, qveynis mecnierul-teqnikur
progresTan da a.S.) qveynis ekonomikis dinamikuri sistemis SeqmnaSi aqtiurad
monawileobs ise, rom daxvewili gamocdileba determinirebuli azrovnebis
logikasac amkvidrebs mosaxleobaSi, magram maT gamWvirvalobaze uaryofiT
gavlenas axdens momavlis ganusazRvreloba, romelsac ori azrovnebis
erTdroulad gamoyenebis aucilebloba amwvavebs:
pirvelipirvelipirvelipirveli, warsulidan momavlisaken mizanmimarTuli determini-rebuli
azrovneba, romelic, rogorc paradigma, qveyanaSi damkvidre-bulia da gavlenas
axdens ekonomikis momavalze;
meoremeoremeoremeore momavlis ganusazRvrelobiTa da SemTxveviTi faqtorebis gavleniT
gadawyvetilebis miRebiTaa ganpirobebuli, romelic riskis elementarul
ganmartebas iyenebs.
adamiani siaxleebis damkvidrebisaken miiswrafis, magram zogjer winaaRmde-
gobrivia misi azrovneba. igi erTdroulad determinirebul da ganusazRvrelobiT
ganpirobebul azrovnebebs eyrdnoba, sadac umartivesi gamosavali riskze brmad
wasvlaa. masSi riskis mimzidvelobisa da xifaTis erTdrouli monawileobac aris
dafiqsirebuli. xolo riskis mniSvnelobis zrdam da misi xifaTis Semcirebisadmi
zrunvam riskis Sinaarsobrivi mxaris kvlevis aucileblobac gamoiwvia.
adamianTa sazogadoebaSi (saerTod qveyanaSi) determinirebuli da SemTxve-
viTobiT ganpirobebuli azrovnebis simravlea, romelic droSi rTuldeba
(zogjer sinergiis Zalas iZens). igi sxvadasxva modifikaciiT vrceldeba qveyanaSi,
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romlis monawile riski siZneleebs metwilad meqanikurad ganmuxtavs, rac
saxifaToa (magram mainc aucilebelia).
saqarTveloSi, me-20 saukunis meore naxevridan, 21-e saukunis dasawyisis
CaTvliT, mecnierTa moRvaweobam determinirebuli azrovnebis daCqarebuli
gaZlierebisa da gaaqtiurebis pirobebi Seqmna. SemTxveviTi faqtorebis simravlis
gavlenamac iCina Tavi (gansakuTrebiT globalizaciis pirobebSi). isini
mosalodneli safrTxeebiT riskze wasvlis aucileblobas eWvis qveS ayeneben
(Tumca, riskze rom ar waxvide, esec riskia. ase rom, `risks ver gaeqcevi~).
riskis damaxasiaTebeli Tavisebureba, romelic mis ganmartebaSi aisaxeba, is
aris, rom riskma mosalodneli katastrofis gamafrTxilebeli funqcia ikisra,
rasac mohyva riskze wasvlis mniSvnelobis gaZliereba, raTa ganusazRvrelobiT
damZimebuli siaxleebis mimzidvelobiT mosaxleoba da qveynis ekonomika brma
riskis mudmiv msxverplad ar gadaqceuliyo.
gamodis rom, riskis arsSi garkvevas mecnieruli azrovneba (imas, rasac
logika ganapirobebs) ar sWirdeba. amasTan, kanonzomierebebSi Cawvdoma iqneba
aucilebeli da mTavaria is, rom riskis mimarT midgoma Seicvalos.
sanam im pirobebis dazusteba daiwyeba, romlebic riskis alternativas
gankargaven mimzidvelobasa da xifaTze, saWiroa informaciis mopoveba `civi
gonebiT~, `zedmeti emociebis gareSe~, `naklebi daZabulobiT~ da a.S.
riskisaTvis sxva mxarec aris damaxasiaTebeli. mosalodnelia, riskis
subieqtma riskis Sedegebis miReba gamartivebulad warmoadginos (an saerTod
azrobrivi xedviT dakmayofildes), an imaze rTulad, an imaze bevrad naklebi
`simZimiT~, vidre igi riskis obieqtisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. am SemTxvevis
ukeTesad garkvevis mizniT umjobesia, riskis amocana axleburad davsvaT da
riskis subieqti (pirveli moTamaSe) da riskis obieqti (fiqtobrivi, meore
moTamaSe) adamiansa da bunebas Soris saqmiani TamaSis modelis msgavsad
warmovadginoT.
rodesac pirveli moTamaSe riskze wasvlis gadawyvetilebas miiRebs, maSin
meore moTamaSis TamaSis Sedegi pirveli moTamaSis mier avtomaturad Sefasdeba.
am SemTxvevaSic TamaSis sirTule pirveli moTamaSis gadawyvetilebis miRebis
efeqtianobazea gadatanili. meore moTamaSe pasiuria, igi, rogorc fiqtobrivi
moTamaSe, `uZravia~ da TamaSis Sinagan mxareSi ar ereva, misi informacia
ucvlelia da amitom pirvelma moTamaSem situaciaSi garkveva unda SeZlos, magram
saqmes is arTulebs, rom pirveli moTamaSe determinirebuli azrovnebiT
moqmedebs, xolo meore albaTuri (SemTxveviTi) faqtorebiT aris damuxtuli,
maTgan mas impulsi (mcire doziT) aqvs miRebuli, xolo realobaSi meti Cawvdoma
SeuZlebelia. amitom, umjobesia, riskis arsis gasarkvevad sakiTxi davsvaT masTan
TiTqmis gaigivebul riskze wasvlasTan erTad. rac gamartivebulia da survilis
donemde miyvanilia pirvel moTamaSemde, xolo meore moTamaSe SemTxveviTi
sididis `mflobelia~.
maTi erTianobis Sedegi riskze wasvliT gairkveva. magaliTad, qarTulenovan
ganmartebiT leqsikonSi [1, gv. 379] riski axsnilia calkeuli Semadgeneli
elementebiT:
alalbedze moqmedeba; bedis cda; saxifaTo mdgomareobaSi Cadgoma; riskis alalbedze moqmedeba; bedis cda; saxifaTo mdgomareobaSi Cadgoma; riskis alalbedze moqmedeba; bedis cda; saxifaTo mdgomareobaSi Cadgoma; riskis alalbedze moqmedeba; bedis cda; saxifaTo mdgomareobaSi Cadgoma; riskis
gaweva.gaweva.gaweva.gaweva. rac, mrac, mrac, mrac, mTlianobaSi, rogorc riskis ganmarteba, ar gamodgeba, magram mainc TlianobaSi, rogorc riskis ganmarteba, ar gamodgeba, magram mainc TlianobaSi, rogorc riskis ganmarteba, ar gamodgeba, magram mainc TlianobaSi, rogorc riskis ganmarteba, ar gamodgeba, magram mainc
riskiT gamowveul calkeul SemTxvevebze warmodgenas qmnis. riskiT gamowveul calkeul SemTxvevebze warmodgenas qmnis. riskiT gamowveul calkeul SemTxvevebze warmodgenas qmnis. riskiT gamowveul calkeul SemTxvevebze warmodgenas qmnis.
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ase daSlilad aris mocemuli riski da riskze wasvla, rogorc ganmarteba
riskze. mTlianobaSi, maTi saSualebiT riskis fenomenze zogadi warmodgena
SeiZleba martivad Camoyalibdes azrobrivi modeliT.
dRevandel saqarTveloSi riskis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT efeqtiani
midgoma (rogorc meqanizmi) amoqmedebuli ar aris. es exeba risks mewarmeobaSi,
dazRvevaSi da a.S. igrZnoba, rom isini ucxoeTSi gamocemuli literaturis
gavleniT erTmaneTisagan ZiriTadad ar gansxvavdebian. es sagangaSo ar aris,
magram faqtia is, rom qarTulenovan ganmartebiT leqsikonebSi riskTan dakavSire-
buli cnebebi erTmaneTTan uSualod Sejerebuli ar aris, magaliTad, riskis
Taviseburebebis garkvevasTan dakavSirebiT, isic adgilobriv pirobebSi,
mizanmimarTulad. isini riskis dakonkretebisas ganmartebebis dasazusteblad,
dasakonkreteblad da Tanac zogadobis dasacavad ar gamoiyeneba.
amJamad cnobilia riskis calkeuli saxeebi: riski mewarmeobaSi, saidanac
gamoyofen firmis risks, finansur riskebs da a.S. esec riskis ganmartebis
dakonkretebis cdaa.
gaCerebul ekonomikas azri rom ar aqvs es igrZnoba qveynis ekonomikis
dinamizmsa da masTan dakavSirebul globalizaciiT gaZlierebul procesebSi.
TviT riskic dinamikuri Sinaarsisaa, igi exeba awmyodan momavlis Sefasebas,
dasaxuli miznis Sesrulebis pirobebis dacvas da SemTxveviT faqtorebze
dayrdnobiT zaralis minimizacias.
saWiroa klasikuri determinirebuli azrovnebis, rogorc dasayrdenis,
gamoyeneba da Tanac, nawilobriv mainc, gadarTva albaTur azrovnebaze;
amasTan dakavSirebiT riskis mecnierebas gaZliereba sWirdeba Sesabamisi
samecniero literaturis srulyofiTA da riskis minimizaciiT, rasac iyeneben
calkeuli SemTxvevebiT gadawyvetilebis miRebis TeoriaSi. maTTan erTad
aucilebelia riskis ganmartebis dazustebac rogorc mTlianobaSi, aseve
ekonomikaSi, medicinaSi, teqnikaSi da a.S.
aseTi midgoma yovelTvis ar amarTlebs. piriqiT, mosalodnelia, riskis
mecnierebisadmi yuradRebis modunebas mohyves uneblied daSvebuli Secdomebis
gamoyeneba (romelsac paralogizms uwodeben). magaliTad, rodesac riskis
ganmartebaSi wina planze zaralis albaTobas wamosweven, xolo yuradRebis
gareSe datoveben dasaxuli samuSaos Sesrulebidan mosalodnel gadaxvevebs _
zogjer SeniRbulad da saerTod Zalauneburad, ganxilvis gareSe toveben mas,
rasac riskze wasvliT danaxarjebis zrda mohyveba. aseTi SemTxvevebis
asacileblad (romelsac, gvsurs, moridebuli SeniSvnis Sinaarsic mivceT)
mogvyavs Semdegi ganmarteba:
ekonomikuri riski dasaxuli samuSaos Sesrulebidan mosalodekonomikuri riski dasaxuli samuSaos Sesrulebidan mosalodekonomikuri riski dasaxuli samuSaos Sesrulebidan mosalodekonomikuri riski dasaxuli samuSaos Sesrulebidan mosalodneli gadaxris neli gadaxris neli gadaxris neli gadaxris
albaTobaa, rodesac zaralis sididis praqtikulad dasaSvebi saorientacio albaTobaa, rodesac zaralis sididis praqtikulad dasaSvebi saorientacio albaTobaa, rodesac zaralis sididis praqtikulad dasaSvebi saorientacio albaTobaa, rodesac zaralis sididis praqtikulad dasaSvebi saorientacio
`norma~ Sesasruleblad miniSnebul samuSaos 5%`norma~ Sesasruleblad miniSnebul samuSaos 5%`norma~ Sesasruleblad miniSnebul samuSaos 5%`norma~ Sesasruleblad miniSnebul samuSaos 5%----s ar aRemateba.s ar aRemateba.s ar aRemateba.s ar aRemateba.
imasac aRvniSnavT, rom albaTobaze dayrdnobiT riskis ganmarteba
SemTxveviTi sididis ganmartebasac moiTxovs. magaliTad, movlena SemTxveviTia, Tu movlena SemTxveviTia, Tu movlena SemTxveviTia, Tu movlena SemTxveviTia, Tu
igi ar aris iseTi determinirebuli Sinaarsis kanonzomiereba, romlis safuZvelze igi ar aris iseTi determinirebuli Sinaarsis kanonzomiereba, romlis safuZvelze igi ar aris iseTi determinirebuli Sinaarsis kanonzomiereba, romlis safuZvelze igi ar aris iseTi determinirebuli Sinaarsis kanonzomiereba, romlis safuZvelze
mkacrad davaskvniT movlena moxdeba Tu ar moxdeba.mkacrad davaskvniT movlena moxdeba Tu ar moxdeba.mkacrad davaskvniT movlena moxdeba Tu ar moxdeba.mkacrad davaskvniT movlena moxdeba Tu ar moxdeba. amas SeiZleba aseTi SeniSvna amas SeiZleba aseTi SeniSvna amas SeiZleba aseTi SeniSvna amas SeiZleba aseTi SeniSvna
davamatoT, rom riski civilizebul sazogadoebaSi progresia, romelic davamatoT, rom riski civilizebul sazogadoebaSi progresia, romelic davamatoT, rom riski civilizebul sazogadoebaSi progresia, romelic davamatoT, rom riski civilizebul sazogadoebaSi progresia, romelic
wwwwarmatebebs gvpirdeba da, imavdroulad, gvafrTxilebs mosalodnel uaryofiT armatebebs gvpirdeba da, imavdroulad, gvafrTxilebs mosalodnel uaryofiT armatebebs gvpirdeba da, imavdroulad, gvafrTxilebs mosalodnel uaryofiT armatebebs gvpirdeba da, imavdroulad, gvafrTxilebs mosalodnel uaryofiT
Sedegebze (zaralze).Sedegebze (zaralze).Sedegebze (zaralze).Sedegebze (zaralze).
141
gadawyvetilebis miReba, rogorc riski, romelic ganusazRvrelobiT
SezRudul momavals da mis SemTxveviT sidides exeba, xSirad riskze wasvlasTan
aris gaigivebuli. Sesabamisi maTematikuri modeli albaTuri Sinaarsisaa da
xdomilobis (movlenis moxdenis an ar moxdenis faqtze) ganmartebas eyrdnoba. igi,
Tavis mxriv, SemTxveviTobasTan aris dakavSirebuli da a.S.
aseTi, ganmartebebze gadabmuli msjeloba isev SemTxveviTobis cnebis Semo-
tanasTan aris dakavSirebuli, rac gamartivebis mizniTaa gamoyenebuli [2, gv. 3-5].
SemTxveviToba metwilad momavlisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. maTTan
dakavSirebuli maCveneblebi albaTuri Sinaarsisaa, xolo msjelobis gadmotana
uSualod determinirebul azrovnebaze mouxerxebeli xdeba. umjobesia, sanam
riskze wasvlis gadawyvetilebas miviRebdeT, yvela SesaZlo SemTxveviT
gamowveuli zaralis (saerTod uaryofiTi SedegebTan) dasaxvedrad movemzadoT,
raTa ufro mZime mdgomareobaSi ar aRmovCndeT, vidre riskze wasvlamde viyaviT.
riskze wasvliT ganusazRvreloba TiTqos ganimuxteba. radgan igi momavlis riskze wasvliT ganusazRvreloba TiTqos ganimuxteba. radgan igi momavlis riskze wasvliT ganusazRvreloba TiTqos ganimuxteba. radgan igi momavlis riskze wasvliT ganusazRvreloba TiTqos ganimuxteba. radgan igi momavlis
winaswar ganWvretas emyareba.winaswar ganWvretas emyareba.winaswar ganWvretas emyareba.winaswar ganWvretas emyareba.
meoce saukuneSi SemTxveviTi procesebis calkeuli maxasiaTeblebi (gaurk-
vevlobis Tavidan asacileblad, warsulis gamocdilebis awmyodan momavalze
gadataniT da Sinaarsis dakonkretebiT) gamoiyo. magaliTad, markovis procesebi
da maTi Semdgomi dazusteba ara mxolod erTi parametriT, aramed mraval
parametrze msjelobis gadataniTac, aseve, axal obieqtze `SemTxveviT velebze~
miniSnebiT da a.S. amiT cxadi gaxda is, rom xdomilobaTa kanonzomierebebi
determinizms ufro farTod warmogviCens, rac zRvruli SemTxvevis saxiT Seicavs
determinizms, anu iseTebs, romlebic realur movlenebSi praqtikulad azrobrivi
modelebiT SeiZleba TvalsaCino gaxdes [3, gv. 209-211].
21-e saukuneSic imis bolomde gacnobiereba mimdinareobs, romelic qveynis
ekonomikisaTvis damaxasiaTebel SemTxveviTobis ganusazRvrelobas exeba.
magaliTad, globalizacia iseTi mravali yuradsaRebi siaxlis winaSe dagvayenebs,
rogoricaa momavlis dinamikis ganusazRvrelobis dazusteba; prognozirebaSi
ufro meti garkveva da dakonkreteba; riskis optimizaciiT sawarmos marTva da a.S.
statiis dasaTaurebis Sesabamisad, davubrundeT martiv msjelobas riskis
ganmartebebis Taviseburebaze. am mxriv CvenTvis yuradsaRebi gaxda hel varianis
monografiuli tipis saxelmZRvanelo [4, gv. 268-306], sadac umartivesi analogebiT
dawyebulia riskis arsze msjeloba, rom riski cxovrebiseuli faqtia. magaliTad,
roca Sxaps viRebT, quCas vkveTT, fuls vabandebT da a.S. riskis faqtoris
SemTxveviTobasa da aucileblobaze adamians SeuZlia azrobrivi modelebiTac
gaerkves, Tanac martivad.
mkacri maTematikuri terminebiTa da formulebiT datvirTul literaturas
SeuZlia ufro Rrmad gagvarkvios risksa da riskze wasvlis arsSi. [5, gv. 19-24]-Si
aRniSnulia, rom `riski aris xdomilobis gamosavlianobis nebismieri cvlileba~,
xolo Tu cvlileba ar moxda, maSin riski ar warmoiqmneba. riskis albaTobiT
ganmarteba `Cveulebriv~ SemTxveviT sidideze ganawilebis kanonis codnas
gulisxmobs. es ki ekonomikaSi `mouxerxebelia~. aseTi msjelobebic yuradsaRebia,
magram igi CvenTvis cnobil ekonomikur azrovnebasTan ar aris misadagebuli...
riskis mkacri ganmarteba logikurad daxvewili msjelobiT winaaRmde-
gobrivia da riskis mTlianobaSi aRqmis siZnele axlavs. amitom ekonomikaSi riskis
ganmarteba calkeuli saqmianobis mixedviT dakonkretebulia (politikuri,
finansuri da a.S.). magaliTad, wignSi [6, gv. 430-459] moyvanilia ocamde dakonk-
142
retebuli ekonomikuri riskis modificirebuli ganmarteba, Cveni TvalsazrisiTac
amJamad maTi raodenoba 40-mdea.
yuradsaRebia prof. giorgi papavas gamokvlevebi [7, gv. 155-156] riskis
dafuZnebasTan dakavSirebiT saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi, saidanac, damakvalianebeli
msjelobis Tanaxmad, Cveni modifikaciiTac ekonomikur risks iseTnairad ekonomikur risks iseTnairad ekonomikur risks iseTnairad ekonomikur risks iseTnairad
warmovaCenT, rom igi sanukvar, sakmaod mimzidveli Sedegebis miRebis iwarmovaCenT, rom igi sanukvar, sakmaod mimzidveli Sedegebis miRebis iwarmovaCenT, rom igi sanukvar, sakmaod mimzidveli Sedegebis miRebis iwarmovaCenT, rom igi sanukvar, sakmaod mimzidveli Sedegebis miRebis imedTan medTan medTan medTan
erTad, mosalodneli xifaTis albaTobaa. erTad, mosalodneli xifaTis albaTobaa. erTad, mosalodneli xifaTis albaTobaa. erTad, mosalodneli xifaTis albaTobaa. amasTan erTad, mniSvnelovania prof.
giorgi papavas msjelobebi: Tuki riskze wasvlis xifaTis albaTobis sirTules Tuki riskze wasvlis xifaTis albaTobis sirTules Tuki riskze wasvlis xifaTis albaTobis sirTules Tuki riskze wasvlis xifaTis albaTobis sirTules
droulad da saTanadod Seicnob, miiReb daskvnas, rom riski, sabolo angariSiT, droulad da saTanadod Seicnob, miiReb daskvnas, rom riski, sabolo angariSiT, droulad da saTanadod Seicnob, miiReb daskvnas, rom riski, sabolo angariSiT, droulad da saTanadod Seicnob, miiReb daskvnas, rom riski, sabolo angariSiT,
Tavis Tavs Tu ar gaamarTlTavis Tavs Tu ar gaamarTlTavis Tavs Tu ar gaamarTlTavis Tavs Tu ar gaamarTlebs, maSin firma (rogorc riskis obieqti) mudmiv ebs, maSin firma (rogorc riskis obieqti) mudmiv ebs, maSin firma (rogorc riskis obieqti) mudmiv ebs, maSin firma (rogorc riskis obieqti) mudmiv
mzadyofnaSi unda imyofebodes, rom man, `amortizatoris funqciis~ mzadyofnaSi unda imyofebodes, rom man, `amortizatoris funqciis~ mzadyofnaSi unda imyofebodes, rom man, `amortizatoris funqciis~ mzadyofnaSi unda imyofebodes, rom man, `amortizatoris funqciis~
Semsrulebelma, droulad Seqmnas ekonomikuri riskis sarezervo fondis Semsrulebelma, droulad Seqmnas ekonomikuri riskis sarezervo fondis Semsrulebelma, droulad Seqmnas ekonomikuri riskis sarezervo fondis Semsrulebelma, droulad Seqmnas ekonomikuri riskis sarezervo fondis
amoqmedebis pirobebi amoqmedebis pirobebi amoqmedebis pirobebi amoqmedebis pirobebi (amortizatori diversifikaciis msgavsi unaris mqonea da mas
SeuZlia riskis uaryofiTi Sedegebi moTokos). yovelive es mniSvnelovnad Svelis
mdgomareobas da iTxovs mcire danaxarjebs, vidre mosalodnelia, roca igi
riskiT ekonomikuri miRwevebis imedebis gaumarTleblobis SemTxvevaSi aRmoCndeba.
prof. giorgi papavam ekonomikuri riskis Sinaarsobrivi arsis daxasiaTebisas
yuradReba gaamaxvila imazec, rom `riski macdunebeli Zlieri impulsatoris `riski macdunebeli Zlieri impulsatoris `riski macdunebeli Zlieri impulsatoris `riski macdunebeli Zlieri impulsatoris
rolSi gvevlineba~, `Sedis ekonomikurad macdunebel mimzidvel saxifaTo rolSi gvevlineba~, `Sedis ekonomikurad macdunebel mimzidvel saxifaTo rolSi gvevlineba~, `Sedis ekonomikurad macdunebel mimzidvel saxifaTo rolSi gvevlineba~, `Sedis ekonomikurad macdunebel mimzidvel saxifaTo
arealSi, mewarmisa da menejeris saqmianobaTa sarisko gamarTlebaze arealSi, mewarmisa da menejeris saqmianobaTa sarisko gamarTlebaze arealSi, mewarmisa da menejeris saqmianobaTa sarisko gamarTlebaze arealSi, mewarmisa da menejeris saqmianobaTa sarisko gamarTlebaze agebul agebul agebul agebul
mmarTvelobiT saqmianobaSi~mmarTvelobiT saqmianobaSi~mmarTvelobiT saqmianobaSi~mmarTvelobiT saqmianobaSi~ [8, gv. 247]. aqvea mocemuli azri imazec, rom riski
`moiTxovs gamWriaxobiT SeiaraRebul gambedaobas da warmoqmnis imedebiT
gaZlierebul mimzidvelobas~ [8, gv. 247].
yovelive zemoT aRniSnuli SeiZleba riskis enciklopediuri Sinaarsis
ganmartebaSi gaerTiandes, rasac isic unda daematos, rom prof. giorgi papavam
ekonomikuri riskis ganmartebaSi zaralTan SedarebiT, wina planze mimzidveloba
daayena: `riskze imitom midian, rom Zlier mimzidvelia dadebiTi Sedegebis `riskze imitom midian, rom Zlier mimzidvelia dadebiTi Sedegebis `riskze imitom midian, rom Zlier mimzidvelia dadebiTi Sedegebis `riskze imitom midian, rom Zlier mimzidvelia dadebiTi Sedegebis
miRwevis sanukvari saamiRwevis sanukvari saamiRwevis sanukvari saamiRwevis sanukvari saalbaTo varaudi da rwmena imisadmi, rom riskma Tu lbaTo varaudi da rwmena imisadmi, rom riskma Tu lbaTo varaudi da rwmena imisadmi, rom riskma Tu lbaTo varaudi da rwmena imisadmi, rom riskma Tu
gagvimarTla, maSin mivaRwevT sasurveli Sedegis maqsimums. `mTavaria, ar SeeSalos gagvimarTla, maSin mivaRwevT sasurveli Sedegis maqsimums. `mTavaria, ar SeeSalos gagvimarTla, maSin mivaRwevT sasurveli Sedegis maqsimums. `mTavaria, ar SeeSalos gagvimarTla, maSin mivaRwevT sasurveli Sedegis maqsimums. `mTavaria, ar SeeSalos
firmas, sworma da srulmomcvelma xedvam igi unda daakvalianos~ firmas, sworma da srulmomcvelma xedvam igi unda daakvalianos~ firmas, sworma da srulmomcvelma xedvam igi unda daakvalianos~ firmas, sworma da srulmomcvelma xedvam igi unda daakvalianos~ [8, gv. 256].
rogorc prof. giorgi papava aRniSnavda, `ekonomikuri riski Tavisi
ekonomikuri warmatebebiT uaRresad mimzidvelia da, amasTanave, saeWvo-saalbaToa.
igi ekonomikuri zianis mimyenebelic aris, Tu riskma ar gaamarTla. amitom riski Tu riskma ar gaamarTla. amitom riski Tu riskma ar gaamarTla. amitom riski Tu riskma ar gaamarTla. amitom riski
macdunebeli Zlieri impulsatoris rolSi gvevlineba~ macdunebeli Zlieri impulsatoris rolSi gvevlineba~ macdunebeli Zlieri impulsatoris rolSi gvevlineba~ macdunebeli Zlieri impulsatoris rolSi gvevlineba~ [8, gv. 247].
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom saqarTvelos ekonomikis sinamdvileSi riskis cne-
basTan dakavSirebiT xifaTis saSiSroebaze yuradReba zedmetad gamaxvilebulia,
rac akninebs TviT riskis maRal rols mewarmeobis gaZlierebaSi.
saerTod riskis ganmartebis siZnele, rogorc TavisTavad, aseve mosaxleobis
fenebis riskisadmi damokidebulebebiT, Taviseburia, TiTqos riskis ufleba
(SesaZlobidan gamomdinare) mxolod mdidar adamians aqvs, xolo momWirne adamiani
riskze ar wava.
Tu adamiani riskis cnebaSi bolomde ar aris garkveuli, maSin igi riskis
mimzidvelobis gavlenis obieqti ar xdeba. Tumca riskis elementebis gaaqtiurebiT
situacia SeiZleba Seicvalos.
rodesac subieqts zaralis muqariT da milioni laris mogebis imediT riskze
wasvla SeuZlia, maSin misTvis aTasi laris mogeba umniSvneloa. riskze wasvla
mdidars ufro SeuZlia, vidre Raribs. ekonomikuri riski RaribebisaTvis
143
sabedisweroa, gansakuTrebiT araorganizebulobis pirobebSi (magram gonivru-
lobis sazRvrebSi riskze wasvlisagan mdidari ufro ikavebs Tavs, vidre Raribi).
Cveulebriv, mowesrigebul pirobebSi, riskze wasvlisas mosaxleobis saSualo
fena garantirebul Semosavals irCevs. mas qveynis ekonomikaSi mdgradi garan-
tirebuli ganviTarebisadmi Sinagani simpaTia aqvs, rac riskis upasuximgeblo
virtualuri bunebiT ar unda daiCrdilos [9, gv. 39].
amJamad, saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis mdidari fena irCevs mogebis miRebis
naklebad mimzidvel, magram garantirebuli Semosavlis momcem obieqts, rac
komerciul spekulaciazea damyarebuli da saxifaToa, radgan maTSi riskis
mecnieruli Sinaarsi ar aris bolomde aRqmuli.
rogorc vxedavT, riskis ganmartebaSi daSvebuli Secdomebi riskze wasvlis
Sedegebze iCens Tavs, xolo riskis winaaRmdegobrivi garemo SemTxveviTi
faqtorebis gavleniT SeiZleba saTanadod ar iqnes aRqmuli, maTgan gamowveuli
Sedegi ki mogvianebiT gairkves, es maSin, rodesac riskis subieqti dazaraldeba.
moviyvanoT ekonomikuri riskis ganmartebis ganzogadebuli varianti [10, gv.
236]-is mixedviT, rom riski SesaZlo safrTxea ekonomikur TeoriaSi, rodesac
riskis qveS gulisxmoben sawarmos mier Semosavlis nawilis dakargvis
SesaZleblobas garkveuli samewarmeo-safinanso saqmianobis ganxorcielebis
Sedegad [10, gv. 236]. aseTi ganmarteba Tu dakonkretebulia, maSin riskze SedarebiT
naTeli warmodgena iqmneba. xolo ganusazRvrelobis pirobebSi savaraudo
daskvnebiT miRebuli Sedegis optimaluroba garkveuli ar iqneba.
riskze msjelobis Tavidan dawyebas xSirad riskis axleburi ganmarteba
axlavs, romelSic riskis Sinaarsobrivi mxare mosalodnelia, uSecdomod iyos
daxasiaTebuli, magram SeiZleba ganmartebaSi mcire modifikacia gaxdes saWiro.
magaliTad, mewarmisaTvis riski aris gaTvaliswinebulze meti danaxarjebis
saSiSroeba, anu safrTxe imisa, rom mewarme dakargavs ara marto navaraudev
mogebas an mis nawils, aramed mTlianad qonebas da gakotrdeba [11, gv. 108-109].
analogiuri SemTxveva mravalia, amitom SeiZleba azri ar hqondes riskis
erTaderTi ganmartebis dafiqsirebas da unda SevurigdeT im realobas, rom riskis
yovel konkretul movlenas mcired cvlilebebSic ki Taviseburi Sinaarsis
ganmarteba sWirdeba.
ganvixiloT termini `riskis amaRleba~, romelic riskis mniSvnelobis
zrdasac niSnavs da exeba `kanonebisa da maTi Sesrulebis gamkacrebas~ [12, gv. 19].
riskze aseTi terminiT sargebloba SeiZleba azartuli TamaSebisaTvis aRmoCndes
sasargeblo. igi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT dasaqmebis zrdasTan dakavSirebul msje-
lobaSi, aseve riskis masStabebis cvlilebebisas, rodesac sawarmos xelmZRvaneli
riskis `gaumjobesebas” cdilobda sawarmos teqnologiis srulyofisaTvis [13, gv.
159], xolo `ukontrolo biurokratia~ riskisagan miRebul mogebas TviTon
`iTvisebda~, wagebas ki mosaxleobis daucvel saSualo da Rarib fenebs akisrebda
90-iani wlebis postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi.
riskis optimizacia ekonomikaSi riskis cvlilebebiT axal SesaZleblobebs
avlens. magaliTad, ekonomikuri riski iseTi gadawyvetilebebis miRebis Sedegia,
romelic arasrul informacias efuZneba, ramac resursebis araracionaluri da,
Sedegad, araefeqtiani ganawileba gamoiwvia, rac mewarmis zarals an, ukeTes
SemTxvevaSi, mogebis Semcirebas iwvevs [14, gv. 80]. am SemTxvevaSi mniSvneloba
eniWeba ekonomikuri riskis mecnierebas, gansakuTrebiT misi minimizaciis
SesaZleblobis farglebSi, amiT Sesabamisi riskis mecniereba mimarTulia imisken,
144
rom ganusazRvrelobidan SesaZleblobis farglebSi gamoiyos gansazRvruli
SemTxvevebi, mieces maT mowesrigebuli saxe da Sefaseba, Tanac ise, rom ar
daikargos ganusazRvrelobaSi moxvedrili mimzidvelobis, rogorc mogebis
miRebis Sansi. am SemTxvevis Sesabamisad, riskSi zaralis albaTobis Semcirebis
amocnobis problema warmoiSoba, romlis mecniereba riskis ganmartebis axleburi
xedviT dazustebasac moiTxovs. bunebrivi iqneba amaSi CairTos: fuladi saxsrebis
gamoZebna im mizniT, rom sawarmo mzad daxvdes zaralis mosalodnel SemTxvevas,
raTa SeeZlos, droulad Seasustos misi moqmedebis simwvave [15, gv. 29].
umartivesi ganmarteba riskis problemis gadaWras ver Svelis, Tumca
naTelyofs riskis arss, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac riskis kriteriumi
sameurneo saqmianobaSi ganixileba gadawyvetilebis SesarCevad, mosalodneli
danakargebis an maTi Semosavlidan gadaxris an orives erTdrouli analiziT.
xolo Tuki SesaZlebelia, maT unda daematos riskSi mogebis maqsimizaciaze
zrunva [15, gv. 28]. amasTan, mniSvnelovania riskis enciklopediur arsSi garkveva
riskis yoveli konkretuli obieqtis Sefasebis SemTxvevaSi da imis gaTvaliswi-
neba, rom determinirebuli azrovnebidan ganusazRvrelobiT ganpirobebul SemTx-
veviTobis daSvebiT gadavdivarT albaTur azrovnebaze.
[16, gv. 544]-Si sasurvelia, rom [1, gv. 179]-is mixedviT ganmarteba mxolod
miniSnebad CavTvaloT. imis xazgasmiT, rom `yvelaze ufro saSiSia riski
danakargis donis sagrZnobi albaTobiT, romelic mosalodneli mogebis sidides
aRemateba~. am SemTxvevisaTvis sasurveli iyo riski samuSaos zaralis albaTobiT
Segvefasebina, xolo Semdgom gvezruna albaTobis ganmartebaze. magaliTad, [3, gv.
109-111]-is mixedviT.
aRvniSnavT imasac, rom riskze qarTul enaze gamocemul wignebSi ar aris
damowmebuli imave sakiTxebze arsebuli maRali mecnieruli donis literatura.
magaliTad, [6]-Si, rodesac cnobilia mokle ganmartebebi riskis 40-mde
dasaxelebaze [16, gv. 544-547]-Si. aseTi SemTxvevebi ar SeiZleba `TviTdinebaze~
miSvebulad darCes.
gamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literatura
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masalebis krebuli. ekonomikuri ganviTarebis aqtualuri problemebi Tanamedrove
etapze. paata guguSvilis ekonomikis instituti. Tbilisi. 2008, gv. 159-161.
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Sarchimelia Roland RISK AND PECULIARITIES OF ITS DEFINITION
SUMMARY
The article discusses the risks and the accepting the risk, and as a process of determinate probabilistic thinking at the same time, in which the definition of risk is based on the future indetermination. By the way of outlining its special features is distinguished the different definitions of economic risks.
In the work is given the interpretation of risk acceptance based on game theory models. At the same time is reviewed the basic assessments of Professor Giorgi Papava on the effectiveness of the entrepreneurship. The latter is mainly based on the profitability and the scientific analysis of the risk compared with the other factors.
maia seTurimaia seTurimaia seTurimaia seTuri brendis marTvis procesis Sesaxebbrendis marTvis procesis Sesaxebbrendis marTvis procesis Sesaxebbrendis marTvis procesis Sesaxeb
brendis Seqmnisa da ganviTarebis sferoSi gadawyvetilebebis miReba marke-
tingis erT-erTi ZiriTadi sakiTxia. brendi gankuTvnilia erTi gamyidvelis an
gamyidvelTa jgufis saqonlis identifikaciisaTvis, agreTve sxva saqonlisgan
diferenciisaTvis. brendi gamyidvelis pirobaa, rom mudmivad SesTavazos klients
maRali xarisxi.
brendingis sferoSi warmatebuli muSaobisaTvis kompaniam zustad unda
icodes ra aris misTvis mniSvnelovani. bevri kompania aqcents akeTebs maqsimaluri
Semosavlis miRebaze. brendis SeqmnasTan dakavSirebuli nebismieri qmedeba ki
grZelvadian midgomas moiTxovs, radgan kompaniis realur Rirebulebaze misi
aramaterialuri marketinguli aqtivebic axdens did gavlenas.Eesenia: brendebi,
bazris codna, momxmareblebsa da partniorebTan damokidebuleba. maT Soris
umTavresia brendi.
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brendis warmatebis mwvervalze asvlas SeiZleba asi welic ki dasWirdes.
Tumca arsebobs sxva magaliTebic. Google da Amazon-ma warmatebas sul raRac 10
weliwadSi miaRwia. dResdReobiT brendis mTavari amocanaa, didi xnis manZilze
iyos is cnobili. brendingSi warmateba didi Sromis Sedegad miiRweva. amisaTvis,
upirvelesad, aucilebelia, rom brendis Seqmnis da marTvis RonisZiebaTa
iniciatori iyos Tavad kompaniis umaRlesi xelmZRvaneloba: generaluri
direqtori, marketingis direqtori, brendingis direqtori. maTi muSaoba
mimarTuli unda iyos brendis gaZlierebaze. aRiarebisaTvis aucilebelia maRali
Tanamdebobis pirebis mxridan kargi xelmZRvaneloba da daxmarebac brendis
Seqmnis procesSi.
brendis marTvis procesSi mniSvnelovania gadawyvetileba maTi aucileblobis
Sesaxeb. adre markebi iyo gamonaklisi SemTxveva. mwarmoeblebi da Suamavlebi
saqonels yiddnen identifikaciis gareSe. dReisaTvis es warmoudgenelia. cnobili
brendebis mflobelebi iZulebulni arian, ibrZolon `Cveulebrivi~ saqonlis
winaaRmdeg. maTi umravlesoba konkurenciis gasawevad SesamCnevad zrdis
warmoebuli produqciis xarisxs, zogierTi kompania ki amcirebs Tavisi saqonlis
gasayid fass.
brendis Seqmnis Semdeg misi saxeli da niSani emsaxureba warmodgenili
saqonlis Sexsenebas da ukve formirebuli warmodgenis gamyarebas. amitom axali
brendis Seqmna gansakuTrebuli movlenaa, rasac realurad amkvidrebs kargad
SerCeuli saxeli da niSani.
brendis marTva erT-erTi rTuli amocanaa kompaniisaTvis. yvela brends ar
SeuZlia xangrZlivi drois manZilze SeinarCunos warmateba. brendis Seqmnas,
xolo Semdgom mis gaZlierebas da gafarToebas uzrunvelyofs Semdegi aspeqtebi:
brends unda gaaCndes simkveTre, mudmivoba, lideroba, is kargad unda iyos
adaptirebuli garemo pirobebTan, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces
konkurencias da teqnologiebs.
Kkompaniebi imisTvisac muSaoben, rom erTi saxelis qveS sxvadasxva pro-
duqtis Tanaarseboba uzrunvelyon. magaliTad, Nokia cnobilia telesakomunikacio
sistemebiT da mobiluri telefonebiT, Rolls-Royce- limuzinebiT da saaviacio
ZravebiT. brendis ZiriTadi aspeqtebis SeTanawyobaSi kompaniebs exmareba brendis
Seqmnis procesi. is moicavs Semdeg etapebs: brendis dagegmva, brendis analizi,
brendis strategia, brendis Seqmna, brendis auditi.
brendis mizani grZelvadiani Sedegis miRwevaa, amitom misi dagegmvisas erT-
erTi ZiriTadi problemaa balansis miRweva mudmivobasa da CarTulobas Soris.
brendis grZelvadian warmatebas ganapirobebs brendingis mTavari principebi.
brendingis sam ZiriTad princips uwodeben brendingis `sam C~-s (consistency –
Tanmimdevruloba, clarity – gasagebadoba, continiuty – mudmivoba). isini im aucilebel
pirobebs miekuTvneba, romlebic brendis warmatebas gansazRvravs. Tumca sruli
analizisaTvis kidev ori principis damatebaa aucilebeli. amrigad, brendingis
principebia: Tanmimdevruloba, gasagebadoba, mudmivoba, aRqmadoba, originaluroba.
Tanmimdevruloba brendingis erT-erTi mTavari wesia. arsebobs mravali
kompania, romelic ver uzrunvelyofs Tanmimdevrulobas kontaqtis yvela mTavar
wertilSi. Tanmimdevruloba aucilebelia ara marto saqonelTan dakavSirebul
aspeqtebSi, aramed marketingul arxebSi, imaSic, Tu kompaniis muSakebi rogor
147
pasuxoben satelefono zarebs da rogor reagireben momxmarebelTa saCivrebze. es
Seexeba socialur pasuxismgeblobasac.
gasagebadoba brendingSi metad mniSvnelovania. mis gareSe SeuZlebelia
namdvili brendis arseboba. momxmarebelsa da miznobriv auditorias unda hqondes
saSualeba, naTlad gaigos, Tu ras warmoadgens kompania da misi brendi. brendis
gasagebadoba damyarebulia mis xedvasa da faseulobebze, romelic advilad
gasagebi da misaRebia. is unikaluria da aqtualuria imaTTvis, vinc iRebs
gadawyvetilebas, aseve momxmareblebis, zogjer ki farTo sazogadoebisTvis.
mudmivobis gareSe SeuZlebelia namdvili brendis arseboba. mudmivoba niSnavs
imas, rom kompaniam ar unda Secvalos is, radgan adamianebi endobian wamyvan
brendebs, mtkiced sjeraT maTi da ician ras unda moelodnen maTgan.
brendi miznobrivi auditoriisaTvis kargad SesamCnevi unda iyos. brendis
aRqmadoba mas SesamCnevs xdis momxmareblis TvalSi. brendis aRqmadoba mTavar
rols TamaSobs mis dasamaxsovreblad da zrdis mocemuli brendis mcodne
adamianTa ricxvs. Tavad informacia ki saukeTeso arxebis gamoyenebisaken unda
iyos mimarTuli. sareklamo saSualebebi im adgilebSi unda iyos ganTavsebuli,
sadac mosalodnelia momxmareblis maRali yuradReba.
originaluroba uSualod aris dakavSirebuli kompaniis TiToeuli
TanamSromlis qcevebTan. brendis originalobis SeqmniT momxmarebels iseTi
STabeWdileba unda Seuqmnan, rom is flobs unikalur nivTs, Tundac es
qvecnobierad xdebodes.
brendebma unda imuSaos ramdenime doneze. upirvelesad, Tavad produqti unda
iyos saukeTeso, gansakuTrebuli xarisxis, romelic saerTo fonze mas yvelasgan
gamoarCevs. efeqturia brendTan dakavSirebuli `istoria~, miTi da sinamdvile.
miTi brendis Sesaxeb adamianebis did interess iwvevs.
brendis marTvis umniSvnelovanesi aspeqtia misi pozicionirebis strategiis
SemuSaveba. brendis pozicionireba gulisxmobs myidvelis cnobierebaSi brendis
mdgomareobis gansazRvras, sasurveli asociaciebis formirebas konkurent
brendebTan mimarTebiT. brendebis pozicionireba myidvelis cnobierebaSi misi
swori adgilis moZiebaa sasurveli asociaciebis formirebisaTvis. pozicionireba
saWiroebs miznobrivi bazris dazustebas. brendis pozicionireba marketinguli
strategiis safuZvelia. is iseTi mkafio, zusti da efeqturi unda iyos, rom
SeZlos adamianebi ganviTarebadi brendisken mimarTos. pozicionireba zemoqmedebaa
kompaniis imijis Seqmnaze, romelsac SeuZlia daikavos gansakuTrebuli adgili
miznobrivi momxmareblis cnobierebaSi. efeqturad pozicionirebuli brendi
ganacxads akeTebs Tavis ZiriTad faseulobebze Tavis miznobriv auditoriasTan
rogorc kompaniis SigniT, aseve mis farglebs gareT.
kompaniisaTvis mniSvnelovania situaciis strategiuli xedva. brendis
pozicionireba warmoadgens ara taqtikur RonisZiebebs, aramed strategiul
process, mimarTuls myari konkurentuli upiratesobis Seqmnisken. pozicionirebis
koncefciam unda ganmartos, Tu ras warmoadgens Tavad brendi. igi
demonstrirebas ukeTebs brendis unikalurobas, mis gansxvavebulobas. is exmareba
momxmarebels gaigos, Tu ratom unda SeiZinos man swored am kompaniis da ara misi
konkurentebis produqti. amisaTvis aucilebelia kompaniam pasuxebi gasces Semdeg
kiTxvebze:
• viszea momarTuli pozicionireba?
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• visze apirebT Tqveni saqonlis miyidvas?
• ra surT maT da rogoria maTi moTxovnilebebi?
• momxmarebelTa Sesaxeb ra warmodgenebs efuZneba pozicionireba?
brendis pozicionirebis ZiriTadi amocanaa, Seqmnas yvelaze Zlieri pozicia,
romelic SeZlebs gamoiwvios momxmarebelSi namdvili gataceba. Zlieria
pozicionireba, romlis drosac brendis arsi dakavSirebulia momxmareblis
siRrmiseul gagebasTan.
brendis misiა mkafiod da naTlad unda iyos formulirebuli. igi
SeTanxmebuli unda iyos Tavad korporaciul xedvasa da misiasTan. manam, sanam
kompania brendis marTvisTvis miznobrivi midgomis dagegmvas da realizebas
daiwyebs, man unda gansazRvros Tavisi miznebi. brendis nebismieri strategiis
SeqmnisTvis amosavalia imis gansazRvra, Tu ras warmoadgens Tavad kompania.
magaliTad, korporatiuli brendebis umravlesobisaTvis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
ganmasxvavebeli Taviseburebaa lideroba. meore mxriv, myidvelebisaTvis lideroba
asocirdeba usafrTxoebasa da mis mimarT rwmenasTan, maRal xarisxTan,
inovaciur gadawyvetilebebTan. kompanias SeuZlia, liderobas sxvadasxva
aspeqtebiT miaRwios, esenia: kompetenturoba, inovaciuroba, xarisxi, warmateba
bazarze da a.S.
brendis misiis formulireba – esaa misi saxelmZRvanelo idea, romelmac
unda asaxos kompaniisaTvis miRwevadi mizani. brendis misia orientiris funqcias
asrulebs yvela gadawyvetilebisaTvis, romelsac iReben xelmZRvanelebi da
TanamSromlebi. is akvalianebs myidvelebs, miznobrivi auditoriis wevrebs da
yvelas, vinc dakavSirebulia kompaniasTan.
erT-erTi sayuradRebo aspeqtia brendis faseulobaTa SeTavazeba. ra
faseulobebia Tqveni kompaniisaTvis ise mniSvnelovani, rom maTi gaqrobis
SemTxvevaSi Tqveni kompania Sewyvets arsebobas im saxiT, ra saxiTac igi dRes
arsebobs? yovelwliurad bazridan bevri kompania qreba. rogor gadairCens Tavs
Tqveni organizacia? ratom gendobian Tqven Tqveni myidvelebi? – es kiTxvebi unda
dasvan organizaciebma da kargad gaiazron TavianTi mdgomareoba. Aucilebeli
pirobaa, rom kompaniam SeZlos raime gaakeTos ukeTesad sxva kompaniebTan
SedarebiT.
faseulobaTa SeTavazeba gulisxmobs im sargebelTa nakrebs, romelsac
kompania bazars hpirdeba. es metia vidre produqtis ZiriTadi pozicionireba.
magaliTad, CATS brendia, romlis birTvia `saimedooba~. amitom, is hpirdeba
myidvels mets, vidre mxolod karg manqanas. paketSi CarTulia kargi momsaxureba,
grZelvadiani garantiebi. Tavisi SinaarsiT faseulobaTa SeTavazeba ganacxadia
imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor gamocdilebas SeiZenen myidvelebi.
brendis warmateba damokidebulia kompaniis mier Tavis faseulobaTa
sistemis marTvis unarze. es sistema moicavs yvela saxis gamocdilebas, romelsac
miiRebs myidveli SeTavazebis gamoyenebis Semdeg. es SeiZleba davaxasiaToT
agreTve, rogorc brendis individualoba. am SemTxvevaSi brendi aRwers adamianis
individualur Tvisebebs.
brendis mizani grZelvadiani Sedegis miRwevaa, amitom brendis dagegmvisas
erT-erTi ZiriTadi problemaa balansis miRweva mudmivobasa da CarTulobas
Soris. cnobilia, rom kompaniebis umravlesoba SeimuSavebs gayidvebis da ara
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brendis gegmas. am ukanasknelis mimarT garkveuli uyuradReboba SeimCneva. amitom,
mravali brendi ver axerxebs Tavisi potencialis srulad realizebas.
organizaciaSi mudmivobisa da CarTulobis misaRwevad didi yuradReba unda
daeTmos Semdegi procedurebis realizacias:
• mudmiv cvlilebaTa atmosferos Seqmna. Zlieri da susti mxareebis,
SesaZleblobebisa da saSiSroebebis, brendis poziciis Sesaxeb, misTvis
damaxasiaTebeli gansakuTrebuli Tvisebebis Sesaxeb informaciis droulad miReba;
• procedurebis momzadeba e. w. “swrafi garRvevis~ dagegmvisaTvis, romelic
damyarebuli iqneba arsebuli situaciis analizze. aucilebelia yuradRebis
gamaxvileba iseT sakiTxebze, rogoricaa: bazris masStabi, sadistribucio arxebi,
bazris dinamika da tendenciebi, konkurencia, mogebis miRebis perspeqtiva;
• specialuri furclebis, standartuli formatebis gamoyeneba brendis
cvlilebebisaTvis. rac axali problemebis gamokvlevisa da gamovlenis
saSualebas iZleva;
• realizaciis efeqturi procesebi. RonisZiebebi unda Catardes yvela
mimarTulebiT, dainergos dajildoebis da aRiarebis sistemebi. brendingis
programa Tavis TavSi moicavs arsebul da axal brendebs, maT etapobriv zrdas da
gafarToebas. brendis strategiis ganxorcielebaSi samoqmedo gegma gulisxmobs
TandaTanobiT da grZelvadian ganviTarebas;
• dagegmvaSi yvelas da TiToeulis CarTva. brendis gegmis warumatebeli
realizaciis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizezi aris mis damuSavebaSi xalxis mxolod
gansazRvruli jgufis CarTuloba. yvelas da TiToeulis CarTva stimuls miscems
da gamoiwvevs mimxrobas brendis mimarT. miT umetes, rom XXI s-Si arsebobs rigi
saSualebebisa, romelTa daxmarebiT SesaZlebelia informaciis swrafi
gavrceleba.
gamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literatura
1. Бун Л., Куртц Д. Современный маркетинг, 11-е издание. Изд.-во «Юнити», М., 2005. 2. Дойль П., Штерн Ф. Маркетинг Менеджмент и стратегии, 4-е издание, «Питер», С.-Пб.,
2007. 3. Котлер Ф., Келлер К.Л. Маркетинг менеджмент, экспресс-курс, 3-е издание, перевод с
англ., изд. «Питер», С.-Пб., 2008. 4. Котлер Ф., Вонг В., Сондерс Д., Армстронг Г. Основы маркетинга, 4-е издание,
Издательство “Вильямс”, Киев, 2007. 5. Jerome E. McCarthy, William D. Perreaul Basic Marketing, IRWIN, Burr Ridge, 11-th edition.
Seturi Maia CONCERNING THE BRAND MANAGEMENT PROCESS
SUMMARY
In our country one of the important problams is to define the role of brand management in the firms. The brand management process is the process of planning branding activities and directing the implementation of the plans. The purpose of the brand inventory is to provide a current, comprehensive profile of how all the products sold by a company are marketed and branded. Effective brand management requires a long-term view of marketing decisions. Consumer responses to marketing activity depend on what they know and remember about a brand, short-term marketing actions, by changing brand knowledge, necessarily increase or decrease the success of future marketing actions. A long-term view
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results in proactive strategies designed to maintain and enhance customer-based brand equity over time in the face of external changes in the marketing environment and internal changes in a firm's marketing goals and programs. Given that the power of a brand resides in the minds of consumers and how it changes their response to marketing. There are basic approaches to measuring brand equity. A direct approach assesses the actual impact of brand knowledge on consumer response to different aspects of the marketing.
MMMMgela sviravagela sviravagela sviravagela svirava
maia Waniamaia Waniamaia Waniamaia Wania biznesis konkurentunarianobis zrdisaTvis klasterebisbiznesis konkurentunarianobis zrdisaTvis klasterebisbiznesis konkurentunarianobis zrdisaTvis klasterebisbiznesis konkurentunarianobis zrdisaTvis klasterebis
Seqmnisa da ganviTarebis aucileblobaSeqmnisa da ganviTarebis aucileblobaSeqmnisa da ganviTarebis aucileblobaSeqmnisa da ganviTarebis aucilebloba
biznesis konkurentunarianobis amaRleba aris erT-erTi gza regionebSi bizne-
sis mdgradi da usafrTxo ganviTarebisaTvis. garkveul periodamde konkurent-
unarianobis Seswavlisas adgilmdebareobis roli saerTod ar iyo gaTvalis-
winebuli. yovel SemTxvevaSi arsebobda am sakiTxSi adgilmdebareobis rolis
dakninebis tendencia. aseTi xedva, Tumca is gavrcelebulia sakmaod farTod, ar
Seesabameba konkurenciis procesebSi realur situacias. maikl porterma 1990 wels
gamoqveynebul statiaSi ,,qveynis konkurentuli upiratesoba” wamoayena Teoria
erovnuli, saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi konkurentunarianoba msoflio ekonomikis
konteqstSi. am TeoriaSi klasterebs ukaviaT wamyvani roli. porteris mixedviT,
klasteri ,,geografiuli niSniT koncentrirebuli urTierTdakavSirebuli kompani-
ebis jgufebia, specializebuli mimwodeblebis, momsaxurebis mimwodeblebis,
Sesabamis dargSi firmebi, agreTve maT saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli organiza-
ciebi (magaliTad, universitetebi, standartizaciis saagentoebi, agreTve savaWro
gaerTianebebi) garkveul sferoebSi konkurenti, magram, amasTan, axorcieleben
erTobliv samuSaoebs” [1 ].
regionSi klasteris SeqmnisaTvis aucilebelia arsebobdes misi ganviTarebis
obieqturi winapirobebi. aseT winapirobad SeiZleba CaiTvalos garkveuli
produqciis warmoebiT da miwodebiT dakavSirebuli firmebis erToblioba, ro-
melTa Soris dawyebulia TanamSromloba. ufro konkretulad, klasteris Seqmna
warmatebuli iqneba mxolod maSin, roca regionSi arsebobs msgavsi saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis mwarmoebeli ramdenime an ramdenime aTeuli firma. aqve unda aRiniS-
nos isic, rom rac ufro meti gansxvavebuli erTeuli Sedis klasterSi, miT
ukeTesia. klasteris konkurentunarianobaze gavlenas axdens Semdegi erTeulebi:
• firmebi, romlebic gaerTianebulia klasterSi;
• universitetebi;
• saSuamavlo institutebi;
• sajaro seqtori – adgilobrivi, regionuli da centraluri xelisuflebis organoebi sasicocxlo ciklis mixedviT klasterebi SeiZleba klasificirdes
Semdegnairad:
• embrionuli klasterebi;
• mzardi klasterebi;
• zrdasruli klasterebi;
• recesiuli klasterebi.
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klasteris aseTi klasifikacia Zalian hgavs ,,produqtis sasicocxlo cikls”.
embrionuli klasteri aris axalSeqmnili klasteris Canasaxi, roca iwyeba
TanamSromloba arsebul formebs Soris. mzard fazaSi es TanamSromloba
viTardeba da firmebs Soris xdeba mWidro TanamSromloba.
arsebobs O OECD E mier SemuSavebuli klasterebis ufro rTuli klasifikacia,
romlis mixedviT klasterebi iyofa Semdeg tipebad:
• codnaze dafuZnebuli klasterebi
• momwodeblebze damokidebuli klasterebi:
• specializebuli momwodeblebis klasterebi. klasteris erTeulebs Soris urTierTobis mixedviT SeiZleba gamovyoT
Semdegi.
• urTierToba firmebs Soris.
• urTierToba firmebsa da kvleva-ganviTarebaSi CarTul universitetebs Soris.
• urTierTobebi, dakavSirebuli bazris meSveobiT teqnologiebisa da inovaciebis gavrcelebasTan.
• codnis transferTan dakavSirebuli urTierTobebi, anu urTierTobebi, romlis drosac xdeba adamianuri resursis gadaadgileba kvleva-ganviTarebis, saganmanaTleblo da sawarmo organizaciebs Soris. klasteris yvela monawile erTmaneTis konkurenciaSi imyofeba, Tumca,
amavdroulad, erTmaneTTan TanamSromlobs. es ar aris marto aucilebeli
TanamSromlobiT ganpirobebuli, aramed xdeba megobruli TanamSromlobac,
romelic iTvaliswinebs urTierTdaxmarebas, codnisa da gamocdilebis gaziarebas,
ganviTarebis barierebis erToblivad gadalaxvas da a. S. aseTi urTierTobebi
yovelTvis efuZneba urTierTndobasa da saerTo miznebs.
firmebis urTierTobebi kvleva-ganviTarebis sferosTan orive mxaresaTvis
sasargebloa. Sedegad firmebi iZenen aucilebel codnas konkurentunarianobis
asamaRleblad, xolo kvleva-ganiTarebis sferos (universitetebi) erTeulebi
iReben Semosavlebs, romelTa gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia Semdgomi axali kvle-
vebisaTvis. firmebsa da universitetebs Soris TanamSromlobam SesaZloa miiRos
arainstituciuri kavSiris Semdegi formebi:
• codnis transformacia araformaluri kontaqtebis meSveobiT firmebsa da universitetebis TanamSromlebs Soris.
• studentebis staJireba firmebSi.
• saqmianoba studentTa ganaTlebis farglebSi.
• samecniero konferenciebis, bazrobebis, swavlebebis da samecniero gamocemebis organizacia da maTSi monawileoba.
• sakonsultacio momsaxureba da treningi. regionSi klasteri lokaluri masStabiT ekonomikuri zrdis erT-erTi
mTavari lokomotivia. klasteris SigniT arsebuli megoburuli urTierTobebi da
kadrebis kvalifikaciis amaRleba zrdis konkurentunarianobas da stimuls
aZlevs ganviTarebas. klasteris funqcionireba dadebiT gavlenas axdens rogorc
mis wevrebze, ise garemozec. efeqturad funqcionirebadi klasteris farglebSi
biznesis warmoeba dadebiTad moqmedebs warmoebis doneze, rac ganpirobebulia
specializebuli warmoebis faqtorebis xelmisawvdomobiT. amasTan erTad isic
unda aRiniSnos, rom efeqturad funqcionirebadi klasteri xels uwyobs axali
mcire da saSualo firmebis Seqmnas, romlebsac gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvT
regionSi samuSao adgilebis SeqmnisaTvis.
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racionalurad funqcionirebadi klasteri sasargebloa ara mxolod
monawileebisaTvis aramed dadebiTi efeqti moaqvs biznesgaremosTvis da SesaZloa,
regionis ganviTarebis mamoZravebeli Zala gaxdes.
klasterisagan miRebuli sargebeli biznesmenisTvis aris:
• saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli riskis Semcireba;
• gaadvilebulia administraciuli da savaWro barierebis gadalaxva;
• partniorebTan erTad izrdeba warmoebis masStabebi, Sesabamisad mcirdeba xarjebi;
• gaadvilebulia gamocdilebis, kvlevebis Sedegebis da ganviTarebis sxva damatebiTi resursebis gaziareba;
• Tanamedrove, ukeTesi xarisxis da ufro iafi da Sesabamisad ufro konkurentunariani produqciis miwodebis SesaZlebloba bazrisaTvis;
• finansuri wyaroebisadmi ufro meti xelmisawvdomoba;
• regionSi, saxelmwifosa da msoflioSi konkurentuli poziciebis gamtkicebis SesaZlebloba;
• klastris partniorebis qseli farToa da advilad xelmisawvdomi;
• inovaciurobis potencialis zrda – meti partniori niSnavs met gamocdilebas axlis Sesaqmnelad;
• maRali produqtiulobisa da efeqturobis miRweva;
• xorcieldeba teqnologiebis transferi;
• izrdeba regionis brendis warmoSobis DSesaZlebloba. klasterebis Seqmnisa da ganviTarebis procesis gasagebad saWiro CavwvdeT
faqtorebs, romlebic ganapirobebs mis warmatebas. am mxriv literaturaSi
gvxvdeba Semdegi:
R. Moss-i [3] klasteris ganviTarebis unars ganmartavs, rogorc mis
SesaZleblobas, Seqmnas axali, inovaciuri da konkurentunariani ekonomikuri
struqtura. Moss-i aseve gvTavazobs klasteris ganviTarebis warmatebis Semdgom
mTavar faqtorebs.
• klasteruli struqturis elastikuroba da gaxsniloba, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs, gaviziaroT axali teqnologiebi, codna da informacia.
• klasteris wevrebs Soris kavSiris maRali xarisxi da ndoba – mTavari faqtori inovaciurobis da codnis difuziis meqanizmebis efeqtianad funq-cionirebisaTvis.
• kompetenciebis done da adamianuri resursis xarisxi _ R.Moss-is SefasebiT, aRniSnuli aseve gadamwyvetia codnis efeqtiani transferisa da difuziisaTvis.
M. Porter-s [3] miaCnia, rom klasteris ganviTarebis mTavari faqtori aris
biznesgaremo, romelic iyofa oTx nawilad:
• arsebuli resursebi (infrastruqtura, unar-Cvevebi da a.S),
• Sida moTxovna (adgilobrivi momxmareblebis moTxovna),
• mewarmeebis zogadi done da regulirebis xarisxi (dabegvra, firmebis konkurentunarianobis strategiebi, antimonopoliuri kanomdebloba da a.S.),
• damxmare mrewveloba – mimwodeblebi da a. S. (klasteris diapazoni da siRrme).
klasteris Seqmnis procesi moicavs ramdenime ZiriTad etaps:
• analizi,
• mobilizacia,
• strategiisa da samoqmedo gegmis SemuSaveba,
• strategiis ganxorcieleba,
153
• monitoringis Sefaseba. arsebobs klasteris marTvis ori ZiriTadi meTodologia, romelic farTodaa
gavrcelebuli
• kompleqsuri programa – analizi, strategiuli dagegmva, aseve monitoringisa da Sefasebis ganxorcieleba; Seqmnili The Competitiveness Group-is mier, espaneTi.
• marTvis meTodologia Carevis xuTi sferos mixedviT. SemuSavebulia Clusterland Oberosterrech GmbH, Austria-s mier. aRniSnuli meTodologia ,,evropuli qseli klasterebis brwyinvaled marTvisaTvis, TanamSromlobisa da popularizacii-saTvis” gzamkvlelis mTavari Semadgeneli elementia.
ganviTarebul qveynebSi klasterebi, Cveulebriv, gamoxatulia ufro Zlierad,
ganviTarebad qveynebSi ki samrewvelo sawarmoebis didi nawilis bazirebis adgi-
li ganviTarebuli ekonomikebia an warmoadgenen ucxour Svilobil kompaniebs,
romlebic emsaxurebian adgilobriv bazars. ganviTarebad qveynebSi klasterebi
ufro zedapirulia da ZiriTadad ucxouri mwarmoeblebidan mowodebul kompo-
nentebs, servisebs da teqnologiebs eyrdnobian.
ganviTarebuli qveynebis klasterebisagan gansxvavebiT, ganviTarebad qveynebSi
ara mxolod monawileebis naklebi raodenobaa, aramed xSirad gansxvavdeba Tavisi
socialuri SemadgenlobiT.
kompanisi Seqmnisas erT-erTi aSkarad SesamCnevi wamqezebeli faqtori aris
xelmisawvdomoba faqtorebis saerTo fondebis, iseTebi, rogoricaa speciali-
zebuli unarebi, moxerxebuli geografiuli mdebareoba an am mocemuli SemTx-
vevisaTvis gansakuTrebulad kargi Sesaferisi infrastruqtura.
klasteri SeiZleba agreTve warmoiqnas araCveulebrivi, rTuli an gazrdili
adgilobrivi moTxovnis gamo.
gamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literatura
1. Портер М. Конкуренция. Санкт-Петербург-Москва-Киев. 2002. – 496 с. 2. Харрод Рай Ф. К теории экономической динамики. – М.: «Гелиос АРВ».1999. – 160 с. 3. Creationand development of clusters.Warsazawa, pazdziernik, 2010.
Svirava Gela Chania Maia
THE CLUSTER CREATION AND DEVELOPMENT NECESSITY FOR THE PURPOSE OF BUSINESS COMPETITIVENESS GROWTH
SUMMARY
In the Paper it is pointed out that for the cluster creation and development in the region is necessary the objective preconditions existence. The cluster classification is made according to the vital cycle. In the developed countries the clusters usually are expressed much more strongly, but in the developing countries the place of base of the major part of the industrial manufactures are already represented by developed economics or are found the foreign companies’ daughter-enterprises, who are serving the local market. In the developing countries clusters are mainly superficial and mostly are relying on the components supplied from the foreign manufacturers, on their services and technologies.
Unlikely from the developed countries, in the developing countries there are not only the number of the participants less, but often are different within its social composition.
154
avTandil silagaZe avTandil silagaZe avTandil silagaZe avTandil silagaZe saqarTveloSi biznesis registraciis gamartiveba da realobasaqarTveloSi biznesis registraciis gamartiveba da realobasaqarTveloSi biznesis registraciis gamartiveba da realobasaqarTveloSi biznesis registraciis gamartiveba da realoba
2012 wlis monacemebiT, msoflio bankis mier Sedgenili reitingi „Doing
Business“-is reitingis mixedviT, saqarTvelo, 183 qveyanas Soris, biznesis dawyebis
simartivis mixedviT me-16 (2011w.-me-17) poziciaze imyofeba. es reitingi, maT Soris
saqarTvelosTvis, dadginda ramdenime komponentis mixedviT, kerZod: biznesis
dawyeba (Starting a Business - me-7 adgili), samSeneblo nebarTvebi (Dealing with Construction
Permits - me-4 adgili), eleqtroenergiaze xelmisawvdomoba (Getting Electricity – 89-e ad-
gili), sakuTrebis registracia (Registering Property - 1 adgili), kreditebis xelmi-
sawvdomoba (Getting Credit - me-8 adgili), investorTa dacva (Protecting Investors - me-17
adgili), gadasaxadebis administrireba (Paying Taxes - 42-e adgili), sagareo vaWroba
(Trading Across Borders - 54-e (2011 w. – 34-e adgili), kontraqtebis aRsruleba (Enforcing
Contracts - 41-e adgili) da biznesis likvidaciis procedurebi (Resolving Insolvency - 109-e adgili) [4].
amrigad, Doing Business-is reitingSi, romelic asaxavs biznesis dawyebis (da
ara misi Semdgomi funqcionirebis) simartives, saqarTvelo aSkarad win waiwia,
gansakuTrebiT sakuTrebis registraciis da biznesis dawyebis procedurebis
simartivis komponentebSi, magram CamorCa sagareo vaWrobis, kontraqtebis
aRsrulebis da biznesis likvidaciis maCveneblebiT, kreditebis xelmisawvdo-
mobaSi mowinave pozicia ki eWvs iwvevs kreditebze arsebuli maRali sargeblis
(procentis) ganakveTebis gamo.
arsebobs sxva reitingebic, sadac saqarTvelo maRali maCveneblebiT ar
gamoirCeva, ase magaliTad, biznesis keTebis TvalsazrisiT, gamokvleul Bloomberg-
is reitingSi „saukeTeso qveyana biznesisTvis" (The Best Country for Business), saqar-
Tvelo 50 qveyanas Soris ver moxvda. am reitingSi hon-kongi, niderlandebi, aSS,
gaerTianebuli samefo, avstralia, germania, iaponia, safrangeTi, avstria, sin-
gapuri, Sveicaria, kanada, belgia, SvedeTi, luqsemburgi, fineTi, dania, norvegia,
CineTi, italia... baltiispireTis qveynebi, TurqeTi, ukraina (45-e adgili), ruseTi
(48-e adgili).... reitingi eqvsi faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT Sedga, kerZod: ekono-
mikuri integraciis xarisxi (xvedriTi wili 10%); biznesis wamowyebis danaxarjebi
(20%); samuSao Zalis da nedleulis fasi (20%); saqonlis transportirebis Ri-
rebuleba (20%); naklebi materialuri danaxarjebi (20%) da adgilobrivi sa-
momxmareblo bazris mzadyofna (10%) [5]. am reitingSi, biznesis keTebis Tval-
sazrisiT, saqarTveloze ukeTesi maCveneblebi bevr iseT qveyanas aqvs, romelnic
mas biznesis dawyebis simartiviT CamorCebian. aqedan gamomdinare, biznesis
dawyebis simartive metad mniSvnelovania, magram sabolood mTavaria biznesis
efeqtianoba - konkurentunarianoba.
biznesis registraciis gamartivebas saqarTveloSo mohyva samewarmeo su-
bieqtebis registraciis zrda - 1995 wels registrirebuli iyo 24,4 aTasi samewa-
rmeo subieqti [1;114]; 2004 wels _ 126 003 [3; 270]; 2006 wels _ 162 696; 2010 wels ki _
321 312 [2;22]. gaangariSebebiT dasturdeba, rom registrirebuli subieqtebis
raodenobis zrdam adekvaturi asaxva ver pova gamoSvebuli produqciis mocu-
lobaSi, kerZod: 2006-2010 wlebSi gaizarda registrirebuli subieqtebis raodenoba
197,3%-iT, gamoSvebuli produqcia ki mxolod 179,5%-iT; 1 samewarmeo subieqtze
Semcirda gamoSvebuli produqciis moculobis wliuri da yovelTviuri maCve-
155
neblebi Sesabamisad: 45,6 aT. laridan - 41,4 aT. laramde da 3,8 aT. laridan - 3.5 aT.
laramde. aSkaraa, rom bevri biznes-subieqti, rigi mizezebis (monopolizmis,
oligopolizmis, sakuTrebis daucvelobis...) gamo, registraciis Semdeg ar
funqcionirebs da ukeTes dros elodeba.
amrigad, saqarTveloSi biznessubieqtebis registraciis gamartivebam da maTi
raodenobis mkveTrad zrdam realurad ver ganapiroba gamoSvebuli produqtis
moculobis Sesabamisi zrda, rac mTavrobas axali gamowvevebis winaSe ayenebs.
gamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literatura
1. a. TvalWreliZe, a. silagaZe, g. qeSelaSvili, d. gegia. saqarTvelos social-
lur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis programa. Tb., 2011.
2. saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri (NATIONAL STATISTICS
OFFICE OF GEORGIA): mewarmeoba saqarTveloSi (Entrepreneurship in Georgia), 2011
http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/georgian/mewarmeoba_2011.pdf 14.04.2012.
3. saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli, 2010
http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/yearbook/Statistical%20Yearbook_2010.pdf 20.04.2012.
4.The World bank - Doing Business: Georgia.
http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/georgia/ 20.04.2012.
5. Bloomberg-ma saukeTeso adgilad biznesisTvis hong-kongi daasaxela
http://news.boom.ge/geo/11/20120322/1549451 20.04.2012.
Silagadze Avtandil
SIMPLIFICATION OF BUSINESS REGISTRATION AND BUSINES S REALITY IN GEORGIA SUMMARY
Simplification of Business Registration and Business Reality in Georgia, a work by Professor Avtandil
Silagadze, Corresponding Member of National Academy of Science of Georgia, discusses Georgia’s positions, ratings of World Bank Doing Business and Bloomberg The Best Country for Business and general situation in business-sector of Georgia. The author notes that the simplification of business registration in Georgia was followed by growing number of new enterprise: in 2006 – 162 696 entities and in 2010 – 321 312 entities. In 2006-2010 number of registered business-entities increased by 197.3 %, products manufactured – by 179.5 %. The growth of quantity of new enterprises was not sufficiently reflected by the volume of the produce, particularly, even small annual and monthly indices of manufactured products per enterprise was actually reduced in 2006 from 45.6 thousand Gel to 41.4 thousand Gel and in 2010 from 3.8 thousand Gel to 3.5 thousand Gel.
The author concludes that once registered, a lot of business –entities operate with small loading or do not operate at all, which means that the simplification of business registration and sharp growth of new enterprises in Georgia have failed to actually increase the volume of produce and the present situation makes the government face new challenges.
olRa faCuliaolRa faCuliaolRa faCuliaolRa faCulia inovacia,inovacia,inovacia,inovacia, rogorc kompaniis warmatebisrogorc kompaniis warmatebisrogorc kompaniis warmatebisrogorc kompaniis warmatebis mTavari faqtorimTavari faqtorimTavari faqtorimTavari faqtori
ekonomikur literaturaSi inovacia ganmartebulia, rogorc siaxleTa mom-
ebiani gamoyeneba axali saxis nakeTobebis, teqnologiebis, organizaciuli
156
formebis SemuSavebis, Seqmnisa da gavrcelebis mizniT23. cnobili mecnieris l.
Ciqavas azriT, inovacia aris `saqonlis asortimentis sistemuri srulyofa, modi-
ficireba da ganaxleba, saqonlis axali nimuSebis Seqmna, axali teqnologiebisa
da mecnierul-kvleviT da sakonstruqturo samuSaoTa axali mimarTulebebis
damuSaveba~24. b. santos ganmartebiT, inovacia sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri pro-
cesia, romelic ideebisa da gamogonebebis praqtikuli gamoyenebis gziT iwvevs
ukeTesi maxasiaTeblebis mqone produqtebis, teqnologiebis da rogorc Sedegi _
ufro maRali mogebebis miRebas25. igi biznesis ganuyofeli nawilia da war-
moadgens ra mewarmis specifikur iaraRs, miznad isaxavs warmoebis procesis
reformirebasa da revolucionizirebas gamogonebebis danergvis saSualebiT26.
“ekonomikuri ganviTarebis TeoriaSi” i. Sumpeteri mewarmis Semosavalsa da
mogebas ganixilavs, rogorc inovaciuri saqmianobis dinamiuri cvlilebebis
Sedegs. mewarmis funqcionaluri roli aisaxeba inovaciebis Sedegad bazarze
wonasworuli mdgomareobis darRvevaSi, rasac Sedegad moaqvs mogeba.
msoflios wamyvani kompaniebis prioriteti inovaciuri strategiaa. maTi
samecniero kvlevebi, sawarmoo sistema da marketingi gamiznulia iseTi saqonlis
Seqmnaze, romelsac analogi ar gaaCnia. mwarmoebeli, romelic axdens mocemuli
strategiis realizebas, moipovebs yvelaze mZlavr konkurentul upiratesobas,
rac aisaxeba originalur samecniero-teqnikur SemuSavebebSi, meTodebsa Tu
principebSi. strategiuli marTvis amocanebi am SemTxvevaSi mdgomareobs dama-
tebiTi aqtivebis mozidvaSi axali produqtebis bazrebze SesaRwevad da sawarmoo
ganyofilebebis saqmianobis mudmiv analizSi warmoSobili teqnikuri SesaZ-
leblobebis gamosavlenad. agreTve, xSirad aucilebeli xdeba Sida reorgani-
zaciis gatareba axali produqtis asaTviseblad. liderobis gzaze mdgari
kompaniebi mniSvnelovan saxsrebs iReben kvlevebsa da ganviTarebaze (Research and
Developlment), amasTan, kvlevebi ara mxolod gamoyenebiT, aramed fundamentalur
xasiaTsac atarebs. ase magaliTad, APPLE, romelic msoflios yvelaze inovaciuri
kompaniebis reitingSi liderul pozicias ikavebs, KTavis yovelwliur angariSSi
acxadebs, rom is agrZelebs investiciebis fokusirebas kvlevasa da ganviTarebaze,
vinaidan es ukanaskneli warmoadgens kritikul faqtors momavalSi zrdasa da
bazarze konkurentuli poziciis dakavebisTvis. kompaniis aRniSul gancxadebas
adasturebs bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi kvlevasa da ganviTarebaze gaweuli
xarjebis yovelwliuri zrda. kerZod, 2007 welTan SedarebiT, 2011 wels kvlevisa
da ganviTarebis xarji 3-jer gaizarda. cxrilSi 1.1 mocemulia 2007-2011 wlebSi
kvlevasa da ganviTarebaze gaweuli xarjebi da, aseve, kvlevisa da ganviTarebis
wili gayidvebSi.
rogorc vxedavT, kompaniis Semosavlebi gayidvebidan bolo xuTi wlis
ganmavlobaSi zrdadia, kerZod, 2011 wels, 2007 welTan SedarebiT, 4.4-jer gaizarda
da Seadgina 108 249 000 milioni dolari. gayidvebis zrdaze udidesi gavlena 2011
wels iqonia iPhone 4-ze moTxovnis zrdam. aRniSnuli inovaciuri produqti
kompaniam 2011 wlis TebervalSi waradgina da gasayidad gamoitana SeerTebul
StatebSi da wlis bolos ukve 105 qveyanaSi SeZlo misi realizacia. mxolod
23 Словарь-справочник предпринимателя. Москва, Зевс, 1992. 24 Ciqava l. ekonomikuri Teoriis mokle kursi. Tbilisi, `siaxle~, 1997, gv. 203. 25 Санто Б. Инновация как средство экономического развития. М., Прогресс. 1990, стр. 9. 26 Шумпетер И. Теория экономического развития (исследование предпринимательской прибыли, капитала, кредита, процента и цикла конъюнктуры). Москва, Прогресс, 1982.
157
iPhone-is gayidvebi Seadgens gayidvebidan Semosavlis 43%-s 2011 wels (47,057,000
milioni dolari). 2010 wlis mesame kvartalSi kompaniam warmoadgina axali
produqti iPad-i, romelmac sakmaod didi mogeba moutana mas: 2011 wels _ 20.4
milioni, xolo 2010 wels _ 15.4 milioni. 2011 wels iPad-is gayidvebi mTliani
gayidvebis 19% Seadgens. iPhone -is gayidvebi 2009 wels 13 milioni dolars
Seadgenda da wina welTan SedarebiT 93%-iT gaizarda. 2009 wels kompaniam
warmoadgina axali iPhone 3GS-i, rac aseve 2009 wlis Semosavalze dadebiTad
aisaxa. cxrili 1.1.-Si mocemulia bolo xuTi wlis Semosavali gayidvebidan,
romelic yovelwliurad izrdeba.
cxrili 1.1.cxrili 1.1.cxrili 1.1.cxrili 1.1. ((((****monacemebi mocemulia milionebSi, garda msoflio reitingisa)monacemebi mocemulia milionebSi, garda msoflio reitingisa)monacemebi mocemulia milionebSi, garda msoflio reitingisa)monacemebi mocemulia milionebSi, garda msoflio reitingisa)
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
reitingi msoflios yvelaze inovaciur
firmaTa Soris
1 1 1 3 1
Semosavali gayidvebidan 24578 37491 42905 65225
108249
wminda mogeba 3495 6119 8235 14013 25922
amonagebi aqciidan 99.36% 35.03% 63.074% 53.09% 42.49%
kvleva da ganviTareba 782 1109 1333 1782 2429
kvleva da ganviTareba %-Si gayidvebTan SedarebiT
3.2% 3% 3.1% 3% 2%
wyaro: http://www.apple.com/
kompaniis dauRalavma Sromam axali produqtebis Sesaqmnelad APPLE-s inovaciuri kompaniis imiji Seuqmna da dRes igi rogorc momxmareblebis, aseve
investorebisTvis asocirdeba, rogorc yvelaze inovaciuri da axlis maZiebeli
kompania, romlisganac gamudmebiT elian zrdas, ganviTarebasa da mogebas.
yovelive zemoTqmuls adasturebs APPLE-is aqciebidan maRali amonagebi, rac
bolo xuTi wlis manZilze 163,4%-s Seadgens. Kkompaniis menejmentis strategiam,
uwyvetad Seqmnas axali produqti da gaaumjobesos arsebuli pruduqcia, gazarda
amonagebi aqciidan da, amasTan, moTxovna aqciebze. diagramaze 1.1 asaxulia, Tu
rogor izrdeba erT aqciaze fasi wlidan wlamde. kerZod, aRniSnuli maCvenebeli
2007 wlidan 2011 wlamde $153-dan $404-mde gaizarda da APPLE-im aqciebis fasis
mixedviTac dargSi pirveli adgili daikava. 2012 wels kompaniis erT aqciaze fasma
ukve $534-s miaRwia27, maSin, rodesac misi pirdapiri konkurentebis aqciis fasi $36
ar aRemateba. aqedan gamomdinare, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom inovaciuri produqtis
SeqmniT SesaZlebelia, kompania gaxdes momgebiani da investorebisTvis mimzidveli.
27
2012 wlis 21 aprilis monacemebiT, erTi aqciis fasi $534-s Seadgens. http://www.google.com/finance/related?q=NASDAQ:AAPL
158
diagrama. 1.1.diagrama. 1.1.diagrama. 1.1.diagrama. 1.1. aqciis fasi 2007 wlidan 2011 wlis CaTvliTaqciis fasi 2007 wlidan 2011 wlis CaTvliTaqciis fasi 2007 wlidan 2011 wlis CaTvliTaqciis fasi 2007 wlidan 2011 wlis CaTvliT
zemoaRniSnuli warmateba kompaniam axsna inovaciebis piramidiT, romelic
pirvel safexurze moicavs kreatiulobis atmosferos, adamianebis stimulirebas,
warmoaCinon ideebi, meore safexurze piramida gvTavazobs TviT ideeebs, mesame
safexurze aris inovaciebi, meoTxeze _ axali biznesi, piramidis wverze ki _
Semosavali. inovaciuri produqtis Seqmnisa da komercializaciisaTvis saWiroa
mTeli qseli, romelic moicavs momxmareblebs, TanamSromlebs, momwodeblebs,
partniorebsa da sxv28. aseT pirobebSi organizaciis yoveli wevri Tavisuflad
gamoTqvams Tavis azrs, argumentirebulad asabuTebs sakuTar pozicias, rasac
unda mohyves dadebiTi gamoZaxili kompaniis menejerebis mxridan im SemTxvevaSic
ki, Tu TanamSromlebi uSveben Secdomebs, radgan, rogorc Read Corporation-is prezidenti acxadebs, Secdomebis gareSe SeuZlebelia axali produqtis Seqmna.
aRsaniSnavia aseve inovaciuri kompania Google-is midgoma ideebis stimulirebisadmi.
menejerebi TanamSromlebs nebas rTaven, rom maT samuSao drois 20% daxarjon
nebismier proeqtze, romelzec SeaCereben arCevans im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu es
proeqti ar aris dakavSirebuli organizaciis ZiriTad misiasTan. ufro metic,
kviraSi erTxel Google-is menejerebi awyoben TavianT ofisSi Ria karis dRes da
kompaniis yovel TanamSromels eZleva SesaZlebloba, gamoTqvas Tavisi idea29. idea
ki aris is, riTac iwyeba nebismieri biznesi da rac warmoadgens firmis warmatebis
safuZvels. cnobilia, rom inovaciuri saqmianoba dakavSirebulia didZal finansur
saxsrebTan da arsebobs mosazreba, rom rac ufro uzarmazar xarjebs gaiRebs
kompaniaYinovaciebisTvis, miT ufro didi mogeba eqneba mas, magram es koncefcia
yovelTvis ar aris marTebuli. ase magaliTad, Jurnal “Forbes”-is mier Catarebuli
kvlevis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom rom topinovator firmaTa aTeulSi ver moeqca
topmxarjaveli firmebi. maSin ram ganapiroba APPLE, Google, 3M, GE, Toyota-sa da sxva
yvelaze inovaciuri kompaniebis Semosavlebis zrda da brendebis cnobadoba? maT
SeZles iseTi inovaciebis SemoReba, romelic kargad daakavSires biznesis
strategiebsa da sxva SesaZleblobebTan. rodesac aRniSnuli kompaniebi ideis
etapze idgnen, maT SeaRwies momxmareblis moTxovnilebebis Sida arealSi da
gaiges potenciuri drouli saWiroeba. produqtis ganviTarebis etapze maT Caabes
momxmareblebi aqtivobebSi, raTa daemtkicebinaT axali inovaciuri produqtis
Rirebuleba, is, rom Zvirfasia mocemuli inovaciuri produqti da Rirs misi
28
http://www.innovationmain.com/Apple-eBook.html 29 Дафт Р. Менеджмент. Питер. 2010. стр. 387.
159
SeZena, Seafases bazris potenciali da riski. komercializaciis etapze aCvenes
SesaZlebloba, rom SeuZliaT imuSaon momxmareblebTan. Yyvela warmatebuli firma
avlens gansakuTrebul unarsa da SesaZleblobas, romliTac igi gamorCeulia da
irCevs garkveul strategiebs, romelic SemdgomSi uzrunvelyofs sakuTari
kompaniis warmatebas30.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom inovacia
mogebis zrdis, investorTa mozidvis, Sromis mwarmoeblurobis amaRlebis,
kompaniis konkurentunarianobis ganmtkicebis saukeTeso saSualebaa. warmatebis
misaRwevad aucilebelia ideebis stimulireba, momxmarebelTan daaxloeba da maT
moTxovnebsa da saWiroebebze maqsimalurad morgeba, rac, saboloo jamSi,
uzrunvelyofs kompaniis gayidvebis maRali maCveneblebsa da momxmareblebTan
grZelvadian urTierTobebs.
Pachulia Olga INNOVATION AS THE MAIN FACTOR OF SUCCESS FOR COMPAN IES
SUMMARY
The research is devoted to descuss the importance of innovations under the condition of fierce competition. Also, the article suggests the analysis of the most innovative companies (APPLE , Google, Read Corporation). Based on the given research, the outhor gets to the conclusion, that innovations are beneficial for companies, as it helps to make profit, increase the value of company, attract investors and gain the competitive advantage.
The author highlights the core factors for innovative activities to be effective, such as stimulate ideas, become closer with customers and fit innovative products on the needs and demands of customers, which itself gives an impulse to the innovative companies to reach and maintain success.
Tamar qamxaZe Tamar qamxaZe Tamar qamxaZe Tamar qamxaZe cira elgendaraSvili cira elgendaraSvili cira elgendaraSvili cira elgendaraSvili
nunu aCuaSvilinunu aCuaSvilinunu aCuaSvilinunu aCuaSvili aviakompaniebis marTvis da funqcionirebis problemebiaviakompaniebis marTvis da funqcionirebis problemebiaviakompaniebis marTvis da funqcionirebis problemebiaviakompaniebis marTvis da funqcionirebis problemebi
globalizaciis pirobebSiglobalizaciis pirobebSiglobalizaciis pirobebSiglobalizaciis pirobebSi
ekonomikis globalizacia zogadi globalizaciis Semadgeneli nawilia,
sityva “globe” (ingl) dedamiwas, sferos, globuss. Mmisi gamoyeneba, farTo
gagebiT, Semovida 1990 wels. pirdapiri gagebiT “globaluri” niSnavs yovlis-
momcvel msoflio xasiaTis movlenas. globaluri ekonomika aris Tanamedrove
msoflio ekonomika, rogorc realuri drois reJimSi funqcionirebadi erTiani
ekonomikuri sistema. igi, erovnul ekonomikebTan erTad, moicavs transerovnul
korporaciebs da saerTaSoriso safondo ekonomikur organizaciebs. globa-
lizacia aris ekonomikis internacionalizaciis ganviTarebis kanonzomieri Sedegi,
misi axali da ufro maRali stadia, adamianTa erTianobis Tvisebrivad axali
doneა. Gგlobalizaciა aris msoflio meurneobis, momsaxurebis, muSaxelis da
kapitalis erTian bazrad gadaqcevis procesi.
30 http://www.forbes.com/2011/04/04/10-top-innovative-companies-apple-google-leadership-managing-how.html
160
globalizaciis da regionalizaciis urTierTdamokidebuleba ukavSirdeba
aqtualur Teoriul sakiTxs globalizaciisa da internacionalizaciis
urTierTmimarTulebebis Sesaxeb. Ekonomikis internacionalizacia, romelic
moicavda warmoebisa da kapitalis internacionalizacias, aqtualuri gaxda XIX-XX
saukunis mijnaze. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis ekonomikaSi Seqmnili umsxvilesi
sawarmoebi, swored am dros, am gziT gardaiqmnen transerovnul kompaniebad.
aRniSnul process ganapirobebda faqtorTa Semdegi sami jgufi:
1. teqnologiebSi momxdari Tvisebrivi Zvrebi;
2. finansur bazarze axali movlenebis ganviTareba;
3. meurneobrivi cxovrebis regulirebaSi momxdari principuli xasiaTis
cvlilebebi.
Tanamedrove informaciuli teqnologiebis revoluciuri xasiaTi saSualebas
iZleva, informacia daSordes mis fizikur matareblebs da amiT informaciuli
ekonomika gamoeyofa tradiciul ekonomikas. informaciuli ekonomika ki niSnavs
uZrav, uwonado moZraobas “sinaTlis siCqariT” da swored warmoebis am resursis
uwonadoba an dematerializacia aris Tanamedrove ekonomkis erT-erTi yvelaze
tipuri damaxasiaTebeli niSani.
monacemebis statistikuri analizi da 2009 wels erovnuli aviakompaniebis
saqmianoba mowmobs mgzavrebis da tvirTebis aviagadazidvebis brunvis
mniSvnelovan Semcirebaze.Ffinansurma krizisma moitana mniSvnelovani zarali
evropis, aSS-s, iaponiis, ruseTis yvela aviakompaniisaTvis. aRniSnuli problema
moiTxovs im faqtorebis Rrma analizis aucileblobas, romlebic gavlenas axdens
aviakompaniebis saqmianobis Sedegebze da romlebic gansazRvravs avaiakompaniebis
marTvis axali modelis moZiebas globalizaciisa da finansuri krizisis
pirobebSi. XXI saukuneSi globalizacia gadaiqca gadamwyvet faqtorad msoflio
da erovnuli ganviTarebisaTvis da iTvaliswinebs cikluri ganviTarebis
strategiis gamoyenebis aucileblobas aviakompaniebis efeqturi funqcionirebis
uzrunvelsayofad, rogorc saSinao ise sagareo bazarze.
Tanamedrove erovnuli meurneobis stabilizaciis da zrdis pirobebSi,
saqarTveloSi dominirebuli midgoma _ aviakompaniebis ganviTareba SeerTebis
safuZvelze _ ar SeiZleba iyos efeqturi menejmentis meTodologiuri safuZveli.
amisaTvis aucilebeblia axali meTodebidan erT-erTi mniSvnelovani, romelic
aRmoCndeba aviakompaniis marTvis Sesabamisi sasicocxlo ciklis stadiaze da
romelic biznesstruqturebs saSualebas miscems, srulfasovnad gamoiyenos
sawarmoo potenciali da Tanamedrove sabazro sivrceSi uzrunvelyofis sakuTari
konkurenciuli poziciis gamyareba.
msoflio bazarze konkurenciuli situaciis gamkacreba Tanmxlebi glo-
balizaciis tendenciasTan da xarisxis kontrolis amaRleba, aviakompaniebs
karnaxobs axal, ufro mkacr moTxovnebs _ aviakompaniis efeqturi saqmianoba
Seusabamon inovaciebis danergvas da marTvis Tanamedrove meTodebs.
aviakompaniebis adaptaciis da funqcionireba-ganviTarebis strategia
globalizaciis, liberalizaciis da komercializaciis pirobebSi warmatebiT rom
ganxorcieldes, pirvel rigSi unda Seicvalos gare saSualebebis ZiriTadi
Taviseburebebi, romlebic xelmisawvdomia aviakompaniebis marTvis axali
meTodebis moZiebisaTvis. dReisaTvis mas SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT:
- msoflio ekonomikaSi globalizaciis da integraciis procesi;
161
- finansuri krizisi da ganviTarebisaTvis kreditis miRebis sirTule;
- garemomcveli garemos da ekologiis moTxovnebis gamkacreba. Eekolo-
giurad usafrTxo transportis saxeobaze gadasvlis tendencia;
- gaZlierebuli konkurencia alternatiuli transportis mxridan;
- axali teqnologiebis (m/S informaciuli) operatiul moxmarebasa da
marTvaSi danergva;
- marTvis procesis avtomatizacia saqmianobis yvela sferoSi da
komunikaciis saSualebebis srulyofa;
- usafrTxoebis mniSvnelobis gaZliereba.
აqtiur faqtorad gvevlineba agreTve aviasawarmoebs Soris urTierTqmedeba
uSualod “sahaero transportis sistemis SigniT”. amas SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT:
- aviasawvavis Rirebulebis mniSvnelovani zrda, aeroportebSi miwiszeda
momsaxureba;
- msoflio aviagadazidvebis bazris eqspansia;
- ZiriTad aeroportebSi gadatvirTuli rigi, rac aiZulebs aviakompaniebs,
eZebon sxva aviamarSrutebis Seqmnis SesaZleblobebi;
- eleqtronul-sainformacio centris Seqmna, aviakompaniebis, aeroportebis,
sahaero-sanavigacio momsaxurebis mowyobilobebis urTierTobisTvis.
აucilebeli faqtori, romlis gareSe SeuZlebelia integracia globali-
zaciis farglebSi, esaa monacemebis momzadebisa da gadacemis srulyofa da
avtomatizacia. informaciuli teqnologiebi da sistemebi aviakompaniebs Soris
kavSiris axal dones warmoadgens. Qქselebi axal ekonomikaSi organizaciis
ZiriTadi Teoria da praqtika gaxda.
dReisaTvis da momavalSic yvelaze didi da mniSvnelovani saSualeba
organizaciis xangrZlivi arsebobisa da warmatebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis, aris
momxmareblis survilebze fiqris codna, biznesSi yvela dainteresebuli mxaris
moTxovnilebebis codna da swrafva, rom yvela maTganisagan miviRoT sargebeli.
Tanamedrove informaciiT gajerebuli sazogadoeba saSualebas gvaZlevs,
strategiuli dagegmvis etapze maTgan miviRoT aucilebeli informacia, gaviT-
valiswinoT dainteresebuli mxareebis saWiroeba. Mmxolod am pirobebSi SeiZleba
CaiTvalos sawarmo warmatebul konkurenciul poziciaze rogorc saSinao, ise
sagareo bazarze.
aviakompaniis sicocxlisunarianoba da warmateba damokidebulia imaze, Tu
ramdenad kargad aagebs damokidebulebas ZiriTad dainteresebul mxareebTan.
aviakompaniis dainteresebul mxareebs miekuTvnebian misi momxmareblebi,
momsaxurebiT mosargebleebi, damkveTebi, aqcionerebi, investorebi, xelisuflebis
adgilobrivi da centraluri organoebi da makontrolebeli organoebi.
aviakompaniis sasicocxlo ciklis stadiis identifikaciis maCveneblebi unda
Sefasdes da daerTos dinamikis ranJirebul maCveneblebs, rogoricaa: mogeba,
Semosavlebisa da aqtivebis zrda. maTi gamoyeneba saSualebas gvaZlevs, maTe-
matikuri gamoTvlebis safuZvlebze ganvsazRvroT saanalizo periodSi orga-
nizaciis evoluciis etapi.
momavali ekuTvnis aviakompaniebs, romlebic uzrunvelyofilni arian
sakuTari marTvis resursebiT. Mmiawodeben da gayidian momsaxurebas sasicocxlo
ciklis stadiebis mixedviT. Tanamedrove aviakompaniebis ganviTarebis modelidan
162
Cans, rogor TandaTan gadadis aviakompania erTi mdgomareobidan meoreSi
resursebis gamoyenebis da kvlavwarmoebis gziT. aviakompaniebis sasicocxlo
ciklis fazebis cvlileba mimdinareobs sameurneo saqmianobis zemoqmedebis qveS,
Tumca es inicirebulia Sinagani procesebiT.
gamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literatura
1. abralava a. erovnuli ekonomika da globalizacia. Tbilisi, 2005.
2. meqvabiSvili e. ekonomikis globalizacia: mimarTulebebi, gamowvevebi,
perspeqtivebi. Tbilisi, 2009.
Kamkhadze Tamar
Elgendarashvili Tsira Achuashvili Nunu
PPPPPROBLEMS OF MANAGEMENT AND FUNCTIONING OF AIRCOMPAN IES UNDER GLOBALIZATION
SUMMARY Integration and globalization within the framework of the preparation and transmission of data, we
believe in necessary improvement and automation. Information technology represents a new level of communication between the airlines.
nino qecbaia nino qecbaia nino qecbaia nino qecbaia fasi, rogorc marketinguli faqtorifasi, rogorc marketinguli faqtorifasi, rogorc marketinguli faqtorifasi, rogorc marketinguli faqtori
produqtis an momsaxurebis fasi, rogorc marketinguli kompleqsis erT-erTi
elementi aqtiurad zemoqmedebs momxmareblis gadawyvetilebaze, sasaqonlo markis
imijis Seqmnaze, moTxovnaze. fasi pirdapir da uSualod moqmedebs organizaciis
mier miRebul mogebaze.
marketingis kompleqsis yvela elementidan fasi yvelaze mniSvnelovania.
gaTvlilia, rom fasi moTxovnis sidideze aTjer met gavlenas axdens vidre
reklama.
praqtikaSi cnobilia fasis gansazRvris ramdenime midgoma. klasikur,
ekonomikur variantSi kompania, upirveles yovlisa, gaweuli xarjebidan gamodis.
is angariSobs saqonlis TviTRirebulebas yvela xarjis gaTvaliswinebiT da
bolos masSi debs mogebis garkveul normas. aRniSnuli midgoma dRevandel
pirobebSi optimalur gadawyvetilebad ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos. bevri kompaniis
produqciis bazarSi SetaniT da realizaciiT, rogorc wesi, dakavebulni arian
marketologebi, xolo fass gansazRvraven ekonomikuri ganyofilebis specia-
listebi. rodesac momxmarebeli midis marketSi an bazarSi, misTvis sul erTia,
rogoria an ramdenia mwarmoeblis xarjebi. momxmarebeli orientirs akeTebs
SesaZeni saqonlis sargeblianobaze (faseulobaze). ase rom, swori iqneba Tu
faswarmoqmnaSi aqtiurad CaerTvebian marketologebi.
fasis gansazRvraSi marketinguli midgoma Zalian rTulia. is dafuZnebulia
ara marto gaweuli xarjebis analizze, aramed iseT winaaRmdegobriv infor-
maciebze, rogoricaa momxmareblis azri da konkurenciis Zala. saboloo jamSi,
163
aseTi midgoma saSualebas iZleva, gaveqceT saqonlis Cawolis saSiSroebas da
kompaniis fasebis SenarCunebas maqsimalur niSnulze.
aucilebeli pirobebiaucilebeli pirobebiaucilebeli pirobebiaucilebeli pirobebi specialistebis azriT, axal saqonelze swori fasis gansazRvra gansakuT-
rebul Sinagan alRos saWiroebs, magram es sakmarisi ar aris, saWiroa bazris
detaluri kvlevis Catareba. pirvel rigSi saWiroa bazris gansazRvra: risi
miRweva unda kompanias axali saqonlis an brendis SetaniT bazarze. gazardos
bazarze Tavisi wili, mogebis maqsimizacia Tu sxva. yovelive amis safuZvelze
miRebuli iqneba sxva danarCeni gadawyvetileba faswarmoqmnasTan dakavSirebiT.
meore _ kompaniam unda gadawyvitos, Tu vin iqneba produqtis myidveli.
gamomdinare aqedan, ganisazRvreba, romel safaso segments daikavebs mocemuli
saqoneli _ iafs, saSualos Tu Zvirs. es daskvnebi imavdroulad aviwroebs fasis
CarCoebs.
mesame nabiji _ yvela im faqtoris gaanalizeba, romlebic zegavlenas axdens
faswarmoqmnaze: gaweuli xarjebi, konkurenciis done, bazris tipi da misi
mgrZnobiaroba fasebis cvlilebaze da Aa.S. magaliTad iseTi faqtori, rogoricaa
fasis elastikuroba, gviCvenebs, rogor Seicvleba moTxovna fasebis awevis an
dawevis SemTxvevaSi.
amis Semdeg kompania detalurad amuSavebs saerTo safaso politikis
strategias da gansazRvravs Tavis fasebis sferoSi TamaSis wesebs da Semdeg
irCevs faswarmoqmnis meTods.
swori orientaciaswori orientaciaswori orientaciaswori orientacia praqtikaSi faswarmoqmnis sam ZiriTad meTods gamoyofen. pirveli
orientirebulia xarjebze, anu orientacia aRebulia marto warmoebis interesebze.
aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom aRniSnuli meTodis gamoyeneba muSaobs mxolod Zalian
stabilur bazrebze, sadac garkveviT SeiZleba momavali gayidvebis moculobis
prognozireba. meore _ orientacia momxmarebelze. aq gadamwyveti faqtoria
myidvelebis damokidebuleba SeZenili produqtis Rirebulebaze an, xatovnad rom
vTqvaT, “momxmarebeli yidulobs ara xorcs, aramed bivSteqsis gemos”, am
SemTxvevaSi kompania valdebulia, detalurad Seiswavlos momxmareblis upira-
tesobebi da ise gansazRvros fasebi, anu aqcenti aiRos miznobriv auditoriaze.
mesame meTodi _ konkurentebze orientacia. unda ganisazRvros bazarze
konkurentebis ricxvi, uSveben Tu ara isini analogiur produqcias da ra fasSi
yidian. amas Semdeg kompania iRebs gadawyvetilebas, konkurentebis fasze naklebad
Tu metad gayidos Tavisi produqcia.
Tbilisis erT-erT saswavlo-satreningo centrSi mcire biznesis
warmomadgenlebs treningis wamyvani aseT kiTxvas usvams: “rogor gansazRvravT
Tqven mier warmoebuli saqonlis (momsaxurebis) fass ?” pasuxi: ”vajamebT gaweul
xarjebs da vadebT fasnamats”. es magaliTi SemTxveviT ar mogviyvania, erTi
SexedviT fasis gansazRris e.w. “xarjebis” meTodi, marTlac rom yvelaze saimedoa.
Seiyvan ra fasSi yvela xarjs, garantirebuli xar rom ar waageb, sinamdvileSi ki
aseT midgomas aqvs mniSvnelovani naklovanebebi. gansakuTrebiT im mwarmoebeli
kompaniebisaTvis, romelTac bazarze TavianTi produqcia SeaqvT.
pirveli, “xarjebis” fasi ar gamoxatavs saboloo momxmareblisTvis saqonlis
faseulobas. adamianebs naklebad ainteresebT Tu ra daujda mwarmoebels
produqtis gamoSveba. momxmareblebi saqonlis fass afaseben Tavisi moTxovnilebis
dakmayofilebis xarisxiT. amitom, Tu myidvels moeCveneba, rom saqonelze fasi
164
maRalia, moTxovna masze Sesabamisad dabali iqneba, rac, saboloo jamSi,
realizacias uqmnis problemas.
meore, “xarjebis” meTodi ar iTvaliswinebs bazarze arsebul situacias. Tu
saqoneli naklebad gansxvavdeba analogiurze, maSin iZulebuli xarT, orientacia
gaakeToT ara Tqven mier gaweul xarjebze, aramed konkurentebis mier gaweul
xarjebze. im SemTxvevaSi Tu Tqven mainc gindaT darCeT bazarze, maSin mogiwevT
damatebiTi xarjebis gaweva (reklamaze, promoution-ze) momxmarebeli rom
daarwmunoT Tqveni saqonlis upiratesobaSi.
mTavari mainc is aris, rom faswarmoqmnis “xarjebis” meTodi erTeul
produqciaze gaweuli realuri xarjebis aRricxvis saSualebas ar iZleva. riTia
gamowveuli es? yvelaferi martivia: gayidvebis moculoba didad aris damo-
kidebuli im fasze, romelsac adgens warmoeba. warmoebis moculoba damoki-
debulia warmoebis masStabebze: rac ufro meti gamodis produqcia, miT iafi
jdeba erTeuli saqoneli. iqmneba Caketili wre. ar ici erTi maCvenebeli, ver
gansazRvrav meores.
erT-erTi gamosavali ramdenime scenaris daTvlaa: gayidvebis erTi moculo-
bis pirobebSi xarjebi sxva iqneba, meore variantis SemTxvevaSi sxva. aseTi gaTv-
lebisTvis saWiroa naTlad vicodeT, romeli xarjebia mudmivi, e.i. is xarjebi, ro-
melic ar aris damokidebuli warmoebis moculobaze, da romeli cvalebadi. mud-
miv xarjebs miekuTvneba Senoba-nagebobis gadasaxadi, saamortizacio danaxarjebi,
administraciuli personalis xelfasi, sesxis sargebeli da sxva. cvalebad xar-
jebs miekuTvneba nedleulisa da maragebis xarjebi, gadasaxadebis odenoba da
a.S.
erTeul saqonelze gasawevi SesaZlebeli xarjebis zusti prognozireba
SeuZlia mxolod im firmebs, romelTa saerTo xarjebis moculobaSi cvalebad
xarjebs ukavia araumetes 5-10%. rac didad ar aisaxeba produqciis TviTRire-
bulebaSi, rogoradac ar unda icvlebodes produqciis gamoSvebis moculoba.
“xarjebis” meTodis gamoyenebam 1976 wels gaanadgura msoflioSi pirveli
specializebuli (testuri damuSavebiT) kompiuteruli teqnikis mwarmoebeli firma
“Vang Laboratory”. sanam firmas konkurenti ar hyavda, bazari mis produqcias maRal
fasebSi iRebda. maRal fasebSi kompanias Tavisi maRali xarjebi hqonda Cadebuli.
gasuli saukunis 80-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi, roca bazarze gamoCnda universaluri
personaluri kompiuterebi teqsturi redaqtorebiT, “Vang”-is kompiuterebis
gayidvebi katastrofulad Semcirda. erTeul produqtze xarjebma Zalze moimata,
xelmZRvanelobam isev “xarjebis” meTodis gamoyenebiT, fasebi gazarda. am uka-
nasknelma firma fatalur Sedegamde miiyvana. es magaliTi naTlad gviCvenebs, rom
“xarjebis” meTodiT faswarmoqmna mxolod iqamdea efeqturi, saman firma uSvebs
unikalur produqts. rogorc ki gverdze aRmoCndeba analogiuri saqoneli, auci-
lebelia fasis politikis Secvla.
“xarjebis” meTodis plusebi da minusebi“xarjebis” meTodis plusebi da minusebi“xarjebis” meTodis plusebi da minusebi“xarjebis” meTodis plusebi da minusebi miuxedavad yvelafrisa, xarjebis meTodis gamoyeneba faswarmoqmnaSi popu-
larilia erTi ubralo mizeziT. wamyvani kompaniebi TavinT saqmianobaSi atareben
seriozul marketingul kvlevebs, gaaCniaT dasabuTebuli informacia bazrebsa da
misi ganviTarebis tendenciebze. maTTvis ubralod miuwvdoemlia faswarmoqmnis
ufro viwro xerxebis gamoyeneba.
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rac Seexeba, savaWro, gansakuTrebiT sabiTumo organizaciebs, isini dResac
orientirebuli arian konkurentebis fasebze. rogorc wesi, saSualo sabazro
fasnamati erTnairia, Tu romelime kompanias gaaCnia SedarebiT momgebiani praisi
imis wyalobiT, rom man SeZlo xarjebis Semcireba, ipova ra ufro iafi
momwodebeli.
“xarjebis” meTods emxrobian mcire da saSualo marketebis mesakuTreebi.
isini calkeuli jgufis saqonelze upiratesad aweseben mkacr fasnamatebs. mag.,
msxvil supermarketebSi pampersebi iyideba mwarmoeblis fasad. axalgazrda
ojaxebi specialurad midian mis SesaZenad, da, imavdroulad, iqve yiduloben sxva
produqtebsac, romlis analogebi mezobel marketSi SeiZleba ufro iafi Rirdes.
pampersma am SemTxvevaSi “matyuaras” roli Seasrula.
“xarjebis” meTodis gamoyeneba manevrirebis nakleb variantebs tovebs. Tu
firmas mkacri fiqsirebuli fasebiT ar SeuZlia muSaoba, maSin mas damatebiTi
mogebis misaRebad rCeba ori gza: Seamciros xarjebi an gayidos meti. xarjebis
usazRvrod Semcireba SeuZlebelia, xolo meti rom gayidos, jer unda daaxarjos
garkveuli Tanxebi reklamaze, gamyidvelebis swavlebaze da a.S. damatebiTi
Tanxebis moZieba xSir SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebelia. msoflios wamyvani ekonomistebi
aRiareben, rom yvelaze misaRebi meTodi aris e.w. fasismieri midgoma, roca bazris
mdgomareobiT dgindeba fasi, anu samomxmareblo moTxovniT da konkurentebis
qceviT. am SemTxvevaSi gaTvaliswinebulia ara mxolod sawarmos Sesabamisi samsa-
xuris, Sesyidvebis menejerebis azri, aramed marketologebis mier Segrovebuli
informaciac.
saidumlos ar warmoadgens is, rom erTi da igive saqoneli SeiZleba sxva-
dasxvanairad Sefasdes. Tqvens samzareuloSi paketidan WiqaSi dasxmuli
naturaluri wveni Rirs ori lari, igive wveni kafeSi 5-7 lari, xolo Ramis
klubebSi fasma SeiZleba 20 lari Seadginos. im garemos, romelSic adamians
uxdeba yofna, SeiZleba wvenis fasi aTjer gaizardos.
ra aris saqonlis faseuloba? es aris analogiuri saqonlidan yvelaze kargi
fasi (e.w. “gansakuTrebuli fasi”) plus raRac mogeba, romelsac saqonelTan erTad
iRebs adamiani. erTi SexedviT, imisaTvis, rom saqonelze “swori” fasi dadgindes,
sakmarisia vkiTxoT adamianebs “ramdenis gadasaxdelad xarT mzad konkretul
saqonelze ama Tu im pirobebSi?” magram praqtika gviCvenebs, rom orientaciis
aReba marto potenciuri momxmareblis pasuxebze ar SeiZleba. momxmarebeli,
subieqturi mosazrebiT, bolomde ver Seafasebs axal saqonels. man SeiZleba
Segnebulad daasaxelos dabali fasi, raTa Semdgom es saqoneli dabal fasSi
SeiZinos.
miuxedavad yovelive amisa, amosavali informaciis misaRebad aseTi kiTxvebis
dasma aucilebelia. am SemTxvevaSi faswarmoqmnis amocanaa, “myidvelis fass” da
“warmoebis fass” Soris arsebuli gansxvavebis didi nawili firmis mogeba iyos,
xolo darCenili mcire nawili _ momxmareblis.
rogor davarwmunoT momxmarebeli, rom warmodgenili saqoneli ufro
faseulia (Rirebulia), vidre konkurentis da masSi metis gadaxdas azri aqvs?
gamosavali erTia: mivakuTvnoT saqonels iseTi xarisxobrivi maCvenebeli,
romliTac is analogiuri saqonlisagan gamoirCeva. es SeiZleba iyos gamZleoba da
mravalfunqciuroba _ Tu sakiTxi exeba saojaxo teqnikas, tansacmels. es SeiZleba
iyos mosaxerxebeli SefuTva Tu sakiTxi exeba kvebis produqtebs. xolo sabiTumo
166
kompaniis imiji klientebis winaSe iqneba – ganvadeba, ufaso satransporo
momsaxureba da a.S.
romeromeromeromeli sqemiT ganisazRvreba saqonlis faseuloba?li sqemiT ganisazRvreba saqonlis faseuloba?li sqemiT ganisazRvreba saqonlis faseuloba?li sqemiT ganisazRvreba saqonlis faseuloba? pirvel rigSi unda moxdes saqonlis yvela upiratesobis CamoTvla da Semdeg
_ misi fuladi Sefaseba. amis gakeTeba SeiZleba eqspert-saqonelmcodneebis da
gamyidvelebis gamokiTxvis gziT. Tu saqoneli axalia, SeiZleba sacdeli
(sasignalo) gayidvebis gziT momxmarebelTa azris gaTvaliswineba. Tu saqonels
aqvs upiratesoba, romelic pirdapir amcirebs momxmareblis xarjebs, maSin gasa-
angariSebelia misi ekonomikuri efeqti. amis naTeli magaliTia cnobili tele-
reklama: “erTi flakoni “feiri”-T Tqven SegiZliaT orjer meti WurWlis garecxva,
vidre Cveulebrivi saSualebebis daxmarebiT”.
ukeTesia momxmarebelTan saqonlis hipotetur upiratesobebze saubris
gadayvana ekonomikur sibrtyeSi. mag., “Cveni elementebi orjer xangrZlivad
muSaobs”, am fxvniliT SeiZleba 6-jer meti laqebis amoyvana” da a.S.
imis Semdeg, rac gansazRvrulia TiToeuli damatebiTi faqtoris Rirebuleba,
romlebic uzrunvelyofs mocemuli saqonlis jamur Rirebulebas, saWiroa
“ganurCevlobis fasis” da saqonlis “upiratesobis fasis” Sekreba da es iqneba is
Tanxa, rasac myidvelebi gadaixdian saqonelSi, Tumca miRebuli Tanxa
SesaZlebelia dakoreqtirdes. misi Semcireba gamoiwvevs moTxovnis zdras, mag.,
mkveTri zrda iqneba mosalodneli 10%-iani fasdaklebis SeTavazebis pirobebSi. ar
Rirs winaswari analizis gareSe fasis Semcireba (Tu aris amis SesaZlebloba),
moTxovna am SemTxvevaSi gaizrdeba mxolod garkveul donemde. Tu momxmareblis
TvalSi fasi aRmoCndeba Zalze dabali, isini Sewyveten am produqtis SeZenas.
dabalma fasma axal myidvels SeiZleba eWvi gauCinos saqonlis dabal xarisxze,
xolo Zvelma myidvelma aRiqvas xarisxis gauaresebis niSnad.
Ketsbaia Nino PRICE AS A MARKETING FACTOR
SUMMARY
The company should define its basic tasks and aims until it selects the method of price formation. Only after this the company will view and analyze all the methods of price formation and will select the most optimal version among them. The price of the company’s goods varies between two extreme versions: very small, when it is almost impossible to gain profit out of it, and very high, when the existence of demand is excluded.
It is very difficult to determine whether, usage of which method of price formation is optimal for the market in case of rapidly changeable business environment. But one thing is certainly known, that the price should be focused on customer.
marine cucqiriZemarine cucqiriZemarine cucqiriZemarine cucqiriZe biznesisbiznesisbiznesisbiznesis diversifikaciaze diversifikaciaze diversifikaciaze diversifikaciaze globalizaciisglobalizaciisglobalizaciisglobalizaciis gavlenisgavlenisgavlenisgavlenis TaviseburebebiTaviseburebebiTaviseburebebiTaviseburebebi
Tanamedrove pirobebSi globalizaciis procesi aqtiur gavlenas axdens
biznesis ganviTarebaze. misi gavleniT warmoiqmneba da viTardeba rTuli sawarmoo
gaerTianebebi da saerTaSoriso sabazro moTxovnebsa da procesebTan dakavSi-
rebuli firmebi, rac moiTxovs warmoebis diversifikaciis problemis gadawyvetas
167
firmaTa sawarmoo da momsaxurebis sistemis saSualebiT. diversifikacia
ZiriTadad dakavSirebulia firmebis produqciis nomenklaturis gafarToebasTan,
romelic gamowveulia masze sabazro moTxovnis gadidebiT, an sabazro kon-
kurenciis gaZlierebis pirobebSi. mwarmoebeli firmebis an maT gaerTianebaTa mier
produqciis nomenklaturis gafarToebis Sedegad xorcieldeba rTuli sawarmoo
kompleqsebis Camoyalibeba. isini mowodebulni arian, gauZlon ekonomikis
ganviTarebaSi arsebul uTanabrobas da gaaZlieron sabazro moTxovnisaTvis
dasakmayofileblad aucilebeli produqciis warmoeba.
globalizaciis gavleniT diversifikacia gansakuTrebiT gaZlierebulad
mimdinareobs saqarTvelos mrewvelobisa da transportis dargobriv sabazro
sistemebSi, aseve mSeneblobasa da finansuri saqmianobis procesebSi. biznesis
diversifikaciis Taviseburebas gansazRvravs saqarTvelos socialuri da eko-
nomikuri ganviTarebac da masze moqmedi faqtorebi, romelic damaxasiaTebelia
sabazro ekonomikisTvis. aseTia firmaTa mogebis gadideba, investiciebis ga-
moyenebis gafarToeba, ekonomikis stabilizacia, biznesis konkurentuli garemos
gaumjobeseba, mravaldargovan warmoebaTa gafarToebisaTvis stimulebis gamo-
yeneba da sxv.
am mimarTulebiT biznesis warmatebiT ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebel
kriteriums warmoadgens sawarmoTa mogebis gadideba, maTi damoukidebeli
asortimentuli politikis gatarebis gziT, rac diversifikaciis safuZvelicaa.
amrigad, biznesis diversifikacia warmoadgens, globalizaciis procesebis
gavleniT warmoqmnil warmoebaTa nomenklaturul-asortimentuli poziciebis
ganmtkicebis gziT, maTi sabazro konkurentunarianobis amaRlebis saSualebas da
firmebis Semosavlebis zrdis erT-erT ZiriTad safuZvels. amitom biznesis
diversifikacia ori ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT SeiZleba ganxorcieldes. pirvelis
dros biznesis warmatebaTa gadamwyvet saSualebad gvevlineba mwarmoebel
firmebSi produqciis asortimentis gafarToeba iseTi TanafardobiT, romelic
aucilebelia misi sabazro SesaZleblobis gamosavlenad. aseve mniSvnelovania
gaizardos produqciis nomenklaturac. aseTi SemTxvevisaTvis diversifikacia
emsaxureba sabazro riskis Semcirebis mizans da warmoadgens firmis erT-erT
mniSvnelovan strategias.
meore mimarTulebis drosac firma mimarTavs asortimentuli politikis
gaZlierebas, romelic sabazro segmentirebis safuZvlad gamoiyeneba. produqciis
asortimentis Sevseba xorcieldeba miznobrivi sabazro moxmarebis interesebTan
Sesabamisad. am dros produqciis asortimenti unda moicavdes urTierTgansxva-
vebul saqonelTa erTobliobas, romelic gankuTvnilia sxvadasxva momxmareb-
lisaTvis. igi ukavSirdeba sabazro sivrceSi momxmarebelTa mozidvas, romelic
socialuri mdgomareobis mixedviT, Tanmimdevrulad, ramdenime sabazro segmentis
gavlis saSualebiT xorcieldeba.
biznesis diversifikacia dargobriv sabazro sistemebSi xorcieldeba
mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis gavleniT. samrewvelo firmebSi diversifikaciis
mizans emsaxureba uaxlesi konstruqciis samrewvelo da samSeneblo produqciis
warmoebaTa aTviseba. globalizaciis procesi mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens
biznesis sawarmoo da momsaxurebis sistemis funqcionirebaze, radgan is, sabazro
kavSirebis gziT emsaxureba cxovrebis doneTa gaTanasworebis miznis Sesrulebas.
amdenad, igi did gavlenas axdens biznesis diversifikaciaze rogorc sa-
warmoo, aseve momsaxurebis sistemaSi. biznesis diversifikacia momsaxurebis
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sistemaSi gaerTianebul firmebSi globalizaciis gavleniT ganapirobebs
momsaxurebis sxvadasxva saxeobaTa gaerTianebas da firmis saqmianobis warmarTvas
Semosavlebis gadidebis mizniT. amiT diversifikacia momsaxurebis sistemaSi
xorcieldeba misi sferoebis gafarToebiTa da maT uaxles saxeobaTa mraval-
ferovnebis safuZvelze.
diversifikacias mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia Tanamedrove sawarmoo da
sabazro procesebis racionalurad warmarTvaSi. igi warmoadgens firmaTa
strategias, investiciuri da finansuri garemos mowesrigebis safuZvels sabazro
riskis dros. diversifikaciuli strategiis saSualebiT miRebuli efeqti
damokidebulia iseT maCveneblebze, romlebic asaxavs defaqtorebis moqmedebas,
romlebic dakavSirebulia warmoebaSi warmoqmnil recesiuli mdgomareobis
daZlevasTan, normaluri ekonomikuri garemos warmoqmnasa da ekonomikur
zrdasTan. am dros diversifikaciiT SeiZleba gamoiricxos, an minimumamde Semci-
rdes arasistematuri sabazro riski. igi warmoadgens zogad instrumentsac
menejmentis sferoSi, romelic, mmarTvelTa individualur gadawyvetilebaTa
safuZvelze, amcirebs sabazro procesebSi miRebul uaryofiT Sedegebs. is aseve,
firmaTa saqmianobis gaumjobesebis mizniT, poziciurTan erTad, operaciuli
marTvis srulyofis saSualebasac warmoadgens.
globalizaciis procesi aqtiurad zemoqmedebs biznesis ganviTarebaze da
sabazro urTierTkavSirebis gafarToebas ganapirobebs. am dros warmoiqmneba
diversifikaciis aucileblobac. globalizacia gavlenas axdens diversifikaciis
Sedegebze, riTac mcirdeba sabazro riski da Zlierdeba biznesis strategia,
romelic mimarTulia firmaTa konkurentunarianobis amaRlebis miznisaken. amiT
globalizacia gvevlineba rogorc warmoebisa da momsaxurebis sistemis
racionaluri organizaciis, aseve biznesis areTa gafarToebis, ekonomikuri zrdis
erT-erT mniSvnelovan safuZvlad.
gamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literatura
1. abesaZe r.abesaZe r.abesaZe r.abesaZe r. mdgardi ekonomikuri ganviTareba _ XXI saukunis globaluri gamowveva, samecn. Sr. krebuli, t. I, Tb., paata guguSvilis ekonomikis instituciis gamomcemloba, 2008.
2. berulava g.berulava g.berulava g.berulava g. privatizaciis politeqnikuri aspeqteba, samecn. Sr. krebuli, tomi III, Tbilisi, paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemloba, 2010.
3. papava vl.papava vl.papava vl.papava vl. aratradiciuli ekonomiksi, Tb., paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemloba, 2011.
4. papava g. papava g. papava g. papava g. ekonomikis sabazro teqnologiis Tvisobrivi wyobis morfo-logiuri Secnoba, saerTaSoriso konf. masalebis krebuli `ekonomikis aqtualuri problemebi ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze". Tbilisi, paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemloba, 2010.
5. wereTeli g.wereTeli g.wereTeli g.wereTeli g. saqarTvelos erovnuli ekonomikis konkurentunarianobis ganviTarebis zogadi moTxovnebi da perspeqtivebi. samecniero Sromebis krebuli `sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebis problemebi saqarTveloSi", t. II, mecniereba, Tbilisi, 2002.
6. cucqiriZe m.cucqiriZe m.cucqiriZe m.cucqiriZe m. ekonomikuri ganviTarebis procesebis marTvis sakiTxisaTvis. samecn. Sr. krebuli, t. I, paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 2008.
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Tsutskiridze Marina THE PECULIARITIES OF GLOBALIZATION AND ITS INFLUENC E
ON BUSINESS DIVERSIFICATION SUMMARY
The article discusses actual issues of the business diversification under Globalization. There are analyzed the peculiarities of business development and diversification in Georgia.
ekaterine Coxekaterine Coxekaterine Coxekaterine Coxelielielieli adamianuri resursebis marTvis strategiis SemuSavebis Taviseburebebi adamianuri resursebis marTvis strategiis SemuSavebis Taviseburebebi adamianuri resursebis marTvis strategiis SemuSavebis Taviseburebebi adamianuri resursebis marTvis strategiis SemuSavebis Taviseburebebi
mcire kompaniebSi mcire kompaniebSi mcire kompaniebSi mcire kompaniebSi
adamianuri resursebi aris mniSvnelovani kapitali nebismieri organiza-
ciisaTvis, dawyebuli yvelaze mcire dა damTavrebuli umsxvilesi kompaniebiT. Tu
organizacias hyavs kvalificiuri kadrebi, mas eZleva ukeTesi Sansi, daimkvidros
Tavi biznesSi da miaRwios warmatebas. Tanamedrove etapze mcire kompaniebisaTvis
gansakuTrebiT rTulia biznesSi upiratesobis miRweva da SenarCuneba, radgan
msxvil kompaniebTan SedarebiT, maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia maRali danaxarjebi
produqciis erTeulze, amitom danaxarjebis Semcirebaze mudmivi zrunva
aucilebelia mogebis zrdis misaRwevad. Aam mxriv, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas
iTxovs adamianuri resursebi. mcire kompaniaSi adamianuri resursebis swori da
efeqturi marTva amcirebs kompaniis danaxarjebs, amaRlebs konkurentunarianobas
da zrdis gayidvebis raodenobas.
adamianuri resursebis marTva aris procesi, roca kompania uzrunvelyofs
“adamianis” niWis efeqtian gamoyenebas organizaciuli miznebis misaRwevad.
kompaniebSiAadamianuri resursebis efeqtiani marTva ukavSirdeba adamianuri
resursebis marTvis strategiis SemuSavebas. adamianuri resursebis marTvis stra-
tegiad miiCneva im meTodebisa da moqmedebebis erToblioba, romliTac kompania
uzrunvelyofs efeqtiani adamianuri resursebis mozidvas, swavleba-ganviTarebas
da SenarCunebas dasaxuli miznebis misaRwevad. strategia saSualebas aZlevs
kompanias winaswar gansazRvros rogori kadrebia misi organizaciis Sesaferisi da
dasaxos gzebi maTi mozidvis, ganviTarebisa Tu SenarCunebisTvis. is kompania,
romelic spontanurad arCevs kadrebs da asaqmebs Tavis organizaciaSi, ver aRwevs
iseT warmatebas im kompaniasTan SedarebiT, romelsac SemuSavebuli aqvs sqema,
rogor daakompleqtos organizacia perspeqtiuli kadrebiT. adamianuri resursebis
marTvis strategiis SemuSaveba Sromatevadi procesia da iseTi principebis dacvas
efuZneba, rogoricaa:
� organizaciis miznebisa da strategiis gaanalizeba;
� samuSao Zalis miwodebisa da misi Tavsebadobis Sefaseba sasurvel
codnasTan, unarebTan, SesaZleblobebTan;
� prognozirebis ganxorcieleba;
� imis gansazRvra, ra sWirdeba organizaciis samuSao adgilebis dakompleq-
tebisaTvis;
� adamianuri resursebis xelmisawvdomobis Sefaseba;
170
� organizaciis strategiasTan Sesabamisi strateგიis formireba (Mathis,
Thomson 2005). mcire kompaniaSi adamianuri resursebis marTvis strategia kompleqsuria da,
Tavis mxriv, Semdegi strategiebis ganxorcielebas moicavs:
� efeqturi adamianuri resursebis mozidvis strategia;
� efeqturi samuSao Zalis SenarCunebis strategia;
� adamianuri resursebis swavlebisa da ganviTarebis strategia.
organizaciisTvis saWiro SromiTi resursis mozidva erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
momentia, romelic menejerebisgan moiTxovs did drosa da energias. igi
dakavSirebulia iseTi qmedebebTan, rogoricaa: adamianuri resursebis dagegmva,
prognozireba, samuSaoebis aRwera, personalis SerCevis procedurebis gansazRvra
da kadrebis arCeva.
sanam kompania kadrebis SerCevaze daiwyebs fiqrs, aucilebelia upirvelesad
personalis gegmis SemuSaveba. GgegmaSi unda Candes, ramdeni da ra tipis
momuSaveebi sWirdeba kompanias, risi codna moeTxovebaT maT da rogor
dafinansdebian. gegma unda iyos koordinirebuli kompaniis biznesgegmasTan, ar
unda iyos detaluri an grZeli, ZiriTadad gamokveTili unda iyos mTavari
sakiTxebi, romelebic Semdgom daedeba safuZvlad mmarTvelobiT gadawyvetilebebs.
kerZod, sasurvelia gegmaSi asaxuli iyos Semdegi sabaziso elementebi: miznebi,
rogorc moklevadiani, aseve grZelvadiani; axali TanamSromlebisOmoZiebis
wyaroebi; efeqtiani TanamSromlebis SenarCunebis gzebi; treningi da swavleba;
TanamSromelTa dafinanseba; samuSaoebis aRweriloba; organizaciuli struqtura.
Ggegma ise unda iyos formulirebuli, rom TavisTavad gamoxatavdes kompaniis
xedvasac da informacias iZleodes misi saqmianobis mimarTulebis Sesaxeb.
adamianuri resursebis dagegmvis Semdeg mniSvnelovania efeqtiani momu-
Saveebis mozidva. am dros, profesionaluri codnis Semdeg, upirvelesia,
kulturis gaTvaliswineba, radgan kompaniisTvis adamianuri resursi yvelaze
mniSvnelovani aqtivia, man unda SearCios iseTi resursi, romelsac eqneba maRali
faseuloba da igive an msgavsi kultura, rogoric damkvidrebulia organizaciaSi.
potenciuri kandidatebis SesarCevad aucilebelia daculi iyos garkveuli
Tanamimdevroba. pirveli, unda ganisazRvos is adgili, areali, saidanac
SesaZlebeli iqneba kadrebis SerCeva. magaliTad, ar SeiZleba qirurgi veZioT
avtobusis gaCerebaze. meore, kompaniam unda gaavrcelos informacia samuSao
adgilis Sesaxeb. kadrebis SesarCevad kompanias SeuZlia gamoiyenos sxvadasxva
meTodebi. magaliTad, rogoricaa:
� gancxadebebis gamoqveyneba (zogadi an konkretuli);
� specialuri programebis SemuSaveba skolebisTvis;
� studentebis mozidvasTan dakavSirebuli aqtivobebis ganxorcieleba;
� profesionalebis gamoyeneba;
� saxelmwifo dasaqmebis servisebi da saagentoebTan urTierToba.
amis Semdeg kompaniam unda SearCios kandidatebi gasaubrebis, testirebis an
anketirebis meTodis gamoyenebiT. sakadro gasaubreba (interviu) personalis
Sefasebis erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli da universaluri formaa. igi moiTxovs
gulmodgine momzadebas. upirveles yovlisa, aucilebelia Seiqmnas komfortuli
pirobebi kabinetSi an specialur oTaxSi, sadac tardeba gasaubreba. aq yovelive
xels unda uwyobdes saqmian saubars da pretendentTa yovelgvari bunebrivi
171
daZabulobis srul moxsnas. aucilebelia, gamsaubrebeli winaswar gulmodgined
gaecnos kandidatis istorias, organizaciis miznebidan gamomdinare, gansazRvros,
dasvas kiTxvebi, rekomendebulia Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT: pirovnul Tavisebu-
rebebze, ganaTlebaze, praqtikul Cvevebze, muSaobis gamocdilebaze, gegmebsa da
miswrafebebze, mocemuli Tanamdebobis dakavebis mizezebze, muSaobis SeTavsebis
SesaZleblobaze, pirad cxovrebaze, Zlier da sust mxareebze, xelfasis sidideze,
saqmiani karieris miznebze, momaval gegmebze Tanamdebobis dakavebis SemTxvevaSi.
amasTan, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, pretendents winadadeba unda mieces, dasvas
SekiTxvebi misTvis saintereso sakiTxebze, romelTa safuZvelze bevri ramis gageba
SeiZleba adamianis Sesaxeb. gasaubrebis damTavrebis Semdeg dauyovnebliv unda
Sedges Sedegis gaazreba da ganxilva. mxolod amis Semdeg SeiZleba muSaobis
dawyeba sxva kandidaturasTan. saboloo gadawyvetileba miiReba yvela preten-
dentis gacnobis Semdeg, maTgan yvelaze saukeTesos amorCevis gziT. miuxedavad
amisa, subieqturi mizezebis gamo, gasaubreba kadrebis SerCevis arc ise saimedo
meTodia imis gamo, rom, rogorc ukve iyo aRniSnuli, gadawyvetilebaTa didi
nawili miiReba piradi simpaTiebisa da antipaTiebis da ara obieqturi kriteri-
umebis safuZvelze.
dokumentebis safuZvelze personalis SerCeva ZiriTadad eyrdnoba saTanado
wesiT Sevsebuli anketebisa da kadrebis aRricxvis piradi furclebis monacemebs.
arsebuli standartuli anketebisa da kadrebis aRricxvis pirad furclebTan
erTad, organizaciebs (firmebs da a.S.) SeuZliaT SeimuSaon sakuTari anketebi. igi
SeiZleba iyos rogorc saerTo, ise specialuri, romelic gamiznuli iqneba
pretendentTa konkretuli kategoriisaTvis. anketaSi SeiZleba Semdegi xasiaTis
kiTxvebi iqnes Setanili: kvalifikaciis donis Sesaxeb specialur, ekonomikur da
mmarTvelobiT codnaSi; organizaciul Cvevebze (dagegmvis, koordianciis,
kontrolis SesaZlebloba); wina samuSaoze xelmZRvanelebTan da kolegebTan
urTierTdamokidebulebaze; principulobaze; sazogadoebriv aqtiurobaze; wina
samsamxurebidan gaTavisuflebis mizezebze da a.S. anketebs punqtebis mixedviT
udareben personalis SerCevis dadgenil kriteriumebs. es ki saSualebas iZleva,
dadgindes pretendentis ganaTlebis donisa da praqtikuli gamocdilebis
Sesabamisoba Tanamdebobis xasiaTTan da movaleobasTan, agreTve, mzadyofna
damatebiTi davalebebis Sesrulebaze (magaliTad, mivlinebebSi wasvlis SesaZleb-
loba). amasTan erTad, mocemul SemTxvevaSi avlenen momaval muSaobaSi xelis
SemSlel faqtorebs.
Cven mier ganxiluli es ori meTodi sakmaod farTodaa gavrcelebuli, magram
isini umetesad orientirebulia warsulze. am naklovanebis gamosworebas xels
uwyobs testirebis (testebi _ fizikuri da gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis gamov-
lenis, imitaciuri, kompleqsuri) gamoyeneba. igi iTvleba saukeTeso kandidatebis
arCevis saimedo meTodad. testis saSualebiT SeiZleba Sefasdes samuSaos Sesru-
lebis siCqare da sizuste, yuradRebis mdgomareoba, swrafad orientirebis unari,
Sromismoyvareoba, pirovnuli midrekilebani, saerTo SesaZleblobani, pretenden-
tis vargisianoba konkretuli problemebis gadawyvetaSi, samuSaos Sesrulebis
SesaZlebloba SemoTavazebul adgilze, profesionalzmi, momavali samuSaosadmi
interesis arseboba, pretendentisaTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani Tvsebebis ganviTa-
rebis xarisxi, gonebriv SesaZleblobaTa done, swavlisadmi midrekileba, inte-
resebi, pirovnebis tipi, maxsovroba, temperamenti, saqmiani Tvisebebi da Cvevebi,
172
adamianTa marTvis unari, komunikabeluroba, keTilsindisireba, lideruli unarebi
da sxv.
dasasrul, SerCeuli kandidati xvdeba xazobriv menejers personalis
sakiTxebis specialistTan erTad da miewodeba daqiravebis Sesaxeb informacia
werilobiTi an zepiri formiT, sadac mocemulia: Tanamdebobis dasaxeleba, muSao-
bis adgili, daqvemdebarebuloba, xelfasis sidide da misi micemis wesi, arsebuli
SeRavaTebi, gamosacdeli periodis xangrZlivoba, muSaobis dawyebis TariRi. amis
Semdeg orive mxares Soris formdeba SromiTi xelSekruleba.
Mmcire kompanias Tavisi biznesis ideebis realizaciisaTvis, garda efeqturi
SromiTi resursebis mozidvisa, sWirdeba mudmivi zrunva mis SenarCunebaze. Mmas
Semdeg, rac SeirCeva perspeqtiuli kadri, organizacia unda zemoqmedebdes masze
da axdendes misi saqmianobis warmarTvas sasurveli mimarTulebiT. aRiarebulia,
rom droTa ganmavlobaSi adamianebi kargaven interess samuSaos mimarT, garemos
cvalebadobis kvaldakval ecvlebaT damokidebuleba mis mimarT da a.S. Tu orga-
nizacia ar iTvaliswinebs am gamowvevebs, igi yovelTvis dadgeba kompetenturi
kadrebis dakargvis safrTxis winaSe. swored amaSi mdgomareobs adamianuri
resursebis marTvis filosofia, organizaciaSi unda aRmoifxvras is problemebi,
rac TanamSromlebs ubiZgebs organizaciis datovebisken da SemuSavdes is Ronis-
Ziebebi, rac uzrunvelyofs kadrebis stabilurobas. am kuTxiT gansakuTrebiT
efeqturad iTvleba Sromis anazRaurebisa da stimulirebis sistemebis gamoyeneba.
Sromis anazRaureba miekuTneba Sromis materialuri stimulirebis formas.
Sromis anazRaurebis marTviT mcire kompaniebs SeuZliaT moizidon maRalkva-
lificiuri da kompetenturi momuSaveni, Seuqmnan maT sawarmoSi muSaobisa da
dasvenebis komfortuli pirobebi.Mmisi saSualebiT SesaZlebelia warmoebis
procesSi iseTi Sedegis miRwevis uzrunvelyofa, romelic saSualebas miscems
kompaniebs, aanazRauron gaweuli danaxarjebi da miiRon mogeba. Mam Sedegebis
misaRwevad mcire kompaniebSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces biznesstra-
tegiis Sesabamisi anazRaurebis strategiebis damuSavebasac. anazRaurebis stra-
tegia unda emyarebodes kompaniis faseulobebs, integrirebuli iyos personali-
sa da ganviTarebis sxva strategiebTan da uzrunvelyofdes organizaciis miznebis
Sesabamisi Sromis Sedegebis waxalisebas. Ggarda Sromis anazRaurebisa, mcire
kompaniebSi aseve didi yuradReba unda mieqces stimulirebis iseTi sistemebis
gamoyenebas, rogoricaa premiebi, damatebiTi SeRavaTebi da bonusebi: dazRveva,
ufaso kveba, transporti, samsaxurebrivi Tu saswavlo mivlinebebi, samsaxurebrivi
dawinaureba da a.S.
bizneskompaniebisTvis, maT Soris mcire kompaniebisTvis didi mniSvneloba
aqvs adamianuri resursebis ganviTarebaze zrunvas. garemoSi mimdinare cvlile-
bebi, teqnikisa da teqnologiebis srulyofa, strategiebis cvlileba, inovaciuri
produqtis Seqmna da sxv. zrdis moTxovnilebas momuSaveebis profesiul ganviTa-
rebaze. cnobilia, rom dasavleTis kompaniebi amisaTvis xarjaven xelfasis fondis
minimum 10%-mde, radgan igi aris investicia, romelic kompanias ubrundeba gazr-
dili mogebis, Semosavlebis zrdis da warmatebis saxiT, xolo momuSaves aZlevs
codnas, xdis ufro damoukidebels da Sromis bazarze konkurentunarians.
personalis ganviTareba, mudmivi srulyofa miiRweva swavlebis safuZvelze.
kompaniam SeiZleba gamoiyenos personalis swavlebis Semdegi saxeebi: pirveladi
swavleba sawarmos amocanebisa da muSaobis specifikidan gamomdinare; swavleba
Tanamdebobisadmi moTxovnebsa da pirovnul Tvisebebs Soris sxvaobis salikvi-
173
daciod; swavleba saerTo kvalifikaciis asamaRleblad; swavleba organizaciis
ganviTarebis axal mimarTulebebze samuSaod; swavleba SromiTi operaciis
Sesrulebis axali ileTebisa da meTodebis asaTviseblad an formebi: warmoebisgan
mowyvetiT (sxvadasxva saswavleblebSi) da warmoebisgan mouwyvetad (organiza-
ciuli, damrigeblis meTvalyureobiT an uSualo staJirebiTa, treningebi, saaudi-
torio swavleba, programuli swavleba, kompiuteruli swavleba, distanciuri
swavleba da TviTswavleba da a.S
amrigad, adamianuri resursebis marTvis strategiis SemuSavebiT mcire
kompanias SeuZlia zustad gansazRvros rogor moizidos perspeqtiuli kadrebi,
rogor moaxdinos maTi ganviTareba da SenarCuneba, radgan igi saSualebas aZlevs
kompanias, winaswar gaaanalizos, SeimuSaos da gamoiyenos is Tanamedrove
meTodebi da midgomebi, romlebic xelsayreli iqneba mocemul situaciaSi.
gamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literatura
1. paiWaZe n., Coxeli e., faresaSvili n. adamianuri resursebis menejmenti.
Tbilisi, 2011.
2. Benchmarking Surveys and Asset management HR survey. Retrieved October 15th 2005 from www.prpiconsulting.com
3. Mathis, Robert L. and John H. Jackson. Human Resource Management 11th Edition. Thomson South-Western, 2005.
4. Rutzick, Karen. (2005). "GAO : Managers should focus on employee performance." Retrieved October 15th 2005, from www.bettermanagement.com.
Chokheli Ekaterine FEATURES OF HUMAN RESOURSE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
IN SMALL COMPANIES SUMMARY
It is said in this article, that human resource is the important capital for any organizations. If
organization has the qualified staff it has better chance to strengthen itself in business. At the modern stage it’s especially difficult to gain and keep advantages for small companies, because as compared with large companies the heavy expenses for production unit are typical for them, that’s why permanent care for curtailment of expenses is considered as a priority of small companies. Human resource correct and effective management curtails expenses of small companies, increases marketability and raises the chance of success. That is impossible without working out the human resource management strategy. With this strategy small company must determine exactly how to get staff with great potential, how to develop and keep them. For that it must work out and use modern methods and approaches, which would be based on situation analysis and guarantees making of concrete advantages and increasing the efficiency of the small company.
nana jRarnana jRarnana jRarnana jRarkavakavakavakava ekonomikis inteleqtualizaciis roli biznesis ganviTarebaSiekonomikis inteleqtualizaciis roli biznesis ganviTarebaSiekonomikis inteleqtualizaciis roli biznesis ganviTarebaSiekonomikis inteleqtualizaciis roli biznesis ganviTarebaSi
paradigmuli aqsiomaa _ ganaTlebis maRali donisa da ekonomikis warmate-
bebis urTierTkavSiri, umuSevrobis dabali donis SenarCuneba da adamianTa
sicocxlis xangrZlivobis zrda (ganaTlebis maRali donis gamo); magram ganaT-
leba da mecniereba ver gadawyvets yvela ekonomikur problemas. postsocialis-
174
tur qveynebSi mecniereba da ganaTleba sakmaod maRal dones aRwevda, magram es
potenciali absoluturad gamousadegari aRmoCnda postsocialistur saxelmwi-
foTa ekonomikisaTvis, _ aseTi azria warmodgenili msoflio bankis eqspertTa
daskvnaSi, romelic gamoqveynda saxelwodebiT `inovaciebis komercializaciis
finansuri mxardaWera sazogadoebis mxridan”, sadac gaanalizebulia yofili
sabWoTa kavSiridan gamoyofili, damoukidebeli qveynebis mecnieruli kvlevebis
komercializaciis problemebi, am gamokvlevebis mixedviT, mecnierul kvlevebsa da
inovaciebze ixarjeba mTliani Sida produqtis 1, 5% ruseTSi, 1,2% _ ukrainaSi,
0,8% _ estoneTSi, 0,7% _ litvasa da belorusSi, 0,4% _ latviaSi, 0,3% _ azerbai-
janSi, 0,2% _ somxeTsa da yirgizeTSi; saSualod, evropisa da Sua aziis qveynebi
mecnieruli da teqnologiuri ZiebebisaTvis xarjaven mSp-is 0,9%-s, xolo kacob-
rioba ki mecnierul kvlevebze xarjavs planetis mSp-s 2,3%-s, SedarebisaTvis _
aSS mecnieruli kvlelvebisaTvis `imetebs” mSp-s 2,8%-s, israeli _ mSp-s 5,1%-s,
xolo fineTi _ 3,6%-s.
evropasaA Dda A Sua aziaSi xarjebs mecnierebisa da teqnologiebis ganviTa-
rebisaTvis ZiriTadad saxelmwifo kisrulobs, aRniSnuli xarjebis mesamedi ki
modis kerZo seqtorze. iseTi qveynebisaTvis (iaponia, aSS, SvedeTi, fineTi, ir-
landia, germania), sadac aqtiurad xdeba fulis Cadeba mecnierebasa da inova-
ciebSi, biznesseqtoris wili dafinansebaSi aRwevs 65-70%-s, xolo saxelmwifo ki
ixdis danarCen 20-30%-s.
postindustriuli procesebi bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi, msoflio
sameurneo sistemis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mniSvnelovan Semadgenel nawils
warmoadgens. qveynebis umetesobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tanamedrove ekonomikuri
kanonzomierebebis mniSvnelovan Taviseburebas warmoadgens ekonomikuri da
socialuri cxovrebis inteleqtualizacia [7, gv. 55-61]. Tanamedrove samyaroSi civilizebuli saxelmwifoebis ganviTarebis perspeq-
tiva, rodesac isini gadadian postindustriul warmoebaze, dakavSirebulia
inteleqtualuri kapitalis, rogorc ekonomikis zrdaSi erT-erTi umniSvnelo-
vanesi faqtoris, dacvaze, swor gamoyenebasa da komercializaciaze. dRes mTel
msoflioSi midis sazogadoebrivi warmoebis axali dargis _ sainformacio-
inteleqtualuri produqtebis industriis formireba da ganviTareba. amitomac,
ekonomika, romelic efuZneba codnas da inteleqtualur kapitals, xdeba qveynebis
da calkeuli regionebis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ZiriTadi faqtori.
inteleqtualuri kapitalis Seqmnis da gamoyenebis procesSi Cabmulni arian
sabazro urTierTobis yvela subieqtebi _ komerciuli bankebi, saxelmwifo da
sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi da sxv. maTi meSveobiT qveynis ekonomika xdeba
ufro informaciamomcveli, teqnologiuri da inovaciaze orientirebuli.
ekonomikis unari, Seqmnas da efeqturad gamoiyenos inteleqtualuri kapi-
tali, warmoadgens eris ekonomikur Zalas.
inteleqtualuri kapitali farTod moicavs sameurneo saqmianobis sxvadasxva
mxareebs da SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom igi mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvravs erov-
nuli meurneobebisa da calkeuli mikrosistemebis ganviTarebis specifikas da
asaxavs sazogadoebrivi progresis tendenciebs.
ekonomikuri mecniereba gansakuTrebul adgils uTmobs `inteleqtualuri
kapitalis~ kvlevas. mkvlevarTa absoluturi umravlesoba asabuTebs adamianis
wamyvan adgils sazogadoebrivi warmoebis procesSi da mis rols sazogadoebis
ganviTarebaSi. cnobilia, rom adamianis aRzrda-ganaTlebaze dabandebuli kapi-
175
tali ufro maRali ukugebisaa, vidre ekonomikis nebismier sferoSi. ganaTlebis,
codnis, kulturis, sulierebis, kompetenturobis deficiti gacilebiT azianebs,
vidre saqonlis an biujetis deficiti; codnisa da gamocdilebis dagroveba
iTvleba kapitalad, ramdenadac is agrovebs Semosavals, amitom ganaTlebis donis
amaRleba, samuSao Zalis specialuri momzadeba TviTon xdeba kapitalis dag-
rovebis forma.
udavoa, rom kvalifikaciis maRali done amaRlebs Sromis xarisxsa da
mwarmoeblobas, rac, Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobs da aCqarebs erovnuli simdidris
zrdis process. adamiani wamyvani figuraa ekonomikaSi. man unda Camoayalibos
ekonomikuri politika da uzrunvelyos misi efeqtiani funqcionireba. amisaTvis
saWiroa codna, ganaTleba. yoveli ganaTlebuli adamiani eris simdidred
moiazreba da uaxloes momavalSi es unda gaxdes Cvens qveyanaSi prioriteti.
ganaTleba ganviTarebis mxolod potenciuri faqtoria, zrdis wyaro igi maSin
gaxdeba, Tu moxdeba misi mwarmoeblurad gamoyeneba [5, gv. 225].
adamianis ganaTleba _ adamianiseuli kapitalis investirebas niSnavs da mas
Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs qveynis grZelvadiani periodis ekonomikuri
warmatebisaTvis. Tanamedrove pirobebSi inteleqtualuri kapitali warmoadgens
ekonomikuri zrdis ZiriTad wyaros. misi Seqmna saWiroebs did danaxarjebs da
SemoqmedebiT energias, inteleqtualur kapitalSi investireba gvaZlevs Zalze did
da droSi xangrZliv efeqts. sainvesticio periodi inteleqtualuri
kapitalisaTvis ganuzomlad didia, vidre fizikuri kapitalisaTvis. fizikuri
kapitalisaTvis es periodi saSualod 1-dan 5 wlamde ganisazRvreba. magram
inteleqtualur kapitalSi iseTi dabandeba, rogoric ganaTlebaa, sainvesticio
periodi SeiZleba 12-20 wlamde gagrZeldes. gansxvavebiT fizikuri kapitalisgan,
inteleqtualuri kapitali ar emorCileba fizikur cveTas, magram emorCileba
moralur cveTas, radgan Tanamedrove samyaroSi codna swarafad Zveldeba.
ganviTarebul qveynebSi SeimCneva gamogonebebisa da samecniero Sedegebis
warmatebul teqnologiur biznesad gardaqmnis procesi. isini mSp-s matebis 85-
90%-s uzrunvelyofen mecnierebatevadi produqciis warmoebiT. qveynis ganvi-
TarebisaTvis mTavaria aqcenti gakeTdes mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebaze.
globalizaciis epoqaSi erovnuli konkurentunarianobis strategiis mTavar
dasayrden da mamoZravebel Zalas warmoadgens Tanamedrove teqnologiebsa da
inovaciebze orientirebuli erovnuli biznesi, romelic qmnis qveynis simdidres _
mTlian erovnul produqts. amitomac, konkurentuli upiratesobis mopovebis
TvalsazrisiT, Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs imas, Tu ramdenad aqvs qveyanas
eqspansirebuli da transnacionalizebuli sakuTari biznesi. SeiZleba iTqvas,
saqarTveloSi adgilobrivi da ucxoeTis mowinave firmebis bazaze Seqmnilia da
sakmaod warmatebiT funqcionireben erToblivi kompaniebi. maTi upiratesoba isaa,
rom partniorebi SedarebiT umtkivneulod wyveten investiciebis mozidvasTan,
konkurentunariani produqciis warmoebasa da msoflio bazarze mis realizecias-
Tan dakavSirebul problemebs. magram, aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom qveynis simdidres
qmnis ara mxolod ucxouri investiciebi, aramed inovaciebze dafuZnebuli
erovnuli warmoeba da biznesi. Eerovnuli konkurentunarianobis strategia
damokidebulia damatebiTi Rirebulebis Semcvel gadamamuSavebel produqtze,
Tanamedrove teqnologiebze, inovaciebze, eqsportis moculobis gafarToebaze.
msoflio bankis monacemebiT, dReisaTvis saqarTveloSi biznesis ganviTa-
rebisaTvis saWiro klimati gaumjobesda, magram, amasTanave, dabalia instituciuri
176
infrastruqturis done, biznesis modernizaciis xarisxi, ganaTlebis, mecnieruli
kvlevebisa da inovaciebis potenciali. Tumca, aqve davZenT, rom saqarTveloSi
saukunis dasawyisSive ganaTlebis donis indeqsi 0,89-s Seadgenda, rac msoflios
saSualo maCvenebelze (0,76) 13, xolo adamianiseuli potencialis ganviTarebis
saSualo indeqsis mqone qveynebis maCvenebelze 5 procentuli punqtiT maRalia. am
maCvenebliT saqarTvelo mraval qveyanas uswrebda da gamokvleuli 177 qveynidan
63-e adgilze iyo [6, gv. 23]. Tumca gardamavali ekonomikis sxva qveynebis
analogiurad, saqarTveloSic aSkarad SesamCnevi iyo raodenobriv maxasiaTeb-
lebTan Tvisebrivi (xarisxobrivi) maxasiaTeblebis araadekvaturoba. dRevandel
pirobebSi es araadekvaturoba mniSvnelovnadaa Semcirebuli.
Tanamedrove socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mTavari indikatori mec-
nieruli potencialia. amiTaa ganpirobebuli gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mecnie-
rebis da codnis mimarT mTels msoflioSi. amasTan, samecniero-saganmanaTleblo,
informaciuli da inteleqtualuri potenciali (razecaa dafuZnebuli XXI sauku-
nis mravali teqnologia) SeuZlebelia Seiqmnas drois mcire monakveTSi, Tundac
kolosaluri kapitaldabandebisas. Aamitomac ganviTarebul qveynebSi investireben
ganaTlebas da ar iTxoven aseT investiciebze myisier ukugebas, imitom rom,
darwmunebulni arian, aseTi qmedebebiT (investiciebiT) dakmayofildeba bazrebis
mzardi moTxovnilebebi codnis Sedegad gaumjobesebuli produqtiT.
saqarTveloSi mecnierebis ganviTarebisaTvis metad mniSvnelovania saqarTve-
los erovnuli samecniero fondis Seqmna da funqcionireba 2005 wlidan, romlis
erT-erTi mTavari amocanaa, samecniero potencialis gasaZliereblad xeli Seuw-
yos fundamenturi da gamoyenebiTi samecniero teqnologiuri kvlevebis ganxor-
cielebas samecniero grantebis saSualebiT. Ees fondi warmoadgens mecnierebis
reformis ganxorcielebis erT-erT ZiriTad meqanizms.
saqarTveloSi mwvaved dgas inteleqtualuri kapitalis akumulirebis prob-
lema. warmoebis informaciuli bazisa da mecnierul-teqnikur cvlilebebTan
mimarTebaSi marTvis xarisxobrivi gardaqmnis erT-erT gamovlinebad SeiZleba
CaiTvalos codnis axali funqciisa da marTvis meqanizmis warmoqmna. saubaria
inteleqtualuri kapitalis akumulirebaze. sawarmoo da informaciuli teqno-
logiebis revoluciuri cvlilebebis pirobebSi inteleqtualuri kapitalis
gamoyeneba da mzardi profesiuri kompetencia uzrunvelyofs qveynis ekonomikis
cxovelqmedebasa da warmatebul gamoyenebas [2, gv. 563].
saqarTvelos uzarmazari inteleqtualuri potenciali gaaCnia, magram
rogorc postsocialisturi qveynebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, dabalia fundamen-
turi kvlevebis gamoyenebiTi aspeqtebis wili. qveynis ekonomikisaTvis gadamwyveti
mniSvneloba aqvs mecnierul kvlevaTa komercializaciis process, rac saSualebas
mogvcems fundamenturi tipis informaciul-teqnologiuri algoriTmebis
gamoyenebiT mecnieruli miRwevebis fulSi konvertizacias.
amitom, mzardi konkurenciis pirobebSi, qveynis stabiluri ganviTarebisaTvis
aucilebelia axali gzebis gamonaxva, romelic inovaciur midgomebsa da TanamS-
romlobis axali formebis danergvas iTvaliswinebs. saqarTvelosaTvis sasi-
cocxlod mniSvnelovania iseTi politikuri, mikro- da makroekonomikuri refor-
mebis ganxorcieleba, romlebic xels Seuwyobs qveynis mdgrad ganviTarebasa da
konkurentunarianobis gazrdas globalur sivrceSi. aseT pirobebSi politika
unda iyos moqnili, efeqturi, romelic xelsayrel klimats Seqmnis inovaciebze
177
orientirebuli erovnuli biznesis ganviTarebisa da codnis ekonomikis princi-
pebis damkvidrebisaTvis.
gamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literatura
1. baraTaSvili e. inteleqtualuri kapitalis formirebis Taviseburebani msoflio sameurneo sistemaSi saqarTvelos ekonomikis transformaciis pirobebSi, saerTaSoriso samecniero konferenciis masalebi, Tb., 2009.
2. baraTaSvili e., zarandia j. saqarTvelos regionuli ganviTarebis eko-nomika, Tb., 2007.
3. elizbaraSvili e. inteleqtualuri kapitalis marTvis sakiTxisaTvis, saerTaSoriso samecniero konferenciis masalebi, Tb., 2009.
4. masuraSvili s. inovaciebis bazris ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi biznesSi, Jurn. axali ekonomisti, #2, 2008.
5. Ciqava l. inovaciuri ekonomika, Tb., 2003. 6. Доклад о развития человека - 2004. Изд. Весь мир, М., 2006. 7. Щетинин В. Человеческий каритал и неоднозначность его трактовки, Мировая экономика
и международние отношения, №8, 2003.
Jgharkava Nana THE ROLE OF THE INTELLECTUALIZATION IN BUSINESS DEV ELOPMENT
SUMMARY
The article describes the perspectives of developing civilized countries in modern sphere with the background of economic success. This is connected to the intellectual capital as the growth of economy and the one of the most important depended factors, its correct use and its commercialization. Despite, here is underlined the fact that in the epoch of globalization the main and basic support is national business oriented to the modern technologies and to the innovations, that makes countries wealth.
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seqtoruli seqtoruli seqtoruli seqtoruli da regionuli da regionuli da regionuli da regionuli ekonomikis seqciaekonomikis seqciaekonomikis seqciaekonomikis seqcia
nino abesaZenino abesaZenino abesaZenino abesaZe klasifikaciebi da dajgufebani turizmis statistikaSiklasifikaciebi da dajgufebani turizmis statistikaSiklasifikaciebi da dajgufebani turizmis statistikaSiklasifikaciebi da dajgufebani turizmis statistikaSi
turizmi qveynis erovnuli ekonomikisa da biznesis warmatebuli ganviTarebis
mniSvnelovani faqtori gaxda. amitom sazogadoebaSi turizmisa da misi mecnieru-
li kvlevisadmi interesi gaizarda. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu ra roli aqvs mikuT-
vnebuli turizms rogorc msoflio ekonomikaSi, aseve qveynis ganviTarebis erTian
strategiaSi, miT umetes mimdinare ekonomikisa da sazogadoebis kompleqsuri
transformaciis periodSi, Zalze aqtualuria turizmis ganviTarebis SesaZleblo-
bebis kvleva, ganviTarebis kanonzomierebis gamovlena, ganviTarebaze moqmedi faq-
torebis analizi da saprognozo maCveneblebis gaangariSeba, ganviTarebis dageg-
mvisaTvis rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba. es ki niSnavs gamarTul statistikas, srul-
yofil informaciul bazas, saerTaSoriso standartebis Sesabamis turizmis sta-
tistikis maCvenebelTa sistemas da maTi gaangariSebis meTodologias.
turizmis statistika SedarebiT axalgazrdaa sxva dargis statistikebTan
SedarebiT, amitom dResac mimdinareobs misi srulyofa da ganviTareba msoflio
turizmis organizaciis rekomendaciebisa da saerTaSoriso standartebis moTxov-
nebis Sesabamisad. swored am rekomendaciebiT unda warimarTos turistuli
movlenebisa da procesebis gamokvleva, romelic sam etaps moicavs: turistuli
movlenebis Sesaxeb informaciis mopoveba (statistikuri dakvirveba), miRebuli
statistikuri masalebis mowesrigeba, dalageba (statistikuri Tavmoyra _
dajgufeba) da monacemebis analizi. TiToeli maTgani mniSvnelovani, sapasuxism-
geblo da aucilebeli etapia, radgan maT swor organizebasa da Catarebaze
bevradaa damokidebuli turistuli industriis Semdgomi ganviTareba, gaZliereba
da statistikis saerTaSoriso standartebis Sesabamisad warmoeba.
amosavali am sami etapidan statistikuri dakvirvebaa, romlis mTavari funq-
cia turistuli movlenebis Sesaxeb informaciis Segrovebaa. am sferoSi arsebuli
siZneleebi qarTul statistikas Seudarebels xdis saerTaSoriso standartebTan.
amis ZiriTad mizezad migvaCnia dakvirvebis erTiani organizaciuli formis,
statistikuri angariSgebiTi formis ararseboba. Aamitom, dRes arsebuli turizmis
monacemebi ZiriTadad eqspertuli SefasebiTaa miRebuli. aqedan gamomdinare,
monacemTa Tavmoyra-dajgufeba da maTi analizi eqspertul Sefasebebs eyrdnoba.
maSasadame, saqarTveloSi realuri suraTi iseTia, rom turizmis obieqturi
Sefasebis winapirobebi raodenobrivad ver fasdeba da ver aanalizdeba.
msoflio turistuli organizaciis rekomendaciiT, turizmis statistikam
monacemTa dajgufeba sxvadasxva niSnis mixedviT unda ganaxorcielos. kerZod,
statistikuri analizisaTvis aucilebelia Semdegi saklasifikacio niSebis
gamoyeneba:
saqsaqsaqsaqmimimimiaaaanonononobis sabis sabis sabis saxexexexeeeeebbbbiiii: damTvaliereblis saqmianobis saxeebi ganisazRvreba maTi
faqtobrivi moqmedebiT mogzaurobis dros.
asaasaasaasakikikiki: statistikam unda gamoyos turistebis asakobrivi jgufebi: 0-14 wlamde,
15-24 wlis, 25-44 wlis, 45-64 wlis, 65 wlis da meti.
dadadadaniSniSniSniSnunununulelelelebis adbis adbis adbis adgigigigilililili: daniSnulebis adgili warmoadgens adgils, romlis mo-
naxulebac xdeba mogzaurobis dros. is SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc mosanaxu-
lebeli punqti, yvelaze ufro daSorebuli saxlidan (moSorebuli daniSnulebis
179
adgili). adgili, sadac drois umetesi nawili iqna gatarebuli (mTavari daniSnu-
lebis adgili) an adgili, romelsac mogzaurebi Tvlian mTavar mosanaxulebel
adgilad (motivirebuli daniSnulebis adgili).
mogmogmogmogzazazazauuuurorororobis xanbis xanbis xanbis xangrZligrZligrZligrZlivovovovobbbbaaaa: is dakavSirebulia drosTan, romelic moicavs mo-
naxulebis periods, romelic izomeba mimarTulebis qveynis an adgilis mixedviT.
qveqveqveqveyayayayananananaSi yofSi yofSi yofSi yofnis xannis xannis xannis xangrZligrZligrZligrZlivovovovobbbba: isa: isa: isa: is moicavs dros, romelic ixarjeba mogzau-
robisas da izomeba momdevno qveynis an adgilis mixedviT.
ererererTdRiTdRiTdRiTdRian mogan mogan mogan mogzazazazauuuurorororobebbebbebbebTanTanTanTan dakavSirebiT turizmis statistika unda flobdes
qveyanaSi turistebis yofnis drois monacemebს Semdegi klasifikaciiT: turiste-
bi, romlebmac qveyanaSi dahyves sam saaTze naklebi (survilis mixedviT) _ or sa-
aTze naklebi da 2-3 saaTi, 3-5 saaTamde _ 3 saaTi, 4 da 5 saaTi; 6-8 saaTamde (6
saaTi, 7 saaTi, 8 saaTi), 9-11 saaTamde, 12 saaTi da meti.
RaRaRaRamismismismisTeTeTeTeviT mogviT mogviT mogviT mogzazazazauuuurorororobis drosbis drosbis drosbis dros undaundaundaunda gagagagamomomomoiiiiyosyosyosyos Semdegი jgufebi:
turistebi, romlebmac qveyanaSi gaatares 1-3 Rame, 4-7 Rame, 8-28 Rame (maT
Soris a) 8-14 Rame, b) 15-21 Rame, g) 22-28 Rame); 29-91 Rame. (maT Soris: a) 29-42 Rame,
b) 43-56 Rame, g) 57-91 Rame); 92-365 Rame. (maT Soris: a) 92-182 Rame, b) 183-365 Rame).
ekoekoekoekononononomimimimikukukukuri stari stari stari statutututusi: si: si: si: damTvaliereblebis dajgufeba am niSnis mixedviT
moicavs: ekonomikurad aqtiur mosaxleobas: dasaqmebulebi, umuSevrebi da ekonomi-
kurad pasiur mosaxleobas: studentebi, moswavleebi, diasaxlisebi, pensionerebi,
danarCeni.
gagagaganaTnaTnaTnaTlelelelebis dobis dobis dobis done: ne: ne: ne: am niSnis mixedviT msoflio turistuli organizaciis re-
komendaciebis mixedviT turizmis statistikam unda gamoyos: ganaTlebis armqone
an arasruli dawyebiTi ganaTlebis mqoneni, dawyebiTi ganaTlebis, arasruli saSu-
alo ganaTlebis, sruli saSualo ganaTlebis, daumTavrebeli umaRlesi ganaTle-
bis, umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone turistebi.
SeSeSeSemomomomosavsavsavsavlelelelebis dobis dobis dobis donenenene _ am niSnis mixedviT klasifikacia Sesabamis jgufebad
sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gansxvavebulia.
turistebis statistikuri aRricxva-analizisaTvis mniSvnelovania trantrantrantran----
sporsporsporsportis tis tis tis saxeebis mixedviT maTi dajgufeba. amitom turizmis statistikam tran-
sportirebis saxeebis Sesabamisad unda moaxdinos turistebis dajgufeba da
gamoyos Semdegi jgufebi:
• sahaero transporti: reisebi ganrigis mixedviT, reisebi ganrigis gareSe, sxva sahaero gadazidvebi;
• wylis (sanaosno) transporti: samgzavro lainerebi da bornebi, kruizebi, sxva wylis transporti;
• saxmeleTo transporti: sarkinigzo transporti, saerTaSoriso da saqala-qo avtobusebi da sxva sazogadoebrivi transporti: damokidebuli ganrigze, regu-laruli momsaxurebiT, ganrigis gareSe, turistuli da Carteruli reisebi, kerZo avtomobilebi (8 adamianis tevadobiT); avtotransportis gaqiravebis servisi, sxva saxmeleTo transporti.
mniSvnelovania turistebis ricxovnobis gaangariSeba proproproprofefefefesisisisiuuuuli niSli niSli niSli niSninininisa da sa da sa da sa da
saqsaqsaqsaqmimimimiaaaanonononobisbisbisbis mixedviT. es aucilebelia turistuli kompaniebisaTvis, vinaidan gan-
sxvavebuli turistuli produqtebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi momxmareblisaTvis
SeTavazebuli iyos misTvis sasurveli momsaxurebis paketi. aqedan gamomdinare,
msoflio turistuli organizacia iZleva rekomendacias, turistebis dajgufeba
profesiuli niSnix mixedviT Semdegnairad ganxorcieldes: kanonmdeblebi, xel-
mZRvaneli muSakebi da mmarTvelobiTi saqmianobiT dakavebulebi, maRalkvalifi-
180
ciuri specialistebi, teqnikosebi da saSualo rgolis specialistebi, momsaxure-
bis sferos muSakebi, vaWrobis sferos muSakebi, soflis meurneobisa da meTevzeo-
bis kvalificiuri muSakebi, saxalxo rewvis ostatebi da monaTesave sferos speci-
alistebi, mrewvelobis dargebSi dasaqmebulebi, arakvalificiuri momuSaveni,
samxedro mosamsaxureebi.
mogmogmogmogzazazazauuuurorororobis mibis mibis mibis mizzzzninininissss mixedviT saerTSoriso praqtikaSi gamoiyofa Semdegi
jgufebi: garToba, rekreacia da dasveneba, naTesavebis da nacnobebis monaxuleba,
saqmiani da profesiuli, samkurnalo, religiuri, sxva miznebi.
swored zemoT moyvanili klasifikaciiT axdenen ganviTarebuli, gamarTuli
statistikis mqone qveynebi turizmis informaciuli bazis formirebas.
samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi statistika jerjerobiT aRniSnul funqcia ver
asrulebs, magram statistikis erovnul samsaxurSi mimdinare pozitiuri Zvrebi
turizmis statistikaSi reformebis ganxorcielebisa da maCvenebelTa gaangriSebis
msoflioSi aprobirebuli meTodebis gamoyenebis realur SesaZleblobebs qmnis.
gamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literatura
1. abesaZe n. ,,turizmis statistikis reformirebisaTvis“ - Jurnali: ,,ekonomika da biznesi“ #4. Tbilisi, 2011.
2. Международные рекомендации по статистике туризма 2008г. Мадрид и Нью-Йорк, 2010. 3. Сбор статистических данных по туристским расходам – ВТО, Мадрид, Испания, 1995. 4. Pекомендации по статистике туризма. ВТО-2003. 5. Pекомендации по статистике туризма. ООН.Нью-Йорк, 1994. 6. Concepts, Definitions and Classifications for Tourism Statistics. Madrid, Spain,1995.
7. www.geostat.ge 8. www.gnta.ge
Abesadze Nino
CLASSIFICATIONS AND GROUPS IN TOURISM STATISTICS SUMMARY
The article discusses the development of tourism statistics. Are put the problems of implementing the
recommendations of the International Tourism Organization in Georgia. The article discusses methodological issues of the grouping in tourism statistics and allocates the basic classification of signs.
nonanonanonanona axvledianiaxvledianiaxvledianiaxvlediani SerCeviTi dakvirveba (gSerCeviTi dakvirveba (gSerCeviTi dakvirveba (gSerCeviTi dakvirveba (gamokvleva) soflisamokvleva) soflisamokvleva) soflisamokvleva) soflis meurneobaTa sistemaSimeurneobaTa sistemaSimeurneobaTa sistemaSimeurneobaTa sistemaSi
qveyanaSi mimdinare demokratizaciisa da misi Tanmdevi Zireuli ekonomikuri
da politikuri gardaqmnebis periodSi gansakuTrebiT izrdeba soflis
meurneobaTa sistemis ekonomikuri da statistikuri Seswavlisa da analizis
interesi, rac im realur fundaments warmoadgens, romelsac unda eyrdnobodes,
pirvel rigSi, soflis da Semdeg mTlianad qveynis ekonomikuri da socialuri
ganviTarebis ZiriTadi saprognozo gegmebi da parametrebi. aseTi gaangariSebis
gareSe warmoudgenelia qveyanaSi efeqturi socialur-ekonomikuri politikis
SemuSaveba da ganxorcieleba. qveynis umTavresi amocanaa socialurad orienti-
rebul sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvla da cxovrebis donis amaRleba, risTvisac
aucilebelia, soflis meurneobaTa sistemis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb
181
gvqondes sruli informacia. swored am mizans emsaxureba qveynaSi socialur-
ekonomikuri statistika. statistikuri xerxebisa da meTodebis gamoyenebiT
SesaZlebelia dadgindes problemis ganviTarebis Taviseburebani, tendenciebi da
masze moqmedi faqtorebi, raSic mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs SerCeviTi
dakvirvebis (gamokvleva) meTodebis optimalurad da maRal doneze gamoyeneba
soflis meurneobaTa sistemis ekonomikur da statistikur analizSi.
saqarTveloSi oficialuri statistikuri informaciis analizi gviCvenebs, rom
sasoflo meurneobaTa SerCeviTi gamokvleva mimdinare sasoflo-sameurneo
statistikisaTvis informaciis ZiriTad wyaros wamoadgens. gamokvlevis TiToeuli
raundi faravs erT saangariSo wels da Sedgeba 5 gamokiTxvisagan: sawyisi
gamokiTxva _saangariSo wlis ianvris mesame dekadaSi, I, II da III kvartalebis
gamokiTxvebi _ saangariSo wlis Sesabamisad aprilis, ivlisis da oqtombris
pirvel dekadaSi, da daskvniTi, IV kvartalis gamokiTxva _ saangariSo wlis
momdevno wlis ianvris meore dekadaSi. gamokiTxvebi xorcieldeba interviuerebis
mier uSualo vizitis gziT. xuTive gamokiTxvisas gamoikiTxeba erTi da igive
sasoflo meurneobebi (daaxloebiT 5000), romlebic orsafexuriani stratifi-
cirebuli klasteruli SemTxveviTi SerCevis gziT SeirCeva saqarTveloSi moqmedi
daaxloebiT 810 aTasi sasoflo meurneobidan. yovel wels xdeba sasoflo
meurneobaTa sruliad axali SerCevis formireba. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom
msxvili sasoflo meurneobebi SerCevaSi sruli mocviT arian warmodgenili, ase
rom, maTi gamokiTxva wlidan wlamde sistematurad xdeba. maTi raodenoba 2009-2010
wlebSi 500-dan 600-mde meryeobda. gamokvlevas emsaxureba interviuerTa qseli,
romelTa raodenoba 200-s aRemateba. yoveli wlis bolos tardeba interviuerebis
treningi maTi kvalifikaciis amaRlebis mizniT, romlis drosac keTdeba wlis
ganmavlobaSi maT mier daSvebuli Secdomebis analizi, kiTxvarebis daxvewis
mizniT ganixileba maTSi Setanili cvlilebebi (Tu aseTi arsebobs), agreTve maT
miewodebaT axal SerCevaSi moxvedrili meurneobebis sia, romlebic maT unda
gamoikiTxon momdevno wlis ganmavlobaSi.
yovel municipalitetSi muSaobs erTi zedamxedveli, romlis movaleobas
Seadgens interviuerTa muSaobis organizacia, maT mier samuSaos Sesrulebis da
Sevsebuli kiTxvarebis logikuri kontroli. Sevsebuli kiTxvarebi Tavs iyris
regionul ofisebSi, saidanac xdeba maTi transportireba centralur ofisSi.
gamokvleviT mTlianadaa moculi saqarTvelos kontrolirebadi teritoria,
afxazeTisa da yofili samxreT oseTis teritoriebis gamoklebiT. sawyisi gamo-
kiTxva tardeba sawyisi gamokiTxvis kiTxvariT. am dros xdeba SerCevaSi moxved-
rili meurneobebis identifikacia da fiqsirdeba meurneobebSi 1 ianvrisaTvis
arsebuli mdgomareoba. I, II da III kvartalebis gamokiTxvebi tardeba kvartaluri
gamokiTxvis kiTxvariT. masSi fiqsirdeba monacemebi meurneobaSi Sesamisi
kvartalis ganmavlobaSi warmoebuli sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobis Sesaxeb.
daskvniTi, IV kvartalis gamokiTxva, romelic warmoadgens wlis ganmavlobaSi
meurneobaSi Catarebuli sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobis Sejamebas, tardeba
daskvniTi gamokiTxvis kiTxvariT. moziduli informaciis kompiuterSi Seyvana
xdeba specialurad Seqmnili programis saSualebiT kiTxvarebis centralur
ofisSi mozidvidan 15 dRis ganmavlobaSi. Pparalelurad xdeba Seyvanili
informaciis kompiuteruli logikuri kontroli. specialurad Seqmnili programa
avlens im kiTxvarebs, romlebSic logikuri Seusabamobebia, agreTve TviT am
Seusabamobebs. soflis meurneobisa da garemos statistikis sammarTvelos Tanam-
182
Sromlebi kiTxvarTan Sedarebis an interviuerebsa da respondentebTanAtelefoniT
gadamowmebis gziT asworeben am Secdomebs. amJamad kompiuteruli kontroli
xorcieldeba 200-mde kriteriumis safuZvelze. Sedegad miiReba monacemTa baza,
romelic Tavisufalia Seusabamobebisagan TiToeuli kiTxvaris SigniT. amis Semdeg
iwyeba monacemTa bazis, rogorc mTlianis, gawmenda. xdeba amovardnili, aratipuri
da saeWvo monacemebis gamovlena, maTi gadamowmeba da gasworeba. agreTve xdeba
konkretuli gamokiTxvis monacemebis Tavsebadobis Semowmeba amave raundis sxva
gamokiTxvebis monacemebTan. am mxriv gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba
daskvniT, IV kvartalis gamokiTxvas, romelic saSualebas iZleva, gadamowmdes da
harmonizaciaSi movides yvela wina gamokiTxvis Sedegebi. paralelurad xdeba
monacemebis Sewonva gamoupasuxeblobis gaTvaliswinebiT.
monacemTa bazis gawmendisa da Sewonvis dasrulebis Semdeg xdeba gamomavali
cxrilebis formireba. xdeba Sedegebis Sedareba wina kvartalebis da gasuli
wlis analogiuri periodis Sesabamis SedegebTan. mniSvnelovani gadaxrebis
arsebobis SemTxvevaSi keTdeba am gadaxrebis gamomwvevi mizezebis analizi.
mxolod amis Semdeg iTvleba monacemebi gamosaqveyneblad mzad. gamokvlevaze
dayrdnobiT, wlis ganmavlobaSi winaswari monacemebi qveyndeba mTeli qveynis
masStabiT, xolo saboloo monacemebi _ ufro detalur geografiul doneze.
SerCevis arasakmarisi zoma ar iZleva saSualebas yvela maCveneblisaTvis yvela
regionis doneze iqnes miRebuli saimedo maCveneblebi. im regionebis maCveneblebi,
romelTaTvisac, SerCevis zomis simciris gamo, saimedo maCveneblebis miReba ver
xerxdeba, qveyndeba saTauriT “danarCeni regionebi”. aRniSnuli SerCeviTi
statistikuri gamokvlevis mizania, miRebul iqnes sarwmuno Sefasebebi qveynis
doneze (ZiriTadi maCveneblebisaTvis mxareebis donezec) wlis ganmavlobaSi
sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis mravalferovani maCveneblebisaTvis. kerZod, gamokv-
leviT moculia Semdegi sakiTxebi: erTwlianierTwlianierTwlianierTwliani kulturebiskulturebiskulturebiskulturebis naTesinaTesinaTesinaTesi dadadada aRebuliaRebuliaRebuliaRebuli
farfarfarfarTobebiTobebiTobebiTobebi dadadada mosavali,mosavali,mosavali,mosavali, mravalwlovanimravalwlovanimravalwlovanimravalwlovani nargavebisnargavebisnargavebisnargavebis farTobi,farTobi,farTobi,farTobi, ZirTaZirTaZirTaZirTa raodenobaraodenobaraodenobaraodenoba dadadada
mosavali,mosavali,mosavali,mosavali, sasoflosasoflosasoflosasoflo----sameurneosameurneosameurneosameurneo kulturebiskulturebiskulturebiskulturebis morwyva,morwyva,morwyva,morwyva, pirutyvispirutyvispirutyvispirutyvis suladobasuladobasuladobasuladoba dadadada
mecxoveleobismecxoveleobismecxoveleobismecxoveleobis produqciisproduqciisproduqciisproduqciis warmoeba,warmoeba,warmoeba,warmoeba, sasuqebisasasuqebisasasuqebisasasuqebisa dadadada pesticidebis,pesticidebis,pesticidebis,pesticidebis, agreTveagreTveagreTveagreTve
sasoflosasoflosasoflosasoflo----sameurneosameurneosameurneosameurneo teqnikisteqnikisteqnikisteqnikis dadadada mowyobilobebmowyobilobebmowyobilobebmowyobilobebisisisis gamoyeneba,gamoyeneba,gamoyeneba,gamoyeneba, sasoflosameurneosasoflosameurneosasoflosameurneosasoflosameurneo
nagebobebi,nagebobebi,nagebobebi,nagebobebi, sasoflosasoflosasoflosasoflo----sameurneosameurneosameurneosameurneo produqciisproduqciisproduqciisproduqciis gamoyeneba,gamoyeneba,gamoyeneba,gamoyeneba, SemosavlebiSemosavlebiSemosavlebiSemosavlebi sasoflosasoflosasoflosasoflo----
sameurneosameurneosameurneosameurneo warmoebidanwarmoebidanwarmoebidanwarmoebidan dadadada amamamam warmoebazewarmoebazewarmoebazewarmoebaze gaweuligaweuligaweuligaweuli danaxarjebi,danaxarjebi,danaxarjebi,danaxarjebi, sasoflosasoflosasoflosasoflo----sameurneosameurneosameurneosameurneo
kreditebi.kreditebi.kreditebi.kreditebi. gamokvlevis obieqtia sasoflo meurneoba (mokled meurneoba) _
damoukidebeli ekonomikuri erTeuli, miuxedavad misi zomisa, sakuTrebis formisa
Tu iuridiuli statusisa, romelSic mimdinareobs sasoflo-sameurneo warmoeba
erTiani xelmZRvanelobiT. erTian xelmZRvanelobas axorcielebs meurne subieqti,
romelic pasuxismgebelia umTavres sameurneo gadawyvetilebebze da Tavis Tavze
iRebs meurneobis gaZRolasTan dakavSirebul yvela ekonomikur risks da
danaxarjs, agreTve sargeblobs sameurneo saqmianobis SedegebiT.
sasoflo meurneobis SerCeviTi statistikuri gamokvlevis Sedegebi ganvixiloT
raWis magaliTze: miuxedavad imisa, rom raWis regioni mdidaria miwis resursebiT,
s/sameurneo miwebi aq mainc mcirea. miwis udidesi nawili 160,0 ha-mde dakavebuli
aqvs tyeebs. s/sameurneo farTobebi Sedgens daaxloebiT 85,0 aTas ha-s, saidanac
80% modis saTibsa da saZovrebze. uSualod s/sameurneo kulturebsa da saxnav-
saTes miwebs uWiravs 6,5 ha-mde. aRsaniSnavia, rom bolo 40 wlis ganmavlobaSi
moxda s/sameurneo miwebis didi nawilis _ TiTqmis 30,0 aTas ha-ze metis gatyeveba,
maT Soris onis raionSi 17,0 aTas ha-ze meti. gansakuTrebiT aqtiurad daiwyo
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s/sameurneo miwebis gatyeveba 70-iani wlebis bolos, rodesac gauqmda kolmeur-
neobebi, Semcirda msxvilfexa pirutyvis raodenoba da naTesi farTobebi. dRei-
saTvis saTesi farTobebis TiTqmis 70% gadasulia saTib-saZovrebze. 70-80-ian
wlebSi marto onis raionidan 5,0 aTas tonaze meti xili bardeboda sakonservo
qarxnebs (rogorc kulturuli, aseve veluri jiSebi). TiTqmis aRar iTeseba
marcvleuli kulturebi: simindi, lobio da rac iTeseba, isic mxolod piradi
gamoyenebisaTvis, misi mciredi nawili modis bazarze, daaxloebiT 10-15%. bolo
wlebSi erTaderTi progresi igrZnoba xvanWkaris zonaSi, sadac daiwyo axali
venaxebis gaSeneba – bolo 15 wlis manZilze gaSenda 200 ha-ze meti axali venaxi,
gaixsna ori axali Rvinis qarxana. odnavi winsvlaa mefutkreobaSi, bolo wlebSi
gaizarda futkris ojaxebis raodenoba da marto onis raionSi 2000 ojaxs
gadaaWarba. aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos bazarze raWuli Tafli yvelaze Zviria.
adgilze 1 kilogramis fasi 15-18 laris farglebSi meryeobs. regionSi, misi
resursebidan gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia futkris ojaxebis raodenoba 6000
gaizardos.
katastrofuli mdgomareobaa mecxoveleobaSi. regioni, sadac soflis
meurneobis produqtebis udides nawils mecxoveleobis produqti warmoadgenda,
dReisaTvis samrewvelo TvalsazrisiT faqtobrivad mkvdaria. onis raionis
magaliTi: msxvilfexa pirutyvis suladoba 1990 wlidan 1996 wlamde 8,6 aTasi
sulidan TiTqmis 16,0 aTas sulamde gaizadra. am wlidan iwyeba masiuri Semcireba.
dReisaTvis raionSi misi raodenoba 5,0 aTasze naklebia. meRoreoba – 1987 wels iyo
yvelaze maRali maCvenebli – marto kooperaciulma seqtorma daamzada 160 tonaze
meti tradiciuli raWuli lori, rac cocxal wonaSi TiTqmis 370 tonaze metia,
amis garda saxelmwifos Cabarda 200 tonaze meti cocxali xorci.
dReis mdgomareobiT, zogadi gaTvliT (radgan statistika aRar arsebobs),
onis raionSi, kerZo glexur meurneobaSi Zalian mcire raodenobiT, daaxloebiT
2000 sulamdea SemorCenili Rori. 3 wlis win Wirma TiTqmis 80%-iT gaanadgura
Roris suladoba. regionis mosaxleobis dasaqmebaSi da maTi Semosavlebis
formirebaSi didi mniSvneloba hqonda satyeo seqtors, sadac wvril sawarmoebSi
(saxerxebi, saamqroebi) teqnikaze (traqtorebi, xe-tyis mzidebi) dasaqmebuli iyo
uravis, riceulis, TluRis, MmTlianad, onis raionis Sromisunariani mosaxleobis
TiTqmis 20%. rom tyeTmowyobis masalebiT regionis tyis Sematebis yovelwliuri
resursi Seadgens 330,0 aTas m3-ze mets. bolo 15 wlis manZilze mTel regionSi
samasale xe-tyis Wra weliwadSi ar ascilebia 11 aTas m3. maT Soris onis raionSi
yvelaze maRali iyo 2001 weli – 4.5 aTasi m3. saSeSe xe-tye saSualod regionSi
iWreba 60 aTasi m3-is odenobiT – erTi ojaxi (komli) saSualod wliurad
moixmars 7 m3 saSeSe xe-tyes. wlebis ganmavlobaSi regionSi praqtikaSi danergili
iyo rom adgilobriv mosaxleobaze komlze icemoda (ZiriTadi iq, sadac samasale
xe-tye iWreboda) 5-10 m3 – samasale xe-tye piradi saWiroebisaTvis saidanac 80%
xvdeboda bazarze, riTac mosaxleobas mcire Semosavali hqonda. dRes es TiTqmis
mTlianad akrZalulia, gadasulia komerciul seqtorze. glexma, mcire mewarmem
dakarga Semosavlis wyaro. ikargeba Temis, soflis tradiciuli, istoriuli
sazRvrebi. saxelmwifo maqsimalurad cdilobs daepatronos soflis sakuTrebas _
miwebs, tyeebs, gansakuTrebiT cudad Semoutrialda raWis soflebs TiTqmis
koleqtiurad miRebuli gadawyvetileba, saerTo sakuTrebaSi daetovebinaT soflis
kuTvnili saTibebi da saZovrebi, es miwebi dRes ukve gacxovelebuli vaWrobis
sagani gaxda saxelmiwfos mxridan. Secdoma iyo daSvebuli onis raionSi, rodesac
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sasoflo (sakolmeurneo e.w.) tyeebi movla-patronobisaTvis TiTqmis 18 aTasi ha
gadavida saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi. mcire finansuri SesaZleblobebis gamo,
adgilobrivi kvalificiuri mewarmeebi TiTqmis ver iReben monawileobas
adgilobriv tenderebSi (mSenebloba, napirsamagri samuSaoebi, tyiT sargebloba)
yvela tenderSi igeben msxvili firmebi, maTi mxridan ki adgilobrivi mosaxleobis
dasaqmeba faqtobrivad ar xdeba, rac kvalificiuri kadrebis gadinebas iwvevs
regionidan.
proeqts _ _ _ _ „soflis ganviTareba raWa-leCxumSi (RDRL)“ afinansebs “Sveica-
riis ganviTarebisa da TanamSromlobis saagento”(SDC). is xorcieldeba ~qea saer-Ta-
Soriso kavkasiaSi da misi partniorebis mier “qea aSS”-sTan kontraqtis safuZ-
velze. proeqtis mosamzadebeli periodi grZeldeboda 2008 wlis noembridan 2009 -
wlis ivlisisSua ricxvebamde,xolo saboloo saproeqto ganacxadi damtkicda -
2009 wlis ivlisSi. proeqtis ganxorcielebis periodia 2009 wlis 16 ivlisi -
2011 wlis noemberi.
proeqti xorcieldeba organizaciebis: afxazinterkontis (AIC), treningisa
da konsultaciis centris (CTC), kavkasiis garemosdacviTi arasamTavrobo organi-
zaciebis qselis (CENN) da saqarTvelos adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobaTa erovnu-
li asociaciis (NALAG ) mier.
proeqtis mimdinareobisas Camoyalibda 2 samoqalaqo sazogadoebrivi organi-
zacia: “sasoflo-sakonsultacio samsaxuri raWa-leCxumi da qvemo svaneTisaTvis” -
da arasamTavrobo organizacia “Takveri XXI”.
proeqti fokusirebas axdens soflis meurneobis ganviTarebaze regionSi da
axorcielebs saqmianobas ambrolauris, onis, cagerisa da lentexis municipalite-
tebSi. soflis meurneobis mdgradi ganviTarebis misaRwevad proeqti aerTianebs 3
komponents:
• bazrebis xelmisawvdomoba socialurad daucveli mosaxleobisTvis(M4P)
• bunebrivi katastrofebis riskis Semcireba (DRR)
• adgilobrivi mmarTveloba
saqarTvelos soflis meurneobaTa sistemis Seswavlis mizniT SeiZleba Catardes
rogorc ganmeorebiTi, ise ganumeorebeli SerCeviTi gamokvleva. ganmeorebiTia ise-
Ti SerCeviTi dakvirveba, romlis drosac SerCeuli nawili Seswavlis Semdeg isev
ubrundeba generalur erTobliobas da monawileobas iRebs axal SerCevaSi. ganu-
meorebeli SerCevisas ki piriqiT, SerCeuli nawili aRar ubrundeba generalur
erTobliobas da verc monawileobs morig SerCevaSi. SerCeviTi dakvirveba SeiZleba
ganxorcieldes sakuTriv-SemTxveviTi, meqanikuri, tipuri da sxva wesebiT. ufro meti
sizustisaTvis zogjer mimarTaven aRniSnuli wesebis kombinirebul gamoyenebas.
magaliTad, seriuli SerCeva SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes tipurTan erTad, tipuri
meqanikurTan da a.S. soflis meurneobaTa sistemis ekonomikuri da statistikuri
anlizisaTvis SerCeviTi dakvirveba gaivlis Semdeg ZiriTad etapebs: 1. SerCeviTi
dakvirvebis miznisa da amocanebis gansazRvra; 2. SerCeviTi dakvirvebis programis
Sedgena; 3. socialur-ekonomikuri informaciis mopoveba; 4. miRebuli Sedegebis
analizi; 5. ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis gaangariSeba; 6. SerCevis Secdomebis gansaz-
Rvra; 7. SerCeviTi maxasiaTeblebis generalur erTobliobaze gavrceleba daSve-
bul cdomilebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT. SerCeviTi dakvirvebis bolo etapze warmoebs
SerCeviTi erTobliobis Seswavlis Sedegebis gavrceleba generalur erToblioba-
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ze. kiTxvaze, Tu ramdenad gvaqvs Cven aseTi gavrcelebis ufleba, pasuxs iZleva
SerCeviTi da generaluri maxasiaTeblebis gaangariSebis meTodika. sakuTriv-SerCe-
viTi dakvirvebis Catarebisas mniSvnelovanwilad gamoiyeneba SerCevis saSualo da
sazRvriTi Secdomebis gaangariSebis formulebi (prof. b. gabiZaSvili „statistika
ekonomikaSi, biznessa da menejmentSi“). es formulebi gansxvavebulia Sesaswavli
niSnis saSualo da wilobrivi mniSvnelobebisaTvis. im SemTxvevaSi, roca vangari-
SobT niSnis saSualo mniSvnelobas (saSualo xelfasi, saSualo mosavlianoba, sa-
Sualo Semosavlebi, saSualo danaxarjebi da a.S.) SerCevis saSualo da sazRvriTi
Secdomebi ganisazRvreba formulebiT:
1) ganmeorebiTi SerCevisaTvis:
,2
n
σµ =
.2
ntt
σµ ==∆
2) ganumeorebeli SerCevisaTvis:
;12
−=N
n
n
σµ
−==∆N
n
ntt 1
2σµ
im SemTxvevaSi, roca vswavlobT wilobriv niSans (bunebrivi kataklizmebis
Sedegad miRebuli wundebuli produqtis xvedriTi wili, vargisi, anu xarisxiani
produqciis xvedriTi wili), maSin SerCevis saSualo da sazRvriTi Secdomebi sa-
kuTriv-SemTxveviTi SerCevisaTvis gaiangariSeba formuliT:
1) ganmeorebiTi SerCevisaTvis:
( )n
ww −= 1µ
n
wwtt
)1( −==∆ µ
2) ganumeorebeli SerCevisaTvis:
( )
−−=N
n
n
ww1
1µ
−−==∆N
n
n
wwtt 1
)1(µ
sadac µ da ∆ – saSualo da sazRvriTi Secdomebia: σ2 da w(1−w) SerCeviTi
a)
b)
a)
b)
a)
b)
b)
a)
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erTobliobis dispersiaa saSualo da wilobrivi niSnebisaTvis; n da N –Sesabami-
sad SerCeviTi da generaluri erTobliobis ricxvia; t-stiudentis kriteriumi, anu
ndobis intervalia, romelic gviCvenebs garkveuli albaTobiT ra sazRvrebSi
imoZravebs SerCeviTi maxasiaTeblebi. soflis meurneobaTa sistemis Seswavlisas
SeiZleba ganxorcieldes samomento SerCeviTi dakvirveba (sezonurobis gaTvalis-
winebiT), romelic gulisxmobs dasakvirvebeli erTeulis mdgomareobis dafiqsire-
bas winaswar sakuTriv-SemTxveviTi an meqanikuri SerCevis wesiT dadgenili drois
momentebis mixedviT. dakvirvebis Casatareblad is ar moiTxovs drois did dana-
xarjebs. rac Seexeba kombinirebul SerCeviT dakvirvebas, is SeiZleba iyos mramramramravalvalvalval----
sasasasafefefefexuxuxuxuririririaaaanininini. magaliTad, glexur SinameurneobaTa sabiujeto gamokvlevebi xSirad
orsafexuriani SerCeviT warmoebs. pirvel safexurze sakuTriv-SemTxveviTi wesiT
xdeba raionebis SerCeva, meoreze-glexebis SerCeva meqanikuri wesiT warmoebs. ti-
puri SerCevisagan gansxvavebiT, romlis pirobebSi SerCeviT erTobliobaSi yvela
tipuri jgufi xvdeba, mravalsafexuriani SerCevis dros jgufebis mTliani raode-
nobidan mxolod garkveuli nawilis SerCeva warmoebs. SerCeviTi erTobliobis
reprezentatulobisa da daSvebuli Secdomebis xarisxi didadaa damokidebuli
SerCevis ricxvze. SerCevis mcire ricxvi ver uzrunvelyofs generaluri erTobli-
obis adekvaturad amsaxveli maCveneblebis maRali sizustis xarisxs. es ukanaskne-
li miiRweva SerCevis ricxvis gadidebis gziT. magram metismetad didi ricxvis pi-
robebSi, samagierod, izrdeba dakvirvebis droisa da danaxarjebis raodenoba. ami-
tom SerCeviTi dakvirvebis mosamzadebel etapze didi praqtikuli mniSvneloba eni-
Weba rogorc SerCevis optimaluri ricxvis dadgenas, ise mTlianad mTeli
dakvirvebis maRal meTodologiur doneze Catarebas, raSic statistikuri
maCveneblebis swrafad da xarisxianad damuSavebaSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeba
kompiuteruli programis _ SPSS-is gamoyenebas.
Akhvlediani Nona SELECTIVE OBSERVATION (EXAMINATION) OF THE FARMING SYSTEM
SUMMARY
In this article “Selective observation (examination) of the farming system” of Georgian village of social economic condition prospects of its development, the sampling methods of agriculture in system. Urban rural comprehensive statistical study and analysis of the real foundation, which must rely on the country’s economic and social development plans and forecasts of the main parameters, which primarily is directly related to the demographic problems. It is unfortunate, but in Georgia as well as being for all demographic aging process puts at risk the nation’s playback capabilities. The modern stage of the demographic development of the main problems in the following form adduces: low fertility levels and trends of its further reduction, high level of mortality, the natural decline of population growth depopulatsis, rural areas of the life-expectancy and low level of developed European countries in the world relative to population migration high level of marriage and other low-level. The socio-economic conditions on order to improve the timely and effective government policy, which should hush deep and comprehensive analysis of demographic processes. As well as the whole of the country’s demographic situation among the factors (population, employment problems, the government’s pebsions under the current inflation rate, young families and the entire country bestir allowances for newborns, pregnant women are encouraged , living wage and minimum wage gap, woman’s increasing levels of infertility. Professional Profession desirable to postpone marriage and children , social-demographic programs, funding for poor, rural areas, effective
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insurance system and e.t.c) in one – one of the most important positive factor in strengthening the faith of the Orthodox beliefs promotion and population.
Bobrivnyk Leonid CARE FOR MAN’S HEALTH - AN IMPORTANT FACTOR
OF ECONOMIES GROWTH IN NATIONS OF THE WORLD
Productive forces – the base of countries’ economies, the main component of which is man. His physical and mental activities create not only material wealth, but at the same time are implemented into production, constantly improving it. Humanity passes different stages of progress, which are characterized by the type of labor: manual, machine, automatic. This last type of labor is progressing quickly today due to the introduction of cybernetics, creation of artificial intelligence and robot-technology.
Such progress in the sphere of material production is accompanied by the inevitable change of people’s way of life. These changes are stipulated by the growth of urbanization and globalizing conditions of our existence. Primarily mechanization, automation with the use of cybernetics promotes a sedentary way of life, which is one of the essential factors of the overall decreasing health in humans. On the other hand, the growth of our planet’s population provides a necessity of increasing food production. However, realization of this necessity due to the widening of agricultural lands is impossible, because urbanization and progress of economic industrialization reduce them. Solving this contradiction can be carried out by intensification of agricultural production, findings on a widening use of hormones and different types of “pesticides” (herbicides, insecticides, fungicides). Food, obtained from such agricultural harvested material, does not promote strengthening of health, but quite the opposite, promotes the progression of hard, chronic diseases. These two factors: sedentary way of life and the contemporary character of nutrition, based on the intake of food, which contains the above-mentioned harmful substances, and the urban mode of “fast-food’ eating, promote the rise and progression of harmful chronic diseases. Such diseases call for weaker productive forces of all countries’ economies, and primarily economies of industrial-developed countries.
Heart-vascular, endocrine, and cancer diseases belong to such a class of illnesses. Let us illustrate this thesis by the WHO data of these illnesses’ progress in the world. According to WHO data, heart-vascular diseases (HVD) occupied first place for mortality results. WHO informs that in 2008, from HVD died 17 millions persons, composing 30 % of all deaths in the world. 7 million from the above-mentioned persons died from heart attack, 6.2 millions persons – from stroke. WHO forecasts that until 2030 nearly 23.6 millions persons will die from HVD, which according to prognosis, remains again the main cause of mortality in the world [1].
According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), the number of diabetics reached 366 million in 2011. The number of diabetics and people with obesity is increasing, particularly in industrially-developed countries. During the last 20 years the number of people with obesity increased by more than 3 times. The number of diabetics increased to 30 % in 2011 compared with 2010 [2]. The number of deaths, caused by diabetes, is constantly increasing. It is forecasted that the number of deaths from diabetes will increase by 2 times from 2005 to 2030, particularly among people of countries with low and middle income.
Cancer is as well one of the dangerous diseases with frequent mortality results. 7.6 million deaths, caused by cancer, took place in 2008. This number composed 13 % of all the deaths that year [3]. According to the prognosis, the mortality from cancer will increase every year, and in 2030 will reach 13.1 million.13 European countries, that number including Belarus, Ukraine, Russia, USA, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand compose the list of the countries with the highest number of cancer diseases.
The above-mentioned diseases and diabetes complications render considerable negative effects on some people, families, and on the health service system of countries all in all. As an example, according to WHO data, the losses of Chinese national income compose 558 billions, caused by heart-vascular diseases
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and diabetes in the period from 2006 until 2015.This example testifies so far as an important factor for the people’s health for conditions of countries’ economies, because the health of humanity is the strength of productive forces of economies.
Let us examine statistical data for the American people’s health, as one of the most powerful industrially-developed countries, and, as it seems, a happy country in the world. This analysis demonstrates so far an anxious picture of the condition of people’s health today in the USA. I suppose that a similar or worse situation of the condition of people’s health is in the majority of other countries in the world exists.
More than 25 % Americans (residents of USA) have cholesterol levels high enough to place them at risk for heart attack, and 10 % have levels so high that doctors are quick to prescribe drug treatments. Among medicines of such type the “Lipitor”, the most recommended. However, it is now known that it evokes side effects on some patients’ organs. There are more than 20 million people in the USA suffering from diabetes mellitus, both insulin-dependent (Type I) and insulin-independent (Type II). Statistical data shows that every year, of the 798 thousands of new cases of diabetes diagnosed, there are unfortunately among them children and teenagers. For example, “The Center of Control and Prevention of Illnesses” informs that diagnosis – “diabetes” was established for 154 thousand of children in the past year, generally, children suffering from Type I diabetes. But nowadays there are more and more cases of Type II diabetes among children. Lately, information on a new type of “combined” child diabetes has arisen, particularly in children who are overweight.
The treatment of Type I diabetes is carried out by daily, exhausting injections (2 -5 injections daily). Type II diabetics are treated by drugs per oral, (which often evoke side effects) as well as many others synthetic drugs. In spite of adopting methods and scheme of diabetic treatment in the entire world, they are subjected to inevitable hard complications such as heart attack and strokes. These complications defeat diabetics by 2 – 4 times more often than people who do not suffer from diabetes. All diabetics are subjected, as a rule, to diabetic neuropathy of two types: angiopathy and retinopathy, which very often stipulate for lower limb amputation and blindness. Patients-diabetics compose nearly 50 % of all amputations of lower limbs in the USA. 40% of the new cases of kidney diseases are the cases of diabetics, these last complications are especially dangerous for the children who are diabetics. Among adult diabetics, 65 % suffer of hypertension. This is such an inconsolable statistic of chronic diseases. The main cause of such diseases and above-mentioned hard complications of diseases are the conditions of the blood vascular system.
More than one illness complicates the problem, demanding its solution, especially for children. Near 50 % of American adults are considered over-weight. In the last 20 years, obesity has increased by 50 % among children and 40 % among teenagers. The number of obese children and teenagers has steadily been increasing since 1970. Superfluous weight and obesity are often the cause of progression of metabolism-related diseases. One of the hard consequences of obesity is the possibility of a rise of hypertension in children. The latest statistics show that nowadays 2 million children are diagnosed as ill with hypertension. American Medical Academy demands from physicians to examine all children, checking their blood pressure. The treatment of above-mentioned illnesses only by synthetic medicines and also the medical prevention of new diseases is often ineffective, because such medicines, as a rule, evoke the harmful side effects on the organism, especially for children. That is why it is impossible to use them for a long time or throughout life.
Such a situation obliges us to address the prophetic thoughts of the ancient great doctor Hippocrates. Effective hindrance against above-mentioned hard diseases, striking children and all population of nations, can be a hindrance, based on Hippocrates’ recommendation. In my opinion, it is necessary to organize the manufacture of a substance, named inulin, which can be produced from plant cultivated in USA and in many countries of the world. This plant is Helianthus tuberosus L. (others names: topinambur, sunchok, earth pear) of North-American origin (Cape Cod). Inulin belongs to fructan class. Inulin is a poly-dispersed substance which, as it was convincingly proved in authoritative medical institutions of many countries of the world
189
(Japan, Ukraine, Austria, Grate Britain, Belgium, Australia, Russia and others), possesses preventive-curative properties, especially long-chain inulin, and it was recommended for use as a healthy food additive in the cure and prevention of the following diseases [4, 5, 6]:
- prevention and cure measure heart-vascular diseases (IDH), arteriosclerosis (decrease of cholesterol level, in particularly LDL, phospholipids, triglycerides);
- prevention of diabetes complications such as angio- and retinopathy; - modification of microflora of intestines, promoting the development of Bifid bacteria and
Lactobacilli and inhibition of pathogenic microflora; - preventive measure of obesity development; - increase of absorption and accumulation of Calcium in bones; - strengthening of immune system and inhibition of cancer illness, specially rectal and breast; - radio- and hepatic-protective. Inulin is contained in many plants. A raw material for inulin production can be the usage of Helianthus
tuberosus L. (topinambur), Cichorium intubus L. (chicory), Dahlia variabilis (dahlia). However, topinambur is the most valuable, because it can be used not only for production of inulin, but as a raw material as well for the production of a large assortment of new food with a preventive-curative meaning [7, 8, 9 and 10]. So both inulin as food additive and inulin-containing food are an effective remedy in peoples sanitation.
This thesis is based on the knowledge of unique chemical composition of topinambur tubers: besides inulin as the main curative component, in tuber’s composition a considerable quantity of very important macro- and micro– elements are present, among them potassium, calcium, magnesium, and in the composition of micro-elements – zinc and silicon. Topinambur tubers all contain irreplaceable amino acids, large quantities of vitamin C, and nearly all groups of B vitamin: thiamin, riboflavin, pantotenic acid, niacin, adenine, biotin [9].
Inulin can be used separately (in capsules) as a food additive to different foods: baked goods, candies, meat products, dairy (milk, yogurts, butter, cheeses) and to different beverages. Topinambur tubers can be used for the production of the following foods: puree, pastes, juice, syrup, instant powder, powder. Puree, powder and syrup can be additives for many kinds of new preventive-curative food, manufactured in bakeries-, candies, dairy and beverages industries.
So, the food component, enriched by fructans (inulin) can become a good alternative to food components, enriched by glucans (starch), maltose, glucose, which are the main cause of the development of obesity and its grave complications. It is desirable to optimize the combination of food produced on the base of both fructans and glucans in childrens’ nutrition. Such food, being in the daily ration of children and teenagers (including nutrition of children in kinder-gartens, schools, and colleges) would lead them to improved health. Adults have to include in their ration inulin or food, containing inulin, as well.
It is very important to pay attention to the inulin capability to render radiation-protective action and strengthen the immune system of man. Such conclusions were made by the Genetics chair of the Institute of Continuing Medical Studies of the Healthcare Ministry of Ukraine. A collaborator of this Chair, a senior research worker, L.T. Vanyurikhina carried out tests on patients, subjected to radiation, provoked by the Chernobyl catastrophe, using inulin (offered by the author of this paper) in their daily nutrition ration for two months [11]. A considerable decrease in chromosomal and achromatide breakages was observed, and sometimes the complete elimination of radiation effects was also found. After long-term consumption of LCI inulin, an increase of T-lymphocyte content and an increase of their suppressive activity was observed. An equalization of suppression percentage, and increase of immunity-compensative potential of blood was also observed. So, the medical-biological studies showed that inulin can be recommended as a radiation-protector, and be introduced into the diet of the persons who have been subjected to the action of ionization radiation.
Humanity knows many accidents in AES and in the plants of decay material [12]: September, 1944, Tennessee, USA; July, 1948, March 1949, September 1957, April 1967 (Chelyabinsk, Russia); October 1957, Grate Britain; March 1979, Pennsylvania, USA; September 1999, Tokayamura, August 2004,
190
Mixamab, Japan. Taking into consideration that humanity is shaken by technologic disasters, connected with the usage of atomic power engineering (AES Three Mile Island, USA, 1979; AES of Chernobyl, Ukraine, 1986; AES Fukushima, Japan, 2011), and knowing that the spread of radiation pollution does not have any borders, time has come to create immediate remedies for people to protect them from the fatal radiation effect. One of such remedies can become long-chain inulin. That is why it is necessary to organize production of LCI in all countries of the world, because inulin and inulin-contain food- must be accessible for every family, every person. The author of this paper is one of the elaborators of long-chain inulin (LCI) technology.
To the point, topinambur can be cultivated in wide range of latitudes: from 650 of north latitude to 650 of south latitude, except the tropical zone. It is important that in this zone practically all industrially-developed countries are located, and countries with high-productive agriculture as well [13].
It is necessary to note that wide cultivation of Helianthus tuberosus L. and its hybrids is very important not only for obtaining inulin and inulin-containing food, possessing preventive-curative properties, but for its use for the solution of ecological (elimination from the Earth’s atmosphere CO2, which provokes “greenhouse” effect progress due to the extremely high photosynthetic capability of Helianthus tuberosus L.), and energetic problems (renewable source of motor fuel) [14]. As foretold by the great scientist N.I. Vavilov, Helianthus tuberosus L. served and continues to serve to humanity nowadays, in a time of big catastrophes. In ancient times, people addressed attention to topinambur, especially in the days of epidemics and other misfortunes and it helped them survive. Not without the reason, topinambur again became popular in countries where considerable technologic deformation had already occurred. One of the most terrible of its consequences was the Chernobyl catastrophe. That is why topinambur spontaneously became very popular in Ukraine, Belarus, Russia, particularly in Siberia, where people are fighting for survival, being under the affect of radiation, and eating food, polluted by hard metals and by different kind of pesticides.
REFERENCES
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Bukharian Times, 2007, # 281. 6. Bobrivnyk L.D. To attention of ills by diabetes and heart-vascular illnesses. The Bukharian
Times, 2007, # 302. 7. Bobrivnyk L., Bobrovnyk H. People sanitation – an important factor in getting over the world
economic crisis. Economisti, 2009, # 4, p. 65-77. 8. Bobrivnyk L.D., Vysotskoy V.G., Gulyi I.S. Perspective directions of topinambur usage in food
industry. Izvestia vuzov. Pishchevaya promyshlennost’, 1990, # 4, c. 25-29. 9. Bobrivnyk L.D., Gulyi I.S., Karpovich M.S. Netradyziyni syrovynni resursy kharchovoi
promysloovosti. Visti Akademii Inzhenernykh Nauk Ukrainy, 1994, # 1, s. 12-18. 10. Bobrivnyk L.D., Gulyi I.S., Remeslo N.V. Topinambur - netradyzyina syrovyna dlya
kharchovykh I mikrobiolohichnykh vurobnyztv. Visti Akademii Inzhenernykh Nauk Ukrainy, 1996, # 4, c.46-54.
11. Vanyurikhina L.T. Zaklyuchenie kafedry medizinskoy genetiki Instituta povyshenia kvalifikazii vracheiyi: “Inulin kak profilakticheski-lechebnoe sredstvo dlia lyudeyi, podverzhennykh deiystviyu ioniziruyushchego obluchenia razlichnymi dozami”, 1996, Kiev, Ukraina.
12. Grach O. Krupneishie radioactivnye avarii vc mire. Novoe Ruskoe Slovo. (646) 218-6900, 28.04.2008.
13. Vanyurikhina L.T. Zaklyuchenie kafedry medizinskoy genetiki Instituta povyshenia kvalifikazii vracheiyi: “Inulin kak profilakticheski-lechebnoe sredstvo dlia lyudeyi, podverzhennykh deiystviyu ioniziruyushchego obluchenia razlichnymi dozami”, 1996, Kiev, Ukraina.
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14. Bobrivnyk L.D. Helianthus tuberosus L. – bioresource in solution of ecological, economic, andsocial problems of humanity. Collection of Material of International Scientific-practical Conference, Dedicated to the 65-th Anniversary since the Foundation of PAATA Gugushvili Institute of Economics and the 105-th Anniversary of Academician PAATA Gugushvili, July 2010, p. 545 -552.
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Bobrivnyk Leonid CARE FOR MAN’S HEALTH - AN IMPORTANT FACTOR
OF ECONOMIES GROWTH IN NATIONS OF THE WORLD SUMMARY
Man is the main component of productive forces in all of the steps of human progress, which are
characterized by different kinds of labor. Industrialization, urbanization, intensification of agricultural production all stipulate for the decline of human health. These factors provoke the essential waste of the national income of countries. That is why the problem of the improvement of human health has become urgent. The author of this paper proposes one of the possible ways to solve this problem.
giorgi giorgi giorgi giorgi bregvaZe bregvaZe bregvaZe bregvaZe samSeneblo seqtoris struqturuli ganviTarebissamSeneblo seqtoris struqturuli ganviTarebissamSeneblo seqtoris struqturuli ganviTarebissamSeneblo seqtoris struqturuli ganviTarebis
problemebi globalizaciis pirobebSiproblemebi globalizaciis pirobebSiproblemebi globalizaciis pirobebSiproblemebi globalizaciis pirobebSi
samSeneblo seqtori mTel msoflioSi, da maT Soris saqarTveloSi, aqtua-
luri da swrafad ganviTarebadi sferoa. globalizaciis pirobebSi am sferos
struqturul ganviTarebas gansakuTrebiT didi mniSvneloba eniWeba. samSeneblo
seqtors Tavisi specifika gaaCnia, rac SemdgomSi mdgomareobs: yvela Senobasa da
nagebobas xuT jgufad yofen.
pirvel jgufSi samoqalaqo Senobebia. am jgufSi Sedis sacxovrebeli
saxlebi, sabavSvo baRebi da skolebi, maRaziebi da saavadmyofoebi, konoTeatrebi
da sxva. am jgufis Senobebi, rogorc wesi, mravalsarTuliania. aqvs bevri kedeli,
tixari, fanjara, kari da kibe, maT asaSeneblad bevri gasawyobi samuSaoa Sesas-
rulebeli. saWiroa kedlebis Selesva, iatakis dageba da sxva rac am jgufis
Senobebs maRal moTxovnebs uyenebs.
samoqalaqo mSenebloba moiTxovs gzebis, gasasvlelebis, trotuarebis,
wyalsadeni milebis, kanalizaciis, gazis gayvanas, agreTve, gamwvanebas.
am jgufis SenobebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia masobrivi ganaSenianeba. es imas
niSnavs, rom aq marto erT saxls ki ar aSeneben, aramed mTel kvartals, sacxov-
rebel binebsac da kulturul-sayofacxovrebo Senobebsac.
meore jgufi moculobiT yvelaze didi samrewvelo Senobebi da nagebobebia.
am jgufSi gaerTianebulia mrewvelobis yvel dargis Senobebi – manqanaTmSenebeli,
navTobgadammuSavebeli, saavtomobilo, saaviacio, cemetisa da sxva qarxnebi,
qsovilebis, fexsacmlis, sakvebis, qaRaldis damamzadebeli fabrikebi da qarxnebi,
Tboeleqtrosadgurebi da bevri sxva sawarmo. samrewvelo nagebobani iseve
mravalferovania, rogorc mrewvelobis dargebi. am mravalferovnebis miuxedavad,
samrewvelo Senobebs saerToc bevri aqvs. Senobebi didia, kedlebi da tixrebi
cota. mSeneblobam unda gauZlos ganuwyvetlad moZravi manqanebisa da dazgebis
192
wonas, amitom am SenobaTa konstruqcia gansakuTrebiT mZlavri da mkvidri unda
iyos.
mesame jgufi hidroteqnikuri nagebobania: hidravlikuri eleqtrosadgurebi,
kaSxalebi, arxebi, navsadgurebi, sanapiroebi. wyals dineba rom Seucvalon,
mSeneblebs xSirad axali kalapoti gahyavT. hidroteqnikur nagebobaTa mSeneb-
lobis dros saWiroa uamravi, milionobiT kubometri miwis moTxra da gatana,
garda amisa, aTeulobiT aTasobiT kubometri betonisa da rkinabetonis Casxma.
amitom hidroteqnikur mSeneblobaze gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWeben miwisa
da betonis samuSaoTa swor organizacias.
Semdgomi, meoTxe jgufia satransporto nagebobani. am jgufSi Sedis
rkinigzebi da gzatkecilebi, xidebi, agreTve damxmare nagebobani, vagzlebi,
aeroportebi da sxva.
da, bolos, mexuTe jgufia sasoflo-sameurneo nagebobani. am jgufSi Sedis
marcvleulis sxvadasxvanairi sawyobebi, Senobebi saqonlisa da frinvelebisaTvis
(boslebi, saRoreebi, saqaTmeebi da sxva), soflis meurneobis produqtTa gadammu-
Savebeli da Semnaxveli sawarmoebi, Senobebi, sadac sasoflo-sameurneo manqanebs
ayeneben da sadac maTi SekeTeba warmoebs da sxva.
yvela Senobisa da nagebobis jgufebad dayofa, ra Tqma unda, pirobiTia. nage-
bobebs jgufebad imitom yofen rom TiToeul jgufs esaWiroeba Tavisi konstruq-
cia, Tavisi meqanizmebi, Tavisi muSaobis meTodi. swored am Taviseburebebs iTva-
liswineben Senobis agebisas.
aqedan gamomdinare, dRes mSeneblobas axorcielebs uamravi samSeneblo
kompania. magram, rac saqarTvelosaTvis gansakuTrebiT specifikuria, saxelmwifo
biujetidan regionuli infrastruqturis keTilmowyobaze Zalze didi Tanxebi
gamoiyofa, miliard larze meti, rac biujetis 15%-ia.
mTavrobis kursi mimarTulia axlis mSeneblobisa da Zvelis restavracii-
saken, ris Sedegadac restavracia Cautarda da aSenda bevri axali nageboba sa-
xelmwifo dawesebulebebisaTvis. magaliTad: policiis Senobebi, samxedro yazar-
mebi, aseve gzebi, xidebi, stadionebi da sportuli darbazebi, Sadrevnebi, rki-
nigzis sadgurebi, savaWro centrebi, skolebi, sastumroebi, saavadmyofoebi,
sawarmoebi da sxva.
aSenda da galamazda, restavracia Cautarda mravali qalaqis Senoba-
nagebobebs. maT Sorisaa: siRnaRi, Tbilisi, baTumi, quTaisi, rusTavi, mcxeTa.
mimdinareobs axalcixis, Telavis da, rac mTavaria, axali qalaqis _ lazikis
mSenebloba, risTvisac Zalze didi Tanxebia saWiro.
saqarTveloSi mSeneblobas ZiriTadad kerZo kompaniebi axorcielebs. mSeneb-
loba umetesad mimdinareobs saxelmwifo dafinansebis xarjze. TiTqmis yvela
saministro Senobebs aSenebs da aremontebs tenderebSi gamarjvebuli kompaniebis
meSveobiT.
ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis saministroSi aris urbanizaciisa da
mSeneblobis departamenti, romlis ZiriTad amocanebSi Sedis samSeneblo saqmia-
nobis saxelmwifo da teqnikuri zedamxedvelobis ganxorcielebis meTodologiuri
xelmZRvaneloba.
ZiriTadad samSeneblo samuSaoebis SesrulebiT dakavebulia regionuli
ganviTarebisa da infrastruqturis saministro. am saministros ekisreba gzebis,
xidebis, milebis, gvirabebis, wyalmomaragebisa da sxva infrastruqturuli samu-
193
SaoebisaTvis gansaxorcielebeli proeqtebis Sesrulebis pasuxismgebloba.
samuSaos asruleben gamarjvebuli kompaniebi.
saqarTvelos gaerTianebuli wyalmomaragebis kompaniam SeimuSava wyaltubos,
vanis, cageris, martvilis, walenjixis, lentexis, suramis, ozurgeTis, zestafonis,
tyibulis da baRdaTis wyalmomaragebis sitemebis sareabilitacio sistemebi.
aRniSnul qalaqebSi lokaluri problemebis aRmofxvra mudmivad xdeboda, Tumca
am proeqtebis saSualebiT moxdeba sistemebis masStaburi reabilitacia, rac
mkveTrad gaaumjobesebs wyalmomaragebis pirobebs. aRniSnuli qalaqebis proeq-
tebidan umravlesobaze municipalurma ganviTarebis fondma tenderi ukve gamoac-
xada. tenderis pirobebi moicavs: centraluri gamwmendi nagebobebis reabili-
tacias, satumbi sadgurebis saremonto samuSaoebs, saqloratorebis kapitalur
SekeTebas, wyalsadenebis qselebis reabilitacias, milsadenisa da saregulacio
rezervuarebis mSeneblobas.
garda am saministrosi, sxvadasxva donori organizaciebis dafinansebiT
mSeneblobas axorcielebs ltolvilTa da gansaxlebis saministro. magaliTad,
foTsa da wyaltuboSi mTeli kvartlebi aSenda ltolvilebisaTvis.. mSeneblobas
awarmoeben aseve sxvadasxva ucxouri kompaniebi, investorebi. magaliTad
“kempinskis” sastumro TbilisSi, baTumSi “trampTaueri” da mravali sxva cnobili
firmebi. aseve mimdinareobs individualuri binaTmSeneblobebi. maTze nebarTvebs
meria da adgilobrivi gamgeobebi gascemen.
binaTmSeneblobaSi arsebobs garkveuli problemebi. msoflio ekonomikuri
krizisis dros saqarTveloSi SeCerda developeruli kompaniebis muSaoba, bankebi
sesxs aRar gascemdnen da aRarc damkveTebi ixdidnen Tanxas. am sam segments Soris
daikarga ndoba da qveyanaSi gaCnda gadauWreli problema: daumTavrebeli mSeneb-
lobebi, dausaxlebeli ojaxebi da umuSevarTa simravle. viTarebam kritikul
zRvars miaRwia. ndoba sruliad daikarga. am viTarebaSi Tbilisis meriam pasuxism-
gebloba aiRo da dainteresebul subieqtebs Soris ndoba aRadgina. SeimuSava
proeqti “Zveli Tbilisis axali sicocxle”. es proeqti ukve mesame etapzea. meria
samSeneblo obieqtebis eqspluataciaSi miRebidan erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi
Seisyidis erT kvadratul metrs 400 aSS dolaris ekvivalentiT larSi. ukve
gaformebuli xelSekrulebis saerTo Rirebuleba 62 milion dolars da TiTqmis
155 aTas kvadratul metr sacxovrebel farTs aRwevs. Sedegad miviReT axali da
dasrulebuli sacxovrebeli saxlebi, gadaxdili valebi, dabinavebuli ojaxi da
Zveli Tbilisis aRdgenis efeqturi proeqti.
uaxloes momavalSi dagegmilia, ucxouri investorebis daxmarebiT aSendes 15
hesi, sadac 30000 adamiani iqneba dasaqmebuli. Sendeba mravali saavadmyofo. rokze
gahyavT axali gvirabi, romelic baTumTan ufro male daakavSirebs Tbiliss. aseve
yarsi axalqalaqis magistrali, riTac saqarTvelo stambulis gavliT evropas
daukavSirdeba, aseve Sua aziasac.
ase rom, saqarTveloSi mSeneblobis da aRmSeneblobis bumia, Tumca yovelive
es xorcieldeba saxelmwifos da Sesabamisad biujetis xarjze. es, erTi mxriv,
samSeneblo kompaniebs stimuls aZlevs da aviTarebs samSeneblo seqtors da, aseve,
samSeneblo masalebis mrewvelobasac, magram biujeti SezRudulia. mizanSewonili
ar aris, saxelmwifo biujetidan Tanxebi ZiriTadad mSeneblobaze ixarjebodes da
mrewvelobis sxva dargebi daufinansebeli darCes, amitom, Cveni azriT, ukeTesi
iqneboda, Tu mSeneblobas saxelmwifo naklebad daafinansebda da igi kerZo
seqtoris xarjze ganviTardeboda. magaliTad, saaqcio sazogadoebebis xarjze.
194
mudmivad saxelmwifo dafinansebiT SeuZlebelia mSeneblobis seqtoris ganvi-
Tareba. amiT biujetidan dafinanseba sxva dargebs akldeba da Tanac mosaxleobas
awveba mZime tvirTad. pirdapir Tu iribad, izrdeba gadasaxadebi biujetis
Sesavsebad. ase ki didxans ar SeiZleba gagrZeldes. umjobesi iqneba, da albaT
momavalSi asec moxdeba da aseTi grandiozuli mSeneblobebi fasiani qaRaldebis,
aqciebis xarjze ganxorcieldeba. es forma didi xania mTel msoflioSi
warmatebiTaa aprobirebuli. globalizaciis pirobebSi ki msoflio gamocdilebis
gaziarebas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba.
gamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literatura
1. regionaluri ganviTarebisa da infrastruqturis saministros monacemebi, 2011.
2. ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis saministros monacemebi, 2011. 3. bregvaZe g. Tsu p. guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis samecniero Sromebis
krebuli, t. IV.
4. jRamaZe o. socialuri ekonomika, №1, 1999.
Bregvadze Giorgi THE PROBLEMS OF STRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONST RUCTIONAL SECTOR
UNDER GLOBALIZATION SUMMARY
This work analyzes the problems of structural development of the constructional sector in the
condition of globalization and are planned those ways and tasks which will help in the improvement of the sector of the constructional structure.
Tamaz Tamaz Tamaz Tamaz gamsaxurdiagamsaxurdiagamsaxurdiagamsaxurdia
Teimuraz Teimuraz Teimuraz Teimuraz festveniZefestveniZefestveniZefestveniZe Txilis biznesis ganviTareba da misiTxilis biznesis ganviTareba da misiTxilis biznesis ganviTareba da misiTxilis biznesis ganviTareba da misi roli erovnul ekonomikaSiroli erovnul ekonomikaSiroli erovnul ekonomikaSiroli erovnul ekonomikaSi
mosaxleobis keTildReobis amaRleba da maTze zrunva xelisuflebis
uzenaesi mizania, amitom saxelmwifoebi mniSvnelovan RonisZiebebs atareben imi-
saTvis, rom gonivrulad gamoiyenon qveyanaSi arsebuli bunebriv-klimaturi piro-
bebi, wiaRiseuli, miwa, wyali da sxva resursebi, romelic qveynis erovnuli Semo-
savlis gadidebisa da cxovrebis donis amaRlebisaTvis iqneba mimarTuli. rogorc
analizidan Cans, Cvens qveyanaSi miwis damuSavebisa da gamoyenebis mxriv arasaxar-
bielo mdgomareobaa. amitom mecnieruli kvlevebisa da gaazrebuli menejmentis
mixedviT SemoTavazebul, Sors gamiznuli rekomendaciebis gamoyenebiT, Cvens xelT
arsebuli miwis fondi intesiuri datvirTviT unda iqnes gamoyenebuli.
saqarTveloSi, xelsayreli klimaturi pirobebis gamo, SesaZlebelia, sxva
subtropikul kulturebTan erTad, ufro meti Txilis plantaciebi gavaSenoT da
gavzardoT mosavlianoba. amiT gavzardoT qarTuli Txilis realizaciis xvedri-
Ti wili msoflio bazarze.
qveynebi, romlebsac mwiri bunebrivi wiaRiseuli simdidrebi gaaCniaT, amis
sakompensaciod iZulebuli arian, gamoiyenon Tanamedrove maRali teqnologiebi me-
urneobis yvela sferoSi da maT Soris agroseqtorSic. Cveni mosaxleobis sakmaod
195
maRali inteleqtuaruli done amis saSualebas iZleva, Tu mas saTanado yuradReba
mieqceva. qveynaSi amiT cxovrebis done sakmaod amaRldeba.
gasaTvaliswinebelia swrafad ganviTarebadi qveynebis: CineTis, indoeTis, bra-
ziliis, indoneziis, meqsikisa da sxva bazrebis Taviseburebebi, romelTaTvisac
ara marto samewarmeo riskis maRali donea damaxasiaTebelia aramed zrdis udide-
si tempebi, romliTac maTi ekonomika viTardeba da mosaxleobis cxovrebis done
msoflio standartebs uaxlovdeba. Cvens qveyanaSi arsebobs garkveuli Sansebi,
rom investiciebi movizidoT da dRevandel etapze metad saWiro dargis, Txilis
warmoebis gazrdisaTvis gamoviyenoT. miT umetes aRniSnul nedleulze msoflio
bazarze didi moTxovnaa. Txilis warmoebas axlac da perspeqtivaSic gansakuTre-
buli yuradReba da mxardaWera sWirdeba, radgan qarTuli Txili Tavisi
sasaqonlo TvisebebiT maRalkonkurentunariania.
Txili (corylus), foTolmcvivani buCqebis, iSviaTad xeebis gvaris, Txiliseb-
rTa an, farTo gagebiT, aryisebrTa ojaxis mcenarea. mtvrianebiani yvavilebi uyva-
vilsafroa da mWada yvaviledadaa Sekrebili, butkoiani yvavilebi kvirtSia Cama-
luli da gareT mxolod dingebi aqvs gamoyofili. TiToeuli yvavilis irgvliv
viTardeba sam-sami urTierTSezrdili Tanayvaviledi, romelic nayofis momwifebi-
sas diddeba da sxvadasxva formis nayofsafars (budes) qmnis. nayofi erTTesliani
kakalia. gvari Seicavs ocamde saxeobas, romlebic gavrcelebulia evropis, aziisa
da CrdiloeT amerikis foTlovani tyeebis zonaSi. saqarTvelos tyeebSi, zRvis
donidan 1500-1800 metramde, bunebrivad izrdeba Txilis 6 saxeoba. Cveulevrivi Txi-
li (corylus avellana) buCqi an 8 metramde simaRlis xea, gavrcelebulia mTel saqar-
TveloSi, izrdeba qvetyed muxnarebSi farTofoTlovan da wiwvovan Sereul tyeeb-
Si, subalpur meCxerSi, Crdilis amtani da sakmaod yinvagamZlea. yvavilobs Teber-
val-martSi, nayofi mwifdeba seqtemberSi. erTi buCqidan sam kilogramze meti mosa-
vali modis. Mmravldeba TesliT, Zirkvisa da fesvis amonayriT, iSviaTad gadawid-
vniT. cocxlobs 70-80 wels, dekoratiulia, iyeneben ferdobebis gasatyianeblad,
erT-or wliani Reros _ wnelad kalaTebis, godrebis, lastebis dasawnavad. aseve
Txilis wnelisagan SeiZleba moiwnas sxvadasxva saxis suvenirebi, romlebic SeiZ-
leba sintereso da mimzidveli gaxdes saqarTveloSi Camosuli uamravi turisti-
saTvis.
daTvisTxila da pontouri Txili (CoryIus pontiea izrdeba guriasa da aWara-
Si), imeruli Txili (CoryIus imeretina), kolxuri Txili da kaxuri Txili (Corylus cachetica) saqarTvelos endemebia [qse, t.V, gv. 33].
Txilis samSoblod iTvleba azia, saidanac is gavrcelda evropaSi da warmo-
adgens erT-erT uZveles sameurneo kulturas.
dResdReobiT msoflioSi Txilis mTavari mwarmoebeli qveynebia: TurqeTi,
italia, espaneTi, saqarTvelo, Aazerbaijani da a.S. Txili did rols TamaSobs
adamianis kvebis racionSi. Txili Seicavs cxims, proteins, karbohidrats, vitami-
nebs, mineralebs, fitosterul da antioqsidatur fenols. Txilis kvebiTi Rirebu-
leba qmnis mas unikalur da idealur ingredientad sxvadasxva sakvebi produqtebi-
saTvis.
kvlevis Sedegad irkveva, rom Txils janmrTelobisaTvis metad sasargeblo
Rirebulebebi gaaCnia.
196
Txili gamoiyeneba Sokoladis, tkbileulis, rZis produqtebis, halvis, sala-
Tebisa da sousebis damzadebaSi rogorc erT-erTi mniSvnelovani komponenti. Txi-
li sakveb produqts ukeTes surnelsa da gemos aniWebs.
specialistebTan erTad, biznesmenebi unda dainteresdnen Txilis plantacie-
bis gaSenebis gadidebiT, sworad SearCion maRalmosavlianobiT gamorCeuli regio-
nebi, Cadon garkveuli investiciebi, rac did riskTan ar iqneba dakavSirebuli da
investiciis ukugebis efeqti maleve miiReba.
Cveni gaTvlebiT, Txilisagan damzadebuli qarTuli produqciis TviTRirebu-
leba ufro dabali iqneba vidre sazRvargareTidan Semotanili mza produqciis
TviTRirebuleba da, Sesabamisad, maTi sacalo fasebic.
cxadia, adgilobrivi nawarmiT Sida bazari gajerdeba da mosaxleoba xelmi-
sawvdom fasebSi SeiZens sasurvel produqts. amasTanave, mcire sawarmoebis SeqmniT
Sromisunarian mosaxleobas miecema dasaqmebis saSualeba da Semosavlebis gaz-
rdis SesaZlebloba.
bolo dros Txilis mimarT yuradReba imdenad gaizarda, rom dasavleT sa-
qarTveloSi glexi am kulturisadmi did dainteresebas iCens. amitom didi mondo-
mebiTa da energiiT erTvebian meTxileobis dargSi, romelic adamianuri resurse-
bis dasaqmebisa da Semosavlebis gadidebis erT-erT wyarod miiCneva. Txili msof-
lioSi sakmaod deficituri produqtia, misi fasi mudmivad izrdeba da mosavlis
misaRebad gansakuTrebiT didi Sroma ar aris saWiro. swored amitom, Txilis war-
moebis mimarT ltolva didia. amis naTeli magaliTia 2010 wlis agvistoSi zug-
didSi gaxsnili Txilis axali qarxana, romelic qarTul-kanaduri investiciiT
ramdenime TveSi aSenda da masSi dasaqmebulia 180 adamianze meti. maTi didi nawi-
li afxazeTidan devnilebs Seadgens. qarxana uaxlesi teqnikiTaa aRWurvili da eq-
sportzea orientirebuli. kerZo kompania ,,zaxilnaT impeqsi” produqciis eqsports
evropis qveynebSi, egvipteSi, amerikasa da kanadaSi axorcielebs, qarxnis xelmZRva-
nelobis informaciiT, axlo momavalSi warmoebis gafarToebac igegmeba.
aSS-is saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentos proeqtis farglebSi Catarebuli
kvlevis mixedviT, saqarTvelos yvelaze meti Semosavlebis miReba SeuZlia soflis
meurneobis ramdenime mimarTulebis ganviTarebiT (xili, bostneuli, Txili, Rvino
da sxva).
Txilis, rogorc Semosavlis mniSvnelovani wyaros, gaSeneba-moSenebas yvela
regionSi misdeven. Txilis gaSenebis ramdenime SemTxveva fiqsirdeba raWaSic,
Tumca aq niadagi da klimati Txilis uxvmosavlianobisaTvis araxelsayrelia.
dasavleT saqarTvelos Semdeg Txilis plantaciebis gaSeneba daiwyo kaxeTSic,
ZiriTadad lagodexsa da yvarelSi, Tumca arsebuli plantaciebis produqtiuloba
dabalia. Tu 2011 wels mosavlianobam saqarTveloSi heqtarze 1-1.5 tona Seadgina,
normaluri movlis pirobebSi SesaZlebelia es maCvenebeli 3 tonamde gaizardos.
rogorc CvenTvis cnobilia, sursaTis da agrokulturis saerTaSoriso
organizaciis 2005-2010 ww. monacemebiT, Txilis kulturis farTobi ZiriTad
mwarmoebel qveynebs Soris ase gamoiyureba: TurqeTi _ 345 aTasi ha, aSS _ 11,8
aTasi ha, irani _ 11 aTasi ha, espaneTi _ 12,1 aTasi ha, saqarTvelo da CineTi _ 8-8
aTasi ha, xolo miRebuli mosavlis mixedviT, aseve TurqeTi liderobs _ 501,6
aTasi tona, Semdeg modis italia _ 112,3 aTasi, azerbaijani _ 18,6 aTasi, espaneTi _
18,3 aTasi, aSS _ 28.5 aTasi, irani, saqarTvelo, CineTi _ 12-12 aTasi tona.
unda aRiniSnos, rom Txili, citrusTan da CaisTan SedarebiT, fermerebSi
didi upiratesobiT sargeblobs, amitomac saqarTveloSi wlidan wlamde
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izrdeba misi warmoeba. ,,Txilis saeqsporto kompaniis“ generaluri direqtoris
begi sioriZis informaciiT, 2010 wels msoflioSi azerbaijans mesame pozicia
ekava, xolo 2011 wels saqarTvelom Txilis warmoebaSi gauswro azerbaijans.
saqarTvelo ukve yovelwliurad 35 aTas tona Txils awarmoebs, romlis
eqsportireba msoflios 20-ze met qveyanaSi xorcieldeba.
Txilis warmoebis xvedriTi wilis mixedviT saqarTvelos regionebi ase-
Ti maCveneblebiT xasiaTdeba: Txilis kulturas samegrelo-zemo svaneTis mexi-
leobis zonaSi 10114 ha uWiravs (65,1%), guriaSi _ 3 339ha (21,5%), imereTSi _ 1305
ha (8,41%), aWaraSi _ 275 ha (1,8%) da kaxeTSi _ 388 ha. Txilis nargavebis Seda-
rebiT mcire raodenoba modis qvemo qarTlze, Sida qarTlis _ samaCablos, mcxeTa-
mTianeTis da raWa-leCxumis mexileobis zonebze. am monacemebis safuZvelze,
dReisaTvis saqarTvelo Txilis kulturiT dakavebuli farTobis mixedviT, Ziri-
Tad mwarmoebel qveynebs Soris meoTxe adgilzea TurqeTis, italiis, azerba-
ijanis Semdeg da uswrebs iseT qveynebs, rogoricaa espaneTi, irani, aSS da
CineTi.
statistikuri monacemebiT Tu vimsjelebT, saqarTvelos eqsportSi umsxvi-
lesi sasaqonlo poziciis mixedviT miwinave poziciebs Txili da Rvino ika-
vebs, xolo bolo informaciiT, eqsportis wilSi 4% uWiravs Txils. (gasul wels
64 035 900 aSS dolari), xolo Rvinos _ 2.5% (39 269 aTasi aSS dolari)
metad mniSvnelovani faqtia, rom Cvens qveyanaSi warmoebuli Txili saeqspor-
tod ZiriTadad germaniasa da italiaSi gadis, agreTve eraySi, siriaSi, CineTSi,
rogorc xelmisawvdomi wyaroebidan SevityveT, saqarTveloSi israelidan Camosu-
li iyo biznesmenTa jgufi, romlebic Txilis SesyidviT arian dainteresebulni.
ebraeli biznesmenebis qarTuli TxiliT dainteresebas xeli iman Seuwyo, rom bo-
lo dros israelsa da TurqeTs Soris urTierToba daiZaba da israeli Txilis
axal momwodebels eZebs.
eqsportiorebi imasac aRniSnaven, rom xarisxiT qarTuli Txili Turquls
arafriT Camouvardeba. Tumca bevrad ufro iafia, rasac Turqi marketologebis
damsaxurebad miiCneven. msoflio bazarze Turqebi Txilis ZiriTadi gamyidvelebi
arian da umeteswilad qarTuli da azerbaijanuli Txilic maT gaaqvT gasayidad.
es niSnavs, rom mogebis wili, romelic, wesiT, qarTvel treiderebs unda rCebo-
deT, TurqeTSi rCeba, es xdeba Cveni marketinguli samsaxuris uniaTobis gamo.
90-ian wlebamde saqarTveloSi Txilis plantaciebis gaSenebas naklebad aq-
cevdnen yuradRebas, radgan masze moTxovna da Sesyidvis fasi (50-80 TeTri) daba-
li iyo, xolo Semdgom bumis periodi dadga, radgan moTxovna gaizarda qarTul
Txilze, rogorc CvenTan, aseve sazRvargareTac da misi saeqsporto arealis
gafarToebam gamoiwvia produqciis Rirebulebis zrda. 2010 wels qarTuli Txili
saerTaSoriso bazarze daaxloebiT 5-7 larad. adgilobriv bazarze 1kg nedli
Txili 2-2.5 larad, xolo xmeli Txili 4-5 larad iyideboda.
saqarTveloSi 2011 wels Txilis uxvi mosavali movida, magram TurqeTSi,
mcire mosavlianobis gamo, bazarze moTxovna da fasi mniSvnelovnad amaRlda.
adgilobriv bazarze Txilis Sesyidvis fasi Sesabamisad gaizarda. mag., Tu
seqtembris dasawyisSi Txils gadamamuSavebeli qarxnebi mosaxleobisagan 1kg
Txilis 2.60-2.70 larad ibarebdnen, momdevno TveebSi 3.80-3.90 lars miaRwia. spe-
cialistebis varaudiT, roca maragebi amowurvaze iqneba misuli, mosalodnelia
Txilis fasi mniSvnelovnad gaizardos.
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rogorc CvenTvis cnobilia, realizaciis TvalsazrisiT, evropaSi qarTul
Txils saukeTeso pozicia uWiravs germaniaSi, xolo aziis bazarze - eraysa da
avRaneTSi. sagulisxmoa isic, rom 2010 wels Txilis patara partiebma iransa da
CineTSic SeaRwia. qarTuli TxilisaTvis samomavlo perspeqtivas warmoadgens
msoflio bazris 10 procentiani niSis aTviseba. bazris moTamaSeebi imedovneben,
rom saqarTveloSi arsebobs imis potenciali, rom momavalSi, msoflio bazris uf-
ro meti moTxovna daakmayofilos.
rogorc statistikuri monacemebidan irkveva, msoflioSi, bolo periodSi
Txilze moTxovna yovelwliurad daaxloebiT 2%-iT izrdeboda, rac saqarTvelo-
Si warmoebis moculobis zrdis saSualebas iZleva. amitom Txilis plantaciebis
gaSenebis procesi ar wydeba. afxazeTis miwaze, kerZod galSi, Txili uxvi mosav-
lianobiT gamoirCeva da galelebi mas movla-patronobas ar akleben, rac socia-
lurad daucveli mosaxleobisaTvis is Semosavlis erT-erT wyarod iqca. Tu adre
galelebs didi riskis fasad Txili Casabareblad CamohqondaT zugdidSi, dRes-
dReobiT isini am safrTxis winaSe ar imyofebian, Txilis gadamamuSavebeli qarxne-
bi adgilzec gaixsna da, rogorc amboben, Txili ruseTSic gaaqvTo.
aseve Txilis plantaciebis gaSeneba daiwyo aRmosavleT saqarTvelos rig
regionebSi, kerZod Txilis nargavebi fexs ikidebs da xarobs axmetaSi. 2011 wels
axmetis raionSi, soflebSi _ saTiano da sabue _ Sps ,,doranis’’ mier aSenda Txi-
lis gadamamuSavebeli qarxnebi, sadac adgilobrivi 70 muSaxelia dasaqmebuli. ro-
gorc kompaniis direqtori m. ziraqaSvili aRniSnavs, am etapze axmetaSi Txili 50
heqtarzea gaSenebuli da kidev grZeldeba gaSeneba, magram sakuTari mosavlis mi-
Rebamde qarxana mosaxleobisagan Seisyidis Txils. moxdeba, misi gadamuSaveba da
eqsportireba.
saqarTveloSi Txilis bazris struqtura sami mimarTulebiT viTardeba: 1) sa-
distribucio kompaniebi, 2) Txilis gadamamuSavebeli qarxnebi da 3) Txilis kul-
turis momyvani fermerebi. distributorebi ZiriTadad wvrili fermerebidan ibare-
ben Txils, xolo am mimarTulebiT msxvili meurneobebi axla idgams fexs. erT-er-
Ti msxvili organizacia “Txilis saeqsporto kompania” sami welia bazarze operi-
rebs. mas sakuTari Txilis plantaciebi ar gaaCnia da nedleuls ZiriTadad guria-
Si fizikuri pirebisagan yidulobs. kompaniam 2009 wels 1200 tona Txili Seisyida,
xolo 2010 wels ki es maCvenebeli 1400 tonas gautolda da dResac warmatebiT
agrZelebs funqcionirebas.
Txilis damuSaveba Semdeg teqnologiur procesebs moicavs: Txilis gaSroba,
dakalibreba, datexva-garCeva-dafasoeba. “Txilis saeqsporto kompaniis” damfuZne-
beli da xelmZRvaneli megi sioriZe ambobs: Txili ZiriTadad evropis bazarze iyi-
deba, sadac moTxovna garCeuli Txilis gulzea, xolo aziis bazarze mimzidveli
gautexavi Txili da kakalia. qarTuli garCeuli Txilis fasi evropis bazarze 5,2
dolaria. eraySi ki naWuWiani Txili 2,1 dolari Rirs. evropaSi Txilis bazarze
iolad ar gavsulvarT, es mravalwliani Sromis Sedegia. garkveulwilad Cveni
warmateba imanac ganapiroba, rom Sesabamisi sertifikati movipoveT.
qarTuli Txilis eqsportSi mowinave poziciebi uWiravs ukrainas, yazaxeTs,
baltiispireTis qveynebs, sagulisxmoa isic, rom qarTuli Txili avstraliaSi da
aSS-Sic iyideba, nawili ruseTis bazarzec xvdeba.
eqsportze gadis ZiriTadad anakliuri jiSis Txili, romelic samegrelos
regionSi modis.
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adgilobriv bazarze Txilis msxvili momxmarebelia sakonditro sawarmo “ba-
rambo” da sxva sakonditro sawarmoebi, magram warmoebuli Txilis saerTo mocu-
lobaSi maT dabali xvedriTi wili aqvT. darwmunebuli varT momavalSi, Txilis
moTxovna gaizrdeba sxvadasxva qarTuli sakonditro nawarmis, Sokoladisa da
halvis warmoebaSi.
Txilis warmoeba wina periodSi ferxdeboda rTuli sakredito pirobebis ga-
mo. 2010 wels, 2009 welTan SedarebiT, Txilis gadamamuSavebeli qarxnebis saqmia-
noba adgilobriv bazarze ufro gaaqtiurda, Tu gasul wlebSi bankebi biznesses-
xebs 18–20 procentiT gascemdnen, axla saprocento ganakveTi 13%-mde daiwia.
rac ufro metad ganaviTareben da srulyofen menejments Txilis qarTveli
eqsportiorebi, miT ufro efeqturi iqneba Txilis biznesi CvenSi. xazgasmiT unda
aRvniSnoT, rom gasaumjobesebelia Txilis Cabareba-Sesyidvis procesis organiza-
cia, radgan dRevandeli situacia am sferoSi veraviTar kritikas ver uZlebs. au-
cilebelia, Txilis eqsportiorebma gaiTvaliswinon Txilis warmoebis arealis
gafarToebis tendenciebi da meti mimRebi punqtebi gaxsnan im regionebSi, sadac es
kultura mniSvnelovnad da farTodaa warmodgenili.
rogorc eqspertebi afaseben, qarTuli Txilis saeqsporto potenciali sru-
lad ar aris aTvisebuli, rogorc raodenobrivad, aseve xarisxobrivad. dResdReo-
biT auTvisebelia TxilisaTvis vargisi miwis resursis didi nawili. fermerebis
mxridan gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces plantaciebSi Txilis jiSebis
SerCevisa da nedleulis xarisxobrivad erTgvarovnebis uzrunvelyofis organiza-
cias.
Sida rezervebis, novaciebis, swori strategiuli xedvis efeqturad gamoye-
nebis pirobebSi Txilis biznesi kidev ufro warmatebuli gaxdeba da mniSvnelovan
rols Seasrulebs qveynis ekonomikuri potencialis amaRlebis saqmeSi.
Gamsakhurdi Tamaz Pestvenidze Teimuraz
NUT BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT AND ITS ROLE IN NATIONAL E CONOMY SUMMARY
The paper discusses nuts, as the useful properties of the plant, which belongs to one the oldest crops;
its role and importance of he working population in employment and incomes to enlarge. Nuts are characterized as an essential component of chocolate, fall, confectionery, sweets, salads and other food products for the manufacturing.
Because of the convenient climatic zone, it is possible to plant more and more nut plantations. To compare nut with tea, it has more advantages. So every year its manufacturing increases. It is
realized what position distribution takes please in Europe. And Asia also the paper discusses its future prospects, the improvement of the processes of its submission and purchase, and also the trends of the expansion of its manufacturing and opening submission points.
It is emphasized that in case of affective use of its inner reserves ,newness, right strategic view, nut business will be more successful and it will play important role in the building of the country as economy.
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lina daTunaSvililina daTunaSvililina daTunaSvililina daTunaSvili globalizaciis gavlena sglobalizaciis gavlena sglobalizaciis gavlena sglobalizaciis gavlena soflis meurneobisoflis meurneobisoflis meurneobisoflis meurneobis
dargobrivi struqturis srulyofazedargobrivi struqturis srulyofazedargobrivi struqturis srulyofazedargobrivi struqturis srulyofaze
globalizacia Tanamedrove msoflios erT-erTi Taviseburebaa. mas gaaCnia
iseTi tendenciebi, romelic gamoixateba sxvadasxva qveynis erTmaneTTan rogorc
daaxloebaSi, ise maTi urTierTdamokidebulebis gaaqtiurebaSi. igi, msoflio
masStabiT, uwyobs xels rogorc resursebis efeqtian gamoyenebas, ise resur-
sdamzogavi da naklebnarCeniani axali teqnologiebis farTod danergvas, qveynebs
Soris partnioruli urTierTobebis wina planze wamowevas da sxva.
ekonomikuri globalizacia ganisazRvreba iseTi maCvenebliT, rogoricaa sa-
qonlis, momsaxurebis, kapitalis sazRvargareT gatanis masStabebi da sagareo
vaWrobaSi CarTulobis done. gaxsnilobisa da integrirebis tendenciebis gaZli-
ereba. informaciebis Sor manZilze gavrcelebis xarisxi, investiciebis qveyanaSi
Semodinebis moculoba, saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi sabaJo politikis simkacris
xarisxi da saimporto barierebi. ekonomikuri globalizacia mravalmxrivi
procesia da aZlierebs qveynebs Soris urTierTkavSirsa da sameurneo internacio-
nalizacias [1].
globalizacia Tavisi arsiT universaluria da misi Zlieri gavlena dRes
gardauvalia. am movlenisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia calkeuli qveynis meurneobrivi
kompleqsis msoflio meurneobis erTian sistemaSi integraciis procesi, riTac igi
zegavlenas axdens sxvadasxva qveynis erovnuli ekonomikis calkeuli dargis, maT
Soris soflis meurneobis ganviTarebaze. am dargs, Tavisi funqcionaluri
daniSnulebiT, gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia qveynis ekonomikaSi misi sasicoc-
xlo mniSvnelobis gamo. imis garda, rom, mosaxleobis sicocxlisunarianobis
SesanarCuneblad, is awarmoebs sursaTs, romlis uzrunvelyofis qveS igulisxmeba
sursaTze moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebis iseTi mdgomareoba, rodesac miRweulia
pirovnebis, sazogadoebisa da mTlianad saxelmwifos mdgradi ganviTareba, amave
dros es dargi gadamamuSavebel mrewvelobas awvdis nedleuls.
2000 _ 2010 wlebSi saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis ganviTarebaSi garkveuli
cvlilebebi SeiniSneba. saxeldobr, soflad mcxovrebi mosaxleobis ricxovnoba
2%-iT, anu 41 aTasi kaciT Semcirda da soflis mosaxleobis procentulma Sefar-
debam mTel mosaxleobasTan 47% Seadgina (anu soflad cxovrobs qveynis
mosaxleobis naxevarze odnav naklebi adamiani, romelic qmnis sasoflo-sameurneo
produqtebis minimalur raodenobas). soflis meurneobis, metyeveobis, nadirobisa
da TevzWeris xvedriTma wilma qveynis mTliani Sida produqtis struqruraSi
20,6%-dan 7,3%-mde iklo. 15,5%-dan 6,7%-mde Semcirda sasoflo-sameurneo
produqtebis realizaciidan miRebuli Semosavlebis wili ojaxuri meurneobebis
fulad SemosavlebSi. gaizarda sasursaTo produqtebis saSualo wliuri fasi,
xolo Semcirda TiTqmis yvela ZiriTadi sasoflo-sameurneo produqtis warmoeba.
soflis meurneobis struqturaSi Seicvala memcenareobis da mecxoveleobis
xvedriTi wili. 2000 _ 2010 wlebSi memcenareobis produqciis xvedriTi wili
soflis meurneobis produqciis gamoSvebaSi 48%-dan 42%-mde Semcirda, xolo
mecxoveleobis produqciisa 52%-dan 58%-mde gaizarda. aseve gadidda sasoflo-
sameurneo momsaxurebis xvedriTi wili 2%-dan 3%-mde. 335,5 aTasi heqtariT
Semcirda sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis naTesi farTobi. cvlileba dafiqsirda
aRniSnuli kulturebis naTesi farTobis struqturaSi. kerZod, gaizrda marcv-
201
lovani da marcvlovan-parkosani kulturebis farTobis xvedriTi wili 63,3%-dan
69,5%-mde; kartofilis da bostneul-baRCeuli kulturebisa _ 15,2%-dan 17%-mde.
teqnikuri kulturebis naTesi farTobis xvedriTi wili 2000 wels 11,4% iyo, xolo
2010 wels aRniSnuli kulturebis xvedriTi wili, sxva kulturebTan erTad, 10%-
mde Semcirda. aseve iklo sakvebi kulturebis xvedriTma wilma 10,1%-dan 3%-mde.
2000 _ 2010 wlebSi Semcirda erTwliani kulturebis warmoeba yvela kate-
goriis meurneobaSi. ase magaliTad, _ xorblis warmoebam iklo 41,0 aTasi toniT;
kartofilisam _ 73,2 aTasi toniT; bostneulisam _ 178,5 aTasi toniT; baRCeuli
kulturebisam _ 39,1 aTasi toniT; erTwliani da mravalwliani balaxebis Tibvam _
14,4 aTasi toniT.
amave periodSi erTwliani kulturebis mosavlianoba toli iyo: xorblisa 1,0
da 1,1 t; kartofilisa 8,9 da 11,1 t; bostneulisa 9,3 da 7,1 t; baRCeulisa 9,8 da 15,2
t; erTwliani da mravalwliani balaxisa 1,1 da 4,5 t.
aRniSnul wlebSi mkveTrad Semcirda mravalwliani nargavebis, maT Soris,
xilis (250 da 124,1 aTasi t); yurZnis (210,0 da 120,7 aTasi t) da Cais (24,0 da 3,5
aTasi t), xolo gaizarda citrusis (40,0 da 52,1 aTasi t) warmoeba.
amave periodSi dafiqsirda mecxoveleobis calkeuli qvedargis Semcirebis
tendencia. mag., iklo msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis suladobam 128 aTasi suliT;
Rorisam _ 333,1 aTasi suliT; fur-kameCisam _ 84,6 aTasi suliT; frinvelis
raodenobam _ 1304 aTasi frTiT, xolo gaizarda cxvrisa da Txis suladoba 26,3
aTasi suliT da futkris ojaxebis raodenoba 213,9 aTasi skiT.
mecxoveleobis calkeuli qvedargis Semcireba mniSvnelovnad ganapiroba
msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis (72,6 aTasi suli), Roris (66,2 aTasi suli), cxvrisa
da Txis (29,7 aTasi suli) da frinvelis (2347,2 aTasi frTa) dacemis faqtebma.
moyvanili monacemebiT naTlad Cans qveyanaSi soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis ara
marto dabali done, aramed Semcirebis tendencia.
saqarTveloSi soflis meurneobis ganviTareba mTlianad, da maT Soris sa-
sursaTo problema, unda ganixilebodes erovnul da globalur doneebze maTi
gadawyvetis aucileblobidan gamomdinare, ramdenadac sursaTis ukmarisoba
mosaxleobis arasrulfasovan kvebas ukavSirdeba da msoflio globaluri
problemis _ SimSilis umTavresi mizezi xdeba.
sasursaTo problemis erovnul doneze gadawyvetis qveS vgulisxmobT qve-
yanaSi sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebis warmoebis im doniT ganviTarebas, romelic
uzrunvelyofs aRniSnuli saxis produqtebze mosaxleobis moTxovnilebis ara
marto dakmayofilebas, aramed mis eqsportsac, risTvisac dRis wesrigSi dgeba
qveynis sagareo-ekonomikuri kavSirebis gafarToebis aucilebloba da Sromis
saerTaSoriso danawilebasa da kooperaciaSi aqtiuri monawileoba, romlis gareSe
SeuZlebelia arsebuli krizisuli mdgomareobis daZleva da agrosasursaTo
kompleqsis racionaluri funqcionirebis uzrunvelyofa. am problemis daregu-
lireba gaWirdeba agrosasursaTo kompleqsis saxelmwifoebrivi mxardaWeris,
sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebis eqsportis zrdisa da importis Semcirebis, maTi
sabaJo regulirebis, am sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT srulyofili samarTlebrivi
bazis Seqmnisa da sxvaTa gareSe.
saqarTvelo garkveuli zomiT CarTulia globalur procesebSi, Tavis mxriv,
globalizaciis gavlena qveynis ekonomikaze, misi sagareo vaWrobaSi CarTulobis
doniT ganisazRvreba. dReisaTvis qveynis soflis meurneobaSi warmoebuli
produqcia ver uzrunvelyofs mosaxleobis moTxovnilebis garkveuli zomiT
202
dakmayofilebis SesaZleblobas, rasac adasturebs bolo wlebSi mosaxleobis erT
sulze sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebis warmoebis Semcirebis tendenciac. am
maCveneblis mixedviT 2000 _ 2010 wlebSi xorblis warmoeba Semcirda 5 kg-iT;
simindisa _ 17 kg-iT; bostneulisa _ 2 kg-iT; xilisa _ 7 kg-iT; yurZnisa 10 kg-iT;
xorcisa _ 6 kg-iT; rZisa _ 7 kg-iT. umniSvnelod gaizarda mxolod kartofilisa
da kvercxis warmoeba.
am da sxva mizezebis gamo saqarTvelos bazrebi dReisaTvis mTeli rigi sxva-
dasxva saxis importirebuli sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebiT (xorbali da sxva
marcvleuli, xorci da xorc-produqtebi, Tevzi, Saqari da sxv.) aris gajerebuli.
amasTan, sursaTis mravali saxis warmoeba qveyanaSi jer kidev importiT SeZenili
nedleulis da masalebis gamoyenebas emyareba. es, uwinares yovlisa, exeba
xorbals, Saqris lerwams, yavas, rZis fxvnils, Tevzis produqtebs, cxovelur da
mcenareul cximebs. Cveni azriT, aRniSnuli saxis sasoflo-sameurneo da
sasursaTo nedleulis importi kvlav misaRebi iqneba uaxloesi momavlisaTvis [3].
saqarTveloSi soflis meurneobis produqtebis importi 2000 wels 256006,8
tonas da 54201,4 aTas aSS dolars Seadgenda. 2005 wels Sesabamisad 429830,5 tona
da 88492,4 aTasi aSS dolari iyo. bolo wlebSi kidev ufro gaizarda aRniSnuli
produqtebis importi.
qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebis da biujetSi Semosavlebis zrdisaTvis gan-
sakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs soflis meurneobis produqtebis eqsports,
romelic 2000 wels 35641,5 tonasa da 26956,4 aTas aSS dolars, xolo 2005 wels
Sesabamisad 106046, 9 tonas da 88693,8 aTas aSS dolars Seadgenda [5].
amasTan, saqarTvelos saeqsporto produqciis warmoebis didi SesaZlebloba
gaaCnia. esenia: yurZnis naturaluri Rvino, koniaki, Sampanuri, mineraluri wylebi,
xili, xil-bostneulis konservebi, citrusi, Txili, dafasoebuli maRalxarisxiani
Cai, saadreo kartofili, fermentirebuli Tambaqo da sxva. unda SevniSnoT, rom
bolo wlebis manZilze es tendencia ar icvleba rogorc importTan, ise eqspor-
tTan dakavSirebiT, rac sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebis eqsportTan SedarebiT
importis wingamswreb tempSi gamoixateba. amasTan gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom
eqsportSi mza produqciis nacvlad sasoflo-sameurneo nedleulis eqsporti
Warbobs, rac arasasurveli tendenciaa. vfiqrobT, aucilebelia qveyanaSi ufro
swrafad gaizardos maRali teqnologiiT aRWurvili sasoflo-sameurneo ned-
leulis gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebi, romelTa mier gamoSvebuli mza sasursaTo
produqcia konkurentunariani iqneba sxva qveynebis bazarze, rac xels Seuwyobs
saqarTveloSi warmoebuli soflis meurneobis mza produqciisaTvis msoflio
bazarze myari segmentis dakavebis SesaZleblobas.
globalizaciis gavlena qveynis ekonomikaze ucxouri investiciebis qveyanaSi
Semodinebis moculobiTac ganisazRvreba. investiciebis mozidva da misi
mizanmimarTuli ganTavseba ekonomikis krizisidan gamoyvanis saSualebaa.
saqarTveloSi gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebidan daiwyo saerTaSoriso sazo-
gadoebebisa da fondebis teqnikuri da humanitaruli daxmareba soflis meur-
neobis ganviTarebisTvis axali programebis SesamuSaveblad im mizniT, rom am dar-
gSi rigi xelsayreli da strategiuli ekonomikuri amocanebi gadaWriliyo.
qveyanaSi aseTi dargebi ZiriTadad agrosamrewvelo kompleqsis dargebia. amdenad,
pirvel etapze ekonomikis gamococxleba ucxouri da adgilobrivi investiciebis
erToblivi CareviT, soflad mcire biznesis, saojaxo da fermeruli meurneobebis,
agreTve, calkeuli prioritetuli dargebis ganviTarebisaken iyo mimarTuli.
203
msoflio bankis (IDA ), soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso fondis
(IFAD) TACIS-isa da dasavleTis sxva kompetenturi eqspertebis mier warmodgenili
daskvnebis Sesabamisad sasoflo-sameurneo reformis ganxorcieleba, miwis
sakuTrebis iuridiuli aRiareba da pirveladi registracia saqarTvelosaTvis
teqnikuri daxmarebis gawevisa da investiciebis gamoyofis erT-erT prioritetul
mimarTulebad iyo miCneuli.
EU _ TaCIS, ITACA _ proeqtiT pirveli mniSvnelovani samuSaoebi Catarda, rome-
lic soflis meurneobis ganviTarebisaken iyo mimarTuli. proeqti iTvaliswinebda
miwis reformas, romlis safuZvelze SemuSavda Tbilisis maxloblad mcire
soflis proeqti miwis Sesafasebeli samuSaoebis, miwis kadastrisaTvis saWiro
informaciis Sesagroveblad da miwis registraciis Casatareblad. es saWiro iyo
imisaTvis, rom aq miRebul informacias msoflio banki ufro didi masStabis mqone
proeqtebis dasamuSaveblad gamoiyenebda. proeqti aseve iTvaliswinebda fermerTa
asociaciebis formirebas, organizaciul reformas, sasoflo-sameurneo marke-
tingis ganviTarebas da ganaTlebis mimarTulebiT swavlebis donis gaumjobesebas
sasoflo-sameurneo da teqnikur kolejebSi. aRniSnuli proeqtebi 1995 _ 1997
wlebSi ganxorcielda.
saqarTveloSi 1993 wlidan saqmianobdnen sxvadasxva qveynis saerTaSoriso
fondebi da organizaciebi:
nou hau fondi (britaneTi), romelmac 1993 wlidan saqarTveloSi daiwyo
muSaoba. fondis mizani iyo sasoflo-sameurneo strategiisa da sasoflo-
sameurneo produqciis eqsportis ganviTarebisaTvis xelis Sewyoba, soflis
meurneobisa da sursaTis saministrosaTvis ekonomikuri politikis kursis SerCeva
da saministros reorganizaciaSi daxmareba. aseve, kerZo seqtorSi Caisa da
citrusebis kulturaTa mdgomareobis intensiuri Seswavla da daxmareba maTi
reabilitaciis mizniT ucxouri investiciebis mozidvaSi.
trai-vali grouersi (TVG). am organizaciis mizani iyo, daxmareba gaewia
kerZo firmebisaTvis simindisa da xorblis Teslis warmoebaSi, aseve sasoflo-
sameurneo kooperativebis Seqmnis xelSewyoba.
saerTaSoriso gadarCenis komitetis xelSewyobiT Seiqmna mcire moculobis
proeqti, romelic mxars uWerda mcire zomis komerciul saqmianobas soflis
meurneobis ganviTarebis mimarTulebiT dasavleT saqarTveloSi iZulebiT ga-
daadgilebul pirTa ojaxebisaTvis. es proeqti oTx saCvenebel fermaSi amoqmedda.
germanulma firma `martin bauerma~ meCaieobis ganviTarebisTvis 1996-1997
wlebSi garkveuli investicia Cado da erToblivi ZalebiT walenjixis Cais fab-
rikaSi Seiqmna axali teqnologiis xsnadi Cais warmoeba, romelsac specialistebma
kargi Sefaseba misces.
firma ei si dim qveynis agroseqtors teqnikuri daxmareba gauwia, rac iTva-
liswinebda marcvleuliT qveynis momaragebas.
amerikulma saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba `qeam~ ganaxorciela proeqti mestiisa
da walkis raionebSi kartofilis warmoebis mimarTulebiT [2].
miuxedavad imisa, rom aRniSnuli proeqtebi erT-or weliwadSi mTavrdeboda,
im periodisaTvis maT qveyanaSi soflis meurneobis ganviTarebaze garkveuli
dadebiTi gavlena moaxdines.
bolo wlebis manZilze (2006-2011) qveynis ZiriTad kapitalSi izrdeboda
investiciebi 3524,2 mln laridan 4009,0 mln laramde. maT Soris soflis meur-
204
neobaSi, nadirobaSi, satyeo meurneobasa da TevzWeraSi 353,2 mln laridan 457,8
mln laramde. xolo pirdapiri ucxiuri investiciebi soflis meurneobasa da
TevzWeraSi bolo sami wlis manZilze 8719,8 aTasi aSS dolariT Semcirda. qve-
yanaSi investiciebis Semodinebaze garkveuli uaryofiTi gavlena iqonia 2008 wlis
ruseT-saqarTvelos Soris agvistos omis movlenebma da sxva mizezebma, romlebic,
garkveuli zomiT, ganapirobebs qveyanaSi arsebul sainvesticio klimats.
moyvanili masalis analizis safuZvelze SegviZlia aRvniSnoT, rom miuxeda-
vad soflis meurneobaSi dRes arsebuli mdgomareobisa, am dargs gaaCnia
ganviTarebis potenciuri SesaZleblobebi Sesabamisi materialur-teqnikuri bazis
arsebobisa da dafinansebis wyaroebis mozidvis SemTxvevaSi (adgilobrivi da
ucxouri investiciebi), dargs savsebiT SeuZlia qveynis Siga bazris gajereba
adgilobrivi warmoebis produqciiT, da msoflio bazarze konkurentunariani
produqciis miwodeba. imisTvis, rom ganxorcieldes qveynis mosaxleobis moT-
xovnilebis garkveuli doniT dakmayofileba da Sromis saerTaSoriso danawi-
lebaSi qveynis poziciebis ganmtkiceba, saWirod migvaCnia: soflis meurneobis
sawarmoo infrastruqturis ganviTareba, gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebis, samelio-
racio da sairigacio sistemebis reabilitacia; soflis meurneobaSi Seqmnili
sasaqonlo produqciis Semsyidveli struqturis Seqmna; am dargisa da gada-
mamuSavebeli sawarmoebis integracia. soflad kooperirebis sxvadasxva formis
ganviTareba. sagareo bazarze gasatani konkurentunariani produqciis warmoebi-
saTvis xelSewyoba. prioritetul dargebSi axali, ekologiurad sufTa teqno-
logiebis danergva, agroserviscentrebis da sasawyobe meurneobebis Seqmna,
soflad kompiuteruli sakonsultacio-sainformacio centrebis Camoyalibeba,
sanerge, saTesle da sajiSe meurneobebis aRdgena-ganviTareba da sxva.
soflis meurneobis dagrobrivi struqturis srulyofis TvalsazrisiT axlo
momavalSi am dargis ganviTarebis prioritetad marcvleuli kulturebis ganvi-
Tareba unda iqnes miCneuli, rom qveyanaSi warmoebuli marcvleuliT dakmayo-
fildes mosaxleobis moTxovnilebis fiziologiuri normis daaxloebiT naxevari
mainc. kartofilis da baRCeulis warmoebam SeiZleba iseT dones miaRwios, rom
mniSvnelovnad dakmayofildes mosaxleobis moTxovnileba am produqtebze da,
garkveuli zomiT, SesaZlebeli iyos maTi eqsportic.
teqnikuri kulturebidan qveyanaSi wlebis manZilze mniSvnelovani iyo Saqris
Warxali, romlis aRdgenam da ganviTarebam SeiZleba minimalurad (15%) mainc
daakmayofilos Saqarze mosaxleobis moTxovnieba. mcenareul zeTze mosaxleobis
moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebis mizniT mniSvnelovnad unda gaizardos mzesum-
ziris warmoeba da, Sesabamisad, mzesumziris gadamamuSavebeli saamqroebis
funqcionireba,
agraruli sferos dargebidan gansakuTrebuli prioriteti unda mieces didi
tradiciebis mqone da qarTuli biznesis saxis Semqmnel dargebs: mevenaxeobas da
meRvineobas, mexileobas da sakonservo mrewvelobas, meCaieobasa da mecitruseobas.
mecxoveleobaSi dRes arsebuli mdgomareoba qveynis soflis meurneobis
ganviTarebisTvis erT-erT ZiriTad problemas warmoadgens. am faqtis gaTvalis-
winebiT, axlo momavalSi aucilebelia msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis, Roris,
cxvrisa da Txis suladobis zrda, frinvelis xorcis, rZisa da kvercxis war-
moebis amaRleba, risTvisac am dargs garkveuli rezervebi da potenciuri
SesaZleblobebi gaaCnia imisaTvis, rom ZiriTadi saxeobis sasursaTo produqtebze
mosaxleobis moTxovnilebis mniSvnelovani nawili dakmayofildes adgilobrivi
205
warmoebis ekologiurad sufTa produqtebiT. yovelive amas xels Seuwyobs dargSi
Cadebuli investiciebis miznobrivi gamoyeneba, infrastruqturis gaumjobeseba,
mikrosesxebis da sakredito kavSirebis qselis ganviTareba da sxva.
gamoyenebugamoyenebugamoyenebugamoyenebuli literaturali literaturali literaturali literatura
1. asaTiani r. ekonomikisa da biznesis leqsikoni. gamomcemloba `siaxle~,
Tbilisi, 2010.
2. daTunaSvili l. `investiciebis roli warmoebis efeqtianobis amaRlebaSi
(saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis magaliTze)~. sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebis
problemebi saqarTveloSi~. p. guguSvilis saxelobis ekonomikis institutis
samecniero Sromebis krebuli, tomi 1, Tbilisi, `mecniereba~, 2001.
3. silagaZe a. saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb.
saerTaSoriso samecniero konferenciis masalebi: `msoflio ekonomikuri krizisi
da saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi, 2011.
4. javaxiSvili r. msoflio ekonomikuri krizisis gavlena saqarTvelos
ekonomikaze da misi Sedegebis daZlevis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi. saerTaSoriso
samecniero-analitikuri J. `ekonomisti~, #4, Tbilisi, 2011.
5. saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba _ statistikuri krebuli, Tbilisi, 2005,
2011.
6. saqarTvelos sagareo vaWroba _ statistikuri publikacia. Tbilisi, 2010,
2011.
Datunashvili Lina
THE EFFECT OF GLOBALIZATION ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF STRUCTURE SECTOR OF AGRICULTURE
SUMMARY
The article analyzes the sectoral structure of Georgian agriculture, existing level of the sector development and its real state in the context of globalization effect.
The attention is paid on the effect of economic globalization in agriculture namely: The involvement level of the sector in foreign, trade of the country (exporting, import) and on the character of foreign investment in agriculture. With regard for globalization effect there are proposed issues for the development of agriculture and its sectoral structure.
nugzar Toduanugzar Toduanugzar Toduanugzar Todua saqarTvelos agrosasursaTo bazris ganviTarebis tendenciebisaqarTvelos agrosasursaTo bazris ganviTarebis tendenciebisaqarTvelos agrosasursaTo bazris ganviTarebis tendenciebisaqarTvelos agrosasursaTo bazris ganviTarebis tendenciebi
socialuri marketingis gamoyenebis safuZvelzesocialuri marketingis gamoyenebis safuZvelzesocialuri marketingis gamoyenebis safuZvelzesocialuri marketingis gamoyenebis safuZvelze
msoflio ekonomikis globalizaciis pirobebSi sul ufro aqtualuri xdeba
ekologiis sakiTxebi. dReisaTvis ekologia da marketingi ayalibebs axal
midgomebs agrobiznesis sferoSi, romlebic sasursaTo bazarze momxmarebelTa
moTxovnilebebis maqsimalurad dakmayofilebas uzrunvelyofen [1]. amasTan, bu-
nebrivi resursebisa da sursaTis deficitis pirobebSi, aucilebelia moiZebnos
optimaluri Tanafardoba momxmarebelTa moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebasa da
sazogadoebis survils Soris, raTa ar daziandes da SenarCundes adamianTa
saarsebo garemo [2]. am problemis gadaWras emsaxureba socialuri marketingi,
206
rogorc biznesis warmarTvis Tanamedrove koncefcia[3]. samwuxarod, socialuri
marketingis popularizacia saqarTveloSi dabal donezea [4]. arada, igi marke-
tingis axali mimarTulebaa, romlic farTodaa gavrcelebuli ganviTarebul
qveynebSi. mas udidesi roli eniWeba biznesis socialurad orientirebis saqmeSi,
kerZod, sazogadoebis ekologiuri da socialuri moTxovnebis srulad dakamyo-
filebaSi [5].
saqarTvelos ekonomikis krizisidan Tavis daRwevisaTvis gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba aqvs soflis meurneobis gardaqmnas Tanamedrove teqnologiebis Sesa-
bamisad. am mxriv did interess iwvevs warmoebis marTvis is organizacia, romelic
socialur marketings efuZneba. ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze agro-biznesis
mTavari prioritetia ekologiurad sufTa produqtebis warmoebis gafarToeba [6].
aseTi midgoma gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania Cveni qveynisaTvis, romelmac, Tavisi
mciremiwianobidan gamomdinare, aqcenti ara warmoebis masStabebsa da raodenob-
riv maCveneblebze, aramed produqciis xarisxobriv maxasiaTeblebze unda gaakeTos.
miT umetes, rom unikaluri bunebriv-klimaturi pirobebi da garemo, romelic aq
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi yalibdeboda, tradiciebi da gamocdileba, geopoli-
tikuri mdebareoba da sxva faqtorebis kompleqsi, qmnis qarTuli agraruli
meurneobis SedarebiT upiratesobas. es upiratesoba, romelic saqarTvelos yvela
regions gaaCnia, upirveles yovlisa, ekologiurad sufTa produqciis warmoebis
gadidebiT unda realizdes [7].
agrobiznesSi socialuri marketingis ganviTareba mniSvnelovnad damoki-
debulia momxmarebelTa ekologiur cnobierebaze. Cven vcxovrobT informaciis
mozRvavebis epoqaSi da, Sesabamisad, momxmarebels sakmao informacia aqvs garemos
ekologiuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. magram ekologiuri cnobiereba martooden
informaciul doneze codnas ki ar gulisxmobs, aramed am codnis racionalur
da emocionalur SeTvisebas, romelic gamoxatulebas povebs Sesabamis qmedebebSi.
swored ekologiuri cnobierebis zrda aris socialuri marketingis roli,
romelmac unda uzrunvelyos momxmarebelTa zewola agrosawarmoebze ekologiu-
rad sufTaAproduqciis warmoebis stimulirebisaTvis. aRniSnulis gaTvalis-
winebiT, sawarmoebis saqmianobaSi myarad unda daikavos adgili socialurma
marketingma, romelic tradiciuli marketingis moTxovnebs ki ar cvlis, aramed
marketinguli instrumentebis meSveobiT ubiZgebs agrosawarmoebs ufro ekologi-
uri produqtebis sawarmoeblad [8].
zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, kvlevis ZiriTadi mizani iyo imis gageba,
Tu ras fiqroben qarTveli momxmareblebi saqarTvelos bazarze arsebuli
sasursaTo produqtebis ekologiur mdgomareobaze. kvleva Sesrulda or etapad.
pirvel etapze Catarda Tvisebrivi kvleva fokusjgufebis gamoyenebiT. saqarT-
velos sam regionSi (TbilisSi, senaksa da zugdidSi) Seiqmna fokusjgufebi,
romlebSic SeirCa aT-aTi monawile, rogorc momxmarebeli, aseve fermeri. Tvi-
sebrivi kvlevis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT Seiqmna anketa. kvlevis meore etapi
moicavda raodenobriv kvlevas struqturizebuli anketis meSveobiT. sul ga-
moikiTxa 300-ze meti respondenti SemTxveviTi SerCevis safuZvelze, romelTa
umetesoba iyo Tbilisidan, zugdididan, foTidan da senakidan. gamokiTxvamde
anketas Cautarda winaswari testireba respondentTa mcire jgufze. Sedegi iyo
damakmayofilebeli. raodenobrivi meTodebidan gamoyenebul iqna gamokiTxva
eleqtronuli fostis da pirdapiri gamokiTxvis saSualebiT.
207
respondentTa 38%-s Seadgenda mamakacebi, xolo 62%-s _ qalebi. asakis mixed-
viT respondentebi daiyo sam jgufad: 35 wlamde asakis (42%), 35-dan 55 wlamde
asakis (35%) da 55 welze zeviT (23%). Semosavlebis mixedviT respondentebi daiyv-
nen 4 jgufad: 300 laramde Semosavlis mqone respondentebi (60%), 300-dan 600-la-
ramde (12%), 600-dan 1000 laramde (18%) da 1000-larze meti Semosavlis mqone (10%).
kvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom qarTveli momxmareblebi sasursaTo pro-
duqtis SerCevisas did yuradrebas aqceven savaWro markas. kerZod, gamokiTxulTa
5%-isTvis savaWro marka gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, 53%-saTvis ki mniSvne-
lovani. momxmarebelTa 19% miiCnevs, rom sasursaTo produqtebis SerCevisas
savaWro marka maTTvis arc ise mniSvnelovania, 14% Tvlis, rom mcired mniSvne-
lovania, xolo 9 %-is azriT _ absoluturad umniSvneloa. sasursaTo produqtis SerCevisas qarTveli momxmareblebi aseve did mniSv-
nelobas aniWeben nawarmis ekologiur sisufTaves. rogorc aRmoCnda, yidvis
Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi produqtis ekologiuri sisufTave
ganaskuTrebiT mniSvnelovania respondentTa 81%-isTvis, xolo mniSvnelovani _
14%-isTvis. sakmaod mcirea (5%) im respondenTa raodenoba, romlebic sasursaTo
saqonlis SeZenis dros aseT maxasiaTebels umniSvnelod miiCneven. amrigad,
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTveloSi mZime ekonomikuri da socialuri fonis miuxe-
davad, respondentTa 95%-saTvis gadamwyvet faqtors mainc produqtis ekologiuri
sisufTave warmoadgens. amasTan, aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom produqciiis Ser-
Cevisas qarTveli momxmareblebi aseve did yuradRebas aqceven xarisxs. kerZod,
respondentTa 37%-saTvis produqciis SeZenisas igi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania,
xolo 44%-saTvis ki mniSvnelovani. respondentTa 16% mas Tvlis mcired mniSv-
nelovnad, xolo 3% saerTod umniSvnelod miiCnevs.
momxmareblis mier sasursaTo produqtis SerCevaze aseve gavlenas axdens
misi fasi. marketinguli kvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom qarTveli momxmareblebis
9%-saTvis igi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, 26%-saTvis mniSvnelovani, 37%-saTvis
mcired mniSvnelovani, 23%_saTvis ki arc ise mniSvnelovani. momxmarebelTa
mxolod 5% miiCnevs, rom produqtebis SerCevisas fasi maTTvis absoluturad
umniSvneloa.
marketinguli kvlevis saSualebiT ganvsazRvreT agreTve, Tu rogoria
sasursaTo produqtis SerCevis dros calkeuli maxasiaTeblis (savaWro marka,
produqtis ekologiuri sisufTave, xarisxi, fasi) reitingi. rogorc mosalodneli
iyo, sasursaTo produqtis SerCevisas momxmareblebi yvelaze did mniSvnelobas
aniWeben produqtis ekologiur sisufTaves (reitingi 0,32) da xarisxs (reitingi
0,27), xolo Semdgom savaWro markas (reitingi 0,21) da fass (reitingi 0,20). amasTan,
gavarkvieT isic, Tu rogor icvleba dasaxelebuli maxasiaTeblebis reitingebi
Semosavlebis cvlilebasan erTad. kvlevis Sedegad gamovlinda garkveuli
variaciebi (ix. cxrili 1). kerZod, socialurad ufro dabal fenaSi, yidvis Sesaxeb
gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros, mniSvnelovan faqtorad rCeba produqciis fasi da
meore adgilzea ekologiuri sisufTave. Semosavlebis matebasTan erTad, res-
pondentebSi wina planze iwevs produqtis ekologiuri sisufTave da savaWro mar-
kis dasaxeleba, romlebsac mosdevs fasi. aRsaniSnavia, rom xarisxisadmi
damokidebuleba, Semosavlebis miuxedavad, ucvlelia.
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cxrili 1cxrili 1cxrili 1cxrili 1
produqtis maxasiaTeblebis reitingebi momxmarebelTaproduqtis maxasiaTeblebis reitingebi momxmarebelTaproduqtis maxasiaTeblebis reitingebi momxmarebelTaproduqtis maxasiaTeblebis reitingebi momxmarebelTa
Semosavlebis mixedviTSemosavlebis mixedviTSemosavlebis mixedviTSemosavlebis mixedviT
#
maxasiaTeblebi
Semosavlebi (larebSi)
<300 300-600 600-1000
>1000
1 savaWro marka 0.20 0.21 0.24 0.28
2 ekologiuri
sisufTave
0.26 0.29 0.31 0.33
3 fasi 0.34 0.30 0.25 0.19
4 xarisxi 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
aseve sainteresoa imis dadgena, Tu rogor afaseben respondentebi eko-
logiuri faqtoris mniSvnelobas farTo moxmarebis sxvadasxva saqonelTan
mimarTebiT. kvlevis Sedegad miviReT prioritetebis Semdegnairi ganawileba: praq-
tikulad, yvela respondenti upiratesobas aZlevs kvebis produqtebis ekologiuri
sisufTaves (reitingi 0,34), romelsac mosdevs parfiumeria-kosmetikis nawarmi
(reitingi 0,22), tansacmeli da fexsacmeli (reitingi 0,18), aveji (reitingi 0,16) da
sayofacxovrebo teqnika (reitingi 0,10).
kvlevaze dayrdnobiT SeiZleba agreTve daskvnebis gakeTeba imis Sesaxeb, Tu
romel sainformacio wyaroebs eyrdnobian momxmareblebi ekologiurad sufTa
produqtis SerCevisas. gamokiTxvis Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom ekologiurad sufTa
produqtis SerCevisas momxmarebelTa 47% eyrdnoba sakuTar gamocdilebas, 26% _
produqciis etikets, 20% _ satelevizio reklamas da 7% _ axloblis rekomen-
dacias. is faqti, rom produqtis ekologiuri sisufTavis Sesaxeb respondentTa
TiTqmis naxevari Tavis subieqtur mosazrebas eyrdnoba, migviTiTebs imaze, rom
mewarmeebma aucileblad unda gazardon TavianTi Zalisxmeva momxmareblebSi
ndobis mosapoveblad. sakmaod sainteresoa imis gagebac, Tu ramdenad gaTviTcnobierebulni arian
respondentebi sakuTari ekologiuri uflebebis Sesaxeb da ramdenad aqtiurad
icaven isini am uflebebs. kvlevis Sedegebma gviCvena, rom gamokiTxulTa umrav-
lesobam (66%-ma) ar icis aseTi uflebebis arsebobis Sesaxeb, 30% gaTviTc-
nobierebulia ekologiuri uflebebis Sesaxeb, magram araa aqtiuri dasaxelebuli
uflebebis dacvaSi. mxolod 4%-s miumarTavs specialuri instanciebisTvis
sakuTari eklogiuri uflebebis dasacavd. rogorc Cans, miuxedavad imisa, rom
momxmarebelTa udidesi nawilisaTvis prioritetulia produqtis ekologiuri
sisufTave, momxmarebelTa cnobiereba am mimarTulebiT arasaxarbielo mdgo-
mareobaSia. aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, kvlevis Sedegad aseve gamovlinda
garkveuli variaciebi asakobrivi jgufebis mixedviT. kerZod, 35 wlamde asakis
respondentebSi ufro maRalia sakuTari ekologiuri uflebebis Sesaxeb gaT-
viTcnobierebis done, magram SeiniSneba pasiuroba aRniSnuli uflebebis dacvaSi.
sakuTari ekologiuri uflebebis dacvaSi yvelaze aqtiuria 35-dan 55 wlamde
asakis respondentebi.
qarTveli momxmareblebis mosazreba ekologiurad sufTa produqtis
xarisxisa da fasis urTierTdamokidebulebasTan mimarTebiT, sakmaod STambeWdavia.
kerZod, respondentebis 74%-s gamarTlebulad miaCnia is varaudi, rom ekologiu-
rad sufTa produqtis fasi unda aRematebodes mis sabazro fass. momxmarebelTa
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aseTi ganwyoba, cxadia, mewarmeebs garkveul perspeqtivebs usaxavs, raTa gaaum-
jobeson sakuTari warmoebis ekologizacia. amasTan dakavSirebiT, sainteresoa
imis gagebac, ekologiurad sufTa produqtis SesaZenad respondentebi damatebiT
ramdens gadaixdian. rogorc kvlevam aCvena, gamokiTxulTa 53% mzada, rom
ekologiurad sufTa produqtis SesaZenad gadaixados 5-10%-iT meti Cveulebriv
produqtTan SedarebiT. respondentebis 19%-ma aRniSnuli mzaoba gamoxata 10-20%-
iani fasnamatis SemTxvevaSi, 16% Tanaxmaa gadaixados 20-30%, xolo 12%
ekologiurad sufTa produqtis SesaZenad 30%-ze mets gadaixdis.
aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, Semosavlis cvlilebidan gamomdinare,
garkveuli variaciebi SeiniSneba. kerZod, 300 laramde Semosavlebis mqone
respondentTa umetesobisaTvis (54%) misaRebia 5-10%-ani sxvaoba, 20%-saTvis 10-20%-
iani sxvaoba, 15%-saTvis 20-30%-ani sxvaoba, xolo 11%-sTvis 30%-ze meti sxvaoba.
300-dan 600 laramde Semosavlis mqone respondentTa umravlesobam (40%-ma) mzaoba
ganacxada, rom ekologiurad sufTa produqtSi 20-30%-iT mets gadaixdis. 600-dan
1000 laramde Semosavlis mqone respondentTa 45% aseve mzadaa ekologiurad
sufTa produqtSi gadaixados 20-30%-iT ufro meti, xolo 1000 larze meti
Semosavlis mqone momxmarebelTa 42% acxadebs, rom gadaixdis 20-30%-iT ufro
mets. amasTan, am segmentis 24% mzadaa, ekologiurad sufTa produqtSi 30%-ze
ufro meti gadaixados.
garkveuli variaciebia agreTve respondentTa asakobrivi gansxvavebebidan
gamomdinare. kerZod, ekologiurad sufTa produqtSi 5-10%-iT metis gadaxdaze,
umeteswilad, Tanaxmaa 55 wels gadacilebul respondentebi (am asakis respon-
dentTa 70%), 10-20%-iT metis gadaxdaze, umeteswilad, Tanaxmaa 35 wlamde asakis
respondentebi (am asakis respondentTa 50%). 20-30%-iT metis gadaxdaze, umetes-
wilad, Tanaxmaa 35-dan 55 wlamde asakis respondentebi (am asakis respondentTa
33%), xolo 30%-ze metis gadaxdaze, umeteswilad, Tanaxmaa 35-dan 55 wlamde asakis
respondentebi (am asakis respondentTa 13%).
marketinguli kvlevis dros sakmaod sainteresoa imis gansazRvra, eko-
logiuri sisufTavis TvalsazrisiT Tu romeli qveynis produqcias aniWeben
upiratesobas qarTveli momxmareblebi. rogorc aRmoCnda, respondentTa umetesoba
(58%) amjobinebs qarTuli warmoebis produqcias, xolo 42% - ucxours. es mona-
cemebi migviTiTebs imaze, rom bevri sirTuleebis miuxedavad, qarTvel momx-
mareblebs mainc aqvT ndoba erovnuli warmoebis produqciisadmi, rac qmnis
dadebiT fons qarTveli mewarmeebisaTvis, raTa maT daamzadon ekologiurad
sufTa produqti. amasTan mimarTebiT, miviReT mniSvnelovani variaciebi asakobriv
jgufTan dakavSirebiT. kerZod, 35 wlamde asakis respondentTa 65%, ekologiuri
TvalsazrisiT, upiratesobas aniWebs ucxour produqcias. qarTuli warmoebis
produqciis mimarT yvelaze loialuria 55 wels gadacilebuli respondentebi.
aRniSnuli segmentis 67%, ekologiuri sisufTavis TvalsazrisiT, amjobinebs
qarTuli warmoebis produqcias.
rac Seexeba sakiTxs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad kmayofili arian respon-
dentebi qarTuli produqciis ekologiuri sisufTaviT, kvlevam warmoaCina
arasaxarbielo situacia. rogorc aRmoCnda, respondentTa mxolod 2% gamoxatavs
aSkara kmayofilebas qarTuli warmoebis produqtebisadmi, 11% zogadad kmayo-
filia, 49% _ neitraluri pozicias ikavebs, 20% ukmayofiloa, xolo 5% Zalian
ukmayofilo. aseve sainteresoa imis gageba, ekologiuri sisufTavis TvalsazrisiT
Tu ra tipis obieqtebSi SeZenil produqcias aniWeben upiratesobas respondentebi.
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aRmoCnda, rom am kuTxiT respondentebis 72% upiratesobas aniWebs supermarketebs,
xolo 38% _ agrarul bazrebs.
amrigad, Catarebuli kvleva gviCvenebs, rom qarTveli momxmarebeli mzadaa
gadaixados ufro maRal fasi ekologiurad sufTa sasursaTo produqciaSi,
radgan surs bunebrivi nedleulisgan da bunebrivi meTodebiT warmoebuli sur-
saTi moixmaros da daculi iyos dabinZurebuli da falsificirebuli pro-
duqciisgan. vfiqrobT, qarTveli momxmareblebis mzaoba, gadaixadon ufro maRali
fasi ekologiurad sufTa produqciaze, aris mniSvnelovani stimuli Cvens
qveyanaSi agrobiznesis ganviTarebisaTvis, romelsac Tavisi bunebrivi resurse-
bisa da sursaTis warmoebis tradiciuli midgomebidan gamomdinare, didi
perspeqtivebi gaaCnia.
gamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literatura
1. Joseph j. Belonax. Jr., Food marketing, 2006. 2. Трунин С. Маркетинг качества жизни в условиях социально ориентированой риночной
экономики. Волгоград, 2008. 3. Andreasen A.R., Herzberg B. Social Marketing applied to economic reforms, Social Marketing
Quarterly, Vol. 11. No. 2, 2005 4. jaSi C. socialuri marketingis Teoriuli da praqtikuli aspeqtebi.
Tbilisi, 2009. 5. Andreasen A. Social Marketing 21 century. Georgetown University, 2006 6. Лукина А. Экологический фактор в современном маркетинге. Москва, 2003. 7. koRuaSvili p., zizibaZe d. soflis meurneobis ekonomika. Tbilsi, 2006. 8. AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD MARKETING MANAGEMENT
http://.www.fao.org/DOCREP/004/W3240E/W3240E01.htm
Todua Nugzar GEORGIA’S AGRIFOOD MARKET DEVELOPMENT TRENDS BASED
ON APPLICATION OF SOCIAL MARKETING SUMMARY
Under existing conditions of the world economic globalization ecological issues are of the utmost
importance. For today, ecology and marketing are forming the new approaches in the agrobusiness environment in order to fully satisfy customer needs. Social marketing that plays significant role in the social orientation of business such as satisfaction of ecological and social demands of sociaty, serves to the resolution of these problemes. Social marketing development in agrobusiness fully depends on the ecological consciousness of customers that must provide customers impact on agroindustry to create additional incentives for enterprices conducting their activities in agrobusiness to produce ecologically pure products. Hence, the main objective of our survey is to find out what Georgian customers think about the ecological condition of foodstuffs in the market of Georgia.
Based on the survey, rating of characteristics effecting customer choise of foodstuffs according to their incomes have been defined, the importance of ecological factor on the choise of different products of regular use have been measured, the influence of informational sources on the choice of ecologically pure products have been revealed, the level of respodents awareness about their ecological rights have been found out. The data testifying the readiness of customers of different age and income to pay prime prices for ecologically pure products have been provided in the work as well as the role of manufacturer’s country in the customers perception of ecologically pure products and preferences of various objects in providing ecologically pure products have been illustrated. Based on the conducted survey, the conclusion have been made about customers readiness to pay higher prices for ecologically pure products that serves as an
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important stimulus for development of agribusiness in Georgia that has got a big perspective based on its natural resourses and traditions in manufacturing of foodstuffs.
Кильницкая Елена ВЛИЯНИЕ ЦЕН НА РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ
ПРЕДПРИЯТИЙ УКРАИНЫ ВО ВРЕМЯ КРИЗИСА Актуальность темы. Цена – наиболее важный показатель для предприятия, поскольку ее
главная функция заключается в обеспечении дохода от продажи товаров. Все предприятия, реализующие товары принимают решение по ценам за различными маркетинговыми каналами, учитывая период продажи и региональные особенности и другие факторы. Определение цены часто зависит от трудностей, возникших на предприятии в предыдущий период, и не отражают изменений, которые произошли за это время. На предприятиях, имеющих монопольную власть на рынке, ценообразование является объектом внимания государственных структур.
Проблема исследования. Важным элементом методологии оценки и прогнозирования результатов деятельности в аграрном секторе экономики является установление активности и направления (характера) действия циклических факторов, определения фазы цикла, периода времени переходов цикла в следующую фазу, его динамики на перспективу. Интересным и неизученным в этом аспекте есть опыт хозяйствования сельскохозяйственных предприятий в период финансово-экономического кризиса. Подавляющее большинство факторов влияния на конечные экономические результаты деятельности предприятий определяется в стоимостном выражении, поэтому цена является основным, важным индикатором для принятия управленческих решений. На современном этапе процесс ценообразования в аграрном секторе осложняется не только особенностями внутренней сферы обращения, но и влиянием международных отношений, торговли и мирового рынка. В результате национальные цены производства превращаются в мировые, и наоборот, мировые в национальные, что подчеркивает многоаспектность, сложность механизма ценообразования и его определяющее влияние на результаты деятельности предприятий.
Цель исследования. Оценить влияние цен на результаты деятельности сельскохозяйственных предприятий Украины в период кризиса.
Методика исследования. Теоретической и методологической основой исследования определены диалектический метод познания и системный подход к изучению социально-экономических явлений и процессов, правовые нормы по вопросам управления ценообразованием предприятий Украины, научные труды отечественных и зарубежных ученых-экономистов, личные наблюдения автора. В процессе исследования использовались общие и специальные научные методы, основанные на объективных законах экономики: метод теоретического обобщения, анализа и синтеза – для изучения формирования цен на продукцию сельскохозяйственных предприятий, разнообразные приемы экономико-статистического метода (статистическое наблюдение, сравнение, табличный, графический, индексный) – при разработке массива статистических данных и наглядной иллюстрации исследуемых явлений; монографический метод – применяется обоснование необходимости повышения роли аграрного сектора в смягчении последствий финансово-экономического кризиса; абстрактно-логический – для обобщения результатов исследований, формулирования выводов и предложений.
Результаты исследований. Механизм ценообразования в условиях рыночных отношений проявляется через цены, их динамику, тенденции и направления. Динамику цен формируют два важных фактора – стратегический и тактический. Стратегический – это фактор долгосрочного, перспективного результата.Тактический фактор может часто меняться в днях, часах, регионах, отраслях, предприятиях, по объектам рыночной инфраструктуры. Оба факторы очень важны в
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условиях рыночной экономики и ими нужно в совершенстве овладеть и научиться пользоваться. Первый фактор ставит в наиболее благоприятные условия те предприятия, которые имеют современную технику, технологию, пользуются передовыми методами организации труда. Второй – те предприятия, которые в совершенстве и оперативно умеют пользоваться конъюнктурой рынка. В этом случае требуется гибкость, тщательная подготовка производства и производственной инфраструктуры, детальное изучение рынка, а также высокопрофессиональные исполнители (кадры). Однако наибольшую уверенность в успехе и выигрыш получают на рынке те предприятия, которые имеют возможность параллельно использовать эти два фактора [5, с. 297].
В Украине разработана и функционирует автоматизированная система сбора, накопления и обработки данных о юридических лицах всех организационно-правовых форм хозяйствования, обособленных подразделений юридических лиц, находящихся на территории государства и за его пределами. Это Единый государственный реестр предприятий и организаций Украины. Согласно данным реестра количество субъектов - действующих предприятий по организационно-правовым формам хозяйствования в Украине в 2000-2011 гг. имеет тенденцию к росту (табл. 1).
Таблица 1 Количество субъектов Единого государственного реестра предприятий и организаций
Украины по организационно-правовым формам хозяйствования (на начало года)
Виды предприятий
2001р. 2006р. 2007 р. 2008 р. 2009 р. 2010 р. 2011р. 2011р. до2001р.
, % Всего предприятий
834886 1070705 1133200 1187020 1228888 1258513 1294641 155,07
Хозяйственные общества
260362 363288 388188 416530 438967 451811 475674 182,70
Частные предприятия
192168 248211 258536 270331 278574 283697 285821 148,73
Кооперативы 29892 30790 31429 33257 34324 35063 34772 116,33 Фермерские хозяйства
38561 48918 49801 50023 50126 49764 49514 128,40
Государственные предприятия
9965 7562 7359 7213 6975 6811 6661 66,84
Коммунальные предприятия
13713 16688 16755 16636 136336 15994 15726 114,68
Совместные предприятия
6798 5291 5148 5068 5013 4954 4925 72,45
Ассоциация 2516 2751 2841 2953 3057 3125 3180 126,39 Корпорация 609 824 842 849 862 866 872 143,19 Консорциум 57 80 84 84 89 92 92 161,40 Концерн 380 406 403 400 396 390 387 101,84 Другие формы хозяйствования
279865 345896 371814 383676 274169 405946 417017 149,01
Источник: построено по данным [4] За 10 лет их число увеличилось с 834,9 тысяч предприятий в 2000 г. до 1,3 млн. в 2011г., то есть
в полтора раза. Даже в период финансово-экономического кризиса (2008-2010 гг.), когда росла убыточность хозяйственной деятельности и активно осуществлялась процедура банкротства предприятий, их количество в Украине увеличивалось. Это свидетельствует о процессах
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разукрупнения и дробления масштабов и объемов деятельности хозяйствующих субъектов национальной экономики.
В течение 2000-2011 гг. наибольшими темпами растет количество хозяйственных обществ – 182,7% и частных предприятий – 148,73%. В структуре обществ наибольшую часть занимают общества с ограниченной ответственностью и акционерные. На начало 2011 года их количество составило соответственно 443,2 тыс. и 28,7 тыс. предприятий. Жесткость рыночной экономики, условия чистой усовершенствованной конкуренции научили товаропроизводителей объединять капитал, ресурсы, предпринимательские способности для обеспечения финансово-экономической устойчивости и использования преимуществ монопольной власти на рынке. Это подтверждает увеличение количества различных видов объединений предприятий, которые сейчас популярны. В частности, количество ассоциаций возросла с 2516 в 2000 г. до 3180 предприятий (на 26,39%), корпораций – с 609 до 872 (на 43,19%), консорциумов – с 57 до 92 (на 61,4%), концернов с 380 до 387 (на 1,84%).
Отрицательным явлением для национальной экономики является сворачивание деятельности совместных предприятий с иностранными инвестициями. За 2000-2011 гг. их количество уменьшилось на треть и составило 4625 предприятий. Это свидетельствует о неблагоприятной инвестиционной среде в Украине для размещения иностранного капитала. Наибольшими темпами уменьшилось количество государственных предприятий Украины.
Предпринимательская деятельность реализуется в различных формах, отраслях и сферах экономической деятельности (рис. 1).
Сельское
хозяйство
7%
Промышленность
10%
Строительство,
транспорт, связь
10%
Торговля, ремонт
автомобилей и
техники
25%
Финансовая
деятельность,
операции с
недвижимостью
15%
Государственное
управление
образования,
здравоохранения
10%
Предоставление
коммунальных
услуг, культура,
спорт
14%
Другие
9%
Рис. 1. Структура субъектов Единого государственного реестра предприятий и организаций
Украины по видам экономической деятельности на 1 января 2011 года,% Источник: построено по данным [4]
Наибольший интерес предпринимателей сконцентрирован сейчас в сфере услуг: в торговле –
25% от всех предприятий страны, финансово-страховой деятельности –15%, коммунальные услуги, культура, спорт охватывает 14%, государственное управление, образование, здравоохранение – 10%. Значительно меньший удельный вес предприятий в производственной деятельности: промыш-ленность – 10%, строительство, транспорт, связь – 10% и наименее в сельском хозяйстве – 7%.
Либерализация цен на капитальные ресурсы и многократная их переоценка сильно ослабили темпы развития сельскохозяйственных предприятий. Негативные тенденции развития агропромышленной сферы привели к частичной потере управления затратами, денежными потоками,
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доходами.Результаты анализа динамики цен (рис. 2), свидетельствуют о колебании индекса инфляции в Украине за период 2000-2010 гг. в очень широких пределах (100,8-128,2%). В этот период, индекс цен производителей промышленной продукции варьируется от 106,5% до 135,5%. Наибольшая дифференциация индекса наблюдается в реализации продукции сельскохозяйственными предприятиями: от 87,4% до 155,8%. Так, наибольший размах вариации индексов цен (68,4 процентных пункта) проявляется в сельскохозяйственной деятельности, что указывает на максимальный экономический риск аграрного бизнеса среди всех отраслей и сфер экономической деятельности Украины.
Рис. 2. Динамика индексов потребительских цен, цен производителей промышленнойи
сельскохозяйственной продукции в Украине,% Источник: собственные исследования на основе материалов Госкомстата Украины [4].
Следует отметить резонанс данных кризисного периода 2008 года, когда индекс инфляции в
стране составил 125,5%.Цены на промышленную продукцию достигли своего пика повысившись до уровня 135,5% к предыдущему году, а цены сельскохозяйственной продукции увеличились лишь до 110,3%. Не смотря на максимальное повышение цен в промышленности, в период кризиса в Украине резко увеличилась доля убыточных предприятий этой отрасли. По данным Государственной службы статистики Украины в 2009 году чистый убыток предприятий составил: в промышленности – 14,2 млрд. грн., в строительстве – 4,4 млрд. грн., в торговле и ремонтной сфере услуг - 13,9 млрд. грн., операции с недвижимым имуществом – 14,2 млрд. грн., коммунальные услуги, культура, спорт – 3,6 млрд. грн. Согласно информации Государственного департамента по вопросам банкротства в течение 2007 года возбуждено 13792 дел о банкротстве, в 2008 году – 11338, а в 2009 году – 15642. Аналогичные тенденции имеют место и за рубежом.
В развитых европейских странах на 10 000 тыс. компаний приходится 75 банкротств. До 2007 г. можно было наблюдать тенденцию снижения случаев банкротства в странах Европейского Союза, однако мировой финансовый кризис вызвал увеличение количества неплатежеспособных предприятий во всем мире. В 2009 году были признаны банкротами около 185 тысяч предприятий (рис. 1).
215
120000
130000
140000
150000
160000
170000
180000
190000
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
кількість підприємств-банкрутів
Рис. 1. Динамика корпоративных банкротств в странах Европы Источник: построено по данным InsolveciesinEurope 2008/2009 [Электронный ресурс]. - Режим
доступа: www.uc/se/source.php?id=1089619 По данным всемирного банка и Международной финансовой корпорации позиция Украины в
рейтинге «Ведение бизнеса» по индикатору «закрытие бизнеса» является низкой по сравнению с другими странами мира и за последние годы к лучшему не изменилась. В 2009 году Украина заняла 145 место среди 181 страны мира, бизнес климат которых исследовался. В 2010 году – 145 место среди 183 стран. Это свидетельствует о наличии в украинском законодательстве [1] препятствий для процедуры банкротства. Украина имеет низкий рейтинг по показателю закрытия бизнеса и в сравнении с другими регионами (Восточная Европа и Центральная Азия) – 26 позиция из 27, опережая в 2010 году только Албанию [3].
Интересен факт формирования положительного значения чистой прибыли и рентабельности операционной деятельности в деятельности сельскохозяйственных предприятий Украины (табл.2). Сравнивая темпы роста цен и объемов продукции сельскохозяйственных предприятий, можно определить реальный экономический уровень конечных экономических результатов их хозяйствования.В среднем за 2006-2010 гг. ежегодные темпы роста объемов реализованной продукции сельскохозяйственных предприятий составили 122,11%. Вместе с тем рост объемов реализованной продукции сельскохозяйственных предприятий фактически имел место только в период финансового кризиса 2008-2009 гг. В другие годы периода исследования, увеличение объемов продукции происходило только за счет роста цен.
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Таблица 2 Конечные экономические результаты
деятельности сельскохозяйственных предприятий Украины
Показатель 2006 р. 2007 р. 2008 р. 2009 р. 2010 р. В среднем за 2006-2010 гг.
Объем реализованной продукции, млн. грн.
37287,4 50812,4 69634,5 87446,8 102291 69494,4
Доля сельскохозяйственной продукции в итоге общего объема продукции (работ, услуг),%
1,8 2,0 2,1 2,9 2,8 2,32
Индекс темпов роста объемов реализованной продукции,%
94,7 136,3 137,0 125,6 117,0 122,11
Индекс роста цен сельскохозяйственной продукции,%
102,4 138,0 110,3 106,4 130,0 117,42
Соотношение темпов роста объемов продукции с темпами роста их цен
0,92 0,98 1,24 1,18 0,9 1,04
Чистая прибыль, млн. грн. 2478,2 6916,5 5789,2 7584,8 17276,0 8008,9 Индекс темпов роста чистой прибыли,%
86,1 279,1 83,7 131,0 227,8 161,54
Рентабельность операционной деятельности,%
10,0 19,0 12,9 14,7 23,2 15,96
Доля предприятий, получивших убыток, в% к общему количеству
31,7 27,3 28,6 30,5 30,5 29,72
Несмотря на прибыльную, рентабельную деятельность сельскохозяйственных предприятий
Украины в течение 2006-2010 гг., финансовый кризис также негативно повлиял на их финансовые результаты. В 2008 г. уровень чистой прибыли был меньше предыдущего года на 16,3% и рен-табельность операционной деятельности уменьшилась на 6,1 процентных пункта от уровня 2007 г.
Выводы. В течение 2006-2010 гг. количество действующих предприятий в экономике Украины динамично увеличилось. Вероятно, это связано с дроблением капитала, ресурсов, пространственной раздробленностью и деконцентрацией предприятий на территории страны. Одновременно значительно увеличились темпы роста различных видов объединений предприятий (корпораций и консорциумов). Жесткость рыночной экономики, условия чистой усовершенствованной конкуренции научили товаропроизводителей объединять капитал, ресурсы, предпринимательские способности для обеспечения финансово-экономической устойчивости и использования преимуществ монопольной власти на рынке Украины.
Такие же процессы имеют место в сельскохозяйственных предприятиях. Мировой кризис привел к росту количества финансово неплатежеспособных предприятий, особенно в промышленности, строительстве и сфере услуг. В Украине эти процессы ускорились вследствии высокой зависимости экономики от экспортных рынков, чрезмерной материало-и энергоемкости производства. Возобновление экономического роста в национальном хозяйстве было осуществлено за счет аграрного сектора. Этот факт подтверждает формирование положительного значения чистой прибыли, рентабельности операционной деятельности и другие финансовые результаты сельскохозяйственных предприятий Украины, по сравнению с другими отраслями и сферами экономической деятельности.
217
Дальнейшие направления развития и повышения эффективности работы сельского хозяйства Украины требуют оценки хозяйственной деятельности, конечных экономических результатов, рентабельности при условии сравнения темпов их изменений с темпами изменения цен на их продукцию. Цены должны соответствовать как конъюнктуре рынка, экономическим условиям региона, развития производительных сил и типа экономики, так и интересам производителей и продавцов товара. Сельскохозяйственная деятельность в Украине ориентируется в первую очередь на отечественных потребителей и поэтому имеет меньшую зависимость от внешних рынков. В результате аграрный сектор Украины имеет меньшую зависимость от финансово-экономического кризиса, чем другие отрасли и сферы деятельности и должен быть приоритетным в системе антикризисного управления национальной экономики. Целью развития сельскохозяйственных предприятий может быть: модернизация производства, поддержка малого предпринимательства; формирование социальной и производственной инфраструктур.
ЛИТЕРАТУРА
1. Закон України «Про відновлення платоспроможності боржника або визнання його банкрутом» від зо червня 1999 р. № 784 // Офіційний сайт «Законодавство України» [Електронний ресурс]. – Режим доступу: www.zakon.rada.gov.ua
2. Борейко В.І. Роль агропромислового комплексу в розвитку національної економіки / В.І. Борейко // Економіка АПК. – 2011. – № 10. – С.18-22.
3. Державний департамент з питань банкрутства [Електронний ресурс]. – Режим доступу http://www.sdb.gov.ua
4. Діяльність суб’єктів господарювання України за 2010 рік / За редакцією І.М. Жук. – К.: Держкомстат України, 2011. – 448 с.[Електронний ресурс]. – Режим доступу http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua
5. Цены и ценообразование. Учебник для вузов, 4-е изд. / Под ред. В.Е. Есипова. – СПб: Издательство «Питер», 2004. – 464 с.
Kilnitskaya Elena
EFFECT OF PRICE ON RESULTS OF ACTIVITIES OF AGRICUL TURAL ENTERPRISES IN UKRAINE DURING CRISIS
SUMMARY
In the article was identified the dynamics of enterprises in Ukraine for organizational and legal forms of entities in times of crisis. Was held the analysis of the current state of price index and the economic results of agricultural enterprises for 2000-2010 years. Established their influence and relationship. Was presented companies rated enterprises in Ukraine for closing business. Was established that the activity of agricultural enterprises had most contributed to the restoration of Ukraine's economic growth after the crisis.
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rulad mniSvnelovania saqarTvelosTvis. strategiulad imitom, rom msoflio
mosaxleobaSi saSualo fenis mkveTri zrda iwvevs sakvebze moTxovnasa da,
Sesabamisad, masze fasebis ganuxreli zrdis tendencias. amitomac, sasursaTo
218
usafrTxoeba qveynis strategiul gaTvlaSi erT-erT wamyvan adgils daikavebs.
kulturulad, sofeli da Ronieri glexkaci Cveni eris TviTmyofadobis Senar-
Cunebis erT-erTi mZlavri iaraRia.
swored amitom, Tanamedrove saxelmwifo sakuTari soflis meurneobis
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meurneobis struqturis Camoyalibeba. agraruli politikis am miznis ganxor-
cielebis erT-erTi mTavari komponentia misi mecnieruli uzrunvelyofa. ra
mdgomareobaa am mxriv saqarTveloSisaqarTveloSisaqarTveloSisaqarTveloSi?
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sebulia informacia: ,,2010,,2010,,2010,,2010----2011 ww. ganxorcielda saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da 2011 ww. ganxorcielda saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da 2011 ww. ganxorcielda saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da 2011 ww. ganxorcielda saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da
mecnierebis saministros daqvemdebarebuli rigi samecnieromecnierebis saministros daqvemdebarebuli rigi samecnieromecnierebis saministros daqvemdebarebuli rigi samecnieromecnierebis saministros daqvemdebarebuli rigi samecniero----kvleviTi kvleviTi kvleviTi kvleviTi
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universitetis reqtoris gadawyvetilebazea damokidebuli (agreTve, universitetis
kerZo mflobelze). es ukanaskneli garemoeba mas Semdeg warmoiqmna, roca 2010
wlis bolos kvleviT organizaciebs mTavrobam CamoarTva iuridiuli pirebis
statusi da ganyofilebebis uflebebiT Seiyvana universitetebSi.
Znelia msoflioSi ipovo meore qveyana, sadac umaRles saganmanaTleblo
dawesebulebebTan mierTebul – ,,damoukidebel samecniero,,damoukidebel samecniero,,damoukidebel samecniero,,damoukidebel samecniero----kvleviT erTeulebSi”kvleviT erTeulebSi”kvleviT erTeulebSi”kvleviT erTeulebSi”
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samecniero-kvleviTi saqmianobis efeqturobis gazrdaze verafers getyviT,
amaze fiqric ki zedmetia, magram, is ki faqtia, rom agraruli mecniereba suls agraruli mecniereba suls agraruli mecniereba suls agraruli mecniereba suls
Rafavs saqarTveloSiRafavs saqarTveloSiRafavs saqarTveloSiRafavs saqarTveloSi. ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros mier ganxor-
cielebulma reorganizaciam nebsiT Tu uneblied, gansakuTrebuli sisatikiT
Cakla igi Cvens qveyanaSi.
moviyvanT erTi samecnieromoviyvanT erTi samecnieromoviyvanT erTi samecnieromoviyvanT erTi samecniero----kvleviTi institutis magaliTs.kvleviTi institutis magaliTs.kvleviTi institutis magaliTs.kvleviTi institutis magaliTs.
1946 wels saqarTveloSi daarsda niadagTmcodneobis, agroqimiis da melio-
raciis samecniero-kvleviTi instituti. saqarTvelos maSindelma xelisuflebam
qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis erT-erT mTavar prioritetad soflis meurneobis
ganviTareba gamoacxada. maT kargad esmodaT, rom soflis meurneobis ganviTareba
SeuZlebeli iqneboda dargis mecnieruli uzrunvelyofis gareSe da gansakuT-
rebuli yuradReba miaqcia samecniero-kvleviTi saqmianobis ganviTarebas agrarul
sferoSi. G
219
mogexsenebaT, niadagi sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis ZiriTadi saSualebaa.
niadagis nayofierebis amaRlebis gareSe SeuZlebelia soflis meurneobis
produqciis gazrda. Mmciremiwian qveyanaSi, sadac 220 aTasi ha daWaobebuli, 205
aTasi ha damlaSebuli da bicobi, milion ha-ze meti sxvadasxva xarisxiT ero-
zirebuli niadagia, aucilebeli Seiqmna niadagis nayofierebis amaRlebis prob-
lemebze profilirebuli samecniero-kvleviTi institutis Camoyalibeba. ase
daarsda Cvens qveyanaSi soflis meurneobis warmatebuli ganviTarebisaTvis
sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani instituti.
iTvleboda ra meTaur dawesebulebad niadagmcodneobisa da agroqimiis
dargSi akad. m. sabaSvilis niadagmcodneobis, agroqimiisa da melioraciis s/k
instituti, mowodebuli iyo, daemuSavebina niadagis nayofierebis amaRlebis
mecnieruli safuZvlebi. umTavres amocanas Seadgenda: qveynis niadaguri safaris
Seswavla, misi nayofierebis SenarCuneba-gaumjobeseba, miwebis racionalurad
gamoyeneba; eroziis prognozirebis, eroziisagan niadagis dacvisa da erozirebuli
niadagebis nayofierebis amaRlebis RonisZiebebis SemuSaveba; damlaSebuli da
bicobi niadagebis nayofierebis amaRlebis da kolxeTis dablobis Warbteniani
meliorirebuli niadagebis gakulturebisa da maTi sasoflo-sameurneo aTvisebis
racionaluri teqnologiebis damuSaveba; sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebisaTvis
mineraluri da organuli sasuqebis dozebisa da Sefardebebis dadgena maRali
xarisxis da biologiurad sufTa produqciis misaRebad; sasargeblo wiaRiseulis
Ria wesiT mopovebis adgilebSi wyobidan gamosuli niadagebis rekultivacia da
amgvari farTobebis sasoflo-sameurneo da tyis kulturebiT aTvisebis
teqnologiuri rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba.
institutSi moRvaweobdnen gamoCenili qarTveli mecnierebi _ akademikosebi: m.
sabaSvili (institutis pirveli direqtori), d. gedevaniSvili, m. daraselia, S.
WaniSvili, i. sariSvili, a. menaRariSvili, o. oniani, o. zardaliSvili, g. margve-
laSvili. profesorebi: g. talaxaZe, a. voznesenski, s. cincaZe, v. CxikviSvili, v.
ambokaZe, b. klapatovski, i. baraTaSvili, g. kostava, g. axvlediani, n. kvaracxelia,
a. gogatiSvili, v. maWavariani, n. iaSvili, i. gogoberiZe, z. xundaZe, r.
petriaSvili, r. mardaleiSvili da mravali sxva. maTi xelmZRvanelobiT da
uSualo monawileobiT Sesrulebulia Cveni qveynis niadaguri safarisa da misi
nayofierebis amaRlebis sakiTxis SeswavlasTan dakavSirebuli mTeli rigi
Teoriulad Tu praqtikulad uaRresad mniSvnelovani samuSaoebi, romlebmac
asaxva pova 60-ze met monografiasa da saxelmZRvaneloSi, 15 sadoqtoro da 105
sakandidato disertaciaSi, 2000-ze met samecniero SromaSi. maT mier Seqmnili
inteleqtualuri produqciis warmoebaSi gamosayeneblad Sedgenili da
gamocemuli iyo ekonomikurad maRali efeqtis momcemi 150-ze meti meToduri
miTiTeba da rekomendacia, romelic danergili iyo sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebaSi
asi aTasobiT heqtar farTobze da romelmac mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana
gasuli saukunis 50 - 80-ian wlebSi saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis
ganviTarebaSi.
institutis samecniero saqmianobis es mokle mimoxilva, vfiqrobT, garkveul
warmodgenas Seqmnis mis mier gaweul nayofier muSaobaze.
ra mdgomareobaa dRes saqarTveloSi am problemasTan dakavSirebiT: ra mdgomareobaa dRes saqarTveloSi am problemasTan dakavSirebiT: ra mdgomareobaa dRes saqarTveloSi am problemasTan dakavSirebiT: ra mdgomareobaa dRes saqarTveloSi am problemasTan dakavSirebiT:
bolo 20 weliwadSi qveyanaSi Seqmnili mZime socialur-ekonomikuri pirobebis
gamo, niadagis dacvisa da nayofierebis SenarCuneba-amaRlebis sfero krizisul
mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. erozirebuli, damlaSebuli, Waobiani, mJave, mwiri
220
niadagebis yovelwliur movlaSi saxelmwifos rolis gaqrobam am sferoSi didi
problemebi Seqmna:
_ eroziasTan brZolis Sesustebis gamo aRiniSna eroziuli procesebis
gaaqtiureba. eroziis saziano moqmedebiT aixsneba, ZiriTadad, is rom bolo ori
aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi 100 aTas heqtramde saxnavi farTobi gadairicxa nakleb
intensiur savargulebSi.
_ kolxeTSi, ZiriTadi samelioracio qseli xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlo-
baSi saTanado meTvalyureobis gareSe darCa. Yyovelive amis Sedegad daiwyo
meoradi daWaobebis procesi, ris gamoc dReisaTvis kolxeTis zonaSi adre daS-
robili 140 aTasi heqtridan 45 aTasi saxnavi da mravalwliani nargavebiT daka-
vebuli farTobi gamoeTiSa soflis meurneobis savargulebs da kvlav Waobad iqca.
meoradi daWaobebis procesi, melioraciuli situaciis droTa ganmavlobaSi
TandaTan gauaresebis kvaldakval, intensiurad ganviTardeba da sul male
daSrobili miwebis 80-90%-ze gavrceldeba.
_ analogiuri mdgomareobaa damlaSebul da bicob niadagebze, sadac,
sairigacio da sadrenaJo qselis moSlis Sedegad, adre ganmlaSebul niadagebze,
romlebzec Tavis droze udidesi kapitaldabandeba iyo Cadebuli, intensiurad
mimdinareobs meoradi damlaSebis procesebi. igive suraTia mJave niadagebze (330
aTasi ha), sadac 40 aTasi ha praqtikulad gamosulia mwyobridan.
gvinda xazi gavusvaT im faqts, rom saqarTveloSi sasoflo-sameurneo
savargulebis farTobis gadidebis SesaZlebloba gansazRvrulia. agroproduq-
ciaze mudmivad mzardi moTxovna ZiriTadad farTobis erTeulze mosavlis
gadidebiT unda dakmayofildes. Aamitom dabalnayofieri miwis gakeTilSobilebas
qveynis ekonomikuri zrdis, socialuri ganviTarebisa da siRaribis aRmofxvris
saqmeSi mniSvnelovani roli eniWeba.
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba gvinda gavamaxviloT Semdeg problemaze:gansakuTrebuli yuradReba gvinda gavamaxviloT Semdeg problemaze:gansakuTrebuli yuradReba gvinda gavamaxviloT Semdeg problemaze:gansakuTrebuli yuradReba gvinda gavamaxviloT Semdeg problemaze:
90-iani wlebidan dawyebuli, praqtikulad yuradRebis miRma darCaniadagi.
intensiurad wavida niadagebis degradaciis, zogierT raionSi naxevrad gauda-
bnoebis dawyebis procesi. qveyanaSi gaCndnen iseTi moijareebi da fermerebi,
romelTa umetesobas adre kavSiri ar hqonia soflis meurneobasTan. dawvri-
lerTeulebul saojaxo fermebSi ugulvebelyofilia agronomebis, niadagmcodne-
agroqimikosebis, miwaTmomwyobebis, mcenareTa dacvis specialistebis, meliora-
torebis codna da a.S., ris gamoc, ufro gaZlierda da daCqarda niadagebis ufro gaZlierda da daCqarda niadagebis ufro gaZlierda da daCqarda niadagebis ufro gaZlierda da daCqarda niadagebis
gaRaribebisa da nayofierebis dacemisgaRaribebisa da nayofierebis dacemisgaRaribebisa da nayofierebis dacemisgaRaribebisa da nayofierebis dacemis Seuqcevadi procesprocesprocesprocesi. es problema i. es problema i. es problema i. es problema aramarto
glexobis, aramed saxelmwifo problemad gadaiqca.saxelmwifo problemad gadaiqca.saxelmwifo problemad gadaiqca.saxelmwifo problemad gadaiqca.
niadagis dacva da misi nayofierebis amaRleba ar aris martivi saqme. igi
maRalkvalificiur agropersonals saWiroebs. A qveyanas unda hyavdes niadagmcod-
neebi da agroqimikosebi, romlebic am saSviliSvilo saqmes moemsaxurebian. auci-
leblad migvaCnia agrarul universitetSi aw gauqmebuli niadagmcodneobisa da
agroqimiis specialobis AaRdgena. amasTan, unda gvxsovdes, rom miwis wvril mesa-
kuTreTa nebayoflobiTi kooperaciuli gaerTianebebis Seqmna da maTi integracia
gadammuSavebel sawarmoebTan (warmoebis, gadamuSavebisa da realizaciis erTiani
ciklis Seqmna), aris dargis specialistebze moTxovnis gaCenis ZiriTadi gza.
saqarTvelos mTeli sasoflo-sameurneo savargulis 70%-ze meti Raribia
sakvebi elementebiT, rac agrokulturaTa dabal da uxarisxo mosavlianobas
ganapirobebs. gansakuTrebiT damafiqrebelia is faqti, rom qveynis yvela mxareSi
SeiniSneba niadagis nayofierebis umTavresi maCveneblis - humusis mwvave deficitihumusis mwvave deficitihumusis mwvave deficitihumusis mwvave deficiti
221
da misi balansi uaryofiTia. niadagis daniadagis daniadagis daniadagis dacvisa da nayofierebis SenarCunebacvisa da nayofierebis SenarCunebacvisa da nayofierebis SenarCunebacvisa da nayofierebis SenarCuneba----
amaRlebasTan dakavSirebulma problemebma kritikul dones miaRwiaamaRlebasTan dakavSirebulma problemebma kritikul dones miaRwiaamaRlebasTan dakavSirebulma problemebma kritikul dones miaRwiaamaRlebasTan dakavSirebulma problemebma kritikul dones miaRwia, qveyanaSi
praqtikulad Sewyvetilia niadagebis gamokvlevis samuSaoebi. ar xdeba niadagis
nayofierebis monitoringi da, Sesabamisad, _ misi marTva. Nniadagis ganoyiereba,
maTi gamoyenebis Sesaxeb Sesabamisi codnis arqonis gamo, ZiriTadad, araefeqti-
anad, elementaruli wesebis daucvelad tardeba. niadagSi Sesatani sasuqebis
optimaluri dozebis gansazRvra ar warmoebs laboratoriuli analizis safuZ-
velze. adgili aqvs agroqimikatebis ukontrolo gamoyenebas. yovelive amis gamo
saxezea miwis sakmaod didi farTobis agraruli brunvidan amovardnis realuri
saSiSroeba, risi daSvebis uflebac Cvens qveyanas ar aqvs.
swored axla, roca aseTi umZimesi mdgomareobaa am sferoSi da romelzec
mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli soflis meurneobis Semdgomi ganviTareba,
faqtobrivad gaauqmes da gaasxvises esoden mniSvnelovani samecniero-kvleviTi
instituti Tavisi eqsperimentuli bazebiT. Tumca, saministros vebgverdze
CamoTvlil reorganizebul samecniero-kvleviT institutebs Soris formalurad
m. sabaSvilis sax. niadagmcodneobis, agroqimiis da melioraciis s/k instituticaa
_ erTi saStato erTeuliT (1990 wels1990 wels1990 wels1990 wels institutSi muSaobda 160 kaci, maTgan 90
mecnier-TanamSromeli, 5 mecnierebaTa doqtori da 36 mecnierebaTa kandidati; 2004 2004 2004 2004
welswelswelswels – 70 kaci, maTgan 2 akademikosi, 3 mecnierebaTa doqtori, 32 mecnierebaTa
kandidati; 2011 wels2011 wels2011 wels2011 wels – 2 mecnierebaTa kandidati, TiToeuli 0,5 ganakveTze, sul 1
saStato erTeuli).
dRes, samwuxarod, samTavrobo struqdRes, samwuxarod, samTavrobo struqdRes, samwuxarod, samTavrobo struqdRes, samwuxarod, samTavrobo struq turebSi mokalaTebulturebSi mokalaTebulturebSi mokalaTebulturebSi mokalaTebuli mavani da mavani i mavani da mavani i mavani da mavani i mavani da mavani
diletanti kiTxulobs diletanti kiTxulobs diletanti kiTxulobs diletanti kiTxulobs ––––,,ras akeTeben mecnierebi?”, da iqve TviTonve pasuxoben: ,,ras akeTeben mecnierebi?”, da iqve TviTonve pasuxoben: ,,ras akeTeben mecnierebi?”, da iqve TviTonve pasuxoben: ,,ras akeTeben mecnierebi?”, da iqve TviTonve pasuxoben:
,,arafers ar akeTeben samecniero,,arafers ar akeTeben samecniero,,arafers ar akeTeben samecniero,,arafers ar akeTeben samecniero----kvleviTi institutebi”. AkvleviTi institutebi”. AkvleviTi institutebi”. AkvleviTi institutebi”. A
am kategoriis adamianebis gasagonad gvinda vTqvaT: batonebo, mecnierebi ver am kategoriis adamianebis gasagonad gvinda vTqvaT: batonebo, mecnierebi ver am kategoriis adamianebis gasagonad gvinda vTqvaT: batonebo, mecnierebi ver am kategoriis adamianebis gasagonad gvinda vTqvaT: batonebo, mecnierebi ver
daafinanseben niadagis nadaafinanseben niadagis nadaafinanseben niadagis nadaafinanseben niadagis nayofierebis amaRlebasTan dakavSirebul xarjebs. yofierebis amaRlebasTan dakavSirebul xarjebs. yofierebis amaRlebasTan dakavSirebul xarjebs. yofierebis amaRlebasTan dakavSirebul xarjebs.
niadagis dacvisa da nayofierebis aRdgena-gaumjobesebis problemis gadawyve-
ta misi mecnieruli uzrunvelyofis gareSe SeuZlebelia.
zemoaRniSnuli samecniero-kvleviTi instituti araa erTaderTi. praqtikulad,
misi bedi gaiziara agraruli profilis ToTxmetma sxva institutmac.
Cvenis mxriv, agrarikosi mecnierebi mzad varT,Maqtiurad CaverToT am pro-
cesSi da mniSvnelovani wvlili SevitanoT qveynis soflis meuneobis mecnieruli
uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi.
saqarTvelos upirvelesi da Seucvleli erovnuli simdidris _ niadagis
dacva da misi nayofierebis SenarCuneba-amaRlebaze zrunva, miwaze sakuTrebis
formis miuxedavad, saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis problemaa. am miwaze damkvid-
rebuli yoveli Taobis valia, izrunos mis dacvaze, nayofierebis amaRlebaze da
ase gadasces igi STamomavlobas. mizanSewonilad migvaCnia, am etapze, qveyanaSi
Seqmnil mZime socialur-ekonomikur pirobebSi, niadagis dacvisa da nayofierebis
amaRlebasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebis garkveuli nawili saxelmwifom Tavis Tavze
aiRos (saxelmwifo miznobrivi programebis farglebSi). darwmunebuli varT, Ti-
Toeuli daxarjuli lari umokles droSi mogebiT daubrundeba qveynis biujets.
dasasruldasasruldasasruldasasrul, saqarTvelos kvleviT sistemas evropulisgan (da, saerTod,
msofliosgan) ori garemoeba ansxvavebs:
a) soflis meurneobis saministro ar monawileobs kvlevis dagegmvaSi, dafi-
nansebasa da Sedegebis gamoyenebaSi. mas ar gaaCnia arc erTi kvleviTi organiza-
222
cia. evropuli standartebis Tanaxmad, es srulyofili saministro araa – sami-
nistro kvlevaze unda iyos dafuZnebuli;
b) kvleviTi sistema ar Sedgeba iuridiuli pirebisgan.
evropuli (da msoflio) praqtika aseT viTarebas ar icnobs, radgan maTi
azriT: `soflis meurneoba mecnierebaze damyarebuli industriaa.~`soflis meurneoba mecnierebaze damyarebuli industriaa.~`soflis meurneoba mecnierebaze damyarebuli industriaa.~`soflis meurneoba mecnierebaze damyarebuli industriaa.~
gvinda movuwodoT xelisuflebas, gamoiCinos goniereba da nu Caklavs saqar-
TveloSi agrarul mecnierebas. aseTi reorganizacia kargs arafers moutans
qveyanas, miT ufro ekonomiis TvalsazrisiT (agraruli mecnierebis dafinanseba
arasdros yofila qveyanaSi mTliani Sida produqtis 0,1%-ze meti, maSin, roca
dasavleTis qveynebis 3-4% farglebSia).
aqve erTi WeSmaritebac gvinda SevaxsenoT mTavrobas. inovaciuri produqtis
Seqmnas saTanado materialur-teqnikuri baza da Sesabamisi Sromis anazRaureba
(stimuli) esaWiroeba, rac, samwuxarod, agraruli mimarTulebis kvleviTi insti-
tutebis udides nawilSi ar arsebobs. amdenad, e.w. optimizebul samecniero kvle-
viT institutebSi samecniero saqmianobis maRal doneze warmarTvisaTvis pirvel
rigSi xsenebuli problemebis mogvarebaa aucilebeli.
da bolos,da bolos,da bolos,da bolos, soflis meurneobisadmi didi yuradReba ganviTarebul qveynebSi
ramdenime mosazrebiTaa ganpirobebuli:
• sursaTiT TviTuzrunvelyofa usafrTxoebisa da mdgradobis garantiaa;
• mosaxleobis tradiciuli saqmianoba soflad qveynis rekreaciuli da
socialuri faseulobebis SenarCunebas niSnavs;
• sasoflo-sameurneo warmoeba erovnuli identurobisa da kulturuli
memkvidreobis mniSvnelovani elementia;
• ganviTarebuli soflis meurneobis mniSvnelobas aZlierebs sursaTze
fasebis zrdis perspeqtiva.
garda amisa, unda aRiniSnos soflis meurneobasTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli
soflis, rogorc teritoriuli erTeulis, ganviTarebis saWiroeba. amitom, erTian
sasoflo-sameurneo politikasTan erTad, dasavleTSi moqmedebs soflis ganvi-
Tarebis politika. misi mizania soflis mosaxleobis socialuri statusis
gaTanabreba qalaqis mosaxleobasTan, rasac soflad mosaxleobis SenarCunebi-
sTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs.
soflad Semosavlebis zrdisa da qalaqTan gaTanabrebuli cxovrebis piro-
bebis Sesaqmnelad demokratiuli qveynebis mTavrobebi ramdenime debulebiT
xelmZRvaneloben:
• garemos dacva/SenarCuneba da masTan dakavSirebuli turizmis ganviTareba
soflad dasaqmebisa da Semosavlis potencials Seicavs;
• kulturuli da bunebrivi memkvidreobis dacva erovnuli identurobis
SenarCunebasa da turizmis ganviTarebas uwyobs xels;
• soflad telekomunikaciis, transportis, energiiTa da wyliT momarageba
aucilebelia, iq mosaxleobis SesanarCuneblad da turizmis gansaviTareblad;
• informaciisa da ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomoba da sainformacio sazoga-
doebis ganviTareba soflad, qalaqTan gaTanabrebis aucilebeli pirobaa;
• soflad produqciis samrewvelo gadamuSavebis gazrda da inovaciuri
teqnologiebis aTviseba samuSao adgilebis zrdas uzrunvelyofs.
223
Koguashvili Paata Margvelashvili Gogola
IS AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION CONSIDERED AS SCIENCE-BA SED INDUSTRY IN EUROPE, IN GEORGIA?
SUMMARY
The existence of Agricultural Science of Georgia depends on a decision of the rector of one University (as well as on the owner of a private university). The latter circumstance took place in the end of 2010 when the government deprived the research organizations the status of legal rights persons and assigned them as departments of universities.
It is difficult to find another country in the world, where the number of employees in “independent scientific - research units” connected to the higher education institutions consists of just one staff unit. Reorganization carried out by the Ministry of Education and Science, accidentally or involuntarily broke down the agricultural science in our country.
Two conditions distinguish the research system of Georgia from the European system (and, generally, the world's):
- Ministry of Agriculture does not participate in research planning, funding and result using process. It does not have any single research organizations. The Ministry shall be based on a research;
- The research system is not composed of the legal persons. European (and world) practice is not familiar with such situation, as they say: “Agriculture is a
science-based industry”.
daviT kuxalaSvili daviT kuxalaSvili daviT kuxalaSvili daviT kuxalaSvili mzevinar kuxalaSvilimzevinar kuxalaSvilimzevinar kuxalaSvilimzevinar kuxalaSvili----guruli guruli guruli guruli
Tea kuxalaSvili Tea kuxalaSvili Tea kuxalaSvili Tea kuxalaSvili konfliqtebi konfliqtebi konfliqtebi konfliqtebi da maTi zegavlena navTobisda maTi zegavlena navTobisda maTi zegavlena navTobisda maTi zegavlena navTobis da gazis maragebzeda gazis maragebzeda gazis maragebzeda gazis maragebze
ganviTarebuli istoriuli procesebis analizi cxadyofs, rom msoflioSi
saxelmwifoTa statusi maTi ekonomikuri TviTuzrunvelyofis maCveneblebzea
damokidebuli, rac qveynis damoukideblobis da erovnuli usafrTxoebis ganmsazR-
vreli erT-erTi ZiriTadi faqtoricaa.
saxelmwifoTa TviTuzrunvelyofis erT-erT mniSvnelovan mimarTulebas
energousafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa warmoadgens, radgan energetikis ganviTareba
qveynis da sawarmoo Zalebis ganviTarebis procesebTan mWidro kavSirSia.
istoriuli procesebis analiziT SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom energetikuli
usafrTxoebis miRweva SesaZlebelia:
1. qveynis sakuTari (arsebuli da perspeqtiuli) resursebis xarjzeqveynis sakuTari (arsebuli da perspeqtiuli) resursebis xarjzeqveynis sakuTari (arsebuli da perspeqtiuli) resursebis xarjzeqveynis sakuTari (arsebuli da perspeqtiuli) resursebis xarjze; 2. energomaragebis importis xarjzeenergomaragebis importis xarjzeenergomaragebis importis xarjzeenergomaragebis importis xarjze (rac ucxo qveynebze mizanmimarTul
ekonomikur damokidebulebas SeiZleba daukavSirdes. misi aRkveTis erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani mimarTuleba monopolist importiorTa SesaZlo SeniRbuli da
damazianebeli qmedebebis drouli gamovlenaa);
Tanamedrove etapze msoflios mravali saxelmwifo energetikuli resursebis
naklebobas ganicdis.
istoriuli procesebis analizs mivyavarT im daskvnamde, rom swored
energetikul resursebze kontrols ukavSirdeba saxelmwifoebs SigniT da
saxelmwifoebs Soris konfliqtebi.
224
Zaladobrivi konfliqtebi, ZiriTadad, mniSvnelovani bunebrivi resursebis
amowurvis fonze, saxelmwifoTa da mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawilis siRatakes
ukavSirdeba.
konfliqtebis istoriis analiziT, konkretuli miznebis misaRwevad Zala-
dobrivi konfliqtebis inspirirebisaTvis myar dasayrden Zalad swored aseTi
tipis saxelmwifoebi da mosaxleoba iTvleba.
gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebis kvlevebiT dadgenilia, rom bunebrivi
resursebi konfliqtebis warmoSobis, gangrZobadobis da dafinansebis wyarod
iTvlebian... [1].[1].[1].[1]. misi roli didia samoqalaqo omebSi.
XX saukunis dasasruls, saqarTveloSi inspirirebulma samoqalaqo
dapirispirebam safuZveli daudo qveynis interesebis sawinaaRmdegod bunebrivi
resursebis mopovebis (maT Soris damazianebeli) da realizaciis organizebul
procesebs, ramac, saboloo jamSi, bunebriv resursebze ucxo qveynebis masStaburi,
zogjer damazianebeli kontroli uzrunvelyo.
PprocesebSi msgavseba SeimCneoda sxva postsabWour saxelmwifoebSic.
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdgom periodSi, postsabWour sivrceSi saxelmwifoTa
Soris da saxelmwifoebSi inspirirebuli Zaladobrivi konfliqtebis erT-erTi
organizatori ruseTis federacia iyo. mis ZiriTad mizans, postsabWoTa qveynebSi
socialuri da politikuri viTarebis destabilizaciiT, ganviTarebis procesebis
(maT Soris energetikuli usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis) Seferxeba da, faqtobrivi
viTarebidan gamomdinare, sadazvervo kontrolis uzrunvelyofa warmoadgenda.
damazianebeli qmedebebis saboloo mizani ki darRveuli sivrcis sruli
kontrolis aRdgenaSi mdgomareobda.
am periodidan dRemde, postsabWour sivrceze da saerTod msoflios
masStabiT, ruseTis federaciis strategiuli da sasicocxlo interesebis
sawinaaRmdegod, sakuTari analogiuri interesebis sasargeblod moqmedi qveynebi
sxvadasxva formiT arian CarTulebi ruseTis mxridan damazianebeli qmedebebis
SemcirebaSi an saerTod ganeitralebaSi, rasac darRveul sivrceze ganfenili
qveynebis bazrebis da simdidreebis aTvisebis procesebic Tan sdevs.
faqtobrivad saxeza interesTa konfliqti saxelmwifoebs Soris, rac
viTarebis umokles vadaSi gamosworebis albaTobas praqtikulad gamoricxavs. es
ki konfliqtebis mizanmimarTuli gangrZobadobisaken mianiSnebs.
msoflioSi araRdgenadi resursis araRdgenadi resursis araRdgenadi resursis araRdgenadi resursis –––– navTobis maragebisnavTobis maragebisnavTobis maragebisnavTobis maragebis amowurva eqspertTa
[2][2][2][2] 2008 wlis gaTvlebiT, 40,9 weliwadSi unda moxdes.
navTobis maragebze kontrolis xarisxi pirdapir ukavSirdeba saxelmwifos
dominirebis xarisxs msoflioSi, rac saxelmwifoebze zewolis gamoyenebis
saukeTeso instrumentad gamoiyeneba.
navTobisaTvis brZolis istoria mravali viwro da farTo masStabebis
sabrZolo konfliqtebiT aris mdidari, maT Soris:
☞☞☞☞ 1880 wlisaTvis msoflio bazrebze dominirebisaTvis brZola amerikul da
frangul kompaniebs Soris mimdinareobda [3], romlis erT-erT Sedegad 1883 wels
ruseTis bazridan amerikuli navTobkompaniis gandevna unda miviCnioT.
am periodSi frangul da amerikul kompaniebs Soris omis pirobebSi baqosa
da baTumSi (5 milioni rublis) investiciebis Cadebis uzrunvelyofis procesSi
aqtiurad monawileobda germaniis sabanko seqtori. yovelive es kompaniebis
225
saxelmwifo (interesebis) doneze mWidro TanamSromlobis gareSe warmoudgeneli
iqneboda.
☞☞☞☞ deniel ergini [4]4]4]4] miiCnevs, rom navTobis mniSvnelobaze warmodgenebi I da
II msoflio omis mimdinareobisas kidev ufro gaizarda. ufro metic, misi azriT,
orive omSi germaniam, rogorc am nedleulis armqone saxelmwifom, navTobis
maragebze kontrolis uzrunvelyofis mizniT mniSvnelovani brZolebi
ganaxorciela.
* * * * 1991 wlis ianvar-TebervalSi eraysa da 32 qveynisagan Semdgar koalicias
Soris sabrZolo moqmedebebi, kuveiTSi erayis SeWras mohyva. konfliqtis erT-erT
ZiriTad mizezad kuveitis mxridan erayis kuTvnili navTobis sabadodan navTobis
ukanono gadaqaCva gaxda.
* * * * 1991 wels sparseTis yuris konfliqti navTobis eqsportior qveyanaTa
organizacia `opekis~ destabilizaciis [5] mizniT ganxorcielda.
* * * * 2011 navTobis maragebze kontrolis mizniT libiaSi samoqalaqo omis
inspirirebaSi, sxva saxelmwifoebTan erTad, mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa
ruseTmac [6] (rogorc xelisuflebisaTvis iaraRis mimwodebelma. swored es
iaraRi dauriga xelisuflebam yvela mxardamWers) da safrangeTmac
(ajanyebulebze iaraRis miyidviT);
2011 wlis 1 ianvris mdgomareobiT saqarTvelosaTvis mniSvnelovani, navTobiT
mdidari ZiriTadi saxelmwifoebis CamonaTvali [7] ase SeiZleba gamovsaxoT:
Νsaxelmwifosaxelmwifosaxelmwifosaxelmwifo
navTobis navTobis navTobis navTobis maragebimaragebimaragebimaragebi((((barelibarelibarelibareli))))
1111 saudissaudissaudissaudis arabeTiarabeTiarabeTiarabeTi 262262262262 600600600600 000000000000 000000000000
2222 venesuelavenesuelavenesuelavenesuela 211211211211 200200200200 000000000000 000000000000
3333 kanadakanadakanadakanada 175175175175,,,,200200200200,,,,000000000000,,,,000000000000
4444 iraniiraniiraniirani 137137137137,,,,000000000000,,,,000000000000,,,,000000000000
5555 erayierayierayierayi 115115115115,,,,000000000000,,,,000000000000,,,,000000000000
6666 kuveitikuveitikuveitikuveiti 104104104104 000000000000 000000000000 000000000000
7777 arabeTisarabeTisarabeTisarabeTis gaerTianebuligaerTianebuligaerTianebuligaerTianebuli emiratebiemiratebiemiratebiemiratebi 97979797,,,,800800800800,,,,000000000000,,,,000000000000
8888 ruseTiruseTiruseTiruseTi 60606060,,,,000000000000,,,,000000000000,,,,000000000000
13131313 amerikisamerikisamerikisamerikis SeerTebuliSeerTebuliSeerTebuliSeerTebuli StatebiStatebiStatebiStatebi 20202020,,,,680680680680,,,,000000000000,,,,000000000000
19191919 azerbaijaniazerbaijaniazerbaijaniazerbaijani 7777,,,,000000000000,,,,000000000000,,,,000000000000
58585858 TurqeTiTurqeTiTurqeTiTurqeTi 270270270270 400400400400 000000000000
103103103103 somxeTisomxeTisomxeTisomxeTi 0000
uaxlesi istoriis ganmavlobaSi saqarTveloSi navTobis moxmarebis statis-
tika ase gamoiyureba [8]:[8]:[8]:[8]:
226
moxmarebis TvalsazrisiT 2010 wels 2009 wlis Tanxvdenili maCvenebeli
dafiqsirda.
irakli ComaxiZis kvleviT [9],[9],[9],[9], 1987 wels saqarTveloSi 3322 aTasi tona
navTobi moipoveboda, xolo periodebis mixedviT mopovebis statistika cxrilisa
da diagramis saxiT ase SeiZleba gamovsaxoT:
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
periodiperiodiperiodiperiodi((((wlebiwlebiwlebiwlebi)))) aTasiaTasiaTasiaTasi tonatonatonatona aTasiaTasiaTasiaTasi tonatonatonatona1981198119811981----1987198719871987 3322332233223322 1831831831831988198819881988----1993199319931993 186186186186 888888881994199419941994----2000200020002000 67676767 1101101101102001200120012001----2005200520052005 99999999 66,666,666,666,6
imave kvlevaSi aRniSnulia, rom ss `saqnavTobis monacemebiT~, 2001 wlis 1
ianvris mdgomareobiT navTobis geologiuri maragi Seadgens 1381, xolo amosaRebi
maragi _ 525 milion tonas.
ganxilul mimarTulebaze energetikuli usafrTxoebis dadebiT maCvenebelze
mianiSnebs saqarTvelos teritoriaze gamavali navTobsadeni baqo-Tbilisi-jeihani.
miuxedavad amisa, saqarTvelom kvlav unda izrunos energetikuli
usafrTxoebis kidev ufro gaumjobesebisaTvis, radgan: `kaspiuri energomatareb-
227
lebis sabadoebis da satranzito gzebis kontrolisaTvis brZola SemdgomSic
gagrZeldeba da am brZolis SuagulSi saqarTvelo iqneba moqceuli~ [10].[10].[10].[10].
amrigad, amrigad, amrigad, amrigad, araRdgenadi resursis araRdgenadi resursis araRdgenadi resursis araRdgenadi resursis –––– navTobis maragebisnavTobis maragebisnavTobis maragebisnavTobis maragebis TvalsazrisiT
saqarTvelo mudmivad damokidebuli iqneba importze, rac yovelTvis ukavSirdeba
bazrebis dasapyrobad brZolas, romelSic upiratesoba ukve, msgavsi ganfenis
Sesabamisad, transportirebis siiafiT gamorCeul saxelmwifoebs e.i. samezoblos
eqneba.
nedleulis simdidriT gamorCeuli saxelmwifoebi ruseTi, irani da ruseTi, irani da ruseTi, irani da ruseTi, irani da azerbaijaniazerbaijaniazerbaijaniazerbaijani saqarTvelos bazrebze SeRwevadobis (sakuTari (maT Soris uxarisxo) sakuTari (maT Soris uxarisxo) sakuTari (maT Soris uxarisxo) sakuTari (maT Soris uxarisxo) produqciis realizaciis, Cvens qveyanaSi arsebul maragebze kontrolis produqciis realizaciis, Cvens qveyanaSi arsebul maragebze kontrolis produqciis realizaciis, Cvens qveyanaSi arsebul maragebze kontrolis produqciis realizaciis, Cvens qveyanaSi arsebul maragebze kontrolis uzrunvelsayofaduzrunvelsayofaduzrunvelsayofaduzrunvelsayofad) da am miznisaTvis kontrolis uzrunvelmyofi ZiriTadi jgufis
mniSvnelovani konkurentebi iqnebian;
somxeTisomxeTisomxeTisomxeTi, rogorc nedleulis saerTod armqone saxelmwifo,nedleulis saerTod armqone saxelmwifo,nedleulis saerTod armqone saxelmwifo,nedleulis saerTod armqone saxelmwifo, ruseTisruseTisruseTisruseTis kontrols daqvemdebarebuli, inspirirebuliinspirirebuliinspirirebuliinspirirebuli e.w. yarabaxis konfliqtiskonfliqtiskonfliqtiskonfliqtis gamo
azerbaijanTan problemis mosagvareblad ver iTanamSromlebs da ZiriTadad
damokidebulidamokidebulidamokidebulidamokidebuli iqneba ruseTsa da iranzeruseTsa da iranzeruseTsa da iranzeruseTsa da iranze; miRweuli viTarebiT am qveynebis miznebis sasargeblod monopolist monopolist monopolist monopolist
importiorebze arasasargeblo mudmivi damokidebulebis inspirirebis safrTxeebi importiorebze arasasargeblo mudmivi damokidebulebis inspirirebis safrTxeebi importiorebze arasasargeblo mudmivi damokidebulebis inspirirebis safrTxeebi importiorebze arasasargeblo mudmivi damokidebulebis inspirirebis safrTxeebi gazrdilia, rac, am kuTxiT SesaZloa daukavSirdes adgilobrivi mrewvelobis gazrdilia, rac, am kuTxiT SesaZloa daukavSirdes adgilobrivi mrewvelobis gazrdilia, rac, am kuTxiT SesaZloa daukavSirdes adgilobrivi mrewvelobis gazrdilia, rac, am kuTxiT SesaZloa daukavSirdes adgilobrivi mrewvelobis ganviTarebis Seferxebas. es ki am mimarTulebiT energetikuli usafrTxoeganviTarebis Seferxebas. es ki am mimarTulebiT energetikuli usafrTxoeganviTarebis Seferxebas. es ki am mimarTulebiT energetikuli usafrTxoeganviTarebis Seferxebas. es ki am mimarTulebiT energetikuli usafrTxoebis bis bis bis dabal maCveneblebze mianiSnebsdabal maCveneblebze mianiSnebsdabal maCveneblebze mianiSnebsdabal maCveneblebze mianiSnebs;
masStaburi maragebis ararsebobis miuxedavad, saqarTveloSi arsebul saqarTveloSi arsebul saqarTveloSi arsebul saqarTveloSi arsebul navTobis maragebzenavTobis maragebzenavTobis maragebzenavTobis maragebze damazianebeli kontrolis uzrunvelyofis saSiSroeba damazianebeli kontrolis uzrunvelyofis saSiSroeba damazianebeli kontrolis uzrunvelyofis saSiSroeba damazianebeli kontrolis uzrunvelyofis saSiSroeba dainteresebuli qveynebis mxridan kvlav arsebobsdainteresebuli qveynebis mxridan kvlav arsebobsdainteresebuli qveynebis mxridan kvlav arsebobsdainteresebuli qveynebis mxridan kvlav arsebobs;
viTarebis simZimeze metyvelebs is garemoeba, rom mudmivad arsebobs
saxelmwifoTa strategiuli da sasicocxlo interesebis Tanxvedra.
rogorc navTobis maragebis SemTxvevaSi, araaRdgenad bunebriv resurze _
bunebrivi airis maragebze kontrolibunebrivi airis maragebze kontrolibunebrivi airis maragebze kontrolibunebrivi airis maragebze kontroli saxelmwifoTa Soris saerTaSoriso
asparezze dominirebisaTvis brZolaSi gadamwyvetia. am SemTxvevaSiac gazis
maragebze kontrolis uzrunvelyofisaTvis brZolis istoriac mravali viwro da
farTo masStabebis sabrZolo konfliqtebiT aris `gamdidrebuli~, maT Soris:
☞☞☞☞`civi omis~ periodidan dRemde, avRaneTSi sistematiuri saomari
konfliqtebi, sxva mniSvnelovan garemoebebTan (maT Soris navTobisa da gazis
satranzito gzad gamoyeneba) erTad bunebrivi airis maragebze kontrolis
uzrunvelyofas emsaxureba.
jer kidev 1960 wels [11]11]11]11] sabWoTa kavSiris specialistebma aRmoaCines
masStaburi bunebrivi airis maragebi, rac sakuTar saxelmwifoSi yovelwliurad
2,5 miliardi m3 bunebrivi airis gadaqaCvas uzrunvelyofda;
☞☞☞☞ samxreT amerikaSi mdebare saxelmwifo bolivia bunebrivi airiT mdidari
saxelmwifoa da 1990 wlidan mis masStabur eqsports axorcielebs, magram qveyana
siRaribeSi cxovrobs da xSiria Zaladobrivi konfliqtebi (maT Soris 2003 wels
80 adamiani daiRupa) [12]12]12]12] qveynis SigniT, romlis ZiriTad wyaros, bunebrivi airis
eqsportis sawinaaRmdego masobrivi protestebi warmoadgens.
☞☞☞☞ 2008 wels [13]13]13]13] israelis SeWra Razas seqtorSi bunebrivi airis masStabur
maragebze kontrolis mizniT ganxorcielda.
228
☞☞☞☞ 2010 wels [14]14]14]14] swored xmelTaSua zRvaSi israelis mier bunebrivi airis
mo-poveba konfliqtis wyaro gaxda israelsa da TurqeTs Soris.
msoflioSi bunebrivi airis bunebrivi airis bunebrivi airis bunebrivi airis maragebis raodenoba 2008 wlisaTvis 6,342,411
trilion m3 Seadgenda, xolo 2009 wlis ianvris mdgomareobiT [15],[15],[15],[15], saqarTve-
losaTvis mniSvnelovani, bunebrivi airiT mdidari ZiriTadi saxelmwifoebis
CamonaTvali ase SeiZleba gamovsaxoT:
Νsaxelmwifosaxelmwifosaxelmwifosaxelmwifo
bunebrivibunebrivibunebrivibunebrivi airisairisairisairismaragebimaragebimaragebimaragebi((((milionimilionimilionimilioni
kuburikuburikuburikuburi metrimetrimetrimetri))))
1111 ruseTiruseTiruseTiruseTi 47570000475700004757000047570000
2222 iraniiraniiraniirani 29610000296100002961000029610000
3333 yatariyatariyatariyatari 25260000252600002526000025260000
4444 TurqmeneTiTurqmeneTiTurqmeneTiTurqmeneTi 7940000794000079400007940000
5555 saudissaudissaudissaudis arabeTiarabeTiarabeTiarabeTi 7319000731900073190007319000
6666 amerikisamerikisamerikisamerikis SeerTebuliSeerTebuliSeerTebuliSeerTebuli StatebiStatebiStatebiStatebi 6731000673100067310006731000
7777 arabeTisarabeTisarabeTisarabeTis gaerTianebuligaerTianebuligaerTianebuligaerTianebuli emiratebiemiratebiemiratebiemiratebi 6071000607100060710006071000
26262626 azebaijaniazebaijaniazebaijaniazebaijani 849500849500849500849500
80808080 saqarTvelosaqarTvelosaqarTvelosaqarTvelo 8495849584958495
81818181 TurqeTiTurqeTiTurqeTiTurqeTi 8495849584958495
82828282 somxeTisomxeTisomxeTisomxeTi 0000
msoflioSi bunebrivi gazis maragebis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva mosazrebebi
arsebobs. maragebis amowurva 60-200-250 wlis Semdgom aris navaraudevi [16[16[16[16----17171717----18].18].18].18].
2011 wlis 1 ianvris mdgomareobiT [19], [19], [19], [19], saqarTveloSi bunebrivi airis maragi
praqtikulad ucvlelia.
am mimarTulebiT energetikuli usafrTxoebis dadebiT maCveneblad baqo-
Tbilisi-erzerumis gazsadenis arseboba unda CaiTvalos.
bunebrivi abunebrivi abunebrivi abunebrivi airis maragebisiris maragebisiris maragebisiris maragebis TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelo mudmivad damokide-buli
iqneba importze, rac bazarebis dasapyrobad brZolis pirobebSi upiratesoba ukve
aseTi ganfenis Sesabamisad, maragebiT mdidar da transportirebis siiafiT
gamorCeul saxelmwifoebs e.i. samezoblos eqneba.
►◄ ruseTi, irani da azerbaijaniruseTi, irani da azerbaijaniruseTi, irani da azerbaijaniruseTi, irani da azerbaijani saqarTvelos bazrebze SeRwevadobis da am
miznisaTvis kontrolis uzrunvelmyofi ZiriTadi jgufis mniSvnelovani
konkurentebi iqnebian;
►◄ bunebrivi airis saerTod armqone saxelmwifosaerTod armqone saxelmwifosaerTod armqone saxelmwifosaerTod armqone saxelmwifo somxeTisomxeTisomxeTisomxeTi, inspirirebuliinspirirebuliinspirirebuliinspirirebuli e.w. yarabaxis konflikonflikonflikonfliqtisqtisqtisqtis makontrolebeli saxelmwifos, ruseTisruseTisruseTisruseTis xelSewyobiT
azerbaijanTan problemis mosagvareblad ver iTanamSromlebs da ZiriTadad
damokidebulidamokidebulidamokidebulidamokidebuli iqneba ruseTsa da iranzeruseTsa da iranzeruseTsa da iranzeruseTsa da iranze.
►◄am SemTxvevaSiac monopolist importiorebze arasasargeblo mudmivi monopolist importiorebze arasasargeblo mudmivi monopolist importiorebze arasasargeblo mudmivi monopolist importiorebze arasasargeblo mudmivi damokidebulebis inspirirebidamokidebulebis inspirirebidamokidebulebis inspirirebidamokidebulebis inspirirebis safrTxe maRalia, rac SesaZloa daukavSirdes am s safrTxe maRalia, rac SesaZloa daukavSirdes am s safrTxe maRalia, rac SesaZloa daukavSirdes am s safrTxe maRalia, rac SesaZloa daukavSirdes am kuTxiT adgilobrivi resursebis gamoyenebis Seferxebas. yovelive am mimarTukuTxiT adgilobrivi resursebis gamoyenebis Seferxebas. yovelive am mimarTukuTxiT adgilobrivi resursebis gamoyenebis Seferxebas. yovelive am mimarTukuTxiT adgilobrivi resursebis gamoyenebis Seferxebas. yovelive am mimarTu----lebiT energetikuli usafrTxoebis dabal maCvenebelze mianiSnebslebiT energetikuli usafrTxoebis dabal maCvenebelze mianiSnebslebiT energetikuli usafrTxoebis dabal maCvenebelze mianiSnebslebiT energetikuli usafrTxoebis dabal maCvenebelze mianiSnebs.
229
gamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literatura
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2. `Erdöl-Daten weltweit Reserven, ressourcen weltweit. www.agenda21-treffpunkt.de; 3. Brita Asbrink. `The War over the oil market. www.branobelhistory.com; 4.Ергин Дэниел. `Добыча. Всемирная история борьбы за нефть, деньги и власть.
www.gumer.info; PRESIAN GULF WARS. The Columbia Encyclopedia. Copyright, 2007. Columbia university Press.
www.infoplease.com; 5. `OILL AND WAR: THE ARTIFICES OF 20TH CENTRY HISTORY. Wold Summit on Sust
ainable Development Johannesburg, 2002. www.wrm.org.uy; 6. Война в Ливии стоила России четырех миллиардов долларов. http://top.rbc.ru; 7. Нефть-разведанные запасы, 2011. http://iforma-tsiya.ru; 8. Georgia Oil – consumption. www.indexmundi.com; 9. irakli ComaxiZe. `saqarTvelos eleqtro-energetikis strategiuli
problemebi da ganviTarebis potenciali.~ (disertacia-tmk xarisxis mosapoveblad.)
Tbilisi. 2006. gv. 77-79;
10. malxaz macaberiZe. `ruseTis agresiam saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg mezobeli
qveynebic daazarala~ Jurnali `biznesi da menejmenti~ #3(19), 2008. http://www.aaf.ge;
11. `The War is Worth Waging": Afghanistan's Vast Reserves of Minerals and Natural Gas The War on Afghanistan is a Profit driven "Resource War". www.globalresearch.ca;
12. Jason Wilcox. `Bolivia: Civil Unrest and Natural Gas." ICE Case Studies Number 166, December, 2005. http://www1. american.edu;
13. Michel Chossudovsky. `War and Natural Gas: The Israeli Invasion and Gaza's Offshore Gas Fields." www.intifada-palestine.com
14. Armed conflict with Turkey a "matter of time" as Erdogan vows to send warships with next flotilla. http://israelinsider.net;
15. Proved Natural Gas Reserves of the World. http://world.bymap.org/NaturalGasReserves.html; 16. Erdgas-Reserven reichen noch für 200 Jahre. www.welt.de; 17. Energy crisis is postponed as new gas rescues the world. www.telegraph.co.uk; 18. bunebrivi airis maragebi msoflios 250 weli eyofa. http://geonews.ge; 19. Natural gas - proved reserves. www.indexmundi.com;
Kukhalashvili Davit Kukhalashvili-Guruli Mzevinar
Kukhalashvili Tea CONFLICTS AND THEIR EFFECT ON OIL AND NATURAL GAS R ESERVES
SUMMARY
The countries fighting for the domination in the world, the countries fighting for strategic partnership with them by formation of the positive social opinion and its spread by diplomatic and the other channels showed constant care for the countries rich or poor with resources. In order to establish the desirable position constant study, usage or reasonable creation of existing heavy political and social – economic conditions by the interested states was constantly accomplished.
Analyze of the historic processes shows that from the side of state fighting for the domination by usage of the heavy social, economic and political conditions inspiration of the different scale conflicts in states or between the states is more often. One of the general conditions of ensuring of the prospective
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development of the states is organization of the self-ensuring process with the different types of resources. From this point of view one of the interesting directions is the issue discussed in our work: “Conflicts and its Development on oil reserves end on Natural Gas Reserves”.
Маркосян Ашот Мартиросян Тигран
Симонян Армине ГЛОБАЛИЗАЦИЯ И МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЕ ВОДНЫЕ ОТНОШЕНИЯ
Возникновение и развитие жизни на земном шаре связано с водой. И не случайно, что
начиная с древних времен и до наших дней у многих народов вода была объектом поклонения и обожествления, поскольку без нее не было бы жизни. Начиная с тех времен, когда цивилизация только делала свои первые робкие шаги, первое, чему научились люди в процессе формирования их начальных отношений с природой, стало укоренение правильного поведения по отношению к воде и использование возможностей воды для своих повседневных нужд. С древних времен человек понял, что без воды он просто не может существовать, следовательно неслучайно также, что в сказках и легендах или в иных формах народных сказаний многих народов мира вода представляется как жизнетворная среда, отсюда, видимо, возникло выражение бессмертная вода, которое является еще и свидетельством того, что эта жидкость обладает свойством делать бессмертным [1].
Вода, в частности, приобрела важное значение на заре цивилизации, когда первые поселения человека строились на берегах рек, озер и морей, становясь колыбелями человеческой цивилизации, основной средой и условием естественного развития. И хотя человечество с тех древних времен развилось, однако осталось «родным» воде и неотъемлемым от нее. Неотъемлемым как в прямом, так и в переносном смысле. Дело в том, что на пороге третьего тысячелетия ¾ мирового экономического потенциала сосредоточено в относительно узком прибрежном поясе, который имеет «глубину» 500 км. В этом поясе живет 2/3 населения мира, и там сосредоточена большая часть мегаполисов.
Мощный заряд развития на земле человеческая политика получила с переходом на орошаемое земледелие, поскольку этим значительно повысилась урожайность и продуктивность, что дало возможность людям увеличить дополнительный результат, который является материальной основой умственной и творческой работы. Вот почему, вода – мощное средство развития цивилизации. Более того, когда еще слабо развиты производственные силы, очень часто государства появляются и исчезают с исторической арены лишь по причине того, насколько удачно или неудачно они строят свои оросительные системы.
Вода была и теперь продолжает оставаться источником и средством богатства. Это доказывает прошедший путь человечества и его настоящее, и так будет тем более в будущем, в условиях глобализации. Особую роль в водных отношениях играют вопросы регулирования трансграничных рек. Для управления трансграничными водными ресурсами следует учитывает институциональные, правовые, этнические, политические, культурные, исторические и экологические факторы. Следует также провести изучение подземных водных ресурсов, не включенных в рамки более ранних исследований и составить регистр трансграничных подземных вод [2].
Для получения глобального представления о трансграничных водных ресурсах можно рассмотреть список тех стран, границы которых пересекаются с трансграничным бассейном. Из 19 речных бассейнов совместно используют 5 и более стран. Бассейн реки Дунай обхвативает территории 17 стран. Другие 5 международных бассейнов (Конго, Нигер, Нил, Рейн и Замбези) совместно используют 9 и 11 стран. Остальные 13 бассейнов (Амазонка, Ганг-Брахмапутра-Мегна,
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озеро Чад, Тарим, Аральское море, Иордания, Кура-Аракс, Меконг, Тигр-Евфрат, Волга, Ла Плата, Неман и Вистула) используют 5-8 стран.
Для эффективного управления и использования трансграничных водных ресурсов праворегулирующее поле обеспечивается несколькими десятками международных документов. Для обеспечения доступности и совместного использования разными странами трансграничных водных ресурсов был предложен ряд принципов. Первый из принципов - это абсолютная территориальная автономия, которая известна также, как доктрина Гармона. В 1895 г. генеральный прокурор США Джадсон Гармон выразил мнение об управлении водами реки Рио Гранде, которые использовались совместно с Мексикой. Согласно Гармону, государство, на территории которого образовался международный водосток, имеет право бесплатно и полностью располагать водами данного водостока, не считаясь с интересами других прибрежных государств и невзирая на ущерб, который данное управление водой может принести соседнему государству. Однако, несмотря на то, что это мнение было очень выгодным для тех стран, в которых преобразовывались трансграничные водные ресурсы, оно было раскритиковано рядом ученых и международных общественных учрежденией. Второй принцип основан исключительно на территориальной целостности. Он определяет право прибрежной страны требовать, чтобы государство, находящееся выше водостока, обеспечило природное течение реки по территории своей страны. Ясно, что такой подход дает возможность ничтожного использования воды для государства, где образовался трансграничный водный ресурс, а все прибрежные страны почти полностью лишены прав использования международного водостока. В сущности, этот принцип просто является противоположностью доктрине Гармона, так как в противоположность ему, этот принцип дает полное право на использование воды только последнему государству, расположенному по низу течения международной реки. В результате, и этот принцип подвергся критике и не был принят как международная юридическая норма. Третий принцип основан на ограниченной территориальной автономии или на ограниченной территориальной целостности и определяет, что каждое государство имеет право на пользование водами проходящих через него международных рек, но, в то же время, обязано обеспечить такое пользование, которое не препятствовало бы пользованию воды, прилежащих к реке государств. Очевидно, что по сравнению с двумя вышеуказанными, этот принцип предъявляет четкие ограничения в управлении трансграничными водными ресурсами и подтверждает право всех прибрежных стран на пользование международными водостоками, но, в то же время, он не предлагает какого-либо механизма в урегулировании водных отношений, следовательно он неработоспособен. По четвертому принципу, предлагается с участием представителей всех прибрежных стран создать межгосударственный орган, который и обсудит проблему использования водных ресурсов международного бассейна реки и определит право каждого государтсва на трансграничные водные ресурсы, а также доступный для
пользования объем воды для данного государства. В реальности, этот подход является
идеалистическим развитием третьего принципа. Очевидно, что в основном, решение, предложенное данным межгосударственным органом, не может равномерно учитывать интересы всех прибрежных стран, которые в действительности конкурируют в использовании большой доли трансграничных водных ресурсов, поэтому решение, данное межгосудартвенным органом, не будет принято государством, чьи интересы полностью не учитываются. Очевидно, что приведенные принципы имеют серьезные недостатки.
По нашему мнению, управление трансграничными водными ресурсами в ближайшее время не может осуществляться согласно нормам существующих правовых документов. Принимая во внимание, что доктрина Гармона противоречит принципам безопасности экосистемы, а конвенция ООН «По охране и стабильному использованию трансграничных водных потоков и международных озёр» (Хельсинки, 1992г.) - принципам образования водных ресурсов и несправедливости их безвозмездного предоставления одним государством другим (которые обратны принципам платного предоставления нефти, газа и других природных ресурсов), новый подход к регулированию
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международными водными бассейнами должен быть основан на сочетании принципов их формирования, максимального управления ими в стране и обеспечения стабильности трансграничных водных экосистем.
Республика Армения имеет свои проблемы по использованию трансграничных водных ресурсов. В частности, это касается трансграничных рек Аракс, Ахурян, бассейна Кура-Аракс. С целью равноправного совместного использования потенциала рек Аракс и Ахурян следует пересмотреть договор между СССР и Турцией, заключенный в 1976г. В текст нового договора, согласно [3], следует включить положения об использовании предпаводковых вод ниже створа плотины; использовании рек, впадающих в Ахурянское водохранилище, в том числе, о зарегулировании новых объемов.
С целью улучшения управления и мониторинга трансграничных поверхностных водных ресурсов бассейна Кура-Аракс, предлагается пересмотреть существующие правовые документы и гармонизировать их с требованиями Водной рамочной директивы ЕС. Предлагается разработать план управления бассейном рек Кура-Аракс, который должен быть совместно разработан и утвержден представителями всех пяти трансграничных стран, с учетом интересов каждой стороны в процессе использования водных ресурсов. Также предлагается на региональном уровне создать специальную комиссию, состоящую из признанных специалистов, которая во время периодических совещаний будет представлять и обсуждать подходы и приоритеты сторон.
При использование водных ресурсов, всегда надо помнить, что хотя 70% территории земного шара покрыто водой, однако для питья годна лишь ее малая часть, которая крайне неравномерно распределена на суше. Несмотря на подобную ситуацию, важность воды и, в частности, ее ценность была недооценена (в народе и по сей день употребляется понятие “цена воды”, что равносильно низкой цене, понятию “почти даром”), что стало последствием того идеологического положения, что во время социализма природные ресурсы, а вода является одним из них, не имеют цены, они – дары природы, поскольку не являются результатом человеческой деятельности. Развитие с подобными лозунгами и менталитетом, конечно же, долго продолжаться не могло. Уже более двадцати лет, как не существует коммунизма, как такового, и в республиках бывшего СССР сформировались независимые страны с рыночной экономикой. Естественно, что эти отношения не могли не развиваться и не углубляться и в водной среде. Однако к этому следует подойти с некоторой оговоркой. Несмотря на то, что вода считается товаром (на сегодняшний день это наиболее распространенная точка зрения во многих странах мира, а также в нашей республике), однако она – особенный товар, поскольку право пить воду и использовать ее дано человеку свыше, со дня рождения. Это обстоятельство приобретает наибольшую остроту у необеспеченных слоев населения, о чем не следует забывать во время разработки экономической политики.
В глобальном плане, оросительная система во всем мире не носит «рыночного» характера. Подтверждением этому служит тот факт, что почти во всех странах эта система «держится» за счет других сфер (в основном, промышленности и сферы обслуживания). Например, только за один год во всем мире из других отраслей экономики системам орошения выделяется более чем 600 млрд долларов. Однако, на сегодняшний день в большей части стран стоит задача перехода системы орошения на самоокупаемость. Это серьезное социально-экономическое и политическое мероприятие, на которое можно идти, сводя к минимуму те отрицательные последствия, которые возникнут на его пути.
Человек, будучи главной производственной силой, посредством использования возможностей науки и техники оказывает воздействие на природу. Часто, возможно и независимо от него, с целью обеспечения экономического роста, воздействие человека на окружающую среду приводит к отрицательным результатам, и на сегодняшний день считается одной из основных проблем XXI века, поскольку человеческий (или техногенный) фактор в системе взаимоотношений человек-природа достиг того состояния, когда дальнейшее развитие человеческой цивилизации находится под угрозой.
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Например, наводнения, которые были замечены летом 2003г. в пустыне Сахара и Лас-Вегасе, тысячные человеческие жертвы по причине жары в Европе и другие катаклизмы, происходящие в разных частях мира, свидетельствуют о том, что человек обязан меньше загрязнять природу, в том числе и воды; сформировать заботливое и сердечное отношение к той среде, в которой находится он и его достижения.
Из сказанного следует, что вода – основное условие наличия жизни на Земле. Особенностью воды является тот факт, что человеческий организм не может существовать без воды, она имеет жизненно важное значение для здравоохранительных узлов сельских и городских общин, необходима для ведения всех видов сельскохозяйственной деятельности. Таким образом, вода – решающий и наиглавнейший натуральный ресурс. С этой точки зрения можно со всей ответственностью утверждать, что без воды невозможно существование жизни на Земле.
В отличие от солнца, света и воздуха, воды могут находиться в собственности государства, общин или частников. Только этой причины достаточно, чтобы вода считалась не только природным, но и экономическим ресурсом. Это истинно даже в том случае, когда во многих странах не установлено какой-либо цены на водопотребление и не требуется выплаты какой бы то ни было суммы за использованную воду. Потребители наслаждаются физической доступностью пресной воды, поставляемой государственными или частными компаниями, однако, фактически, ее стоимость никак не измеряется. В последнем случае расходы на воду в большинстве своем возмещаются посредством сбора фиксированных выплат с потребителей воды.
Платная ли вода или нет, мы должны осознавать, что для многих общин накопление и распределение пресной воды требует задействования рабочей силы, а также гражданских инженерных инфраструктур, таких, какие существовали еще в Древнем Египте, Императорском Китае и в период цивилизации Инков. Так что, и по этой причине вода всегда была и остается экономическим ресурсом. В последнее время это понятие с целью поддержания качества воды по причинам установления экономических и финансовых ценностей со стороны законодательства, малочисленности воды и возникновения соответствующей конкуренции среди потребителей, а также развития тенденций приватизации инфраструктур государственного сектора в мире начиная с конца XX века получило более широкое и глубокое понимание.
Поскольку вода – настолько важная биологическая и социальная потребность и на сегодняшний день широко принимается как экономический ресурс, возникает потребность изучения гидроэкономики – предмета экономики водных ресурсов. Поскольку ни одна экономическая школа не устанавливает содержания экономических подтем, то ответ на этот вопрос содержит в себе элемент особого подхода. В качестве предметов, изучаемых гидроэкономикой, можно установить: охрану природной среды рек, озер, болот, русел рек и прибрежных вод; осушение земель; надзор над наводнениями и защита берегов; программы, связанные с безопасностью запруд; предложение пресных вод; использование воды со стороны домашних хозяйств, сельского хозяйства, промышленности и других секторов экономики; переработка и удаление сточных вод.
Как видно из вышеуказанного, данное определение не включает в себя рыболовства, пароходства или организации отдыха, связанного с водой (туризма). Несмотря на то, что гидроэкономист выражает некоторую «симпатию» по отношению к данным сферам, однако последние наиболее приемлемы в качестве составляющих элементов экономических предметов, соответственно, рыбной ловли, а также транспорта и организации отдыха. В то же время, гидроэкономисты могут ожидать разделения своей заинтересованности охраной природы с экономистами охраны природы; анализ безопасности запруд станет наиболее обоснованным благодаря раскрытию сходств с экономикой энергетики, и исследование спроса воды сельских хозяйств будет наиболее эффективно благодаря экономике сельского хозяйства. Ни человеческая культура, ни политэкономия никогда не делятся на отдельные и своеобразные стороны. Иными словами, основная задача экономики водных ресурсов направлена на исследование взятия (сбора,
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накопления), охраны и распределения вод, а также их использования и удаления сточных вод с использованием рабочей силы.
Благодаря исследованию вышеуказанных предметов гидроэкономики становится возможным сформулировать те задачи, с которыми она сталкивается. И опять же, индивидуальный подход здесь необходим. Задачи, с которыми сталкивается гидроэкономика, и которые могут выражаться как необходимый с ее стороны путеводитель критериев для анализа и развития политики, следующие:
• поставка в домашние хозяйства, сельское хозяйство, производство и в другие сектора экономики воды пользователям в достаточном количестве и соответствующего качества;
• обеспечение доступности питьевой воды для домашних хозяйств с низкими доходами; • обеспечение сохранения воды во время поставки и использования; • очистка (от загрязнения) воды от выбросов населения, сельского хозяйства и производства; • предотвращение злоупотреблений монопольной позицией служб, предоставляющих услуги по
поставке пресных вод и отводу сточных вод; • охрана сельских и городских общин от наводнений и осушение наводненных земель; • поддержание восстановления гидроцикличных возможностей подземных и наземных водных
течений; • охрана животных видов и природной среды во всех окрестностях пресных и прибрежных вод; • сокращение и ликвидация (исключение) международных противоречий, связанных с водой; • обеспечение разумного использования направленных на эти цели правительственных
расходов. Отметим важную роль воды как природного ресурса, имеющего жизненно важное значение
для человечества. Создание новых механизмов управления и экономических рычагов, а также определение путей улучшения качества водных ресурсов является одной из приоритетных проблем XXI века. С этой точки зрения, по нашему мнению, независимо от местоположения, следует акуумлировать пресную воду с целью дальнеьшей обработки и использования для питьевых нужд человечества и ирригации. В этом аспекте, редчайшая возможность предосталяется в Армении. Поднятием уровня воды оз.Севан до своих естественных отметок – уровня середины XX века, без больших капитальнх вложений можно аккумулировать более 20 млрд м3 пресной воды питьевого качества. Отметим, что для возведения плотин, с целью аккумуляции такого объема воды необходимо 50 млрд долларов.
ЛИТЕРАТУРА 1. Маркосян А.Х., Мартиросян Г.А., Токмаджян О.В. Экономика водных ресурсов //С-П(б),
изд. ВНИИГ им.Б.Е.Веденеева, 2005, 508с. 2. Movsisyan A., Simonyan A. Some Aspects of Transboudary Groundwater Resources Management;
Proceedings of the 32nd Congress of IAHR “Harmonizing the Demands of Art and Nature in Hydraulics”. Italy, 2007, Vol. 2, p. 468.
3. Андриасян А.С., Габаян Г.С., Токмаджян О.В., Мовсисян А.А. Некоторые вопросы межгосударственного управления Аxурянским водоxранилищем //Ереван, Агронаука, 2008, N11-12, с. 536-539.
Markosyan Ashot Martirosyan Tigran
Simonyan Armine GLOBIALISATION AND INTERNATIONAL WATER RELATIONS
SUMMARY
Water is a unique natural phenomena and the fundamental condition for the life on the Earth, and at the same time water must be not only natural but also economic resource. The paper deals with problems of water resources management and protection. Creation of new management and economical tools as well as
235
defining ways to improve water resources quality is one of priority issues of the 21st century. It is suggested to accumulate sweet water to further treatment of water to satisfy drinking and irrigation water requirements, no matter where is the place. In this aspect, only by raising the level of Lake Sevan waters to achieve its natural, mid 20 century watermark, without large capital investment, it is possible to store over 20 milliard m3 sweet water of potable quality. It should be noted that to erect a dam to store water of such quantity only 50 milliard US dollars are nedded.
marina metrevelimarina metrevelimarina metrevelimarina metreveli erovnuli turizmis saxelmwifo politikaerovnuli turizmis saxelmwifo politikaerovnuli turizmis saxelmwifo politikaerovnuli turizmis saxelmwifo politika da globalizaciada globalizaciada globalizaciada globalizacia
globalizacia momsaxurebis sxvadasxva saxeebiT uzrunvelyofs msoflio
savaWro sistemas. momsaxurebis sfero ganviTarebadi qveynebisTvis ekonomikis erT-
erT umniSvnelovanes seqtors warmoadgens.
momsaxurebis sxvadasxva saxeebiT globaluri vaWroba TandaTanobiT aRiare-
bul mimarTulebad gvevlineba erovnuli ekonomikaSi da xels uwyobs ganvi-
Tarebad qveynebSi eqsportis sferos konkurentunarianobis zrdasa da masTan
dakavSirebuli unar-Cvevebis, informaciisa da teqnologiebis gadacemas. momsa-
xurebis erovnuli bazrebis globaluri gamWvirvalobis Sedegad miRebulma
sargebelma, potenciurad, SesaZlebelia gadaaWarbos kidec saerTaSoriso vaW-
robis yvela sxva sferodan miRebul mogebas.
socialuri momsaxurebebis sferos intensifikacia ganviTarebadi qveynebis
ekonomikisTvis farTo SesaZleblobebs qmnis _ momsaxurebis erovnuli industriis
sferoSi ucxoel momwodeblebTan konkurenciisa da TanamSromlobis gziT am
qveynebs ASeuZliaT, xeli Seuwyon sakuTari ekonomikis efeqtianobis zrdas. es gan-
sakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania iseT dargebSi, rogoricaa satransporto lojistika
da administraciuli da finansuri momsaxureba, radgan, xSirad, swored am
dargebis ganviTarebis araxelsayreli mdgomareoba aferxebs ucxouri investi-
ciebis Semodinebas qveyanaSi.
Tanamedrove, momsaxurebaze orientirebuli ekonomikis, socialur momsaxu-
rebaTa sferos ganviTarebis prioritetad iTvleba misi iseTi seqtoris intensiuri
ganviTareba, rogoricaa turizmi. turizms, rogorc ekonomikis dargs, sagangebo
adgili ukavia im dargTa Soris, romlebic xasiaTdeba bunebrivi resursebis
gamoyenebaze mkveTrad gamoxatuli orientaciiT. ekonomikis im dargebisagan
gansxvavebiT, romelTa produqcia transportirebis gareSe momxmareblamde ver
miva, turizmi iwvevs adamianTa mravlobiT migraciebs rekreaciuli resursebis
Tavmoyris adgilebisaken. turistuli resursebis moxmareba xorcieldeba maTi
lokalizaciis adgilas da ar saWiroebs maT „amoRebas“. turizmi bunebrivi
resursebis gamoyenebis saqmeSi xSirad „pioneris“ saxiT gvevlineba. is pirveli
moixmars sameurneo wreburnvaSi adre gamouyenebel bunebriv kompleqsebsa da maT
elementebs: maRal mTebs, egzotikursa da unikalur landSaftebs, mRvimeebs,
CanCqerebs da a.S., anu, sxva dargebisagan gansxvavebiT, turizmi ar moiTxovs
bunebrivi resursebis mopovebasa da Semdgom gadamuSavebas, is mTlianad iyenebs
bunebriv kompleqss (landSafts) e.w. „amoRebis“ gareSe.
socialur momsaxurebaTa Tanamedrove sferos yvela seqtors Soris mxolod
turizms gaaCnia is aucilebeli potenciali, romlis wyalobiTac mas SeuZlia,
gaxdes erovnuli ekonomikis erT-erTi yvelaze dinamiurad ganviTarebadi segmenti:
236
_ turizmi aris qveynis stabiluri ekonomikuri zrdis mZlavri generaciis
faqtori;
_ turizmi xasiaTdeba antikrizisuli mdgradobiT, riTic uzrunvelyofs
erovnuli ekonomikis damatebiT mdgradobas;
_ turizmi imTaviTve atarebs Ria da globalur xasiaTs, riTac xels uw-
yobs axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnasa da cxovrebis xarisxis donis amaRlebas.
turistul momsaxurebaTa erovnuli bazari damokidebulia Semdeg faqto-
rebze: bunebrivi resursebis turistuli daniSnulebiT mimarTva; satransporto da
socialuri infrastruqturis ganviTarebis done; adamianuri kapitalis xarisxi;
turistul momsaxurebaTa moTxovna-miwodebis Tanafardoba; turistuli kompa-
niebis strategiis xarisxi.
turistul momsaxurebaTa bazari gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania adgilobrivi
sazogadoebebisTvis, rogorc turistuli produqtis warmoebisa da momsaxurebaTa
axali saxeobebis ganviTarebisaTvis saWiro resursi, radgan igi tradiciul
turistul regionebSi mosaxleobis garkveul kategoriebs damatebiTi ekonomikuri
Semosavlebis miRebis saSualebas aZlevs. aRniSnuli miznebis miRweva organiza-
ciul-mmarTvelobiT aspeqtSi SesaZlebelia adgilobrivi dagegmvisa da progra-
mirebis saSualebebis aqtiuri gamoyenebiT. qveynis teritoriis diferenciacia
turistul regionebad, mocemul regionSi turistuli industriis sxvadasxva
seqtorebis ganviTarebis stimulirebiT, unikalur SesaZleblobaTa identifika-
ciisa da dagegmvis saSualebas iZleva.
msoflio praqtika gviCvenebs, rom im regionebSi, sadac aRiniSneba turistuli
marSrutebisa da RirsSesaniSnaobebis koncentracia, turizmis ganviTarebam
SesaZlebelia SezRudos ekonomikuri saqmianobis tradiciuli dargebi (magaliTad,
soflis meurneoba), magram Seqmnas axali ekonomikuri orientirebi da socialuri
Rirebulebebi, rac ganapirobebs adgilobrivi Tanasazogadoebis damokidebulebas
turistuli sezonis periodebSi turizmidan miRebul Semosavlebze. am
TvalsazrisiT, regionul-ekonomikuri dagegmva gulisxmobs turizmis
ganviTarebisTvis xelsayreli pirobebis Seqmnis mizniT adgilobrivi resursebis
mobilizacias. Sesabamisad, turizmi, rogorc dargTaSorisi kompleqsi,
SesaZlebelia adgilobrivi warmoebis axali bazrebis generatori gaxdes.
zemoaRniSnulTan erTad, specializebuli infrastruqturis koncentraciam
qveynis zogierT regionSi SesaZlebelia turistul momsaxurebaTa bazrebis
ganviTarebis doneebs Soris disproporcia gaaZlieros da praqtikulad Seaferxos
turistul momsaxurebaTa saerTo-erovnuli bazris formireba. aseT SemTxvevebSi,
regionebi msxvili turistuli kompleqsebiT, sul ufro emsgavsebian im qalaqebs,
sadac Znelia dasvenebisTvis Sesaferisi pirobebis povna, maSin, rodesac swored
aseTi pirobebi warmoadgens turistul mogzaurobaTa mTavar mizansa da turistTa
motivacias.
Tanamedrove turizms gaaCnia turistuli produqtis maqsimaluri diversi-
fikaciis udidesi SesaZleblobebi, romelic mas mimzidvels xdis mosaxleobis
sxvadasxva kategoriebisTvis. erovnuli turizmis strategiuli ganviTarebis
optimaluri varianti TanxvedraSi unda iyos turizmis sxvadasxva (tradiciul da
alternatiul) mimarTulebebTan, rac qveyanas turistuli potencialis ufro
efeqtianad gamoyenebis saSualebas miscems.
qveyanaSi turizmis ganviTarebis saukeTeso garemos adgili aqvs biznessa da
saxelmwifos Soris partnioruli urTierTobebis pirobebSi. turistul-rekrea-
237
ciul sferoSi saxelmwifo-kerZo partniorobis optimaluri modelis formi-
rebisTvis saWiroa: kanonmdeblobis srulyofili sistema, finansuri sistemis
dawesebulebebis siZliere, zedmetad Carevis politikuri tradiciis aRmofxvra.
evrokavSiris istoriaSi pirvelad, “lisabonis SeTanxmebaSi” Sevida Tavi,
romelic mieZRvna turizmis regulirebas da romelic ayenebda turizmis mcire da
saSualo sawarmoebisTvis xelsayreli samewarmeo klimatis uzrunvelyofis
moTxovnas.
aRniSnuli dokumentis mixedviT, evropis turistuli brendis ganviTarebis
ZiriTadi ekonomikuri instrumentebia:
- turizmze xelmisawvdomobis gaumjobeseba SezRuduli fizikuri
SesaZleblobebis jgufebisTvis an im pirebisTvis, romelTac ar gaaCniaT turizmSi
aqtiuri monawileobis misaRebad saWiro ekonomikuri resursebi (“socialuri
turizmi”);
- momxmarebelTa uflebebis efeqturi dacvis xarisxisa da turistuli
produqtebis standartizaciis donis gaumjobeseba mravali sxvadasxva enis,
normisa da arsebuli samarTlebrivi sistemis gaTvaliswinebiT;
- inovaciebis, rogorc turizmis sferoSi globaluri konkurentunarianobis
ZiriTadi faqtoris danergvis xelSewyoba.
turistul momsaxurebaTa bazris saxelmwifo regulireba gulisxmobs ara
mxolod turistuli profilis momsaxurebaTa gawevis, aramed kongresebis,
konferenciebis, seminarebis, treningebis, prezentaciebisa da sxva saqmiani kor-
poraciuli RonisZiebebis, aseve, specializebuli mogzaurobebis ganviTarebis
SesaZleblobas. sfero, romelSic saxelmwifos ekisreba turistuli bazris
ZiriTadi monawileebisTvis konkurenciis Tanabari pirobebis uzrunvelyofa, aris
ekonomikuri sivrce, romelic iqmneba turoperatoris, turagentisa da turistuli
momsaxurebebis sawarmoebis urTierTqmedebis Sedegad. turistul momsaxurebaTa
bazris regulirebis specifikas ganapirobebs misi produqtis unikaluroba.
globalizaciis pirobebSi, axali bazrebis aTvisebis mizniT, turizmis seqtoris
sawarmoebi SeimuSaveben axal strategiebs. turizmis axali strategia unda
qmnides turizmis maqsimaluri ganviTarebisa da erovnuli ekonomikis am seqtoris,
anu qveynis mTlian Sida produqtSi turizmis wilis zrdis ekonomikur
winapirobebs (cxrili 1). zemoaRniSnuli, turistuli biznesis mxardaWeris
valdebulebiT, imperatiul xasiaTs aniWebs turizmis ganviTarebis saxelmwifo
politikas.
238
cxrili 1cxrili 1cxrili 1cxrili 1 saqarTvelos turizmTan dakavSirebuli saqmianobebisaqarTvelos turizmTan dakavSirebuli saqmianobebisaqarTvelos turizmTan dakavSirebuli saqmianobebisaqarTvelos turizmTan dakavSirebuli saqmianobebi mTlian Sida produqtSi mTlian Sida produqtSi mTlian Sida produqtSi mTlian Sida produqtSi
(sabazro fasebSi, milioni lari)
peri-
odi
sastum-
roebisa
da
kempinge-
bis
momsaxu-
reba
restor-
nebis,
barebis,
sasadilo-
ebis
momsaxu-
reba da mza
sakvebis
miwodeba
samogzauro
biuroebisa da
turistuli
agentebis
saqmianoba;
turistebi-
saTvis
daxmarebis
aRmoCena
sarki-
nigzo
trans-
porti
sxva
saxmele-
To trans-
porti da
sazRvao
da
kabota-
Juri
wylis
trans-
porti
sahaero
trans-
porti
qveynis
mSp
sabaz-
ro
faseb-
Si
I 06 18.3 48.1 33.6 15.6 90.0 13.4 2,835.0
II 06 17.8 48.6 43.0 17.0 52.7 11.5 3,356.4
III 06 21.6 62.0 40.4 17.6 69.9 15.7 3,626.6
IV 06 22.6 78.4 42.5 15.4 66.2 10.3 3,971.9
2006200620062006 80.380.380.380.3 237.1237.1237.1237.1 159.6159.6159.6159.6 65.665.665.665.6 278.8278.8278.8278.8 50.950.950.950.9 13,789.913,789.913,789.913,789.9
I 07 31.0 48.7 31.1 12.6 87.3 8.8 3,413.6
II 07 18.7 57.5 39.7 13.6 75.1 10.8 4,082.8
III 07 20.1 76.3 50.2 16.3 94.1 16.9 4,531.0
IV 07 23.1 77.6 50.9 14.9 108.2 17.6 4,966.4
2007200720072007 92.992.992.992.9 260.0260.0260.0260.0 171.9171.9171.9171.9 57.557.557.557.5 364.7364.7364.7364.7 54.154.154.154.1 16,993.816,993.816,993.816,993.8
I 08 23.7 69.7 38.4 10.7 96.9 12.3 4,195.4
II 08 23.8 74.5 44.1 15.7 77.6 16.0 4,944.7
III 08 24.4 75.5 35.7 13.7 91.1 25.0 4,751.0
IV 08 17.9 86.2 38.4 13.9 91.4 14.9 5,183.8
2008200820082008 89.889.889.889.8 305.9305.9305.9305.9 156.6156.6156.6156.6 54.054.054.054.0 357.0357.0357.0357.0 68.168.168.168.1 19,074.919,074.919,074.919,074.9
I 09 15.0 69.4 43.1 10.2 53.0 12.5 3,971.0
II 09 13.4 70.3 49.5 11.3 57.3 13.5 4,275.2
III 09 17.4 68.7 56.6 13.5 60.4 19.1 4,590.4
IV 09 16.3 75.9 56.1 13.9 75.1 15.2 5,149.3
2009200920092009 62.162.162.162.1 284.3284.3284.3284.3 205.3205.3205.3205.3 49.049.049.049.0 245.8245.8245.8245.8 60.460.460.460.4 17,986.017,986.017,986.017,986.0
I 10* 16.8 67.7 57.9 13.6 53.7 10.5 4,294.2
II 10* 20.9 82.0 65.6 15.5 61.5 15.5 5,044.1
III 10* 28.8 90.7 73.7 17.6 74.2 18.1 5,394.8
wyarowyarowyarowyaro:::: saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis erovnuli adinistracia,
2011.
turizmis ganviTarebis axali strategia globaluri ekonomikuri krizisis
periodSi saWiroebs servisze orientirebuli ekonomikis daCqarebul ganviTarebasa
da erovnuli biznesis saxelmwifo regulirebis axali modelis SemuSavebas _
Sedegad, turizmis seqtorSi warmoebuli biznesis axali modelis SemuSavebasac.
erovnuli turistuli industriis praqtikuli modelis warmodgena
SesaZlebelia iqnas Semdegi elementebiT:
1. qveyanam unda moipovos saerTaSoriso turistuli imiji, ra SemTxvevaSic
igi aRiqmeba rogorc saxelmwifo, romelic gaswevs saerTaSoriso standatebis
239
maRali xarisxis momsaxurebas da adgilobriv da ucxoel momxmarebels SesTa-
vazebs turistul momsaxurebaTa farTo diapazons;
2. qveyanaSi stabilizebuli unda iyos saqmiani sfero maTTvis, vinc
monawileobs turistul biznesSi (kerZod, unda arsebobdes turistuli sawar-
moebis Seqmnis maqsimaluri Tavisufleba);
3. formirebuli unda iyos turizmis sakanonmdeblo normebi, romlebic
uzrunvelyofen turistuli warmoebisa da infrastruqturis grZelvadian ganvi-
Tarebas turistuli biznesis ZiriTadi subieqtebis koncefciebisa da kompeten-
ciebis TvalsazrisiT;
4. turizmis sferoSi, momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis efeqturi RonisZi-
ebebis gatarebasTan erTad, unda Seiqmnas finansuri resursebis koncentraciisa
da turistuli industriis dafinansebis winapirobebi;
5. strategiuli gadawyvetilebebis miReba turistuli biznesis ganviTarebis
sferoSi unda iyos maqsimalurad decentralizebuli.
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, turizmis strategiuli miznebi da ZiriTadi
formebi unda gansazRvravdes misi ganviTarebis Semdeg konkretul amocanebs:
- turistuli seqtoris warmomadgenlebis uflebebisa da SesaZleblobebis
zrda erovnul ekonomikaSi;
- qveynis mimzidvelobis gaumjobeseba turizmisa da mogzaurobisaTvis;
- turizmis alternatiuli formebis moculobis zrda;
- ucxoeli turistebis sezonuri dinamikisa da momsaxurebis xarisxis
gaumjobeseba;
- axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis mxardaWera, gansakuTrebiT turizmis
ganviTarebisTvis mniSvnelovani potencialis mqone regionebSi.
saerTaSoriso turizmis ganviTarebis politikis mniSvneloba ganisazRvreba
im faqtiT, rom XX saukunis dasasruls msoflioSi globalizaciis saerTo
procesma turizmis sferoSi biZgi misca saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis formebis
gaRrmavebas. am process Tan sdevs turistTa gadaadgilebis pirobebSi libera-
lizaciis meqanizmebis ganviTareba da turistuli momsaxurebis mwarmoebeli
kompaniebis konkurentuli garemos kidev ufro gamkacreba. globalizaciis
procesebis Sesabamisad, turizmis ganviTareba uzrunvelyofs ama Tu im qveynis
erovnuli identurobis _ misi ekonomikis, garemosa da kulturis SenarCunebasa da
ganviTarebas.
gamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literatura
1. metreveli m. turizmis ekonomika da politika, Tb., 2011.
2. saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis erovnuli
adinistraciis informacia, 2011. 3. Promotion of trans-national thematic tourism products in the European Union as means of
sustainable tourism development, european commission, 2011. 4. Trends and skill needs in tourism, Olga Strietska-Ilina, Manfred Tessaring, (eds), Cedefop
Panorama series; 115, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2005. 5. http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/newsroom/cf/_getdocument.cfm?doc_id=6453 6. http://cendoc.esan.edu.pe/fulltext/e-documents/SkillTourism.pdf
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Metreveli Marina NATIONAL TOURISM STATE POLICY AND GLOBALIZATION
SUMMARY
Globalization provides the world trade system with different services. The field of service in the economic respect is one of the most important sectors in developing countries.
The priority in the development of the social services field of modern, service-oriented economies is the intense development of such of its sector as tourism is. Of all the sectors of the modern field of social services, only tourism has the potential to become one of the most dynamically developing segments of the national economies.
For the first time in the history of the European Union, the Lisbon Treaty included the chapter devoted to the regulation of tourism, demanding the creation of favorable entrepreneurship climate for small and medium-size tourist enterprises.
The new strategy in tourism should create economic preconditions for its highest possible development and growth of the share of the given sector of the national economy, i.e. tourism in the country’s gross domestic product. The above-mentioned makes the state policy of development of tourism with the obligation of direct support of tourist business imperative.
The new strategy of tourism development in terms of the global economic crisis needs speedy development of service-oriented economies and development of a new model of the national business state regulation, and consequently, development of the new business model in tourist sector.
eTer narimaniSvilieTer narimaniSvilieTer narimaniSvilieTer narimaniSvili miwebis gamoyenebisa da dacvis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebimiwebis gamoyenebisa da dacvis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebimiwebis gamoyenebisa da dacvis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebimiwebis gamoyenebisa da dacvis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi
agraruli politikis swori mimarTulebiT ganviTareba yvela qveynis eko-
nomikuri siZlieris qvakuTxedia. misi mizania qveynis uzrunvelyofa sakvebi
produqtebiT, am sferoSi mosaxleobis nawilis dasaqmeba, fermeruli meur-
neobebis waxaliseba da amiT agraruli seqtoris gaZliereba. agraruli politikis
erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi Semadgeneli nawilia miwis reforma, romelmac Zi-
reulad Secvala CvenSi miwaTsargeblobis da miwis flobis mravali aTeuli
wlebis ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibebuli urTierToba. mcire samoqmedo arealis gamo,
glexis saqmianoba missave sakuTar meurneobaSi uaRresad SezRuduli iyo.
kolmeurneobebSi dasaqmebul glexTa sakarmidamo nakveTis norma ganisazRvreboda
kolmeurneobis wesdebis Sesabamisad, romelic ar aRemateboda 0,50 ha-s. soflad
mcxovrebi yofili sabWoTa meurneobebis muSakebis, medicinis da ganaTlebis
specialistebis sakarmidamo nakveTis maqsimaluri odenoba 0,25 ha-mde iyo, xolo
sxva sferoSi momuSaveebs kidev ufro naklebi _ 0,15 ha eZleodaT, rac, ra Tqma
unda, arasakmarisi iyo sakveb produqtebze ojaxis moTxovnilebis dasakmayofi-
leblad. miwis reformis Sedegad Camoyalibda miwis mesakuTreTa fena, romelmac
safuZveli Cauyara miwis bazris Camoyalibebasa da funqcionirebas, rac warmoud-
genilia miwis registraciis gareSe, romelic aRiarebs da icavs mesakuTreTa
uflebebs, iZleva reformis procesSi daSvebuli Secdomebis aRmoCenis da gamos-
worebis saSualebas, aregulirebs urTierTobebs miwis mesakuTresa da saxelm-
wifos Soris, icavs nebismieri moqalaqis uflebas, SeuzRudavad miiRos sajaro
reestrSi arsebuli nebismieri informacia da sxva. miwis wliuri saheqtaro
gadasaxadi da sxvadasxva saxis saregistracio mosakreblebi udidesi ekonomikuri
241
potencialia, romelic bevri raionis biujetSi ZiriTad nawils Seadgens. rogorc
miwis reformis, aseve registraciis sawyisi etapi Cvens qveyanaSi xarvezebiT
warimarTa, rac aucileblad moiTxovs mecnierul Seswavlas, ganzogadebas xar-
vezebisa da naklovanebebis aRmofxvris mizniT. miwis reforma, miwis registracia,
axali procesebia ara marto saqarTvelosaTvis, aramed postsabWoTa sivrcis
yvela qveynisaTvis. mis Sedegad warmoiSva iseTi problemebi, rogoricaa miwis
wliuri gadasaxadis amoReba, qonebis gadacemisas qonebis sabazro fasis gansazR-
vra auditis mier, mcirekonturiani nakveTebis konsolidacia, saregistracio
mosakreblebis gadasaxadis gadaxdis gareSe momxmarebelTa vinaoba, miwis
racionaluri da efeqturi gamoyeneba, romelic jer kidev srulyofilad ar aris
Seswavlili. miwis reforma da misi Sedegebi ki sxvadasxva dros mravali mecnie-
ris mier iqna Seswavlili da Sefasebuli, magram uSualod miwis registraciis
Sesaxeb mecnieruli naSromebi sakmaod mcirea. miwis Tavisebureba, rom igi
sivrcobrivad SezRudulia da SeuZlebeli. misi Secvla warmoebis romelime sxva
saSualebiT, amZafrebs miwis racionalurad gamoyenebis problemas. miwis
racionaluri gamoyeneba, masze kontrolis gaZliereba, misi raodenobrivi da
xarisxobrivi aRricxvis ekonomikuri analizi saSualebas iZleva, rom teritoria
optimalurad iqnes gamoyenebuli, es ki, saboloo jamSi, teritoriis da samuSao-
ebis swori organizaciis safuZvelia. qveynis agraruli politikis ZiriTadi
amocana soflis meurneobis warmoebis zrda, sakvebi produqtebiT mosaxleobis
moTxovnis dakmayofilebaa. miwis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia sxva faqtorebTan
erTad, kompleqsSi, uaRresad didi mniSvneloba eniWeba nakveTis gare sazRvrebs,
farTobs, formas, mis mdebareobas da sxva. warmoebis ganlagebisas gaTvalis-
winebuli unda iqnes warmoebis perspeqtiva, specializacia da koncentracia,
teritoriis optimaluri ganlageba da zomebi. Tu reformis Sedegad moxda didi
sawarmo masivebis danawevreba, 1960-70-ian wlebSi warmoebda mcire farTobebis
sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmoebis gamsxvileba, rac aseve gaumarTlebeli iyo. miwis
gamoyenebis, ganawilebis da dacvis Taobaze saxelmwifo organizaciebsa da kerZo
pirebs Soris yalibdeba garkveuli urTierTobebi _ saadgilmamulo urTierToba,
romelic regulirdeba miwis samarTlis normebiT. saadgilmamulo urTierTobas,
ise, rogorc sxva samarTlebriv urTierTobebs, gaaCnia ramdenime elementi: _
samarTlis norma, romliTac unda vixelmZRvaneloT miwis ama Tu im samarTleb-
rivi sakiTxis gadawyvetis dros _ samarTlis subieqti, anu saadgilmamulo urTi-
erTobebSi monawile. samarTlis obieqti – individualurad garkveuli miwis
nakveTi, romlis Taobazedac warmoiqmneba saadgilmamulo urTierToba. saxelmwi-
fos mmarTvleobis sferoSi saadgilmamulo urTierTobis obieqtia qveynis
mTliani miwis fondi, misi calkeuli nawilebi da nakveTebi. kerZo mesakuTreTa
saadgilmamulo urTierTobis obieqtia miwaTsakuTrebis mTliani farTobi, misi
Semadgeneli nawilebiTa da calkeul nakveTebiT _saadgilmamulo samarTalur-
TierTobaTa Sinaarsi, anu monawileTa ufleba-movaleobani, romlebic moqmedebs
samarTlis normebis zust SesabamisobasTan; dasaxuli aqvT mizani, romlis misaR-
wevadac yalibdeba mocemuli saadgilmamulo urTierToba. amasTan, gaTvalis-
winebuli unda iqnes is Taviseburebani, romlebic gaaCnia subieqtsa da obieqts.
subieqtis rolSi – dainteresebulia miwis resursebis racionalurad gamoyenebisa
da dacvis uzrunvelyofiT. miwis bunebriv TvisebaTa siWrelisa da misi sameurneo
gamoyenebis SesaZleblobis mravalferovnebis arsebobis gamo SeiZleba warmoiq-
mnas saadgilmamulo urTierTobaTa nairgvaroba. erTi aseTi urTierToba
242
yalibdeba soflis meurneobaSi, meore – mrewvelobaSi, mesame –satyeo meur-
neobaSi, meoTxe _ dasaxlebuli punqtebis mSeneblobaSi da a.S. es ganapirobebs
saadgilmamulo urTierTobaTa klasifikaciis aucileblobas. miwis ZiriTadi
sameurneo daniSnulebis mixedviT, samarTalurTierTobaTa Semadgeneli yvela
elementi iq iZens Tavis mniSvnelobas. ase rom, saadgilmamulo samarTalur-
TierTobas agrarul seqtorSi aqvs Tavisi samarTlebrivi normebi, Tavis obieq-
ti, hyavs subieqtebi, gaaCnia Tavisi samarTlebrivi Sinaarsi, rac gamoxatulia
miwebis sasoflo-sameurneo gamoyenebis ganxorcielebis uflebamosilebasa da
valdebulebebSi. saadgilmamulo samarTalurTierTobaTa klasifikacia SeiZleba
aigos sxva niSnebis mixedviTac, imisda mixedviT, Tu saadgilmamulo samar-
TalurTierTobaTa ra Taviseburebebi gvinda gamovyoT da gamovTvaloT. Tavisi
iuridiuli mniSvneloba aqvs saadgilmamulo samarTalurTierTobebs maTi
subieqtebis mixedviT. am urTierTobaTa monawile SeiZleba iyos SezRuduli
pasuxismgeblobis sawarmo, saxazino meurneoba, kooperatiuli moqalaqe da a.S.
saadgilmamulo samarTalurTierToba Tavisi SinarsiT xasiaTdeba im uflebebiT
da valdebulebebiT, romlebic gansazRvravs monawileTa qcevebs. ase magaliTad,
moqalaqis ufleba miwis nakveTis miRebaze Seesabameba saxelmwifos valdebulebas,
daakmayofilos moqalaqe miwis nakveTiT. meijaris ufleba, romelmac miwis
nakveTi gasca ijariT, Seesabameba moijaris valdebulebebs, Tavis droze gadau-
xados meijares ijaris qira. saadgilmamulo samarTalurTierTobebi funqcona-
luri daniSnulebis mixedviT SeiZleba iyos maregulirebeli da samarTaldacviTi.
maregulirebeli samarTalurTierTobebi aris saadgilmamulo urTierTobebi,
daregulirebuli miwis samarTlis normebiT, romlebic gamoixateba urTierTobaSi
monawileTa mier pozitiuri (dadebiTi) moqmedebis SesrulebaSi. saadgilmamulo
urTierToba SeiZleba iyos materialuri (romelic warmoiqmneba materialuri
samarTli normebis safuZvelze) da procesualuri (procesualuri normebis
safuZvelze). materialuri samarTlebrivi normebi, es iseTi normebia, romlebic
adgens saadgilmamulo samarTalurTierTobaTa monawileebis valdebulebebsa da
romelime arsebiT samarTals. saadgilmamulo uTrierTobas, romelic am normebs
Seesabameba, materialuri hqvia. saxelmwifo valdebulia miwebis marTvis procesSi
daicvas rogorc saxelmwifos, aseve kerZo mesakuTris interesi, xeli Seuwyos
miwis nayofierebisa da produqtiulobis amaRlebis RonisZiebebis gatarebas.
saxelmwifos, aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi, ufleba aqvs CamoarTvas mesakuTres
miwis nakveTi misi safasuris anazRaurebiT. mezoblebi valdebuli arian, angariSi
gauwion erTmaneTs momijnave farTobis gamoyenebis dros, saWiroa SeTanxmeba,
roca erTi mxare azaralebs meores. saadgilmamulo urTierToba unda aRviqvaT
ara rogorc mxolod statistikuri, aramed aseve dinamikaSic. saadgilmamulo
urTierToba SeiZleba warmoiqmnas, Seicvalos da Sewydes. maTi ganviTareba, mud-
mivi moZraoba gaTvaliswinebulia samarTlebrivi normebiT. samarTlebrivi norma
miuTiTebs iuridiul faqtze (moqmedeba, umoqmedoba, movlena da a.S.), romelic
warmoSobs urTierTobis monawileTa garkveul uflebebsa da valdebulebebs
(miwebis mozomva, CamoWra, gamoyofa, sazRvrebis Secvla, yidva-gayidva, gaCuqeba,
ijariT gacema da a.S.). amasTan, is gamomdinareobs saadgilmamulo urTierTobaTa
moZravi bunebidan. saadgilmamulo urTierTobis warmoqmnis safuZvelia miwaze
sxvadasxva saxis garigebis iuridiuli faqti. sawyisia dainteresebuli piris
ganacxadi, nebis gamoxatva, SemdgomSi _ SeTanxmeba, xelSekruleba am garigebis
aRsrulebis Taobaze. miwaTsakuTrebis, miwaTsargeblobis an miwis ijariT
243
miRebis uflebis ZiriTadi dokumentis miRebisa da registrirebis Semdeg miwis
mesakuTre Tu mosargeble uflebamosilia gamoiyenos miwa dadgenili wesebis
Sesabamisad. miwebis gamoyenebis dros warmoiqmneba sarento urTierTobebi, anu
urTierToba, dakavSirebuli miwis savargulebis eqspluataciis Sedegad miRebuli
Semosavlebis miTviseba-ganawilebasTan, aseve SeiZleba warmoiqmnas samarTaldacvi-
Ti urTierTobebi, roca arsebobs ama Tu im uflebrivi reJimis darRvevis
saSiSroeba. amdenad, saadgilmamulo samarTalurTierTobaTa warmoqmna da ganvi-
Tareba xdeba miwis samarTlis realur cxovrebaSi. cvlilebebi miwis samarTalur-
TierTobaSi, romlebic xdeba miwebis gamoyenebis procesSi, yovelTvis dakavSi-
rebulia ama Tu im moqmedebaTa Tu movlenaTa Semdgomi evoluciis processa da
samarTlis ganviTarebasTan. ase magaliTad, moijares Tu gauuaresda warmoebis
pirobebi uaryofiTi bunebrivi movlenebis gamo (gvalva, wyaldidoba da sxva),
uflebamosilia, moiTxovos cvlilebebis Setana adre gaformebul xelSekru-
lebaSi, aseve moijare, miwis nayofierebis gazrdis SemTxvevaSi, moiTxovs xel-
Sekrulebis gadaxedvas da sxva. saadgilmamulo samarTalurTierTobaTa kompleq-
sis Sewyveta xdeba konkretuli miwis nakveTis gamoyenebis Sewyvetis erTdroulad.
aseTi Sewyvetis safuZvelia xelSekruleba miwis nakveTis gayidvis Sesaxeb an
kompetenturi saxelmwifo organos gadawyvetileba miwis nakveTis CamorTmevis
aucileblobis Sesaxeb. miwis samarTalurTierTobis Sewyvetis safuZveli SeiZleba
iyos (iuridiuli faqti) miwis mesakuTris an mosargeblis gardacvaleba an ijaris
vadis gasvla. uaris Tqma miwis nakveTiT sargeblobaze da a.S. saadgilmamulo
samarTalurTierTobis Sewyveta SeiZleba moxdes mTlianad an nawilobriv,
SeiZleba nakveTis nawili eqvemdebarebodes garkveuli RonisZiebis gatarebas,
gayidvas, gaCuqebas, CamorTmevas da sxva.
gamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literatura
1. agraruli reforma da misi gatareba cxovrebaSi. erovnuli seminaris masalebi,
Tbilisi, 2002.
2. agrosamrewvelo kompleqsis krizisidan gamoyvanis pirveli da meore rigis
RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb. Tbilisi, 2002.
3. andRulaZe r., doRonaZe g. saqarTvelos miwis fondi da maTi intensiurad
gamoyenebis gzebi. Tbilisi, 1987.
4. burkaZe v. agraruli seqtoris ganviTarebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi
saqarTveloSi, saqarTvelos ekonomikis mecnierebaTa akademiis SromaTa krebuli,
t. III.
5. doRonaZe g. miwis reformis mimdinareobis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi
saqarTveloSi. SromaTa krebuli, t. I. (XXVI), Tbilisi, 1998.
Narimanishvili Eter JURIDICAL BASIS OF LAND USAGE AND SECURITY
SUMMARY
Thus, agricultural policy of the country has one main reason to increase agriculture and satisfied inhabitant’s require about the food production. Using the land is possible with the other factors, in this case the area, borders, shape and locations have the great role. As aboard as in Georgia land location is regulated by the government. This kind of regularity is called sanitary and hygienic rules, nature security complex activities, limited plans of the land and regularity of relationship between the neighbors.
244
eTer narimaniSvilieTer narimaniSvilieTer narimaniSvilieTer narimaniSvili mexileobis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba da ganviTarebismexileobis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba da ganviTarebismexileobis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba da ganviTarebismexileobis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba da ganviTarebis
perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSiperspeqtivebi saqarTveloSiperspeqtivebi saqarTveloSiperspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi
mexileoba saqarTveloSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli sasoflo-sameurneo
warmoebaSi. mexileobas erT-erTi wamyvani adgili uWiravs, amave dros, mas didi
mniSvneloba aqvs qveynis ekonomikisaTvis. xexilis nargavebi saqarTvelos yvela
raionSia, maT Soris iseT maRal raionebSi, rogoricaa yazbegis, bogdanovkis,
mestisaa da sxva, magram maT aq metad mcire adgili aqvs daTmobili. saqarTveloSi
xexilis nargavebis tipebi ornairia da warmodgenilia rogorc mTliani baRebis,
ise calke nargaobaTa erTeuli Zirebis saxiT. bunebrivi da ekonomikuri pirobebis
mixedviT, mexileoba saqarTvelos raionebSi met-naklebadaa ganviTarebuli.
mexileobis ZiriTad raionebSi xexili met-wilad gaSenebulia mTlian farTobebad
da did masivebad, amave dros, aq didi raodenobiTaa warmodgenili calke
nargavebic. im raionebSi, sadac mexileoba damxmare dargia, nargavebis meti nawili
erTeuli Zirebisagan Sedgeba. xexilis baRebis yvelaze didi saerTo farTobia
Sida qarTlSi, samxreT oseTis dablobis zoniT, aq Tavmoyrilia qveynis mTeli
nargaobis TiTqmis mesamedi. mexileobis calkeul zonebs Soris, maTi bunebrivi da
ekonomikuri pirobebis Sesabamisad, gansxvavdeba xexilis jgufebis Sefardeba.
kurkovani xilis xvedriTi wona gansakuTrebiT didia Tbilisis sagareubno zonaSi
_ qvemo qarTlSi, aq kurkovnebs mTeli farTobis mesamedi uWiravs, didia
kurkovani xexilis xvedriTi wona, agreTve, imereTSi, afxazeTsa da kaxeTSi.
kaklovnebi gavrcelebulia da didi xvedriTi wona aqvT xexilis baRebis saerTo
farTobSi, umTavresad SavizRvispira zonebSi: guriaSi, aWaraSi, samegrelosa da
afxazaTSi. am mxareSi kaklovnebidan umTavresad gavrcelebulia Txilis kultura.
qveynis danarCeni zonebidan kaklovnebs SedarebiT xvedriTi wona aqvT kaxeTSi,
imereTsa da raWa-leCxumSi. am sam zonaSi umTavresad gavrcelebulia kaklis
kultura. xexilis kulturebis umravlesoba yvela raionSi gvxdeba, gamonakliss
Seadgens qarTlis raionebi, sadac, SedarebiT mkacri klimaturi pirobebis gamo,
TiTqmis sruliad ar aris subtropikuli kulturebi _ leRvi, broweuli da
subtropikuli xurma. qveynis mexileobis ZiriTadi zonebis (Sida qarTli, mesxeTi)
xexilis baRebSi umTavresad gavrcelebulia vaSlis kultura, am raionebSi
mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs agreTve msxalsa da qliavs, sustadaa warmodgenili
kakali, xolo Txilis kultura TiTqmis ar gvxvdeba. xexilis baRebis
pasportizaciis dros aRiricxa agreTve mTliani baRebis sarwyavi farTobebi,
rogorc cnobilia, saqarTvelos mexileobis ZiraTad zonebSi _ qvemo qarTlSi,
Sida qarTlsa da mesxeTSi atmosferuli naleqebis simcirisa da wlis periodebis
mixedviT maTi araTanabari ganawilebis, agreTve, xSiri da Zlieri qarebis gamo,
xexilis baRebis morwyva aucilebelia. qveynis danarCen raionebSi xexilis
nargavebi urwyavadac xarobs, magram zogierT wels saWiroebs morwyvas. sarwyavi
xexilis baRebi yvelaze metia Sida qarTlsa da samxreT oseTis zonaSi, Semdeg
mesxeTsa da qvemo qarTlSi. qveynis sxvadasxva zonebis xexilis baRebSi nargavebis
simeCxre met-naklebia, amasTanave aRsaniSnavia, rom TvalsaCinod didia simeCxre
mexileobis mTavar zonebSi. yvelaze meCxeri nargavebi aRmosavleT kavkasionis
mTianeTis zonaSia, sadac, miuxedavad xexilis nargavebis saerTo simcirisa,
simeCxre aRwevs mTeli nargavebis TiTqmis meoTxeds. aseTi mdgomareoba gamow-
veulia ganvlil SvidwledSi xexili baRebis gaSenebis metad didi, arsebul
245
SesaZleblobebTan Seuferebeli gegmiuri davalebebiT, romelTa SesrulebisaTvis
meurneobebi xSir SemTxvevaSi iZulebulni iyvnen daerRviaT xexilis gaSenebisa da
Semdgomi movlis savaldebulo agrowesebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom mexileoba
saqarTveloSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli da mTeli rigi raionebis sasoflo-
sameurneo warmoebaSi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs, mainc misi ganviTareba ar
aris sasurveli da SesaZlebel doneze. mexileobis calkeuli zonebisa da
meurneobebis kategoriebs Soris miRebul produqciaSi xexilis jgufebis mixedviT
TvalsaCino gansxvavebaa, rac nargavebis jgufobrivi Sedgenilobisa da xilis
mosavlianobis sxvaobidan gamomdinareobs.
saqarTvelos bunebrivi da ekonomikuri pirobebi farTo SesaZleblobas qmnis
qveynis umravles raionebSi maRali intensiuri, mravaldargobrivi sasoflo-
sameurneo warmoebis ganviTarebisaTvis. amasTanave, bunebrivi pirobebis Tval-
saCino sxvaoba iwvevs gansxvavebul zonebSi ama Tu im sasoflo-sameurneo dargis
an kulturis upiratesi ganviTarebis mizanSewonilobasa da aucileblobas.
soflis meurneobis produqtebis siuxvis Seqmnisas, rac amJamad erT-erT ZiriTad
amocanadaa miCneuli, sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis ganlagebisa da speciali-
zaciis Semdgom daxvewasa da gaRrmavebas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs.
sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis ganlagebisa da specializaciis sakiTxis damuSa-
vebisas gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmoTa kompleqsuri
ganviTarebis aucilebloba teqnikurad da ekonomiurad urTierTdakavSirebuli
dargebis SeTanawyobiT. amasTanave unda gvaxsovdes, rom mravaldargobrivi meur-
neoba gulisxmobs ara universalurs, aramed iseTs, romelic garkveul bunebriv
da ekonomikur pirobebSi saukeTeso Sedegs mogvcems, damatebiTi da damxmare
dargebi ki racionalurad iqneba SeTanawyobili mTavar dargTan. saqarTveloSi
mexileoba amJamad farTodaa gavrcelebuli da metad mniSvnelovani adgili
uWiravs ekonomikaSi. amave dros, garkveuladaa Camoyalibebuli mTeli rigi
raionebi da mikroraionebi, sadac es dargi wamyvania. aqedan gamomdinare, metad
mniSvnelovania mexileobis swori ganlagebis, Semdgomi gaRrmavebuli specia-
lizacisaa da perspeqtiuli ganviTarebis mecnierulad dasabuTebuli gegmis
dasaxva-Sedgena. saqarTveloSi mexileobis ganviTarebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT kargi
pirobebia da mas qveynis ekonomikaSi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs,
Tumca am mimarTulebiT jer kidev ar aris gamoyenebuli yvela arsebuli SesaZ-
lebloba. mxedvelobaSi misaRebia isic, rom saqarTvelos mexileobis ZiriTadi
raionebis umravlesobaSi, mexileobasTan erTad, kargi pirobebi aqvs agreTve
mevenaxeobas, amitom calkeuli raionebis dagegmvis dros gaTvaliswinebuli unda
iyos misi ganviTarebac. mravalwliani kulturebis, kerZod mexileobis ganvi-
Tarebis rogorc qveynis, ise raionuli da calkeuli meurneobebis perspeqtiuli
gegmis Sedgenisas, gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes mTeli rigi mniSvnelovani
momentebi, saxeldobr: mexileobis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba, qveynis calkeuli
raionebis mniSvneloba da sasurveli asortimentis maRalxarisxovani produqciis
miRebis SesaZlebloba, xexilis baRebis gasaSeneblad Sesaferisi farTobebis
arseboba, miwis masivebis aTvisebis siadvile, rogorc plantaJis gakeTebis, ise
xexilis baRebis Semdgomi damuSavebis samuSaoTa meqanizebuli wesiT warmoebis
SesaZleblobis TvalsazrisiT da sxva. amasTan erTad, mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes
miRebuli mexileobis mizanSewonili SeTanawyobis aucilebloba soflis
meurneobis danarCen dargebTan TiToeul zonaSi, raionsa da TviT meurneobaSic.
xexilis baRebis gaSenebis gegmis calkeuli raionebis mixedviT dadgenisas
246
mxedvelobaSi miiReba mravali mniSvnelovani faqtori, rogoricaa mexileobis
Tanamedrove mdgomareoba, axali xexilis baRebis gaSenebis teritoriuli
SesaZleblobani, xarisxovani produqtebis miReba da sxva. am momentis gaTvalis-
winebiT, generaluri prespeqtivebisaTvis yvelaze didi farTobis gaSeneba
navaraudevia Sida qarTlSi, qvemo qarTlSi, imereTSi, kaxeTSi da sxva. mexileobis
perspeqtiuli ganviTarebis sakiTxis damuSavebisas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
eniWeba gasaSenebeli baRebisaTvis xexilis jgufebis, kulturebisa da jiSebis
sworad SerCevas, maT ganlagebas ama Tu im zonis bunebrivi da ekonomikuri
pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT. xexilis jgufebis Sefardeba calkeul zonaSi,
pirvelyovlisa, damokidebilia arsebul bunebriv pirobebze, romelTac am jgu-
febSi Semavali xexilis calkeuli kulturebi gansxvavebul moTxovnebs uyeneben.
garda amisa kulturis ganviTareba ama Tu im zonaSi gamowveulia ekonomikuri
pirobebiT, rogoricaa bazrisa da xilis gadasamuSavebeli qarxnebis siaxlove,
gzebis mdgomareoba, transportiT uzrunvelyofa, saxelmwifo dakveTa da sxva.
generaluri perspeqtivebiT gaTvaliswinebulia kurkovani kulturebis xvedriTi
wonis amaRleba im zonebSi, sadac am jgufis xexilisaTvis xelSemwyobo pirobebia.
es gamowveulia kurkovani kulturebis msxmoiarobaSi adre SesvliT, xexilis
siuxvis ufro swrafad gazrdiT. amave dros, am kulturebis produqcia Semodis
adre periodSi, roca xilis nakleboba igrZnoba.
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli xexilis saxeobaTa Soris 16 kulturas samrew-
velo mniSvneloba aqvs da maTgan sasaqonlo produqcias Rebuloben, magram
qveyanaSi yvela xexilovan kulturas Tanabari xvedriTi wona ar aqvs. calke
kulturebis xvedriTi wona jgufebis SigniT zonebis mixedviT dadgenilia
bunebrivi da ekonomikuri pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT da gamoxatulia farTobebis
procentuli SefardebiT. TiToeuli kulturis jiSobrivi Sedgeniloba damo-
kidebulia agreTve bunebriv da ekonomikur pirobebsa da saxelmwifo dakveTaze.
saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxis bunebrivi da ekonomikuri pirobebi metad Wrelia,
riTac gamowveulia xexilis gavrcelebuli jiSebis simravle, radgan erTi da
imave jiSis sameurneo Rirebuleba yvelgan erTnari ar aris. saqarTvelos
raionebSi gavrcelebulia 100-ze meti vaSlis, msxlis 60-mde, komSis 20-mde, qliavis
30-ze meti, atmis 40-mde, blis 16, alublis 14, gargaris 10, Txilis 15, nuSis 15,
xurmis 10, leRvis 30-ze meti jiSi da sxva. standartul asortimentSi Setanilia
vaSlis 18, msxlis 15, komSis 7, qliavis 9, tyemlis 6, blis 8, alublis 4, atmis 20,
gargaris 5, Txilis 9, nuSis 4, xurmis 5 jiSi. standartul jiSebad gamoyofilia
maRalxarisxovani, bunebriv pirobebs Seguebuli kargi gemuri Tvisebebis an
maRali teqnikuri niSan-Tvisebebis jiSebi. TiToeuli zonisaTvis standartul
asortimentSi Setanili jiSebi uzrunvelyofilia damamtvrianeblebiT, romlebic
SerCeulia standartululi jiSebidan. perspeqtivaSi xilis saerTo mosavali
TvalsaCinod gaizrdeba,EerTi mxriv, mosavlianobis gadidebis, xolo meore mxriv,
axalgazrda nargavebis TandaTan msxmoiare asakSi SesvlasTan dakavSirebiT.
arsebuli xexilis baRebis mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba da axali baRebis gaSeneba-
movla, xexilis produqciis raodenobrivi da xarisxobrivi maCveneblebis amaRleba
erTnairad didi mniSvnelobis amocanebia. saqarTvelos xelmZRvaneli organoebis
mier bolo periodSi miRebuli organizaciul-teqnikuri RonisZiebebi didad
Seuwyobs xels Cveni soflis meurneobis, kerZod mexileobis, Semdgom aRmavlobas
da dasaxuli gegmis warmatebiT Sesrulebas.
247
gamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literatura
1. berZeniSvili l. mexileoba, Tbilisi, 1984. 2. sefiSvili f. mexileoba. Tbilisi, 984. 3. WipaSvili v. mexileoba. Tbilisi, 1984. 4. qeSelaSvili m. mexileoba. Tbilisi, 1988. 5. varZelaSvili m. mexileoba. Tbilisi, 1988. 6. morCilaZe T. mexileoba. Tbilisi, 1988.
Narimanishvili Eter MODERN CONDITIONS OF HORTICULTURE AND PERSPECTIVES
OF ITS DEVELOPMENT IN GEORGIA SUMMARY
Thus, economic conditions to develop the horticulture in Georgia is the best. Above mention issue has
the great role but it is not developed with its high quality yet. We will foresee that viticulture is also developed in these regions where the horticulture has been developed. From all of them it would be better if we foresee development of the regions until we planned them. Of course it is needed to foresee arranging of horticulture and viticulture where will they produce and which zone, district and agriculture. The arrangements activities which are being done by our government will accomplice agriculture in Georgia especially horticulture. It will be the first steps to flourish our agriculture and complete our future plans successfully.
zurab nozaZezurab nozaZezurab nozaZezurab nozaZe saxelmwifo bunebrivi erovnuli parkebis da saxelmwifo saxelmwifo bunebrivi erovnuli parkebis da saxelmwifo saxelmwifo bunebrivi erovnuli parkebis da saxelmwifo saxelmwifo bunebrivi erovnuli parkebis da saxelmwifo aRkveTili aRkveTili aRkveTili aRkveTili
teritoriebis gamoyenebisteritoriebis gamoyenebisteritoriebis gamoyenebisteritoriebis gamoyenebis da dacvis sakiTxebida dacvis sakiTxebida dacvis sakiTxebida dacvis sakiTxebi
saqarTvelos ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia turizms.
saqarTvelo mdidaria unikaluri bunebrivi resursebiT, gaaCnia uZvelesi kultura,
romlis harmoniuli aTviseba da gamoyeneba saSualebas mogvcems, maRal doneze
aviyvanoTY turistuli industria.
turizmis ganviTarebaSi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani faqtoria saqarTvelos
saxelmwifo bunebrivi parkebis da saxelmwifo aRkveTili teritoriebis turis-
tuli potencialis maqsimaluri aTviseba, misi srulfasovani dacva da ganvi-
Tareba.
saxelmwifo bunebrivi erovnuli parkisaxelmwifo bunebrivi erovnuli parkisaxelmwifo bunebrivi erovnuli parkisaxelmwifo bunebrivi erovnuli parki warmoadgens teritorias (bunebriv
kompleqss), romelsac gaaCnia ekologiuri, istoriuli, esTetikuri faseuloba,
bunebrivi da kulturuli landSaftebis xelsayreli SeTanawyoba. bunebrivi
erovnuli parkebi iqmneba am kompleqsebis SesanarCuneblad, erTdroulad regu-
laruli turizmisa da mosaxleobis sxvadasxva formiT dasvenebisaTvis,
samecniero gamokvlevis Casatareblad, bunebrivi garemos dacvis mravali sakiTxis
gadasawyvetad. bunebrivi erovnuli parkis teritorias SeiZleba SevuerToT
sxvadasxva miwaTmosargebleTa miwebi. miwis nakveTebi, wiaRiseuli, wylis sivrce,
romelic Sedis bunebrivi erovnuli parkis SemadgenlobaSi, bunebrivi obieqtebi
da kulturuli landSaftis elementebi, daculia intensiuri sameurneo gamoye-
nebisagan. bunebrivi erovnuli parkebis tyeebi pirveli jgufis tyeebs miekuTvneba
da satyeo sameurneo saqmianobis warmoebisas gansakuTrebuli reJimiT
xasiaTdebian.
248
erovnuli bunebrivi parkebi iqmneba ministrTa kabinetis dadgenilebis
safuZvelze, ganixilavs bunebrivi resursebis dacvisa da racionaluri bune-
baTsargeblobis sakiTxebs.
bunebriv erovnul parkebs hyavs administraciul-sameurneo personali,
eqskursiamZRoli, samecniero da samecniero-teqnikuri TanamSromlebi da dacvis
specialuri samsaxuri.
saxelmwifo bunebrivi erovnuli parkebis teritoriaze (akvatoriaze) akrZa-
lulia yovelgvari saqmianoba, romelic arRvevs bunebriv kompleqsebs an amcirebs
bunebriv da kulturul faseulobas teritoriaze, agreTve emuqreba bunebrivi
obieqtebis SenarCunebas.
bunebrivi erovnuli parkebis teritoriaze (akvatoriaze) tardeba Ronis-
Ziebebi, romelic aucilebelia bunebrivi kompleqsebis SenarCunebis an aRdgeni-
saTvis, adgilmdebareobis esTetikuri mimzidvelobis gazrdisaTvis, damsvenebel-
Ta organizebuli dasvenebis formebis gaumjobesebisaTvis.
bunebrivi erovnuli parkebis sazRvrebSi nebadarTulia adgilobrivi mosax-
leobis tradiciuli sameurneo saqmianoba, romelic SeTanawyobilia parkebis
miznebTan _ meurneobis tradiciuli formebiT warmoeba, kustaruli da saxalxo
rewva, agreTve calkeuli bunebrivi resursebis gamoyeneba, romelic dakav-
Sirebulia kustarul da saxalxo rewvasTan. bunebriv erovnul parkSi SeiZleba
moewyos muzeumi da sxva kulturul-ganmanaTlebeli obieqtebi, romlebic
pasuxoben parkis amocanebs. bunebrivi erovnuli parkis teritoria iyofa dacvisa
da gamoyenebis gansxvavebuli reJimis zonebad.
parkSi gamoiyofa zona nakrZalis reJimiT, sadac akrZalulia sameurneo
saqmianoba da mosaxleobis dasvenebis mowyoba, xolo gamoyofilia zona, mosax-
leobis organizebuli masobrivi dasvenebisaTvis, sadac gansazRvrulia parkis
RirsSesaniSnavi adgilebis daTvaliereba da mokledroiTi dasveneba. isini
aRWurvilni arian turistuli bilikebiT, sayurebeli farTobebiT, sqemebiTa da
anSlagebiT bunebrivi, istoriul-kulturuli, sayofacxovrebo obieqtebis ganla-
gebis Sesaxeb. parkSi gamoiyofa zonebi mnaxvelebis sayofacxovrebo da kul-
turuli momsaxurebisaTvis, sadac ganlagebulia kempingebi, sastumroebi, moteli,
sazogadoebrivi kvebis obieqtebi da sxvadasxva momsaxurebis dawesebulebebi.
_ bunebrivi erovnuli parkis dacvis organizacia akisria direqtors. parkis
yvela TanamSromeli movalea aqtiuri monawileoba miiRos parkisa da parkis
reJimis dacvaSi.
bunebrivi erovnuli parkebi, garda turizmisa da mosaxleobis dasvenebis,
ganmanaTlebeli funqciisa, sxva funqciebsac asruleben. magaliTad, bunebrivi
landSaftebis da kulturis Zeglebis dacvas mis teritoriaze.
bunebrivi erovnuli parkebis organizacia unda gagrZeldes Semdgomac da
geografiulad ufro meti teritoriebi unda moicvas sxvadasxva zonebSi.
saxelmwifo aRkveTili teritoriebisaxelmwifo aRkveTili teritoriebisaxelmwifo aRkveTili teritoriebisaxelmwifo aRkveTili teritoriebi warmoadgens bunebrivi landSaftis
nakveTs, romlis daniSnulebaa bunebis komponentebis dacva, kvlavwarmoeba da
aRdgena.
saxelmwifo aRkveTili teritoriebi iqmneba ministrTa kabinetis dadgeni-
lebis safuZvelze da daniSnulebis mixedviT iyofa respublikuri da adgilobrivi
mniSvnelobis teritoriebad.
saxelmwifo aRkveTili teritoriebi iqmneba gansazRvruli droiT, romelic
saWiroa dasaxuli, aucilebeli amocanis Sesasruleblad da agreTve mudmivi.
249
kolmeurneobebi, satyeo meurneobebi, dawesebulebebi, organizaciebi, romelTa
teritoriazec warmoiqmna aRkveTili teritoriebi, movaleni arian, daicvan masSi
dadgenili reJimi.
aRkveTili teritoriebi Tavisi erTobliobiT asrulebs bunebrivi resursebis
dacvis, aRdgenis, kvlavwarmoebis funqciebs da icavs saerTo ekologiur balanss.
Tavisi daniSnulebiT saxelmwifo aRkveTili teritoriebi iyofa Semdeg
kategoriebad:
- landSafturi, anu kompleqsuri – romlis daniSnulebaa gansakuTrebuli
faseuli bunebrivi landSaftebisa da kompleqsebis dacva da aRdgena.
- biologiuri (botanikuri da zoologiuri) – faseuli sameurneo, samecniero
da kulturuli daniSnulebis iSviaTi da gadaSenebis piras mdgomi mcenareebisa
da cxovelebis saxeobebis dacva da aRdgena.
- paleontologiuri – romlis daniSnulebaa wiaRiseulis obieqtebisa da
kompleqsebis calkeuli saxeobebis SenarCuneba.
- hidrologiuri (Waobis, tbis, mdinaris, zRvis da sxva) – romlis daniSnu-
lebaa faseuli wylis wyaroebisa da kompleqsebis SenarCuneba da aRdgena.
- geologiuri (niadaguri, torfis, mineraluri da sxva) – misi daniSnulebaa
faseuli aracocxali bunebis obieqtebisa da kompleqsebis SenarCuneba.
saxelmwifo aRkveTil teritoriaze SeiZleba Catardes bunebis dacvisa da
bunebrivi simdidreebis racionaluri gamoyenebis samecniero-kvleviTi samuSaoebi.
aRkveTili teritoriebis reJimi unda iyos gaTvaliswinebuli raionis
miwaTmowyobis sqemaSi. aRkveTili teritoriebis dacvaSi SeiZleba monawileoba
miiRon sazogadoebrivma specialurma inspeqtorebma, bunebis dacvis sxvadasxva
dargis TanamSromlebma da specialistebma.
saqarTvelos, Tavisi geografiuli mdebareobisa da mravalferovani bunebrivi
pirobebis gamo, gaaCnia didi potenciali turizmis ganviTarebisaTvis. amisaTvis
saWiroa ufro meti yuradReba mieqces bunebrivi erovnuli parkebisa da
aRkveTili teritoriebis infrastruqturis ganviTarebas, rom ufro movizidoT
sazRvargareTis turistebi. am miznis misaRwevad meti kapitaldabandebisa da
investiciebis Cadeba dagvWirdeba aRniSnuli teritoriebis gafarToebisa da
keTilmowyobisaTvis.
gamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literatura
1. Г. Я. Кукушкин. Государственное планирование природопользования. Москва ,, Мысль” 1991.
2. Раяшкас Р. Л., Суткайтис В. Н. Окружающая среда и проблема планирования. Москва, ,,Наука”, 1981.
3. Урсул А. Д., Романович А. Л. Безопасность и устойчивое развитие, Москва, 1993.
Nozadze Zurab PROBLEMS OF USE AND DEFEND OF STATE NATURAL NATIONA L PARKS AND STATE
LIMITED TERRITORIES SUMMARY
In the article there is discussed the important role of the state natural national parks and state limited
Territories in development of tourism is Georgia. There are also given their use and defend questions in detail and their developing proposals.
250
Rad Nataliya DEVELOPMENT OF PENSION SYSTEMS OF UKRAINE AND GEO RGIA
IN CONDITIONS OF MODERN CHALLENGES
Introduction. Pursuit of forming high social standards has become one of the outstanding features of modern society. Achievement of this goal requires considerable financial resources and is possible only providing advanced economy. Therefore the main problem, which researchers and academicians of Ukraine and Georgia are trying to solve, is search for universal (general) model of pension system. In addition to improvement in social security system, theoretically it must also contribute to efficient national economic development. Conceptual focus of modern pension system assumes diversified approach to formation of pension assets. Such approach allocates more uniformly responsibility for generation of future pension payments and has a more effective potential for raising their level. There are three main pension system types: obligatory state pension system (joint system of obligatory retirement insurance), defined contribution pension system and non-state pension system [1]. Depending on the features of economic and social development (and also on other factors) conceptual structures are being formed which include different pension system components that meet specific national requirements. However, in spite of apparent differences, pension system transformations take place in conditions of more widening of globalization processes in all areas of social development – from aggravation of crisis developments (negative demographic trends etc.) to global imbalances. All this predetermines existence of general problems. Such prominent researchers and academicians as G. Degtyarev, I. Sazonets, V. Shelest, Ya. Dyachenko, B. Zaitchuk, L. Kapitsa, Yu. Ivanov and many others devoted their works to the study of problems related to pension system development in modern conditions. At the same time, problems related to pension system development make many aspects of this process controversial. That is exactly why further studies are needed and are of immediate interest.
Thus, the objective of this paper is to review some aspects of the functioning of pension systems in Ukraine and Georgia in the context of contemporary society, to identify a scope of outstanding problems and to draft proposals for improvement of the concept of pension system reform in the line of efficient social and economic development.
Problem description. Within the framework of our study it should be pointed out that pension system reform is a part of transformational processes that take place in community. Pension system financial equilibration depends on stability and competitiveness of the economy and generally is based on labor relations. It was noted that growth of shadow economy took place in 1970-s and had been already basically formed at the moment of gaining independence by the countries under consideration [2, p. 69]. Under present-day conditions shadow economy metamorphoses vigorously and assumes new features. Both Ukraine and Georgia have selected mixed forms of basic pension security (pension coverage) in substitution of socialist system of social maintenance. Three-level pension system in Ukraine includes pay-as-you-go pension scheme and financial defined contributions of state pension insurance and also non-state pension schemes (personal pension plan) [3]. Its fundamental distinction has become introduction of insurance principles, which attached scale of pension to salary (income) level and years of insurance. As to pension system in Georgia, it also has obligatory state pension insurance system, which, as does the system in Ukraine, covers retirement, disability and survivor's pension insurance [4, 5]. In addition to this system, defined contribution pension system based on individual accounts of insured parties is developing. We must note that success of any type of pension system depends on the coverage by it of the community of participants. As a rule, fulfillment of this condition is determined by status in employment of economically active population, provided that this correlation is traced both within each specific period and in intergenerational cut-out. Thus, one of the main factors that specify pension system conceptual features is demographic situation, the main parameters of which are shown in Table 1.
251
Table 1. The main demographic characteristics of Ukraine and Georgia
Parameter 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Population (million): Ukraine (million): 47,3 46,9 46,6 46,3 46,1 45,9 45,7 Georgia (million): 4,3 4,4 4,4 4,4 4,3 4,3 4,2 Natural population growth factor Ukraine (per 1000 of population) - 7,0 - 7,6 - 6,4 - 6,2 - 5,3 - 4,2 - 4,4 Georgia (per 1000 of population) 1,12 1,16 1,18 1,17 1,11 1,01 0,91 Labor force (million): Ukraine (million) 22,2 22,3 22,2 22,3 22,4 22,2 22,1 Georgia (million) 2,04 2,02 2,02 1,97 1,92 1,99 1,94 Employed (million): Ukraine (million) 18,7 18,9 19,0 19,2 19,3 18,4 18,4 Georgia (million) 1,78 1,74 1,75 1,70 1,60 1,66 1,63 Employment (% of workforce): Ukraine (%) 84,2 84,8 85,6 86,1 86,2 82,9 83,3 Georgia (%) 87,3 86,1 86,6 86,3 83,3 84,4 84,0 Numbers of pensioners: Ukraine, thousands 14348,0 14065,0 14050,0 13937,0 13819,0 13750,0 13721,0 Georgia, thousands 895,1 902,1 985,4 836,9 842,2 838,5 835,9
Sources: Asian Development Bank, State Statistic Committee of Ukraine, National Statistics Office of Georgia
Complementary analysis of parameters shows existence of similar negative demographic trends. All said above gives ground to insist on the opportunity of more and more growing impact of this factor on the development of pension systems of both countries. This speaks for necessity to work out strategy for demographic sanitation in the longer term. It is reasonable to note that potential for development of pension system in general is determined by the level of development of the economy. The main parameters of its development speak for financial capabilities to fulfill social functions of the state (see Table 2).
Table 2. The main parameters of economic development of Ukraine and Georgia
Parameter 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 GDP (official exchange rate, billion dollars):
Ukraine (billion dollars) 2560 2630 2823 3048 3118 2658 2770 Georgia (billion dollars) 14,3 15,7 17,2 19,6 19,8 19,1 20,3 Growth rate of GDP, %: Ukraine, % against previous year
12,1 2,7 7,3 7,9 2,3 -14,8 4,2
Georgia, % against previous year
5,9 9,6 9,4 12,3 2,3 -3,8 6,4
GDP (per capita, PPP), thousands of dollars
Ukraine, dollars 5,4 5,6 6,1 6,6 6,8 5,8 6,1 Georgia, dollars 3,3 3,6 3,9 4,4 4,5 4,3 4,6 Scale of pension Ukraine, dollars 78,3 80,6 94,7 148,8 116,7 125,1 140,9 Georgia, dollars/GEL -/18 16,2/28 -/38 -/55 -/70 -/75 48/80 Average monthly nominal salary of
252
employees: Ukraine, UAH 590,0 806,0 1041,0 1351,0 1806,0 1906,0 2239,0 Georgia, GEL 156,6 204,2 277,9 368,1 534,9 556,8 597,6 Average pension in nominal salary proportion, %:
Ukraine, % 39,4 53,6 50,5 45,9 55,6 49,7 52,4 Georgia, % 11,5 13,7 13,7 14,9 13,1 13,5 13,4 Share of population under poverty threshold:
Ukraine, % 65,6 56,3 49,7 27,2 16,1 15,5 23,9 Georgia, % - - - 6,4 8,4 9,9 9,7
Sources: Asian Development Bank, State Statistic Committee of Ukraine, National Statistics Office of Georgia.
It is noted that direct correlation of the level of insurance payments and scale of pension makes pension system more reasonable and contributes to the cutback of such phenomenon as evasion of payments [8, p. 91]. It follows herefrom that the more inadequate is the correlation of parameters of insurance payments and scales of pension, the more participants of pension relations are inclined to avoid official effecting of employment relations and salary (income), reporting and paying insurance fees. This leads to significant negative consequences and has an impact on complication of procedures for administration of insurance payments in the Pension Fund offices through the need in strengthening the supervising function, increase in procedures for enforcement of declared liabilities and other negative factors shown in Figure 1.
Figure1. Dependence of adequacy of pension system parameters and pension system administration
Source: the author’s definition.
It is noted that shadowing process of economic relations has evolutionary character. With part of business activity being transferred in electronic space and growth of share of incomes being formed in financial sector, manifestation of shadow relations in this and other areas increased considerably [9, p. 191-193] that affords ground to present them in a structured fashion as shown in Figure 2.
Sufficient (from viewpoint of society) level of pension coverage. Faith in pension system and voluntary participation therein of its participants. Voluntary payment of declared liabilities by participants of the pension system. Optimal arrangement of pension system administration. Optimal level of costs for pension system administration. Pension system financial equilibration. Public (intergenerational) approval.
Insufficient (from viewpoint of public morals) level of social security of pensioners. Distrust in pension system and avoidance of participation in it. Failure to pay declared liabilities. Shadowing of economic and labor relations. Complication of pension system administration (enforced collection of arrears, claim review, intensification of supervising, and participation in insolvency proceedings). Increasing in costs for pension system administration. Lowering of pension system financial equilibration. Rising of social strain in society.
Adequate parameters of pension system Inadequate parameters of pension system
253
Figure 2. Structural and logical diagram of shadowing in economy
Sources: Economic Statistics, the author’s definition
We may note that shadow areas, although they gravitate toward some kinds of activity, are spread to all economic relations. In the context of development of saving forms of pension insurance this bears considerable risks related to the problems of capitalization of pension assets. Development of modern forms of concealment of business activity and labor relations has an impact on formation of methods for their evaluation. It should be pointed out that pension system being a comprehensive structure reflects in it all manifestations of shadowing in the area of business activity which are shown through methods of evaluation in Table 3.
Table 3. Methods for evaluation of shadow economy for the purposes of pension system functioning
Methods Scales of shadow economy shall be evaluated by means of the following
Reflection in pension system
Integral: - Commodity flows Tracing commodities and services
from producer to customer through use of data on resources, input-output balance, balances of certain type of production on the basis of quantities
Affords ground to define unrecorded labor cost (labor relations), concealed expenses for remuneration of labour (income) and pension liabilities
- Alternative evaluation of added cost of the branches
Evaluation of consumption of resources and production output taking into account their specifics
Affords ground to define unrecorded labor cost (labor relations), concealed expenses for remuneration of labour (income) and pension liabilities
- Alternative calculations of households
Correlation of incomes and costs for certain commodities and produce
Affords ground to define unrecorded labor cost (labor relations), concealed expenses for remuneration of labour (income)
Indirect: - Data on employment and labor force survey
System information gathering from different official sources of account of work, any other status of a person
Affords ground to define balance of business activity (employment)
- Data of administrative sources
System information gathering from different official sources of account of
Affords ground to define scopes of business activity, non-recorded labor costs (labor
Official employment assistance by employers
Work in informal sector of economy
Business segments using cash payment
Individual activity of self-employed
Illegal activities
Exi
sten
ce (
pro
bab
ility
) o
f sh
ado
w la
bor
rela
tion
s o
r sa
lary
(in
com
e)
Possible are understatement of labor relations and remuneration of labour
Not calculated and not taken into account in economy
Possible are understatement of labor relations and remuneration of labour
Can be conducted without registration and is unmanageable
Not calculated and not taken into account in economy
Virtual Economy Can be conducted without registration and is unmanageable
254
other objects participating in business activity (earth, structures and others)
relations) and concealed expenses for remuneration of labour (incomes)
- Data on volume of employment in certain kinds of professional activities
By calculating volume of work done and services rendered
Affords ground to define scopes of business activity, non-recorded labor costs (labor relations) and concealed expenses for remuneration of labour (incomes)
- Data of special inspection of households
By polling of acquisition expenses (definite kinds of commodities, services)
Affords ground to define balance of income and expenditure
- Data of comparative analysis of expenses and output of products
By comparing with economic entities in respect to similar kinds, volumes, types of ownership and others
Affords ground to define scopes of business activity, non-recorded labor costs (labor relations) and concealed expenses for remuneration of labour (incomes)
- Data of combined inspections of households and non-corporative enterprises
By comparative analysis of output of one kinds of products and consumption of other kinds of products
Affords ground to define scopes of business activity, non-recorded labor costs (labor relations) and concealed expenses for remuneration of labour (incomes)
- Data of state structures By giving special information to be taken into account within staff authority
Affords ground to define scopes of business activity, non-recorded labor costs (labor relations) and concealed expenses for remuneration of labour (incomes)
Macromodel: - Global indicators By estimating economic growth
through correlation of output of industrial products and growth of consumption of primary resources
Affords ground to define unrecorded labor cost (labor relations), concealed expenses for remuneration of labour (income) and pension liabilities
- Monetary models By analyzing demand for quick cash
Affords ground to define unrecorded labor cost (labor relations), concealed expenses for remuneration of labour (income) and pension liabilities
Social Correlation of pension and salary medium scale
By analyzing statistical indicators
Shows the measure of real correlation adequacy
Correlation of medium pension scale and living wage
By analyzing statistical indicators
Shows the measure of real correlation adequacy
Subjective - Q-data, public opinion polling data, application in person (say so) data
By evaluating by an individual any given aspects of business activity, labor relations, remuneration of labour, social security system
Affords ground to define unrecorded labor cost (labor relations), concealed expenses for remuneration of labour (income) and pension liabilities and to evaluate adequacy of indicators being proclaimed
Sources: Indicators of World Development, Economic Statistics, the author’s definition. It should be stressed that labor and pension relations have their own specific character based on
personal participation in the formation of labor relations, remuneration of labour and pension assets of all participants of the pension system. Thus, it follows that for efficient development of pension system one of the major problems is the right arrangement of actions for de-shadowing pension and related to them economic relations. We think that administration of this work must take into account specific character of these relations and cover the whole of their scope (see Figure 3).
255
Figure 3.:
Source: the author’s definition We point out that processes of shadowing economic and pension relations and respective breaches of a
law are diversified in their nature. They potentially cover all areas of pension and economic system and endanger the adequate formation of pension assets (chances for implementation of citizens’ constitutional rights for pension provision) in the longer term. To our opinion, this affords ground to insist on practicability of forming a concept for prevention of illegal activities in the area of retirement insurance (pension fund scheme) through special social institution – subdivision of social police. And it is reasonable that functions of this subdivision shall be focused on the following lines (shown in Figure 4)
Figure 4. Focus of attention for social police
Source: the author’s definition
As a summary we may conclude that pension system mechanism as one of the instruments for improving efficiency of national social and economic development in the present-day conditions has not become a powerful means to activate and deshadow processes that take place in economics, business activity, labor relations and salary (income). It is hindered by a number of objective and judgmental factors which are beyond the frameworks of pension system and are comprehensive in their nature. In order to solve
Analytical study and specification of shadowing objects
Sampling survey and calculation of shadowing volumes (scales)
Document audit of financial and economic activities
Definition of shadowing objects and their volumes with the help of indirect methods
Definition of shadowing objects by special investigative techniques
SOCIAL POLICE OF THE PENSION FUND OF UKRAINE
Joint system of obligatory retirement insurance
- Reporting and payments under
insurance fees. - Capitalization of pension assets. - Allocation of pension payments.
Defined contribution
pension system
Allocation of pension payments.
Cyberspace monitoring
-E-accountancy.
- E-accounts. -E-data bases.
Document examination
- Primary accounting documents.
- Documents for award of pension.
- Documents of other states.
256
the problems listed in this article we consider that it is necessary in the frameworks of pension system to do as follows:
1. To work out a strategy for optimization of demographics in the longer term. 2. To specify a system of incentives to activate voluntary participation in all forms of retirement
insurance (pension fund scheme). 3. To extend methods for evaluation of shadow economy to the area of pension relations. 4. To work out a concept for functioning of social police for prevention of illegal actions in the area
of generating pension assets and implementation of citizens’ constitutional rights on pension provision. Implementation of the above measures would enable to activate the process of development of all types of retirement insurance (pension coverage), to improve pension system financial stability, to activate economic activity of market participants and business entities, to deshadow labor relations and salary (income) that ensures improvement in social security of pensioners for the purposes of further social and economic development.
REFERENCES 1. Whitehous, E. Pensions Panorama: Retirement-Income Systems in 53 countries, Moscow, Ves Mir
Publishers. 2. Dyachenko, Ya. (2006) ‘Legalization of the economy in the system of macroeconomic regulation’,
Finance of Ukraine, 2, 68-77. 3. Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (2003) ‘Act of Ukraine dd. 09.07.2003 No 1058. On Obligatory
National-Level Retirenment Insurance’ accessed at http://zakon1.rada.gov.ua, 19. 03.12. 4. Insurance and Pension assessment. Georgia accessed at
http://www.google.ru/wrl&sa=t&ret=jeq=pension_reform, 22. 03.12. 5. Asian Development Bank. Pensions and Pension Reform in Georgia accessed at
http://beta.adb.org/publications-and-pension-reform-georgia, 16. 03.12. 6. State Statistic Committee of Ukraine accessed at http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua, 24.03.12. 7. National Statistics Office of Georgia accessed at
http://www.geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=149&lang=eng, 02.04.2012. 8. Holzmann, R., Hinz, R. (2005) ‘A warm Existence in Old Age in the 21st Century; Pension Systems and Reforms in International Perspective’, accessed at
http://siteresurces.worldbank.org/INTPENSIONS/Resourses/Old_Age_/nc_Supp_Full_Rus.pdf, 18.03.2012 9. Shelest, V. (2007) ‘Shadow financial operations: types and ways of prevention’, Topical Problems
of the Economy, 3, 190-195. 10. Каpitsa, L. (2008) Indicators of World Development, Moscow, MGIMO(U) (Moscow State
University for International Relations) Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. 11. Ivanov Yu (2006) Statistical Economics, Moscow, Infra-M.
zurab reviSvilizurab reviSvilizurab reviSvilizurab reviSvili
saqsaqsaqsaqarTvelos agraruli politikis modelisa da strategiis arTvelos agraruli politikis modelisa da strategiis arTvelos agraruli politikis modelisa da strategiis arTvelos agraruli politikis modelisa da strategiis
dadgenisa da ganxorcielebis aqtualuri sakiTxebi dadgenisa da ganxorcielebis aqtualuri sakiTxebi dadgenisa da ganxorcielebis aqtualuri sakiTxebi dadgenisa da ganxorcielebis aqtualuri sakiTxebi
agraruli modelis sworad dadgenas da saTanado seqtoruli da qveseq-
toruli strategiebis ganxorcielebas, Cveni azriT, saqarTvlosTvis sasicocxlo
mniSvneloba aqvs. Aam qmedebebzea damokidebuli qveyanaSi ara mxolod soflis
meurneobis ganviTareba da sasursaTo usafrTxoebis miRweva, aramed soflis
mosaxleobis migraciis, rogorc qalaqebSi, ise qveynis gareT, SeCereba, mTlianad
siRaribis daZleva da ekonomikuri ganviTareba.
agraruli politikis modelis dadgena, rac saqarTveloSi jer kidev ar
momxdara, upirveles yovlisa, mecnieruli ideebis, mosazrebebis ganxilvas da
257
kritikul Sefasebebs, argumentirebuli poziciebis gaziarebas, gaazrebas, Seje-
rebas da qveynisaTvis optimaluri variantis SerCevas unda daefuZnos. SerCeuli
modelis danergva da saTanado strategiis ganxorcieleba damokidebulia qveynis
sakanonmdeblo organos (parlamenti) mier saTanado kanonebis miRebasa Tu
moqmedi kanonmdeblobis cvlilebebze, radgan swored saTanado kanonmdeblobiT
miiRweva agraruli modelis Tvisebrivi CarCo-pirobebis formireba.
qveynis agraruli modelis formireba aseve damokidebulia erovnuli donis
gadawyvetilebebze, mTlianad ekonomikuri politikis ganxorcielebaze, makro-
ekonomikur CarCo-pirobebze, iseT faqtorebze, romlebic ganapirobebs mTlianad
agraruli seqtoris Tu misi qveseqtorebis efeqtur funqcionirebas.AsaTanado
agraruli modelis formirebasa da strategiis ganxorcielebaSi ganmsazRvreli
roli ukavia samTavrobo qmedebebs, mis mier grZelvadiani programis SemuSavebasa
da etapobriv ganxorcielebas. A
agraruliMmodeli unda iTvaliswinebdes istoriuli ganviTarebis Tavisebu-
rebebs, bunebriv-geografiul, socialur-ekonomikur, geopolitikur, kulturul,
yofiT pirobebs, adamianTa fsiqo-socialur da eTno-fsiqologiur Tavisebure-
bebs, tradiciebs, wes-Cveulebebs. igi aseve unda iTvaliswinebdes erovnul xasia-
Ts, adamianTa koleqtivistur Tu individualistur prioritetebs; saqmianobaTa
istoriulad Camoyalibebul tradiciul-organizaciul formebs da sxva. erT-erTi
saukeTeso orientiri modelisa da strategiis gansazRvrisas, struqturuli
cvlilebebis dagegmvisas, aris seqtoris SedarebiTi bunebriv-klimaturi upira-
tesoba, rac gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos sawarmoo mimarTulebebis ganviTarebaSi,
romlebsac SeuZliaT, xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi ganapirobon msoflio
bazrebze seqtoris efeqturi konkurencia.
Cveni azriT, saqarTveloSi unda Seiqmnas sasoflo-sameurneo ganviTarebis
erovnuli sabWo, romelSic unda gaerTiandnen soflis meurneobisa da qveynis
ekonomikuri modelirebis wamyvani, avtoritetuli specialitebi, Sinameurneobebis
(glexebi, fermerebi) Tu agrobiznesis, damoukidebel eqspertTa da xelisuflebis
Rirseuli warmomadgenlebi. erovnuli sabWos upirveles mizans unda Seadgendes
qveynis agraruli modelisa da saTanado strategiebis SemuSaveba, seqtoris
problemebis dadgena regionebsa da qveynis doneze da maTi daZlevis regionuli
Tu erovnuli grZelvadiani programebis SemuSaveba da mTavrobisaTvis SeTavazeba.
agraruli politikis modelebsa da strategiebze saubrisas, upirveles
yovlisa, or principulad gansxvavebul midgomas unda SevexoT [4, gv. 605-609].
pirvelis mixedviT, saWiro ar aris agraruli politikis aqtiurad ganxorcieleba;
agrarul seqtorSi Caurevloba, misi miSveba ganapirobebs agraruli seqtoris
Tavisufali ganviTarebis stimulirebas, TviTregulirebas. aseTi zrdis pers-
peqtivis orientirad miiCneoda kargad funqcionirebadi bazrebis roli da
mwarmoebelTa aqtiuri qmedebebi. am TvalsazrisiT, gadaWarbebuli politika uSe-
degoa fermerebisaTvis da mxolod fasebis regulirebiTa da Tavisufali sabazro
urTierTobebiT miiRweoda seqtoris ganviTareba.
principulad gansxvavebul pozicias aviTareben agrarul problemaTa
sakiTxebze momuSave cnobili dasavleli ekonomistebi [1, gv. 566-593; 2, gv. 107-183;
3, gv. 15-32; 425-47]. maTi midgomebi principulad sapirispiroa Tavisufali sabazro
midgomis da seqtorSi Caurevlobisa, isini wina planze ayeneben saxelmwifos
wamyvan rols agraruli seqtoris strategiul dagegmvasa da ganviTarebis xel-
SewyobaSi; amaxvileben yuradRebas soflis meurneobis daCqarebul ganviTarebaze,
258
iseTi strategiis ganxorcielebaze, romelic uzrunvelyofs moTxovnis maRal
struqturebs, maRal dasaqmebas, siRaribis Semcirebas; Tvlian, rom soflis
meurneobas SeuZlia iTamaSos mravalmxrivi roli; saubroben dabalansebul
zrdaze, “urTierTdakavSirebul strategiebze”, romelic aviTarebs sursaTis
warmoebas da, amave dros, xels uwyobs mTlianad qveynis ganviTarebas.
soflis meurneobis ganviTareba rig qveynebSi (iaponia, taivani da sxv.)
efuZneba “farTosafuZvlian” strategias, romlis mizania mTlianad soflis
meurneobis nayofierebis gadideba da fermebis umetesobis, gansakuTrebiT mcire
da saSualo fermebis, maqsimalurad mocva [2, gv. 107-118].
aRniSnul qveynebSi cdiloben, Seamciron da aRmofxvran siRaribe soflis
mosaxleobaSi. amgvari strategia xels uwyobs “unimodeluri”, erTstruqturiani
sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis damkvidrebas da gaZlierebas, exmareba mcire zomis
fermebs samuSao Zalis maqsimalurad CarTvasa da miwis racionaluri gamoyenebis
gziT warmoebis nayofierebis zrdaSi. amgvari strategia xels uwyobs advilad
gavrcelebadi siaxleebis, iseTi, rogoricaa maRalproduqtiuli Teslebisa da
sasuqebis racionalurad kombinirebis damkvidreba da martivi warmoebis saSua-
lebebiT uzrunvelyofa. am teqnologiebs aqvT swrafi gavrcelebis tendencia
sxvadasxva zomis fermebs Soris. amgvarad, es strategia miiswrafis, moicvas mcire
da saSualo fermebis umetesi nawili, romlebic warmoadgenen mudmivad
mniSvnelovan umravlesobas. Tu fermebis umravlesobas aqvs 1 ha an naklebi miwa,
siaxleebi swored amgvari mcire zomis meurneobaze unda iyos misadagebuli. es ar
niSnavs, rom man ar moicvas saSualo an msxvili ferma, magram umTavresi aqcenti
mainc unda gakeTdes mcire zomis fermebze.
“farTosafuZvliani” strategiis sapirispirod, rigi qveynebi ewvian
“dualistur”(ormxrivi) strategias [2, gv. 149-153]. am qveynebs miekuTvneba meqsika,
brazilia, kolumbia da rigi sxva laTinuri amerikis qveynebi. dualisturi
strategia ganapirobebs “bimodelur”, orsafexuriani, ordoniani sasoflo-
sameurneo struqturis Camoyalibebas da funqcionirebas. igi gulisxmobs mcire
raodenobis msxvili miwaTmflobelebis da didi raodenobis mcire glexuri
meurneobebis arsebobas. “dualisturi” strategia aqcentirebulia msxvili
miwaTmflobelobis xelSewyobaze da sruliad ignorirebs, ar iTvaliwinebs mcire,
glexuri meurneobebis problemebsa da saWiroebebs. qveynebi, romlebic amgvar
sasoflo-sameurneo strategias axorcieleben, ver axerxeben soflad farTod
gavrcelebuli siRaribis daZlevas da mTlianad soflis meurneobis mdgrad
ganviTarebas.
agraruli modelis mniSvnelovan elementebs Seadgens: miwis bazris
regulirebis formebi da meqanizmebi, sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis ganawilebis
principebi, sakuTrebisa Tu flobis formebisa da zomebis gansazRvra, sasoflo
meurneobebis savargulebis minimaluri da maqsimaluri zomebis dadgena, meur-
neobebis optimaluri zomebis fomirebisaTvis xelSewyoba da sxva [5]. agraruli
modeli mniSvnelovnad ganisazRvreba sasoflo-samureneo miwebis ganawilebis,
miwis sakuTrebisa Tu saijaro formebis dominirebiT. sakuTrebaSi arsebuli
sasoflo-sameureno savargulebis minimaluri da maqsimaluri zomebi, ijariT
gacemuli farTobebis zRvruli odenobebi da mniSvnelovanwilad satyeo daniS-
nulebis miwebis sakuTrebisa da sargeblobis uflebebi da pirobebi agraruli
politikis umniSvnelovanesi instrumentebia.
259
aRsaniSnavia, rom dasavleT evropis yvela qveyana axorcielebs miwis bazris
kontrols [5, gv. 231-239]. arian qveynebi miwis bazris liberaluri reJimiT, ufro
gaadvilebuli miwis yidva-gayidviTa da saijaro urTierTobebiT, Tumca am
qveynebSic aris SezRudvebi. dasavleTevropuli qveynebis kanonmdebloba, ZiriTa-
dad, uaryofiTadaa damokidebuli iuridiul pirebze miwis gayidvis sakiTxisadmi.
umetes qveynebSi miwis yidva SeuZliaT mxolod fizikur pirebs, romlebic
akmayofileben mkacr moTxovnebs. es moTxovnebi gansakuTrebiT exeba specialur
sasoflo-sameurneo ganaTlebas, SromiT gamocdilebas, soflad cxovrebas,
soflis meurneobis ganxorcielebisaTvis saTanado kapitalis flobas da sxv.
umravles qveynebSi ar aris dapirispireba miwaze sakuTrebisa da ijaris
formebs Soris. qveynebis gamocdilebebi cxadyofs, rom miwaTsargeblobis efeq-
turad ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia rogorc erTi, ise meore formiT da
ekonomikurad Tu iuridiulad, ar unda izRudebodes romelime maTgani. TiToeul
qveyanaSi am sakiTxis gadaWra erovnuli pirobebidan da meurneobrivi mizan-
Sewonilobidan unda gamomdinareobdes.
sasoflo-sameurneo miwiT uzrunvelyofis dabali maCveneblebis mqone rigi
qveynebis agrarul politikaSi miwis yidvis an ijaris uflebis misaRebad
myidveli an moijare unda iyos adgilobrivi mcxovrebi, mas unda hqondes
profesiuli ganaTleba, am sferoSi muSaobis gamocdileba; aseve, aSkarad SeimCneva
msxvili miwaTmflobeluri sistemebis daSlis tendencia, raTa calkeuli pirebis
xelSi ar moxvdes miwis didi masivebi.
ssrk-s daSlis Semdgom, saqarTvelos, ise, rogorc sxva respublikebs, unda
gadaewyvita sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis ganawilebis, reformirebis sakiTxi,
romlis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis gamo, politikosTa da mecnierTa Soris arse-
bobda gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi, rac im periodisaTvis moiTxovda am sakiTxis
mecnierul ganxilvas, poziciaTa Sejerebas da qveynis interesis momcveli
saTanado agraruli wesrigis politikis SemuSavebas.
saqarTveloSi 1992 wels, yovelgvari konceptualuri Tu strategiuli gaaz-
rebis gareSe, daiwyo sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebis naCqarevi ganawileba da
kolmeurneobebisa da saxelmwifo meurneobebis qonebis gauazrebeli daSla da,
xSir SemTxvevaSi, Zarcvac. miwebis ganawilebis procesi, naCqarevad ganxorcie-
lebis gamo, mniSvnelovani darRvevebiT mimdinareobda. mTlianad ganawilebis
procesma aCvena, rom is TiToeuli regionisaTvis saWiroebda saTanado gaazrebas
da konkretuli miwis resursebis da savargulebis gaadgilebis, sargeblobis
pirobebis srulad gaTvaliswinebas. aseve, unda gansazRvruliyo sasoflo
Sinameurneobebis optimaluri zomebi rogorc qveynis, ise regionebis doneze.
saqarTvelos soflad mcxovreb 772,5 aTas komlze gaangariSebiT, saSualod
erT komlze modioda 3,9 ha sasoflo-sameurneo savarguli (gaangariSebulia 2003
w. savargulebis mTlian farTobze _ 3023,5 aTas ha-ze), aqedan daaxloebiT 1,38 ha
saxnavi da mravalwliani nargavi da 2,51 ha saTib-saZovari. faqtobrivad 2003 wels
(1 aprilisaTvis) soflad mcxovreb 772,5 aTas komls, pirad sargeblobaSi arsebu-
li nakveTebis (0,15_0,25 ha) CaTvliT, sakuTrebaSi gadaeca 690,1 aTasi ha farTobi
(saSualod _ 0,89 ha); am periodisaTvis mTlianad saqarTveloSi sakuTrebaSi
gadaeca sasoflo-sameurneo savargulis mTliani raodenobis 25,2%. amasTan erTad,
40,2 aTasma fizikurma pirma ijariT miiRo 473,1 aTasi ha (saSualod -11,8 ha) da 4,2
aTas iuridiul pirze gaica 432,0 aTasi ha (saSualod _ 102,9 ha) [6, gv. 1-3. 7 gv. 1-
4].
260
saqarTvelos 2004 wlis sasoflo-sameurneo aRweris monacemebiT, sasoflo-
sameurneo miwebis mqone Sinameurneobebis 43,2% flobda 0,5 ha-ze naklebs; 0,5-0,99 ha
miwas flobda meurneobebis 32% e.i. 1 ha-ze naklebs flobda meurneobebis 75,2%;
meurneobebis mxolod 18,3%-s gaaCnda 1-1,99 ha-mde; 2-2,99 ha _ 3%-s da 3-4 ha _
Sinameurneobebis 1,4 %-s. aRsaniSnavia, rom sasoflo meurneobebis mcire zomis
farTobebi danawevrebulia da mniSvnelovnadaa erTmaneTs dacilebuli [8].
unda aRiniSnos, rom “miwis marTvis saxelmwifo departamentis” reformi-
rebisa da sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis privatiazaciisa da yidva-gayidvis sajaro
reestrSi regitrirebis gadatanis Semdgom SeuZlebeli gaxada sasoflo-sameurneo
miwebis ganawilebisa da gadanawilebis sakuTrebiTi Tu saijaro formebis amsax-
veli cvlilebebis statistikuri informaciis mokvleva. Cveni azriT, sasoflo-
sameurneo savargulebis ganawilebis (sakuTreba, ijara; Sinameurneobze, iuridiul
Tu fizikur pirebze, ucxoel moqalaqeebze) faqtobrivi mdgomareobis amsaxveli
statistikuri informaciis dadgenasa da publikacias saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvne-
loba gaaCnia.
miwis SezRuduli resursebis mqone qveynebis gamocdilebaTa gaTvaliswinebis
safuZvelze, vfiqrobT, rom saqarTvelos agraruli politikis modeli da
strategia mimarTuli unda iyos, erTi mxriv, sasoflo SinameurneobaTa saSualo
zomis optimalurad gadidebisaken, xolo meore mxriv, igi unda zRudavdes metad
didi meurneobebis da Sesabamisad msxvili miwaTmflobelobis warmoqmnasa da
funqcionirebas. savargulebis privatizebisa Tu yidvisas, upiratesoba unda
mieniWos soflad mcxovreb da soflismeurneobrivi gamocdilebis mqone fizikur
pirebs.
msoflio gamocdileba gviCvnebs, rom meurenobaTa saSualo zomebis gadi-
debis tendencia da mamulebis konsolidacia mimdinareobs rogorc sabazro
Zalebis zegavleniT, ise saxelmwifo politikis gavleniT. vfiqrobT, kanonm-
debloba unda aregulirebdes optimaluri ojaxuri meurenobebis SenarCunebas. igi
ar unda uwyobdes xels arc Zalian msxvili meureneobebis Seqmnas da arc maT
araracionalur danawevrebas.
saqarTveloSi, Cveni azriT, gamomdinare arsebuli viTarebidan da sasoflo
Sinameurneobebis mdgradi ganviTarebis aucileblobidan, saWiroa miwebis gada-
nawilebis iseTi politikis ganxorcieleba, romelic xels Seuwyobs Sinameur-
neobaTa saSualo zomebis gadidebas 2-3 ha-mde. amave dros, adgilobrivi miwis
resursebidan gamomdinare, regionebisaTvis diferencirebulad unda ganisazRvros
meurneobebis saSualo, maqsimaluri Tu minimaluri zoma, dadgindes ijariT
gasacemi miwis zRvruli sidide.
agraruli strategia mimarTuli unda iyos mcire da saSualo Sinameurneo-
bebis gaerTianebisaken, glexuri da fermeruli kooperativebis, asociaciebis
Seqmnisaken. xeli unda Seewyos soflis mosaxleobis saWiroebebis da moTxovnis
Seswavlas, marketinguli momsaxurebis ganviTarebas, soflad aqtiurad moqmedi
sakredito kavSirebis organizebas.
saxelmwifom aqtiurad unda Seuwyos xeli SinameurneobebisaTvis gankuTvnili
agroteqnologiebis kvlevebis ganmaxorcielebeli insitutebisa Tu samecniero
centrebis dafinansebas, romelTac regionebsa Tu raionebSi eqnebaT sacdel-
sademonstracio sadgurebi, romlebic ganaxorcieleben jiSTa gamocdas, SerCevasa
da daraionebas, saseleqcio samuSaoebis Catarebas. saWiroa Seiqmnas da gafar-
Tovdes soflebis sainformacio-sakonsultacio momsaxurebis da teqnikuri mom-
261
saxurebis raionuli centrebi, romlebic itvirTaven mcire, saSualo da msxvili
Sinameurneobebis informaciul, sakonsultacio da teqnikur momsaxurebas, xels
Seuwyoben axali, gaumjobesebuli teqnologiebis gavrcelebas, daexmarebian
fermerebs teqnikis SeZenasa da remontis ganxorcielebaSi, axali jiSebis da
kulturebis danergvaSi, warmoebis Sida da gare bazrebze swor orientaciaSi.
agrarulma strategiam xeli unda Seuwyos efeqturi kulturebis da jiSebis,
axali teqnologiebis danergvasa da gavrcelebas, SinameurneobaTa mosavlianobis
da produqtulobis gadidebas. man unda astimuliros Sinameurenobebis gaer-
Tianeba, sxvadasxvagvari mwarmoebeli, mommaragebeli Tu gamsaRebeli kooperati-
vebis, gaerTianebebis warmoqmna da ganviTareba. amgvari sasoflo Sinameurneobebis
gaerTianebani unda uadvilebdes mis wevrebs erToblivad kreditebis aRebas,
sasoflo-sameurneo teqnikisa da sasoflo-sameurneo masalebis erTobliv SeZenas,
erTgvarovani nedleulis warmoebasa da warmoebuli sasaqonlo produqciis
realizacias.
. G
gamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literatura
1. John W. Mellor & Bruce F. Johnston. “The Role of Agriculture in Economic Development”. 1961. American Economic Reviw, Vol.51, no. 4, 1961.
2. T.P Tomich, P.K. Kilby, and B.F. Johnston.Transforming Agrarian Economies: Opportunities Seized, Opportunities Missed. Ithaca,New York:Cornel Un-ty Press, 1995.
3. Roger D. Norton. Agricultural Development Policy: Concepts and Experiences, Published: John Willey &Sons Ltd, West Sussex, England, 2004; Cop.: FAO of the UN, 2004.
4. z. reviSvili. saqarTvelos agraruli politikis modelisa da strategiis
gansazRvris sakiTxisaTvis.Eekonomikis aqtualuri problemebi ganviTarebis Tana-
medrove etapze, p. guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis darsebidan 65-e wlisTa-
visadmi da akad. p. guguSvilis 105-e wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili saerTaSoriso
samecniero-praqtikuli konferenciis masalebis krebuli, Tb., 2010.
5. z. reviSvili. sasoflo Sinameurneobebis zomebis saxelmwifo regulirebis
saerTaSoriso gamocdileba. samecniero Sromebis krebuli, t. I, p. guguSvilis
ekonomikis institutis gam.-ba, Tb., 2008.
6. saqarTveloSi sasoflo-sameurneo savarguli miwis privatizebisa da
ijariT gacemis mimdinareobis Sesaxeb, saqarTvelos miwis marTvis saxelmwifo
departamenti, 01.04.2001 w. mdgomareobiT, Tb., 2001.
7. saqarTveloSi sasoflo-sameurneo savarguli miwis privatizebisa da
ijariT gacemis mimdinareobis Sesaxeb, saqarTvelos miwis marTvis saxelmwifo
departamenti, 01.04.2003 w. mdgomareobiT, Tb., 2003.
8. saqarTvelos 2004 wlis sasoflo-sameureno aRwera. saqarTvelos ekono-
mikuri ganviTarebis statistikis departamenti, Tb., 2005.
Revishvili Zurab LIVE ISSUES OF DETERMINATION AND REALIZATION
OF AGRICULTURAL POLICY MODEL AND STRATEGY OF GEORGI A SUMMARY
Is proposed an idea to create National Agricultural Board, which shall take into consideration rural
population interests, when elaborating and solving Georgian agricultural model and strategy.
262
The article analyzes some policy models and strategies, their importance for economic development; estimates effects of “dualistic agricultural strategy” and “broad based strategy” on the agrarian structure.
rusudan sirbrusudan sirbrusudan sirbrusudan sirbilaZeilaZeilaZeilaZe ekonomikis globalizacia da turizmis ganviTarebaekonomikis globalizacia da turizmis ganviTarebaekonomikis globalizacia da turizmis ganviTarebaekonomikis globalizacia da turizmis ganviTareba
Tanamedrove msoflio politika globalizaciis procesSia. amas arc eko-
nomika CamorCeba. yvela qveyana vaWrobs sxva qveyanaSi warmoebuli produqciiT.
ekonomikuri subieqtebi qmnian da moixmaren saqonels da momsaxurebas. glo-
balizacia meoce saukunis meore naxevridan iRebs saTaves. aqedanve mimdinareobs
msoflio sazogadoebis ganviTareba TiTqmis erTnairad. dedamiwaze mcxov-
rebi adamianebis umetesoba, adre Tu gvian, sxvadasxva saxiT xvdeba globaliza-
ciis procesis farglebSi. sazogadoebis wevrebs Tavisi zogadi warmodgena da
dadebiTi an uaryofiTi Sexeduleba aqvs am procesis Sesaxeb. mecnierul daskv-
nebSi uamravi sxvadasxva ganmarteba gvxvdeba, Tumca sabolood globalizaciaSi
Tavmoyrilia 5 ZiriTadi aucilebloba:
1. qveynebs Soris sazRvrebis moSla;
2. globaluri saerTo-sakacobrio problemebis aRmoceneba;
3. ramdenime qveynis mier msoflioze Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdeba;
4. nebismieri sazogadoebrivi procesis gavrceleba msoflioze;
5. qveynebis mier sakuTari kulturuli TviTmyofadobis dakargva.
es zogadi ganmartebebi detalurad da bolomde globalizaciis arss ar
xsnis da pasuxs ar scems ZiriTad ekonomikur problemebze: ra, rogor, visTvis da
vin. mravali avtoris azriT, globalizacia aris urTierTobaTa sistema, romlis
farglebSic msoflios wamyvan moTamaSes an moTamaSeTa jgufs SeuZliaT iseTi
procesebis inicireba da maTze ama Tu im jgufis gavlenis moxdena, romlebic,
sabloo jamSi, ganapirobebs sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis tendenciebs msoflio
masStabiT. Tanamedrove msoflio mravali problemis winaSe dgas. 21-e saukuneSi
dedamiwaze gansakuTrebuli movlenebi mimdinareobs. maTi Sefaseba Zalian rTulia,
amitom didi sifrTxilea saWiro imisTvis, rom sworad ganvsazRvroT is, rac Cvens
Tvalwin xdeba. kerZod, dedamiwaze klimatis cvlilebas aqvs adgili. sainteresoa
aseve ra momavali aqvs kulturis globalizebas sazogadoebaSi. globalizacia
moqmedi procesia, romelic CvenTvis ucnobiUkanonebiT viTardeba. bunebrivi garemo
did gavlenas axdens sazogadoebis mentalitetze, kulturis Taviseburebebze,
tradiciebze, folklorze. kulturebis xelovnuri SerwymiT, maTi gaqrobisken
swrafviT globalizaciuri procesebis mmarTveli mTavrobebis saqmianobam
kacobrioba SeiZleba kidev ufro didi globaluri problemebis winaSe daayenos,
amis simptomebi mravladaa lokaluri konfliqtebis da sxvaTa saxiT. am
saSiSroebaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas uwmindesi da unetaresi, sruliad
saqarTvelos kaTalikos patriarqi, cxum-afxazeTis mitropoliti, ilia meore.
Tavis qadagebaSi is ambobs, rom Cven vcxovrobT saSiS droSi, globalizaciis
dros arsebobs subieqti da obieqti, magram qarTvelma unda icodes risi daTmobis
uflebac ar gvaqvs, yovelive is wminda, rac Cvens mama-papas CvenTvis dautovebia,
es erovnuli TviTmyobadobaa, risi dakargvis uflebac arc erT qarTvels ar aqvs.
msoflio globalizaciis pirobebSi saxelmwifoTa politikuri da ekonomikuri
sazRvrebi adrindel mniSvnelobas kargavs. globalizacia bunebrivad iwvevs im
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xalxebis da kulturebis asimilacias da zogjer srul gaqrobas, romlebic ver
gamoimuSaveben saTanado imunitets, magram es araxali movlenaa, istoriulad
cnobili yvela imperia cdilobda ganexorcielebina globalizaciis erTgvari
procesi, dRes ki aman sayovelTao xasiaTi miiRo, ar unda gveSinodes integraciis.
saqarTvelos didi istoria da gamocdileba aqvs da, imis miuxedavad, rom
saukuneTa manZilze saqarTvelo uZlieresi imperiebis gavlenas ganicdida, RvTis
nebiT da gangebiT da Cveni winaprebis ZalisxmeviT arasdros ar dagvikargavs
TviTmyofadoba. globalizacia mWidro kavSirSia ekonomikasTan, ekonomika ada-
mianTa urTierTobis sferoa, sadac adamianebi CarTulni arian ekonomikaSi an
awarmoeben, an moixmaren produqcias. produqciis warmoeba urTulesi procesia,
sadac mwarmoeblidan momxmareblamde saqonlis miwodeba mraval mniSvnelovan
safexurs moicavs. am safexurebis warmatebiT gavla adamianTa moTxovnilebebis
dakmayofilebas uwyobs xels, rac, Tavis mxriv, qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebas
ganapirobebs. ekonomikuri globalizacia, anu sameurneo da gacvliTi urTierT-
TanamSromloba, eqsporti da importi msoflioSi didi xania dawyebulia.
globalizaciis erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawilia vaWroba, Tu eqsport-importze
iqneba saubari, vaWrobas gansakuTrebuli adgili eTmoba, radgan misi mizania
vaWrobaSi CarTuli mxareebis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba, amis gamo
xorcieldeba gacvliTi urTierTobebi, rac globalizaciis procesSi eqsport-
importSi poulobs asaxvas. qveynebs gaaCniaT absoluturi da SedarebiTi
upiratesobebi produqciis warmoebaSi, is produqcia, romelic qveyanaSi warmoebis
dros ufro Zviri jdeba vidre amave produqciis sxva qveynidan Semota, aseTi
produqcia aucileblad importiT unda SemovitanoT. Tumca Tu qveyanaSi iseTi
produqcia Semodis, romelic qveyanaSi warmoebisas ufro iafi jdeba, maSin es
ekonomikis ganviTarebas da globalizacias xels SeuSlis. Tavisufali vaWroba
da globalizacia iZleva imis SesaZleblobas rom gaTanabrdes sxvadasxva
qveynebis da sxvadasxva mwarmoeblebis SesaZleblobebi. globalizacias, rogorc
wesi, politikuri institutebi ewinaaRmdegebian, radgan maT specialuri interesebi
amoZravebT. sinamdvileSi, globalizaciiT sargebels iReben mwarmoeblebi.
adamianebi, romelTac ufro farTo arCevani aqvT, globalizacia maT aZlevs Sanss,
gadalaxon maTive mTavrobebis mier Seqmnili barierebi da iyvnen metad
Tavisufalni. globalizacia mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli sainformacio
teqnologiebTan, agreTve informaciis gavrcelebis xarisxTan. Tanamedrove epoqaSi
udidesi adgili uWiravs internets, rac iZleva imis saSualebas, rom
informaciebi ufro moxerxebuli formebiT miawodon erTmaneTs, aseve miiRon
informacia bazarze mimdinare cvlilebebis Sesaxeb.
maRali teqnologiebi globalizaciis pirobebs kidev ufro aCqarebs.
globalizaciis ekonomikuri aspeqtebi damokidebulia saerTaSoriso
institutebze, rogoricaa saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi, msoflio banki,
msoflio savaWro organizaciebi. es institutebi TavianTi misiiT globaluri
ekonomikuri procesebis daxvewasa da xelis Sewyobas emsaxureba, raTa Semcirdes
ekonomikuri krizisebis albaToba da xeli Seewyos saerTaSoriso TanamSrom-
lobas. saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis ganviTarebis erT-erTi gzaa Tanamedrove
turizmis ganviTareba, ramac ganapiroba turistuli produqtis SemuSavebis
aucilebloba, turistuli nakadebis formireba da am procesebTan dakavSirebuli
sakiTxebis gaazreba. es ki SesaZlebelia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu cnobili
iqneba turizmis mdgomareobis geografiuli gaazreba da ganawileba. Tumca am
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mimarTebiT msoflio procesebis zegavleniT mudmivi cvlilebebi mimdinareobs.
turizmis kvlevis dros qveynebi dajgufebulia arsebuli bunebriv-geografiuli,
socialur-kulturuli, socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri mdgomareobis
mixedviT. gamoyofen 5 regions:
1. evropis regioni _ sadac Sedis yvela evropuli qveyana, maT Soris yofili
sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebi, Sua aziisa da yazaxeTis CaTvliT, am regionSi Sedian
xmelTaSua zRvispireTis iseTi qveynebic, rogorebicaa TurqeTi, kviprosi da
israeli.
2. azia-wynari okeanis regioni, Crdilo, samxreT da samxreT-aRmosavleT
aziis qveynebi, avstralia da okeaniis qveynebi.
3. axlo aRmosavleTis regioni _ aziis, dasavleTis da samxreT dasavleTis
qveynebi, egvipte da libia.
4. afrikis regioni _ afrikis yvela qveyana, egviptis da libiis gamoklebiT.
5. amerikis regioni _ CrdiloeT da samxreT amerikisa da karibis auzis
qveynebi.
regionalizacia SesaZleblobas iZleva, vimsjeloT turistul sarekreacio
resursebis kompleqsze da satransporto SesaZleblobebze. regionebs Soris
arsebuli tipologiuri gansxvavebebi ganapirobebs am regionebis sxvadsxva
SesaZleblobebs turistuli nakadebis mizidvaSi. regionebis sxvadasxva qveyana
sxvadasxva zomiT monawileobas iRebs turistuli bazrebis aTvisebaSi.
regionis farglebSic ki, gansxvavebuli SesaZleblobebisa da gamocdilebis
gamo, arsebobs saerTaSoriso turizmis lideri da autsaideri qveynebi. turizmma
xeli Seuwyo xalxTa kulturuli urTierTgamdidrebis process. aseve xels
uwyobs xalxTa Soris mSvidobis ganmtkicebas, keTildReobis amaRlebas, rasis,
sqesisa da religiis ganurCevlad, aseve adamianis uflebebis sayovelTao
pativiscemis gavrcelebas.
sxva qveyanaSi an Tundac imave qveynis sxva regionSi viziti kulturuli
kontaqtis mraval SesaZleblobas iZleva. sworad warmoebuli turistuli po-
litika aucileblad moiTxovs turizmis ekologizacias, anu momsaxurebis
procesSi ekologiuri teqnologiebis gamoyenebas. axali sastumroebis dap-
roeqteba _ mSeneblobaSi monawileobas iReben adgilobrivi arqiteqtorebi,
dizainerebi, mxatvrebi, gamoiyeneba adgilobrivi masalebi, xalxuri SemoqmedebiTi
tradiciebi, dasaqmebulia adgilobrivi muSaxeli. bevr qveyanaSi dawesebulia
SezRudvebi, romelTa Tanaxmadac, sastumroSi momuSave personalis mxolod
gansazRvruli nawili SeiZleba iyos ucxouri warmomavlobis, rac gzas uxsnis
adgilobriv kadrebs. turizmi SeiZleba gaxdes adgilobrivi socio-kulturuli
garemos ganviTarebis saSualeba. turizmisgan Semosuli TanxebiT SeiZleba
aSendes da SekeTdes skolebi, gzebi, saavadmyofoebi. aseve turistebisaTvis
mowyobili sxvadasxva gasarTobi RonisZieba alamazebs mosaxleobis erTferovan
cxovrebas. yovelive es warmoaCens ganviTarebad qveynebs, xolo, rac Seexeba
ganviTarebul qveynebs, socialur-kulturuli zemoqmedeba naklebad moqmedebs
stabiluri da mravalferovani erovnuli ekonomikis mqone ganviTarebul qveynebze.
turizms Tavisi problemebic gaaCnia. turizmi moqmedebs sxvadasxva qveyanaSi
sxvadasxva TviTmyofad adgilobriv kulturaze da nergavs masobrivi turistuli
bazris usaxo kulturas. sastumroebis mSeneblobisas samSeneblo kompania
yidulobs teritorias, angrevs masze arsebul nagebobebs, aSenebs sastumroebs,
romelsac Semdeg sxva sastumro kompania yidulobs. sastumros mSeneblobis da
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eqspluataciis procesSi kvalificiur samuSaos asruleben Camosuli
specialistebi, xolo adgilobrivi mosaxleobisaTvis cota da Savi samuSao rCeba.
Taobebs Soris gaucxoeba izrdeba, axalgazrda Taoba ufro advilad egueba
cxovrebis axal pirobebs, vidre ufrosi Taoba, romelic ZiriTadad tradiciuli
Rirebulebebis mimdevaria. Tanamedrove turizmi xels uwyobs aqtiur socio-
kulturul gardaqmnebs msoflios sxadasxva qveyanaSi. igi xelsayrel pirobebs
qmnis cxovrebis tradiciuli wesidan postindustriuli sazogadoebis Tanamedrove
formebze gadasasvlelad. turizmis ganviTarebas Tanamdevi efeqtebic aqvs. izr-
deba danaSauli, prostitucia, alkoholis da narkotikebis moxmareba. saerTa-
Soriso turizmis ganviTarebaze garkveuli faqtorebi axdens gavlenas. kerZod,
bunebriv-klimaturi, socialur-ekonomikuri, demografiuli, infrastruqturuli da
geopolitikuri. zogadad, turistuli bazari mgrZnobiarea rogorc msoflioSi,
aseve calkeul regionebSi. turistul produqtze fasebis zrdis tempi Tu
CamorCeba inflaciis zrdis temps, maSin turizmi viTardeba, xolo Tu fasebis
zrdis tempi turistul produqtze ufro maRalia inflaciis zrdis tempze, es
xels uSlis turizmis ganviTarebas. bolo saukuneebSi, turizmis uprecedento
zrdas, sxva faqtorebTan erTad, didad Seuwyo xeli im garemoebam, rom turistul
produqtze fasebis zrdis tempi CamorCeboda inflaciis zrdis temps. ganvi-
Tarebul qveynebSi, sadac mosaxleobis keTildReoba dRiTidRe izrdeba, Tan
mohyveba turistul produqtze _ mogzaurobasa da dasvenebaze fulis daxarjvis
da gazrdili moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis survili. bolo dros gamoikveTa
mogzaurobaSi gadabmulad yofnis xangrZlivobis Semcirebis tendencia. gamoikveTa
im adamianTa ricxvic, romelTac samogzaurod wasasvlelad yvelaze meti
finansuri SesaZleblobebi aqvT. turistuli bazris ganviTarebaze gavlenas axdens
anazRaurebadi Svebulebebis xangrZlivobis zrda, wina periodebTan SedarebiT
pensiaze adreul, imigraciuli SezRudvebis Semcireba, mravalSviliani ojaxebis
raodenobis Semcireba, gviani qorwinebisa da uSvilo ojaxebis raodenobis zrda.
ise, rogorc msoflioSi, saqarTveloSic maRldeba mosaxleobis kulturisa da
ganaTlebis done, aman gamoiwvia samecniero, sportuli, saqmiani da sxva proeq-
tebis gafarToebis mdgradi tendencia, Tanamedrove teqnologiebi SesaZlebels
xdis kontaqtebis gafarToebas msoflios TiTqmis yvela regionTan, swored amaSi
mdgomareobs ekonomikis globalizaciis da turizmis ganviTarebis mniSvneloba.
Sirbiladze Rusudan
GLOBALIZATION OF ECONOMY AND THE TOURISM DEVELOPMEN T SUMMARY
Modern world economy and politics are the process of globalization goes back from the second period
of the twentieth century. Our society has its general opinioin about this process. Globalization focuses on 5 basic aspects. 1. Abolishing borders among countries, 2. Evolution of global problems, 3. Obtaining the power over the world. 4. Speading any social process throughout the world. 5. Loosing its own cultural inheritage. Globalizacion is an active process. which is run by unknown Laws. National identification is such Kind of thing, that shouldnot be lost. No Georgian has the right to lose it. In the process of the world globalization, political and economic borders of the states lose its importance Globalization is very close to economy.
It gives the chance of equal possibilities to all enterpreneurs of different countries. Economic aspects of globalization depend on Inteenational Institutiors. Modern turizm development is one way of develofing
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the international colaboration. It helps to develop peace and welfare despite race, gender and relegion. turizm politics demands the ecologization of tourism, usage of ecological technologies with the help of money obtaining from tourism new schools, new hospitals, new motorways will be built defferent king of entertaining programes will be held that will develop economy on the whole.
badbadbadbadri soselia ri soselia ri soselia ri soselia
mzia zubiaSvili mzia zubiaSvili mzia zubiaSvili mzia zubiaSvili sazogadoebrivi trasnporti da socialursazogadoebrivi trasnporti da socialursazogadoebrivi trasnporti da socialursazogadoebrivi trasnporti da socialur----ekonomikuriekonomikuriekonomikuriekonomikuri globalizaciaglobalizaciaglobalizaciaglobalizacia
saqalaqo sazogadoebrivi transportis (sst) funqcionirebis sakiTxi arse-
biTad dakavSirebulia mis sociologiur analizTan qalaqis sferoSi. funqcio-
nirebs ra, rogorc socialuri instituti, sst mowodebulia, uzrunvelyos sazo-
gadoebis moTxovnileba iafi, moxerxebuli da ekologiuri mobilurobiT. is
warmoadgens qalaqis arsebobis da ganviTarebis aucilebel elements da
strategiulad mniSvnelovan socialur resurss qalaqis momsaxurebis arsebobisa
da cxovrebis donis uzrunvelyofisaTvis.
Cveni qveynis sazogadoebis socialur-ekonomikurma transformaciam serio-
zuli cvlilebebi Seqmna qalaqis cxovrebaSi. Tanamedrove pirobebSi vlindeba
winaaRmdegoba qalaqis sazogadoebrivi transportis socialuri institutis
tradiciul funqciebsa da maTi ganxorcielebis realur SesaZleblobebs Soris,
rac gamoixateba mosaxleobisaTvis misi socialuri daniSnulebis SemcirebaSi.
sazogadoebrivi transporti gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens qalaqis sivrcis
totaluri avtomobilizaciis pirobebSi, raTa is gaxdes transportis mobi-
lurobis realizaciis mzardi problemebis gadawyvetis erTaderTi faqtori [1].
transportis obieqtebisa da sagzao-satransporto infrastruqturis srulyo-
faSi gamoxatulma samecniero-teqnikurma ganviTarebam, rac xels uwyobs Tanamed-
rove transportze yvela fenis xelmisawvdomobas, araTu ver SeZlo sasurveli
mobilurobis gazrda, aramed qalaqebi miiyvana socialuri safrTxis zRvarze –
moZraobis siCqaris Semcireba, sacobebi, ekologiis dabinZureba, avariebi.
amgvarad, sazogadoebrivi transportis (st) disfunqciuri instituti ara
marto ar uzrunvelyofs qalaqis sivrcis komfortul organizacias, aramed
zRudavs qalaqis mcxovrebTa ZiriTad cxovrebiseul moTxovnebs: dro, fuli,
janmrTeloba. mobilurobis efeqturoba mkveTrad ecema da cxovrebiseul sivrces
miT ufro metad gansazRvravs sacxovrebeli adgili. arsebuli situaciis ubralo
logikuri analizic ki saSualebas iZleva, gavigoT mimdinare situaciis disfun-
qciis ZiriTadi mizezebi, rodesac st ver asrulebs Tavis amocanas – mobilurobis
uzrunvelyofas, xolo msoflios ganviTarebuli qveynebis transportis funqci-
onirebis gamocdileba ar SeiZleba iyos Cveni problemebis gadawyvetis dogma da
mza recepti. cxadia, problemis wyaro arsebobs ara teqnikur, organizaciul an
ekonomikur sferoebSi, aramed gamodis sazogadoebis urTierTdamokidebulebis
sferodan da warmoadgens sociologiuri kvlevis sagans.
amasTan dakavSirebiT, sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi aqtualobas iZens qalaqis
sazogadoebrivi transportis rolisa da adgilis sociologiuri gaazrebis,
cvalebadi msoflios pirobebSi misi funqcionirebis gansakuTrebulobis gada-
xedvis aucilebloba.
267
sst-is institutis konceptualuri da meTodologiuri kvlevis safuZvlebi
Cadebuli iyo m. veberis, e. diurkteimis da k. marqsis SromebSi.
sociologiis Seqmnis periodSi saqalaqo sazogadoebrivi transporti
Seicnoboda rogorc "mgzavrebis sivrceSi gadaadgilebis saSualeba” (k. marqsi),
”instituti, rogorc qalaqis funqcionirebis damxmare” (m. veberi), Zala, romlis
ararseboba “sazogadoebaSi iwvevs sicarieles” (e.diurkteimi). XIX saukunis Sua
wlebSi ukiduresad sustad ganviTarebuli sst aRiqmeboda, rogorc gadaadgi-
lebis mniSvnelovani funqciis Semsrulebeli socialuri instituti, romlis
gareSec “mTeli organizmi (qalaqi) gamodioda wyobidan” (g.spenseri).
t. personis struqturul-funqcionalurma Teoriam saqalaqo sazogadoebrivi
transportis roli aamaRla “socialur sistemaSi socialuri wesis aRdgenisa da
SenarCunebis uzrunvelyofis” donemde “individebis qcevis maregulirebeli
gansakuTrebuli srulfasovani normatiuli kompleqsuri sistemis” saSualebiT.
aqtiurad ganviTarebuli sazogadoebrivi transportiT mobilurobis uzrunvel-
yofa gaxda “sazogadoebrivad miRebuli qcevis nimuSi da azrovnebis Cveva” (t.
vebleni),” specifikuri socialuri nimuSis dadgena” (e. xiuzi). m. kastelsi, dJ. uri
da f. aSeri gvarwmuneben, rom Tanamedrove postindustriul sazogadoebaSi mobi-
lurobis sakiTxi iCens sul ufro metad ganmsazRvrel faqtors da es tendencia
ubrundeba “socialuri cvlilebis mZlavr veqtors” (z. baumani) [2].
e. giddensis, p. sorokinis, p. burdies da sxvaTa naSromebi mobilurobis
ideidan mividnen sivrcis aTvisebis ideamde. am ukanasknelma gansazRvra, rom
sivrce aris gansakuTrebiT dეficituri Tanamedrove simdidre, qalaqis sazoga-
doebrivi transporti gansazRvra, rogorc kapitalis Taviseburi forma, sivrcis
aTvisebis instituti.
qalaqis sazogadoebrivi instituti gvevlineba rogorc socialuri fenomeni,
romelic aris qalaqis sivrcis formirebisa da ganviTarebis erT-erTi auci-
lebeli piroba. misi daniSnulebaa adamianis moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba mobi-
lurobaSi. istoriulad, saxeldobr, st-ma da misma infrastruqturam Camoayaliba
Tanamedrove qalaqebisa da megapolisebis sivrcobrivi karkasi. st Seiqmna da
instituciurad gaformda sazogadoebis formirebis adreul stadiaze, rogorc
satransporto momsaxurebis ekonomiurobisa da profesionalizmis efeqturi
saSualeba, misi mniSvneloba izrdeboda qalaqebis zrdasTan erTad. sazogadoebis
socialur-ekonomikurma da samecniero-teqnikurma ganviTarebam ganapiroba mobilu-
robis swrafi da sruli individualoba. st-is mdgomareoba qalaqis garemos
mimzidvelobisa da humanurobis umniSvnelovanesi indikatoria.
sst-is instituciuri msoflio gamocdileba warmatebiT Sesrulebuli
funqciebis mowmea. sivrcis aTvisebis situacia saqarTveloSi kardinalurad
sawinaaRmdegoa. qalaqis sazogadoebrivi transprtis institutis funqcionireba
araefeქturia, rac vlindeba socialuri funqciebis araorganizebulobaSi. ara-
efeqturobis ZiriTadi mizezebia qcevis gamokveTili standartebis da socialur-
satransporto normebis (siCqare, usafrTxoeba, ekonomiuroba, informaciuloba,
komforti, miuwvdomloba, ekologia, statusi) uqonloba; socialuri normebis
darRvevisaTvis sanqciebis damuSavebuli sakanonmdeblo sistemis ararseboba; sst-
is institutis sikeTisa da momsaxurebis miuwvdomloba; st-iT mgzavrebis
gadayvanis momsaxurebis wilis Semcireba ekonomikaSi.
268
satransporto problema garkveul dromde xdeboda moZravi Semadgenlobis
teqnikis srulyofiT gvardeboda. es mimarTuleba ukve veRar iZleva did efeqts.
amJamad dRis wesrigSia satransporto saSualebebis moZraobis organizaciis
sakiTxebis gadaxedvis aucilebloba [3].
qalaqis organizebulobis zrdasTan erTad saqalaqo transportisadmi
moTxovnilebebi ganuwyvetliv matulobs, Tumca Zalian xSirad warmoiSoba xolme
Seusabamoba Tanamedrove samgzavro transportis teqnikur SesaZleblobebsa da
maT realur gamoyenebas Soris. transportis realuri siCqare umsxviles qala-
qebSi zogjer ar aRemateba qveiTis siCqares. satransporto saSualebaTa moZraobis
siCqaris zrda afarToebs qalaqis teritoრiis miwvdomis radiuss, iwvevs drois
ekonomias, mgzavris da mZRolis daRlilobis Semcirebas.
Cven vTavazobT st-is siCqaris gazrdis ramdenime SesaZleblobas.
_ erT-erTi maTgania gamoyofili zolebi, risi ganxorcielebac, siCqaris
gazrdis garda, Seamcirebs avariulobis SemTxvevebsac;
_ analogiur efeqts mogvcems st-is gaCerebebze gansxvavebuli safaris mow-
yoba, rac aiZulebs mZRols, SeCerdes gamoyofil safarze, sxva saxis transports
ki kanoniT aekrZaleba moniSnul safarze Sesvla. es metad saSuri saqmea, ramdena-
dac sst-iT mgzavrTa miRebuli travmebis 70% modis stransporto saSualebebSi
Casxdomasa da maTgan gamosvlaze. aRniSnuli situaciis gamosworeba saWiroa gaCe-
rebis punqtebis ukeTesad mowyobisa da mZRolTa kadrebTan aRmzrdelobiTi mu-
SaobiT (gansxvavebuli safari moiniSneba gaCerebis datvirTvis Sesabamis zomebSi);
_ st-is siCqares mniSvnelovnad amcirebs parkireba. es meTodi municipal-
litetma gadmoiRo sazRvargareTidan, Tumca ar gaiTvaliswina is garemoeba, rom
ucxoeTSi parkireba gamoyenebulia ara gamzirebze, aramed e.w. `saZinebel raio-
nebSi~, sadac moZraoba naklebia. parkirebam Seamcira moZraobis zolebis rao-
denoba da Sesabamisad st-is siCqarec.
_ sasurvelia tarnsportirebis satarifo Rirebulebis diferencireba
zonebis mixedviT ise, rom e.w. “saZile raionis” zonaSi mgzavrobis safasuri iyos
minimaluri, centrSi misasvleli ufro meti, xolo centris gavliT _ maqsimumi.
vTavazobT, raTa saerTod centrisaTvis Seiqmnas moZraobis gansxvavebuli wesebi;
_ unda aRiniSnos, rom samarSruto taqsebis gamoyeneba garkveulwilad aum-
jobesebs mgzavrobis xarisxs, magram, amave dros, izrdeba gzis datvirTva da saw-
vavis xarji, maSin, rodesac avtobusTan SedarebiT mniSvnelovnad mcirdeba erTi
samarSruto taqsiT gadayvanili mgzavrebis raodenoba. jer kidev ar sruldeba is
SeRavaTebi, rac unda ganxorcielebuliyo pirveli gadaadgilebis Semdeg yvela
mgzavrisaTvis da SeRavaTebi saerTod pensionerebisa da moswavle-axalgazrdo-
bisaTvis. avtobusis Sesabamisi mgzavrbrunvis asaTviseblad samarSruto taqsebis
ricxvis gazrda safrTxes uqmnis ekologiur garemos, maSin, rodesac sst-is
funqcionireba isedac mZime ekologiur datvirTvas axdens qalaqis garemoze;
_ savalaloa, rom qalaqs emsaxureba samarSruto taqsebis pirobiTad
mxolod oTxi firma, romelTa monopolisturi saqmianoba uaryofiTad aisaxeba
momsaxurebaze. rac ufro meti iqneba firmebis raodenoba, miT ufro gaizrdeba
sst-is momsaxurebis xarisxi;
_ mgzavri, romelic ixdis mgzavrobis safasurs, yovelnairad daculi unda
iyos mosalodneli safrTxisagan. amitom gTavazobT, savaldebulo gaxdes
TiToeuli maTganis dazRveva. st-is mgzavrebis dazRveva saSuri saqmea.
269
samgzavro gadayvanaTa ricxvi ganuwyvetliv izrdeba. amis mizezia Sromis sa-
zogadoebrivi danawevreba, warmoebis koncentracia da qalaqebis zrdiT gamowveu-
li urbanizacia, socialur-ekonomikuri saWiroebebi da satransporto teqnikis
ganviTareba. amitom unda gaizardos gamokvlevebis nakadi am dargSi da damuSavdes
axali saqalaqo satransporto saSualebebis proeqtebi, daixvewos moZraobis or-
ganizaciis axleburi sistemebi, rac gaaumjobesebs st-iT mgzavrebis gadayvanis
maCveneblebs.
msoflio ekonomika ganicdis globalizacias. sakomunikacio saSualebebis
ganviTarebam daarRvia savaWro-ekonomikuri sazRvrebi da intensiuri gaxada
saxelmwifoTa Soris materialuri nakadebis gacvlis procesi.
saqalaqo samgzavro transports gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba
rogorc erovnuli meurneobis ganviTarebis, aseve mosaxleobis usafrTxo da
swrafi gadaadgilebis TvalsazrisiT. adgilmdebareobis Secvlaze drois dana-
xarjebis Semcireba saSualebas aZlevs mas, dazogili dro gamoiyenos rogorc
piradi, ise qveynis interesebis sasargeblod.
Cveni samSoblo satransporto derefnis erT-erTi sakvanZo qveyanaa. saqarT-
velos farglebSi tvirTi icvlis transportis ramdenime saxes. aqedan gamom-
dinare, rogorc saxelmwifos, aseve kerZo gadazidvebis mxridan gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba eTmoba saqarTvelos satransporto sistemis ganviTarebas da mis
gonivrul integracias evraziis satransporto-logistikur sistemebSi. dRes
swored transporti uzrunvelyofs materialuri nakadebis globalur samomx-
mareblo bazarze moTxovnilebisamebr miwodebas da mwarmoebluri firmebis
konkurentunarianobas, rac qveynis ekonomikuri winsvlis safuZvelia.
cnobilia, rom nebismieri qveynis ekonomika eyrdnoba sam mTavar mamoZravebel
Zalas. esenia – energetika, kavSirgabmuloba da transporti. transporti Tavis
Teorias da meTodologias aSenebs iseT mecnierul disciplinebze, rogoricaa
maTematika, fizika, qimia, meqanika, sxvadasxva saxis masalebi da maTi damuSaveba,
kompiuteruli teqnologiebi, logistika, ekonomika, sociologia da sxva. uaxlesi
miRwevebi am sferoSi moicavs satransporto momsaxurebis bazris momxmarebelTa
upiratesobis gacnobierebas, mis alternatiul modelebs, satransporto servisis
sfero orientirebulia iseTi sakiTxebis Seswavlaze, romlebidanac irkveva, Tu
rogor akeTeben momxmareblebi arCevans da rogor SeimuSaveben TavianT programebs
is satransporto kompaniebi, romlebic erTmaneTs ejibrebian am momxmareblebTan
TanamSromlobisaTvis.
dRes gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania farTo profilis iseTi specialistebis
momzadeba, romlebic erTnairad kargad floben transportis sferos yvela mxares
(teqnologiuri, organizaciuli da ekonomikuri) da siRrmiseulad aqvT
gaazrebuli transportis da ekologiuri garemos urTierTgavlenis globaluri
sakiTxebi energomatareblebis xarjis da gare samyaros transportisagan
dabinZurebis minimizaciis TvalsazrisiT.
transportis sferos maRali donis specialisti Tanamedrove teqnologiebis
gamoyenebiT flobs analizisa da prognozirebis unars, SeuZlia inteleqtualuri
sistemebis efeqturad marTva da optimaluri gadawyvetilebebis miReba,
normatiuli da samarTlebrivi dokumentebis Sedgena da gamoyeneba. yovelive es ki
gaxdeba qveynis interesebis dacvis da ekonomikis ganviTarebis mTavari garanti.
270
gamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literatura
1. nugzar navaZe, vasil qarTveliSvili, Teimuraz gorSkovi. samgzavro
saavtomobilo gadazidvebi. stu, Tbilisi, 2009.
2. И. С. Ефремов, В. М Кобозев, В. А. Юдин. Теория городских пассажирских перевозок.
Москва, 2011.
3. О. В. Бочарова. Функционирование обшественного транспорта в социальном
пространстве транспорта. Бочарова Оксана Викторовна, автореферат, Саратов, 2011.
Soselia Badri Zubiashvili Mzia
PUBLIC TRANSPORT AND SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION SUMMARY
This work describes traditional functions of the Public Transport Social Institute and shows the real
abilities how to realize these functions and how to solve the problems.
Tengiz qavTaraZeTengiz qavTaraZeTengiz qavTaraZeTengiz qavTaraZe mzia qavTaraZemzia qavTaraZemzia qavTaraZemzia qavTaraZe
agraruli urTierTobebis ganviTarebaze globalizaciis agraruli urTierTobebis ganviTarebaze globalizaciis agraruli urTierTobebis ganviTarebaze globalizaciis agraruli urTierTobebis ganviTarebaze globalizaciis
gavlenis Teoriuli problemebigavlenis Teoriuli problemebigavlenis Teoriuli problemebigavlenis Teoriuli problemebi
sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis istoriis xangrZlivi periodis manZilze xeli-
suflebisa da moazrovneTa absolutur umravlesobas miaCnda, rom saxelmwifoebs
SeuZliaT, erovnuli meurneobis gareSe, samyarosTan izolirebiTa da sxva
qveynebTan mxolod minimaluri ekonomikuri kontaqtebis damyarebiT, sakuTari
mosaxleobisaTvis uzrunvelyon normaluri cxovrebis done.
me-20 saukunis 40-ian wlebSi, gansakuTrebiT meore msoflio omis Semdeg, far-
To ganviTareba Hhpova qveynebs Soris ekonomikurma urTierTobebma. sul ufro
masobrivi xasiaTi miiRo ekonomikurma integraciam, romelic dReisaTvis yvela
erovnuli meurneobisaTvis maRal safexurzea asuli. globalizaciis procesSi
aucilebelia, TandaTan, etapobrivad warimarTos agraruli urTierTobebis CarTva.
miT umetes, Tanamedrove msoflios gaaCnia globalizaciaze gadasvlis umniSvne-
lovanesi teqnikuri arsenali. ganviTarebadi qveynebis ekonomikis aRmavlobis
mniSvnelovan, erTaderT faqtors warmoadgens ucxouri investciebis mozidva da
efeqtiani gamoyeneba. sayuradReboa is garemoeba, rom ganviTarebad qveyanaSi,
Sewonili mikroekonomikuri programisa da stabiluri ekonomikuri zrdis
pirobebSi Semodis ucxoeli investori. swored aseTi pirobebis dacviT gaTa-
visuflebuli kapitali aris efeqtiani; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, rodesac gvyavs
kreditorebi da ara partniorebi, qveyana ver gamova siRatakidan da valebidan.
agraruli urTierTobebis ganviTarebaze globalizaciis gavlenis Teoriul
problemebSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba miwis reformas, rogorc agraruli
reformebis ZiriTad safuZvels. saqarTveloSi dawyebulma agrarulma reformam
daaCqara soflad sakuTrebisa da meurneobriobis sxvadasxva formebis
gansaxelmwifoebriobis procesi, mosaxleobisaTvis damatebiTi sakarmidamo, sabaRe
da sabostne nakveTebis gamoyofa. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom miwis reforma
271
raodenobrivi TvalsazrisiT sakmaod swrafad warimarTa, Tumca ekonomikuri
TvalsazrisiT Sedegebi aradamakmayofilebelia.
soflad reformebi ganxorcielda zedapirulad, yovelgvari normatiuli ba-
zis momzadebis gareSe, ris gamoc qveyanaSi politikuri reformebis ganvlil
periodSi warmoeba katastrofulad daeca (2004 wels soflis meurneobis mTliani
produqciis Rirebuleba 1980-1990 wlebis saSualo maCveneblebTan SedarebiT _ 70
procentiT).
1993 wels saprivatizaciod gamoyofili sasoflo-sameurneo savargulTa miwis
farTobi Seadgenda 287,0 aTas heqtars, 1994 wels Sesabamisad _ 396,1 aTass, 1997
wels ki – 930,0 aTas heqtars. privatizaciis pirveli etapi dasrulebulad gamoc-
xadda 1997 wlis 1 aprils; rac Seexeba normatiul bazas, igi didi dagvianebiT,
TiTqmis privatizaciis pirveli etapis dasrulebis bolos Seiqmna. magaliTad, 1996
wlis 22 marts gamoqveynda saqarTvelos kanoni (sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis
miwis sakuTrebis Sesaxeb), 1996 wlis 28 ivliss – saqarTvelos kanoni `sasoflo-
sameurneo miwis ijaris Sesaxeb”, 1997 wlis 7 aprils _ `agraruli politikis
koncefcia” da a.S. pirveli etapis dasrulebisaTvis (1997 wlis 1 aprili) priva-
tizebuli unda yofiliyo 930 aTasi ha sasoflo-sameurneo savarguli,
faqtobrivad aRmoCnda 844 aTasi heqtari, anu 90, 7%.
xelisuflebis gadawyvetilebiT, isini, visac kerZo sakuTrebaSi hqondaT mi-
Rebuli miwis nakveTebi, daiyvnen sam kategoriad. moqalaqeebs, romlebic uSualod
CaerTvnen fermerul meurneobaSi ufleba hqondaT, mieRoT komlze 1,25 ha miwis
nakveTi; sofelSi mcxovreb pirebs, romelnic ar iyvnen CarTuli fermerul
meurneobaSi, aseve ganaTlebis kulturis sajaro, jandacvisa da a.S. sistemebSi
moRvaweT SeeZloT mieRoT 0,75, xolo qalaqSi mcxovreb pirebs _ 0,25 heqtari.
miwis naCqarevi reformisa da privatizaciis Sedegad saqarTveloSi miwis da-
nawevreba moxda. dairRva sayovelTaod aRiarebuli nakveTis daunawevrobis,
ganuyoflobis principi. 1,25 ha sakarmidamo nakveTi Zalze mcirea fermis funqci-
onirebis teqnikuri da ekonomikuri efeqtianobisaTvis; sayuradReboa, rom aSS-i
erT fermerul meurneobaze saSualod 190 ha miwis farTobi modis;B90-iani wlebis
dasawyisisaTvis saqarTvelos TiTo kolmeurneobaze saSualod 1800 ha miwis
farTobi modioda.
miwis reformis dawyebamdeOunda Catarebuliyo miwebis sruli inventarizacia.
unda daedginaTAsazRvrebi calkeul nakveTebze, unda SeedginaT gegma naxazi,
kadastri _ niadagis xarisxis Tvisebebis laboratoriuli gamokvleva da bolos,
pasportizacia. amas moiTxovdnen msoflio bankis, savaluto fondis specia-
listebi, amerikeli kongresmeni, agrarikosi kuper evansi, msoflio bankis warmo-
madgenlebi: e. m. gilberti, e. j. armisoni, qarTveli specialistebi: lado Wantu-
ria, oTar saRareiSvili da mravali sxva. samuSaoebi unda dawyebuliyo 1996 wels
gardabnisa da mcxeTis raionebSi. magram es ar moxda, samagierod samuSaoebis
warmoeba daiwyes ukuRma pirdapir miwis sakuTrebaSi gadacemis damadasturebeli
pasortebis darigebiT, sadac mocemuli ar aris saZovrebi, kadastris sxva mona-
cemebi da a.S.
miwis kerZo sakuTrebaSi gadacemis win msoflios bevrma qveyanam gamoiyena e.w.
`imatrikulaciis wesi”, rac imas niSnavs, rom miwa 10-20 wlis vadiT, gamocdis
mizniT, pirobiT gadaecema meurnes, romelmac am drois manZilze unda daamtkicos,
rom igi kargi meurnea. mxolod amis Semdeg gadadis miwa mis sakuTrebaSi.
saqarTvelos kanonSi: `sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis miwis sakuTrebis
272
Sesaxeb”, rom gaeTvaliswinebinaT `imatrikulaciis wesi”, Cveni soflis meurneoba
dRes ukeTes mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeboda.
amrigad, saqarTveloSi funqcionirebs ZiriTadad kerZo wvrili ojaxuri da
fermeruli meurneobebi, romelTa saerTo ricxvi milionze metia, xolo miwis
nakveTebi 4 milionze meti. firmis saSualo sidide daaxloebiT 2,7 ha tolia, maT
mier warmoebuli produqciis wili soflis meurneobis mTlian produqciaSi 92-
93% Seadgens; kerZo seqtoris xelSi moeqca soflis meurneobis warmoeba, magram
Sedegi mainc dabalia. mcire zomis ojaxuri meurneobebi karCaketil naturalur
meurneobas ewevian (maTi mcire moculobis gamo naklebad gamoiyeneba meqanizacia);
ekonomikuri da finansuri krizisis gamo ver xerxdeba dargis teqnikuri
SeiaraReba, sawarmoo simZlavreTa ganaxleba, ver inergeba warmoebaSi mecnierul-
teqnikuri progresis miRwevebi. agraruli seqtori mxolod 20-25%-iT akmayofilebs
mosaxleobis moTxovnilebas sakuTari warmoebis sursaTiT; bazarze 70%-mdea
importuli kvebis produqtebi, xolo zRvrul dasaSveb normad miRebulia 25-30%.
miwis reformis xasiaTs bevrad gansazRvravs mocemuli qveynis bunebriv-
ekonomikuri pirobebis da, aqedan gamomdinare, sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis
Taviseburebebi. agraruli reformebis ganxorcielebis Sedegad respublikis te-
ritoriuli mowyoba warmogvidgeba regionuli, raionuli da saTemo mowyobis
saxiT. saTemo mowyoba moicavs soflebs, romelTac, samwuxarod, soflis statusi
ar gaaCniaT. kerZod, soflebs saerTo sargeblobaSi ar emagrebaT tye, saTibi,
saZovari, sarezervo miwebi da sxva. sakiTxis SeswavliT irkveva, rom bevri raionis
msgavsad, goris raionis soflis mcxovreblebi saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli
miwebis privatizebas am formiT mxars ar uWeren, jer erTi, raioni mciremiwiania
da miwis sarezervo fondi ar gaaCnia. meorec, kanoni upiratesobas moijareebs
aniWebs, xolo Tu am adamianebis vinaobiT ufro Rrmad davinteresdebiT,
aRmoCndeba, rom mTeli miwis farTobebi 2-3 kacis xelSia, vinc adre soflis
meurneobis xelmZRvanel pirebad iTvleboda. mogvianebiT am adamianebma Sps-ebi
Seqmnes da korufciuli garigebebis xarjze miwebi ijariT Tavad aiRes. axla
glexebi iTxoven, rom sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis privatizebisas upiratesoba
soflis mkvidr mosaxleobas mieniWos. aRniSnuli kanoni ar iTvaliswinebs Zveli
saijaro xelSekrulebebis gadaxedvas, aris azri, rom miwis privatizeba soflis
meurneobis seqtoris ganviTarebas Seuwyobs xels; sainteresoa, rogor unda
ganviTardes sofeli, rodesac miwis sarezervo fondi ar arsebobs, rodesac
sofelSi axali komli iqmneba, Sesabamisad mas axali miwis nakveTi sWirdeba. Tu
fiqroben, rom asobiT heqtari miwis mesakuTre mowyalebas gaiRebs da sakuTari
miwis farTobs daaqucmacebs, Zalian cdebian, rodesac jer kidev ar viciT rogor
moxdeba Cveni qveynis sasazRvro zolSi arsebuli miwebis privatizeba. sasazRvro
zoli Tu gaiyideba, kerZo mesakuTre qveyanas ukeT rogor daicavs?.
gatarebuli RonisZiebebis miuxedavad, miwis reformis uaRresi sirTulis
gamo, qveynis miwaTsargeblobaSi daSvebulia mniSvnelovani xarvezebi; dRevandel
etapze mTavari uaryofiTi faqtori problemis codnis mqone saqmiani kadrebisa da
saTanado finansuri saxsrebis mwvave deficitia; profesor T. kunWulias cnobiT,
saqarTvelos soflis (dabis) da raionis 961 sakrebuloSi miwaTmowyobis
sakiTxebze muSaobs mxoloD 560 TanamSromeli, anu sakrebuloTa did nawils miwis
reformis ganxorcielebisas ar hyavs aramcTu kvalificiuri kadri, aramed am
xaziT, saerTod ar gaaCniaT saStato erTeuli [2]. qveynis teritoriul mowyobaSi,
273
adgilebis mixedviT, ignorirebulia xalxis tradiciuli monapovrebis, empiriuli
codna-gamocdilebis gamovlineba da dRevandelobas misadageba.
sanam qveynis kuTxeebis mixedviT soflebis mowyobis masalas SevexebodeT,
vnaxoT, es sakiTxi rogoraa asaxuli zogadad literaturaSi; rogorc irkveva
germanul tomebSi soflis Temis (markis) miwebi or nawilad iyofoda, erTi iyo
saxnav-saTesad gamosadegi adgilebi, romelic Temis wevrebs Soris iyo dayofili,
xolo meore _ saerTo saTemo sargeblobaSi myofi miwebi: saZovari, tye, Waobi.
miwis kerZo mflobelobaSi gadasvla jer kidev ar niSnavda mis srul sakuTrebas,
miwa erTdroulad rCeboda gvaris da tomis mflobelobaSi, maSin, rodesac
frangebSi saxnavi nakveTebi calkeuli ojaxebis kerZo mflobelobaSi iyo,
saZovari, tye da sxva adgilebi soflis sakuTrebaSi rCeboda [3].
cimbirSi pirvel gadmosaxlebulTa miwaTsargeblobis xutorul gansaxle-
bebSi sofeli ibrZoda miwis Tavisufali dakavebis winaaRmdeg ris Sedegadac
iqmneboda saZovrebiT sargeblobis Tanabari ufleba. kerZo mflobelobaSi iyo
miwebis mxolod erTi nawili _ saxnavebi. tye da saZovari saerTo sargeblobaSi
rCeboda. soflis TemSi periodulad xdeboda mTeli miwebis gadanawileba da mis
wevrebs Soris saxnavi miwebi nawildeboda weliwadSi erTxel, xolo danarCeni
gaSvebuli adgilebi yovel weliwadSi.
xevsureTSi sofel Satilis magaliTze, saTibebs yovel weliwads anawilebd-
nen kenWisyris wesiT. soflis Temis gadawyvetilebiT, xevsureTSi saTibebi
iyofoda yovel wels an ori, sami da xuTi wlis vadiTac, radgan es adgilebi
soflis gankargulebaSi Sedioda. ojaxs misi gayidvis ufleba ar hqonda.
gadavxedoT saqarTvelos kidev erT kuTxes _ TuSeTs. marTalia, aq saxnavebis
mniSvnelovani nawili ojaxebze iyo dayofili da ojaxis segmentaciasTan erTad
gadanawilebis sagani xdeboda, magram es gayofa droebiT xasiaTs atarebda, radgan
sofeli miwis mTel fondebs periodulad anawilebda komlebze.
sainteresoa ramden xanSi xdeboda miwebis gadanawileba? eTnografiuli ma-
salebis mixedviT, sofeli damoukideblad wyvetda am sakiTxs arsebuli situaciis
Sesabamisad. zogan es xdeboda 5_10 wliT, sanam sofelSi mciremiwiani da umiwo
ojaxebi ar momravldeboda.
sasoflo da saTemo saZovrebze yvela meTeme Tanabari uflebiT sargeblobda.
aravis SeeZlo es miwebi miesakuTrebina an imdenad bevri saqoneli hyoloda, rom
saZovrebad Temis sxva wevrebi Seeviwrovebina da amiT meTemeTa Soris saerTo
saZovrebiT sargeblobis Tanabaruflebiani principi daerRvia. TuSeTis mTebiT
ZiriTadad saSualo mecxvareebi sargeblobdnen, didi binis patronebi ki Siraqsa
da TrialeTs Soris momTabareobdnen an daRestnis mTebs e.w. lekimTebs
qiraobdnen. mTxrobelTa gadmocemiT, marTalia maT aravin ukrZalavda TavianT
mTebSi asvlas, magram sakuTari meurneobis masStabebi aiZulebda, sxvagan eZiaT
saZovari. am mxriv sainteresoa mTiuleTis eTnografiuli masala. aq patara
mcirericxovan ojaxebs, romelTac sxvaze meti pirutyvi hyavdaT, sofeli
sabalaxos axdevinebda, radgan isini met adgilebs ikavebdnen, sxvas aviwrovebdnen
da amiT saZovrebiT sargeblobis Tanabaruflebianobis principebs arRvevdnen. es
kanoni ar vrceldeboda mxolod did ojaxebze, radgan maT meti moTxovnileba
hqondaT, magram, rogorc Cans, aqac iyo garkveuli zRvari, ris ZaliTac
gudamayarSi didi ojaxebic ki sofels sasaZovros uxdidnen [3];
globalizaciis pirobebSi agraruli urTierTobebis ganviTarebas aferxebs
is garemoeba, rom qveyanas ar gaaCnia agrosasursaTo seqtoris ganviTarebis
274
strategia. aRniSnuli dargis strategiuli ganviTarebis gareSe SeuZlebelia
soflad adgilobriv pirobebTan misadagebuli mecxoveleobis dargis funq-
cionireba. magaliTad, adre yvela sofels, xeobas, calkeulad aRebul mcire
teritoriul erTeuls hqonda Tavisi mTac da baric da pirutyvis moZraoba
xdeboda mTaSic da barSic, ewyoboda droebiTi sadgomebi, paraleluri sameurneo
bazebi da vertikaluri zonalobis mixedviT xdeboda sameurneo resursebis
gegmazomieri da Tanamimdevruli aTviseba. magaliTad, sof. gogaSeni gaSenebulia
javaxeTis mTis kalTebze z. d. daaxloebiT 1800 m simaRleze. sofels gars akravs
javaxeTis mTis SesaniSnavi velebi, mosaxleoba misdevda miwaTmoqmedebasa da
mecxoveleobas. gazafxulze pirutyvi soflispira saZovarze gamodioda. maisis
Sua ricxvebidan nialis mTaze mihyavdaT, Semodgomaze ki kvlav sofelSi
brundebodnen. dekembridan mewveli pirutyvi bagur kvebaze gadadioda, cxvari da
mSrali msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvi ki WaWkarSi CahyavdaT (mtkvris xeobaSi
varZiis gverdiT mdebare adgilebSi). aq SedarebiT Tbili klimatia, niadagi
Tovlis Txeli safariT ifareba, isic male dneba. msxvilfexa rqosan pirutyvs
WaWkarSi erT Tves amyofebdnen da Semdeg sofelSi ahyavdaT, cxvars ki umetesoba
dasZravda nialis ialaRebze [3]. sainteresoa, gogaSenel fermerebs dRes Tu
SeuZliaT saukuneebiT nacadi mecxoveleobis gaZRolis sistemis gamoyeneba?
CamoTvlili saZovrebi an pirutyvis gadasareki trasebi gogaSeneli
mecxoveleebisaTvis dRes funqcionirebadia Tu ara?.
viziarebT im azrs, rom sasoflo-sameurneo miwa sofels ijariT mivceT
da saxelmwifosTan is iyos angariSvaldebuli. amiT sofels sakuTari finansebi
gauCndeba, riTac Tavad SeakeTebs xidsac, gzasac da sxv. am saqmeSi wagvadgeboda
israelis gamocdileba. qveyana, romelsac niadagis magivrad qviSa aqvs, yovel-
wliurad eqsportze milionobiT tona soflis meurneobis produqcias uSvebs.
mxolod goris raionSi yovelwliurad asi aTasi tona xili modis, magram imis
gamo, rom faqtobrivad ar aris mosavlis didi nawilis realizaciisa da
gadamuSavebis SesaZlebloba, mTeli wlis naSromi ikargeba. amitom saxelmwifom
Tavidan ki ar unda moicilos sasoflo-sameurneo miwebi, aramed subsidireba unda
moaxdinos am seqtorSi. aSS-Si verc erTi wlis biujets ver naxavT, sadac
fermerebisaTvis mniSvnelovani daxmareba ar iyos gamoyofili da kidev erTi
mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, msoflios yvela kuTxeSi da yvela droSi arsebobs
ekomigrantebis problema. erTic vnaxoT, stiqiam Cveni qveyana ar daindo, sainte-
resoa, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, sad gamonaxavs saxelmwifo ekomigrantebisaTvis
axal teritoriebs, Tu mis mflobelobaSi arsebul sasoflo-sameurneo miwebs
mTlianad Seeleva.
gamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literatura
1. kakulia r. globalizacia da ganviTarebadi qveynebis ekonomikis proble-
mebi. Pp. guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis sam. Sr. krebuli, tomi III, `mecniereba”,
Tbilisi 2003.
2. kunWulia T. saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis sabazro ekonomikaze gaday-
vanis problemebi, “mecniereba”, 1997.
3. gamyreliZe b. centraluri kavkasiis mTielTa alpuri mesaqonleoba gamom-
cemloba `mecniereba”, Tbilisi, 1982.
4. vaJa-fSavela, xevsurebi, Txz. sruli krebuli. T. IX, Tbilisi, 1964. gv. 46.
275
5. Tengiz qavTaraZe. agraruli reforma sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi da sa-
qarTvelo, `mecniereba”, Tbilisi, 2003.
Kavtaradze Tengiz Kavtaradze Mzia
THEORETICAL PROBLEMS OF GLOBALIZASION INFLUENCE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRARIAN RELATIONS
SUMMARY
The article deals with the issues of economic integration of national economics among countries in the conditions of globalization, is investigated the mechanism of gradual engagement of agrarian relations in the conditions of globalization; is analyzed the issue of distribution and redistribution of agrarian lands in the development tendencies of agrarian relations; are shown the forms of ethnographical traditional structure of rural land use in alpine kettle-breeding of Central Caucasus, the considering of which in the conditions of globalization will stipulate the solution of theoretical problems of regional system.
qeTevan qvelaZe qeTevan qvelaZe qeTevan qvelaZe qeTevan qvelaZe biomravalferovnebis mniSvneloba saqarTveloSibiomravalferovnebis mniSvneloba saqarTveloSibiomravalferovnebis mniSvneloba saqarTveloSibiomravalferovnebis mniSvneloba saqarTveloSi
turizmis struqturuli sturizmis struqturuli sturizmis struqturuli sturizmis struqturuli srulyofisaTvisrulyofisaTvisrulyofisaTvisrulyofisaTvis globalizaciis pirobebSiglobalizaciis pirobebSiglobalizaciis pirobebSiglobalizaciis pirobebSi
ekonomikis msxvili agregirebuli dargebis (mrewveloba, soflis meurneoba,
mSenebloba da sxva) ganviTarebasTan erTad SeimCneva, aseve, momsaxurebis sferos
dargebis xvedriTi wilis zrda. aseTi sferos dargs ganekuTvneba turizmis dargi,
romelsac gaaCnia mniSvnelovani saeqsporto potenciali da romelic dRes saqar-
TveloSi miCneulia erT-erT prioritetul dargad. turizmis industria aris mra-
valferovani, fragmentirebuli da mravalseqtoruli. aRsaniSnavia, rom globa-
lizaciis pirobebSi globaluri ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi turizmis aqtiurobam
daniSnul punqtebSi SeiZleba seriozuli social-kulturuli da ekologiuri Se-
degebi gamoiwvios. es Sedegebi SeiZleba iyos pirdapiri, iribi, dadebiTi an uaryo-
fiTi. turizmi warmoadgens ekologiaze damokidebul globaluri ekonomikis
dargs.
nebismier qveyanaSi ekonomikis ganviTarebisaTvis turizmis dargs esaWiroeba
turistul-rekreaciuli resursi, romelic moicavs resursebis iseT saxes, rogo-
ricaa: bunebrivi simdidre, bunebriv samkurnalo, bunebriv-klimaturi, istoriul-
kulturuli, SemecnebiTi, rekreaciuli, arqiteqturuli, arqeologiuri, sakuror-
to, sanaxaobiTi, da a.S., agreTve iseTi movlenebi, romlebsac SeuZlia mogzauro-
bis dros turistTa interesebis da moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba da sxva.
turistul-rekreaciuli resursebi gansazRvraven regionSi turizmis ganviTarebis
specifikas da gvevlineba Sesabamisi produqtis warmoebis bazisad. yoveli
turistul-rekreaciuli resursis potenciali xels uwyobs regionSi ekonomikuri,
ekologiuri da socialuri aspeqtebis xelSewyobas da ganviTarebas.
gamomdinare iqidan, rom saqarTveloSi Tavisi unikaluri geografiuli
mdebareobis gamo, vxvdebiT erTdroulad mTasac, barsac da zRvasac da es yoveli-
ve ki ganapirobebs imas, rom am patara qveyanaSi erTdroulad warmodgenilia
dedamiwis zedapirze arsebuli havis TiTqmis yvela zona, (dawyebuli notio sub-
tropikulidan damTavrebuli maradiuli TovliTa da myinvarebis zoniT), iSviaTi
276
veluri buneba, mravalferovani landSaftebi, unikaluri tyeebi, veluri mdina-
reebi, mdidari flora da fauna _ gvaZlevs imis uflebas, arsebiTi yuradReba
gavamaxviloT iseT sakiTxze, rogoricaa qveynis bunebrivi resursebis biomraval-
ferovneba da misi roli turizmis struqturul ganviTarebasa da srulyofaze.
saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi is metad aqtualuria rogorc erovnuli, ise regionuli
da globaluri TvalsazrisiT.
biomravalferovnebis simravle qveyanas aniWebs turizmis ganviTarebis usa-
zRvro SesaZleblobebs rogorc regionebSi, ise mis periferiebSi. biomravalfe-
rovneba saerTaSoriso ekologiuri urTierTobebis ganuyofeli nawilia. misi
SenarCuneba araerTi qveynis ekonomikuri da ekologiuri politikis ZiriTadi
mimarTulebaa. igi XIX saukunis bolo xanebidan Cndeba samecniero literaturaSi.
1992 wels rio-de-JaneiroSi, gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis garmos dacvis da
mdgradi ganviTarebis samitze, miRebul iqna konvencia `biomravalferovnebis
Sesaxeb~. mas saqarTvelo 1994w. SeuerTda. amJamad es konvencia msoflios 180
saxelmwifos aerTianebs. am konvenciis mixedviT yoveli saxelmwifo valdebulia,
biomravalferovnebis dacvisaTvis SeimuSaos erovnuli politika da gaataros
efeqturi RonisZiebebi. biomravalferovneba ganixileba sam doneze – lokalur
(biomravalferovneba cocxali organizmebis erTi adgilsamyofelis farglebSi),
raionul (sxvadasxva adgilsamyofelis mravalferovneba) da regionul (didi
regionebis mravalferovneba).
msoflioSi cocxali organizmebis miaxloebiTi ricxvidan, romelic 13
milions Seadgens, Seswavlilia mxolod 1/10. umaRles mcenareTa saerTo raode-
noba udris 270 aTass. biomravalferovnebis simravliT qveynebis pirvel xuTeulSi
Sedis: brazilia, kolumbia, CineTi, indonezia da meqsika. biomravalferovnebis
yvelaze mcire raodenoba islandiasa da kuveitSia. saqarTvelo umaRles mcena-
reTa saxeobebis mixedviT msoflioSi 63-e adgilzea, xolo evropaSi me-5-ze.
CamovrCebiT italias, espaneTs, saberZneTs da safrangeTs. cxovelTa saxeobis
saerTo mravalferovnebiT msoflioSi pirvel adgilzea brazilia, xolo evropaSi
_ saqarTvelo. Cvens qveyanaSi cocxali organizmebis Seswavlas mravalsaukunovani
istoria aqvs.
mcenareTa da cxovelTa mravalferovneba mkafiod ukavSirdeba bunebriv
pirobebs (ZiriTadad siTbosa da tenis ganawilebas). im qveynebSi, sadac warmodge-
nilia notio tropikuli da subtropikuli landSaftebi, biomravalferovneba
maRalia, zomieri sartylis qveynebSi misi maCvenebeli saSualoze dabalia, xolo
aridul da polarul regionebSi – umniSvnelo. biomravalferovnebis dasadgenad
iyeneben specialur maCvenebels, romelsac aqtualuri biomravalferovnebis
saSualo indeqss (ABI ) uwodeben da igi 2700 udris. am indeqsis mixedviT, saqarTve-
lo msoflioSi 36-e, xolo evropaSi 1 adgilzea. Cveni qveyana aseve pirvel
adgilzea im qveynebs Soris, romlebic Cvens ganedze an ufro CrdiloeTiT
mdebareoben.
dedamiwaze biomravalferovnebiT gamorCeul, globaluri mniSvnelobis 200-
mde ekoregionSi (sadac Tvmoyrilia msoflios floris da faunis udidesi nawili
_ 95%) gamoarCeven 25 yvelaze kritikul ekoregions, sadac kavkasiis ekoregions
ara marto globaluri, aramed erT-erTi wamyvani adgili uWiravs, romlis
farTobic 580 000 km2-ia. saqarTvelos kavkasiis ekoregionSi pirveli adgili
ukavia. saqarTvelosTvis biomravalferovnebas da mis SenarCunebas udidesi
ekonomikuri, ekologiuri da socialuri mniSvneloba aqvs. igi udidesi poten-
277
cialis matarebelia turizmis ganviTarebisaTvis. saqarTvelo biomravalferov-
nebis konservaciisaTvis bunebis dacvis msoflio fondis (WWF)-is mier prio-
ritetul adgilas Semdeg kriteriumebze dayrdnobiT iqna aRiarebuli: saxeobrivi
mravalferovneba, endemizmis done, taqsonomiuri unikaluroba, evoluciuri pro-
cesebi, florisa da faunis istoriuli ganviTarebis Taviseburebebi, mcena-
reulobis tipebis da biomebis mravalferovneba (Walis tyeebi, naxevarudabno,
stepi, ariduli meCxeri tyeebi, farTofoTlovani, wiwvovani da Sereuli tyis
biomebi, subalpebi, alpebi, subnivaluri da nivaluri biomebi, Waobebi da Sida
wylebi). yovelive es xels uwyobs, saqarTveloSi ganviTardes turizmis iseTi
mimarTulebebi, rogoricaa ekoturizmi, agroturizmi, sasoflo turizmi, saTav-
gadasavlo turizmi, bunebis moyvarulTa turizmi, SemecnebiTi turizmi, samec-
niero turizmi, samTo turizmi, Rvinis turizmi da sxva. ekoturizmis ZiriTadi
mizania – mogzauroba bunebaSi bunebrivi garemos SenarCunebiTa da adgilobrivi
mosaxleobis ekonomikuri da kulturul-socialuri interesebis dacviT. saqarT-
velos bunebas jerjerobiT SemorCenili aqvs pirveladi saxe. bevr SemTxvevaSi
swored biomravalferovnebis pirveladi saxe da didi sasursaTo baza xiblavs
rogorc ekoturistebs, ise Cveulebriv turistebs. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, aucile-
belia konkretul bunebriv arealSi ekoturizmis, agroturizmis da sxva sana-
xaobebis sistemuri da kategorizebuli inventarizacia. es RirsSesaniSnaobebi
SeiZleba davyoT sam kategoriad: ZiriTadi sanaxaobebi (romlebic arealis
daTvalierebis mTavari mizezia); damatebiTi sanaxaobebi (romlebic damatebiT
mimzidvelobas aniWeben konkretul areals da ganapirobeben turistis ufro
didxans yofnas) da damxmare sanaxaobebi (fizikuri aRWurvilobebi da sxva saxis
turistuli momsaxureba).
ekoturizmis RirsSesaniSnaobebi ver moicavs biomravalferovnebis mTel
resursul speqtrs mocemul regionSi. turizmis es mimarTulebebi biomraval-
ferovnebis saresurso bazis yvelaze mimzidveli elementebis bazarze gasatanad
SerCevaa. isini biomravalferovnebis resursebs ekonomikur Rirebulebas sZenen,
ise rom, misi yvela monawile ukiduresad dainteresebulia biomravalferovnebis
SenarCunebiT.
ekoturizmis erT-erT saxed SeiZleba CaiTvalos mogzauroba bunebriv rezer-
vatebSi – dacul bunebriv teritoriebze (erovnuli parkebi, nakrZalebi, aRkveTi-
lebi da sxv.), es sakmaod aqtiuri mimarTulebaa. daculi teritoriebis axleburi
sistema gamoirCeva mravalferovnebiT. daculi teritoriebis arseboba aucilebel
pirobas warmoadgens qveyanaSi biomravalferovnebis SenarCunebisaTvis, riTac is
aseve regionis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis perspeqtivasac iTvaliswinebs.
daculi teritoriebis Seqmna landSafturi mravalferovnebis SenarCunebisa da
racionaluri gamoyenebis saukeTeso saSualebaa, romelic mniSvnelovanwilad
gansazRvravs qveynis mosaxleobis sameurneo saqmianobis formebs, turizmis
struqturul srulyofas.
saqarTveloSi daculi teritoriebis daarsebas didi xnis istria aqvs.
pirveli daculi teritoria – lagodexis nakrZali _ Seiqmna jer kidev 1912 wels.
amJamad daculi teritoriebis saerTo farTobi 323 000 heqtaria, rac qveynis
teritoriis daaxlebiT 7%-ia. daculi teritoriis daaxloebiT 75% tyiT aris
dafaruli. saqarTveloSi 16 saxelmwifo nakrZali, 9 erovnuli parki, 15
aRkveTili, 22 bunebis Zegli da 2 daculi landSaftia. yoveli bunebrivi rezer-
vati unikaluri da gansxvavebulia biomravalferovnebis mxriv.
278
ekoturizmi mdgradi ganviTarebis is segmentia, romlis mimarT dainteresebac
yovelwliurad mniSvnelovnad izrdeba. miaxloebiTi monacemebiT, msoflioSi 700
mln adamiani mogzaurobs, aqedan 12-30% upiratesobas ekoturizms aniWebs.
saqarTveloSi vizitorTa raodenoba 2010 welTan SedarebiT (rekreaciis mizniT
Camosuli vizitori 23%-ia) mniSvnelovand gaizarda. statistikis departamentis
monacemebiT, wels dacul teritoriebze 300 000 vizitori stumrobda, aqedan 53 000
ucxo qveynis moqalaqe (israeli, germania, poloneTi da a.S.) da 247 000
adgilobrivi vizitori. turistebis umravlesoba imereTis mRvimeTa dacul
teritoriaze dafiqsirda – 152 000 vizitori. vizitorTa zrda ganapiroba axalma
turistulma rezervatebma (imereTis mRvimeebi, saTafliis kompleqsebi, borjom-
xaragaulis parki, speleo-paleontologiuri turebi, samTo velosipedis trasebis
dageba da sxva). erovnuli parkebis ganviTarebis mizniT, 2011 wels daculi
teritoriebis saagentom 10 mln laramde granti moipova.
saqarTveloSi turizmis ganviTarebis ZiriTad keras, biomravalferovnebis
TvalsazrisiT, ganapirobebs tye, romelic Cveni qveynis saganZuria. igi inarCunebs
biomravalferovnebis udides nawils da sxva ekosistemebTan SedarebiT saxeobaTa
maqsimalur raodenobas moicavs (gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva tropikuli tyeebi,
romelTac Cveni planetis mxolod 8% uWiravs da biomravalferovnebis 90%-ia
Tavmoyrili). qveynis teritoriis 6,95 mln heqtridan saxelmwifo tyis
farTobi 3005,5 aTasi heqtaria. usazRvroa tyis, rogorc: 1) bunebrivi resursis
(adamiani moipovebs merqans, sameurneo da samkurnalo saSualebebs da sakvebs); 2)
bunebis umniSvnelovanesi komponentis (tye icavs niadags, amaragebs atmosferos da
garemos JangbadiT, inarCunebs tens, biomravalferovnebas, qmnis gansakuTrebul
mikroklimats da a.S.); 3) ekonomikuri da socialuri (adamianebis dasaqmebis
saSualeba, tyis teritoria dasvenebisa da turizmis saukeTeso adgilia, tyeebi
inarCuneben bunebrivi da kulturuli memkvidereobis Zeglebs) fenomenis daniS-
nuleba.
dRevandeli gadmosaxedidan msoflioSi intensiurad mimdinareobs ekologi-
uri da teqnogenuri damangreveli globaluri movlenebi (globaluri daTboba,
mJave wvimebi, smogi, mewyerebi, Rvarcofebi, gaudabnoeba da a.S.), rasac kidev
emateba adamianis araswori sameurneo saqmianoba (bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebis
arnaxuli masStabebi, cocxali organizmebis migraciis gzebze sameurneo saqmia-
noba da sxv.) da es ekologiuri krizisis safrTxis zrdasTan erTad mimdina-
reobs. aSkara gaxda planetis degradaciis simptomebis mkveTri gamovlineba, ramac
kacobrioba seriozulad daafiqra. am saqmeSi turizmsac Seaqvs Tavisi, rogorc
uaryofiTi, ise dadebiTi, wvlili. ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi am dargis rolis
gazrdisaTvis aucilebelia turizmis struqturuli ganviTareba da misi srul-
yofa, risTvisac saWiroa misi ganviTarebis ekologiuri Sedegebis rogorc
globalur, regionul, ise adgilobriv masStabebSi ganxilva da swori dagegmvis
ganxorcieleba. amis saukeTeso saSualebas iZleva, pirvel rigSi, calkeul
regionebSi biomravalferovnebis dRevandeli realuri mdgomareobis Seswavla,
romelic gansazRvravs qveyanaSi, regionSi turizmis ganviTarebis specifikas da
gvevlineba Sesabamisi turistuli produqtis warmoebis bazisad. Cvenda samwu-
xarod, ekonomikurma da ekologiurma krizisebma msoflios biomravalferovneba
sagrZnoblad Seamcira: ori saukunis manZilze gadaSenda ZuZumwovarTa 180
saxeobaze meti, amdenive saxeobis frinveli, xerxemlianTa 215 saxeoba, gadaSenebis
pirasaa 400 saxeoba da a. S. Averc saqarTvelo gadaurCa am krizisebs. mZime daRi
279
daasva 1990-iani wlebis krizisma, 2008 wlis omma, rodesac umowyalod gaiCexa da
gadaiwva tyis udidesi masivebi (cnobilia, rom msoflioSi yovelwliurad 150000
km2-mde tye nadgurdeba), rasac Semdgom mohyva gaZlierebuli geodinamikuri
movlenebi da ekologiuri katastrofebi, riTac dazaralda rogorc buneba, ise
mosaxleoba. saqarTvelos faunidan 141, xolo floridan 56 saxeoba Setanilia
wiTel wignSi. aqedan 9 saxeoba gadaSenebis pirasaa. biomravalferovnebis
Semcirebas xels uwyobs agreTve brakonieroba; gadaWarbebuli Zoveba; mcenareTa
da cxovelTa saxeobebis ukanono gaqroba; mdinareebis da wyalWarbi savargulebis,
haeris, niadagis dabinZureba; turistuli regionebis gadametebuli datvirTva
turistebis mier; axali miwebis aTviseba (rogorc sameurneo, ise turistTa
ganTavsebis mizniT); saavtomobilo magistralebis mSenebloba; qalaqebis zrda;
turistebisaTvis infrastruqturis mowyoba da sxva.
turizmis ganviTarebas Tan mosdevs turistuli resursebis mizanSeuwoneli
xarjva, rac, xSirad gamowveulia daniSnulebis punqtSi turistebis mzardi
raodenobiT, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis da adgilobrivi mmarTveli organoebis
mier ukontrolo, daugegmavi, marto mogebaze orientirebuli da bunebis mimarT
damRupveli moqmedebebiT. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom turizmis ganviTareba
(gansakuTrebiT saqarTveloSi) garemo bunebaze damokidebuli industriaa, missave
interesebSi Sedis garemoze zrunva da misi dacva. amis miRweva ki sakmaod rTulia
gansakuTrebuli RonisZiebebis gatarebis gareSe.
saqarTveloSi turizmisaTvis saintereso biomravalferovnebis ZiriTadi kera
mTis masivebsa da tyeze modis (zRvis sanapiro am mxriv naklebad sainteresoa).
ZiriTadi kurortebi mTian regionebSia ganlagebuli (borjomi, bakuriani gudauri,
Sovi, baxmaro, lebarde, kojori da a.S.). swored aqauri unikaluri turistuli
resursi izidavs ucxoel Tu adgilobriv turists, rac xels uwyobs qveyanaSi
ucxouri valutis Semodinebas. turizmis ganviTareba aseve did gavlenas axdens
adgilobriv mosaxleobaze. magram saqarTvelos regionebSi am SemTxvevaSi es
cvlilebebi naklebad SeimCneva, rac gamowveulia imiT, rom mosaxleoba ar aris
dainteresebuli am dargis ganviTarebiT imis gamo, rom isini naklebad arian
informirebulni, Tu ras warmoadges turizmi, risTvis unda iyvnen aq turistebi
da ra roli akisria adgilobriv mosaxleobas turizmis ganviTarebaSi. bunebrivia,
adgilobrivi mosaxleoba am TvalsazrisiT arc bunebas ufrTxildeba. aqedan
gamomdinare, aucilebelia mosaxleobis daintereseba am sferoTi. maT realurad
unda dainaxon turizmidan miRebuli Semosavlebis sikeTe (gaumjobesebuli socia-
lur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba) da kerZo mewarmeebisaTvis saxelmwifo struqtu-
rebidan mxardaWera, raTa Seicvalos maTi damokidebuleba Camosuli turistis
mimarT da, rasakvirvelia, im bunebis mimarTac, romelic qmnis turizmis ganvi-
Tarebis iseTi mimarTulebebs, rogoricaa ekoturizmi, agroturizmi, sasoflo
turizmi, Rvinis turizmi da a.S.
Cveni azriT, pirvel rigSi aucilebelia, guldasmiT iqnes Seswavlili
yoveli turistuli regionis dRevandeli ekologiuri mdgomareoba (rac bolo
wlebSi sagrZnoblad gauaresda saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela regionSi), rac
saSualebas mogvcems, sworad movaxdinoT daniSnulebis punqtSi gamtarunarianobis
gaTvla. es ki xels Seuwyobs sworad davgegmoT turistebis raodenoba da aqti-
vobebi, satransporto saSualebebiT datvirTva, infrastruqturis ganviTareba,
dabinZureba da mudmivi ekologiuri gardaqmnebi, swori menejmenturi da marke-
tinguli kvlevebis Catareba da sxva.
280
gamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literatura
1. burduli v. saqarTvelos ekonomikis struqtura ekonomikuri saqmianobis
saxeebis mixedviT da misi srulyofis perspeqtivebi, Tsu p. guguSvilis ekonomikis
institutis samecniero Sromebis krebuli IV, 2011.
2. metreveli m. turizmis biznesi, 2011.
3. qvelaZe q. ekoturizmis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi, saq.
ekonomikis da samarTlis universiteti. sauniversitetTaSoriso samecniero
konferenciis Sromebis krebuli Tb. 2010.
4. beruCaSvili n., elizbaraSvili n. Sesavali geografiaSi, 2006.
5. http://dpa.gov.ge
Kveladze Ketevan THE IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY IN GEORGIA FOR THE D EVELOPMENT OF
TOURISM UNDER GLOBALIZATION SUMMARY
Biodiversity brings enormous opportunities to the development of tourism in the whole country. The
latter concerns regions as well as the central parts of the countries. For Georgia biodiversity is the best resource for the development of the following directions of the tourism: eco-tourism, agro-tourism, alpine tourism, wine tourism and etc.
For every citizen is the essential obligation for them to care about the defending and maintaining of biodiversity.
nana SarabiZenana SarabiZenana SarabiZenana SarabiZe quTaisis turistuli mimzidvelobis analiziquTaisis turistuli mimzidvelobis analiziquTaisis turistuli mimzidvelobis analiziquTaisis turistuli mimzidvelobis analizi
globalizaciis erT-erTi yuradsaRebi da angariSgasawevi Tanmdevi procesi
mosaxleobis mobilurobis gaadvilebaa, rac gamoxatulebas povebs rogorc
migraciis gaaqtiurebaSi, aseve turistebisa da mogzaurebis raodenobis zrdaSi.
msoflio turistuli organizaciis monacemebiT, amJamad msoflioSi weliwadSi 700
milioni adamiani upiratesobas aniWebs dasvenebas ara sakuTar saxlSi, an
Svebulebis sxva garemoSi gatarebas. amitom aqtiurad sargeblobs sxvadasxva
saxis gasvliTi an saerTaSoriso turebis momsaxurebiT. 2020 wlisaTvis es ricxvi
mniSvnelovnad gaizrdeba da igi 1,6 miliardi gaxdeba. amdenad, es faqti mniSvne-
lovania im qveynebisaTvis, romelTa ekonomikaSic turizms gansakuTrebuli adgili
uWiravs. kerZod, aucilebelia seriozuli RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba turis-
tuli infrastruqturisa da servisis gaumjobesebisaTvis da, rac mTavaria,
saWiroa gaazrebuli da gonivruli muSaoba mravalerovani da mravalferovani
msoflio turistuli bazrisaTvis axali, mimzidveli, konkurentuli da efeqturi
turebis SemuSavebisa da SeTavazebisaTvis. uaxloes aTwleulebSi Cveni qveynis
ekonomikaSi turizmis roli mkafiod aris gamokveTili. amitom TiToeul regionSi
mniSvnelovani samuSaoa Casatarebeli regionis turistuli mimzidvelobis
kvlevisa da misi perspeqtivebis gaanalizebis mizniT, raTa regionma Tu qalaqma
warmatebiT SeZlos sakuTari niSis dakaveba rogorc saerTaSoriso, aseve adgi-
lobriv turistul sivrceSi.
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warmodgenili samuSaos mizania quTaisis turistuli mimzidvelobis kvleva
da analizi arsebuli situaciis obieqturad Sefasebisa da uaxloesi samomavlo
perspeqtivebis, SesaZleblobebisa da gegmebis sworad da miznobrivad gansazRvri-
saTvis. aRsaniSnavia, rom kvlevisa da analizis procesSi gaviTvaliswineT ro-
gorc adgilobrivi mosaxleobis, aseve rigi ucxoeli turistebis mosazrebebi da
Sexedulebebi.
kvlevis procesSi gamoyenebul iqna winaswar SemuSavebuli anketebis meSveo-
biT mosaxleobis SerCeviTi gamokiTxvis meTodi. gamokiTxvis Sedegebis damuSaveba
da statistikuri analizi movaxdineT kompiuteruli programebis gamoyenebiT.
gamokiTxvis procesSi aqtiurad monawileobdnen awsu turizmis specialobis
studentebi.
sul gamoikiTxa 171 adamiani. maT Soris gamovyaviT oTxi asakobrivi fokus-
jgufi: 18 wlamde _ 37 adamiani, ZiriTadad, skolis moswavleebi; 18-25 weli _ 71
adamiani. maT Soris: 63 studenti, 3 sajaro mosamsaxure, 3 TviTdasaqmebuli, 2
umuSevari; 25-40 weli _ 27 adamiani. maT Soris: 14 sajaro mosamsaxure, 5 TviTda-
saqmebuli, 8 umuSevari; 40 wlis zemoT _ 36 adamiani. amaTgan: 23 sajaro mosam-
saxure, 8 TviTdasaqmebuli, 5 umuSevari. aseve 7 ucxoeli turisti.
gamokiTxvaSi monawileTa ganawileba asakobrivi jgufebis mixedviT naCvenebia
diagramaze 1.
1 (22%)
2 (41%)3 (16%)
4 (21%)
diagrama 1. gamokiTxvaSi monawileTa ganawileba adiagrama 1. gamokiTxvaSi monawileTa ganawileba adiagrama 1. gamokiTxvaSi monawileTa ganawileba adiagrama 1. gamokiTxvaSi monawileTa ganawileba asakobrivi jgufebis sakobrivi jgufebis sakobrivi jgufebis sakobrivi jgufebis
mixedviT:mixedviT:mixedviT:mixedviT:
1.1.1.1. 18 wlamde, 2. 1818 wlamde, 2. 1818 wlamde, 2. 1818 wlamde, 2. 18----25 weli, 325 weli, 325 weli, 325 weli, 3.... 25252525----40 weli, 440 weli, 440 weli, 440 weli, 4.... 40 wlis zemoT.40 wlis zemoT.40 wlis zemoT.40 wlis zemoT.
sagulisxmoa, rom quTaisis, rogorc mimzidveli turistuli garemos, auTen-
turoba ara marto ucxoelebSi, aramed Cveni qveynis mozardebsa da axalgazrdebs
Sorisac sakmaod dabalia. amas adgilobrivi mosaxleobac kargad acnobierebs.
amitomac kiTxvaze: „migaCniaT Tu ara quTaisi turistebisaTvis mimzidvelad da
sainteresod“ gamokiTxulTa umravlesoba _ 68,4% uaryofiT pasuxs iZleva da sa-
Wirod miiCnevs infrastruqturisa da turistuli obieqtebis mowesrigeba-
ganaxlebasa da axali turistuli turebis SemuSavebisaTvis seriozul muSaobas.
infrastruqturisa da turistuli obieqtebis mowesrigeba-ganaxleba, erTiani
saxelmwifo strategiisa da programebis farglebSi, sakmaod intensiurad mim-
dinareobs. Tumca, rig SemTxvevebSi Sesrulebuli samuSaoebis (magaliTad,
palmebis xeivani aRmaSeneblis gamzirze, operis eqsterieri, Sadrevani centralur
moedanze da sxva) mizanSewoniloba, xarisxi da adekvaturoba azrTa sxvadasxva-
282
obasa da kamaTs iwvevs. amjerad, aRniSnul sakiTxebze ar SevCerdebi. minda yurad-
Reba gavamaxvilo qalaqis ganviTarebisa da popularizaciisaTvis axali gare da
Sida turebis SemuSavebisa da SeTavazebis mniSvnelobas, formasa da Sinaarsze.
gare turebis organizebisas mniSvnelovania iseTi aqcentebis SerCeva, rac
advilad gasagebi da nacnobia ucxoelTaTvis. italieli turistebis azriT,
quTaisis warmoCenisaTvis aqcentebi unda gakeTdes iseT obieqtebs, faqtebsa da
movlenebze, rac msoflioSi bevrisTvisaa gasagebi da saintereso. magaliTad,
rogoricaa saTafliis gamoqvabuli da masSi daculi dinozavris nakvalevi. isini
sainteresod miiCneven argonavtebis legendasac, TumcaRa, materialuri da
faqtobrivi masalis ararseboba am Temis ganviTarebas naklebad efeqturs xdis.
amdenad, seriozuli, kargad gaazrebuli da didi moculobisa da finansuri
danaxarjebis samuSaoa Sesasrulebeli quTaisis avTenturobis asamaRleblad.
kerZod, aucilebelia msoflio mediasa da wamyvan turistul arxebsa da
programebSi, internetsa da sxvadasxva turistul gamofena-bazrobebze maRalpro-
fesiulad Sesrulebuli, saintereso da Sinaarsiani video-rgolebis sistematuri
Cveneba qalaqis warsuls, awmyosa da momavalze. zogadad, turistuli SeTavazeba
unda efuZnebodes im istoriul tradiciebs, gamocdilebasa da miRwevebs, rac ama
Tu im regions gaaCnia. quTaisis SemTxvevaSi es aris misi mniSvnelovani Rvawli da
didi wvlili qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis, sulierebis, kulturisa da ganaTle-
bis saqmeSi zogadad da gansakuTrebiT XIX-XX saukuneebSi.
Sida turebis organizebisas mniSvnelovani da sagulisxmoa Cven mier gamo-
kiTxuli mosaxleobis azri. kerZod, gamokiTxulTa azriT, quTaisis efeqturad da
mimzidvelad warmoCenisTvis mizanSewonili da perspeqtiulia istoriul-kul-
turuli, SemecnebiTi da religiuri turebis SemuSaveba. gamokiTxulTa Sexedu-
lebebis ganawileba naCvenebia diagramaze 2.
1(40,4%)
2(30,6%)
3(15,7%)
4(13,3%)
diagrama 2. quTaisis warmoCenisTvis mizanSewonili da perspeqtiuli turebi: diagrama 2. quTaisis warmoCenisTvis mizanSewonili da perspeqtiuli turebi: diagrama 2. quTaisis warmoCenisTvis mizanSewonili da perspeqtiuli turebi: diagrama 2. quTaisis warmoCenisTvis mizanSewonili da perspeqtiuli turebi:
1111. . . . istoriulistoriulistoriulistoriul----kulturuli, 2kulturuli, 2kulturuli, 2kulturuli, 2. . . . SemecnebiTi, 3SemecnebiTi, 3SemecnebiTi, 3SemecnebiTi, 3. . . . religiuri, 4religiuri, 4religiuri, 4religiuri, 4. . . . sxvasxvasxvasxva
qarTul saxelmwifoebriobis formirebisa da ganviTarebis procesSi quTaisis
istoriuli rolisa da adgilis amsaxveli da damadasturebeli istoriul-
kulturuli Zeglebi mwirad aris SemorCenili. Tumca, solomon mefis sasaxleSi _
„oqros CardaxSi“ mniSvnelovani samuSaoebia Catarebuli da igi saintereso
turistul obieqts ganekuTvneba, sadac SesaZlebelia istoriul-SemecnebiTi
animaciuri turis organizeba. mniSvnelovani SenaZenia qalaqisaTvis istoriul-
eTnografiuli muzeumis axal keTilmowyobil istoriul SenobaSi gadatana.
283
quTaisSi warmatebiT SeiZleba ganxorcieldes kulturul-SemecnebiTi turi:
„quTaisi _ XIX-XX saukunis qarTuli kulturis akvani“. turis organizebisTvis
dramatul TeatrSi, operasa da yofil gimnaziaSi (amJamindeli I skola) SesaZ-
lebelia moewyos im cnobil xelovanTa da sazogado moRvaweTa (a. wereTeli, z.
faliaSvili, „cisferyanwelebi“, m. balanCivaZe, n. nikolaZe da a.S.) saqmianobis
amsaxveli kuTxeebi, romelTac waruSleli kvali datoves qveynis istoriaSi.
sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom quTaisSi Caeyara safuZveli qarTul konoxelovnebas.
samwuxarod, v. amaSukelis saxli da iq daculi eqsponatebi gasuli saukunis 90-ian
wlebSi ganadgurda, magram yofili kinoTeatris „radiumis“ (Semdgom „komuna“)
kedelTan SesaZlebelia memorialuri kuTxis mowyoba legendaruli kino- opera-
torisa da misi filmis amsaxveli masaliT. vfiqrob, axalma sportis sasaxlem
muzeumis funqciac unda SeiTavsos da iq qalaqis mkvidrTa didi sportuli tradi-
ciebi da miRwevebi unda aisaxos.
sainformacio-SemecnebiTi turebi SeiZleba moewyos mozardTaTvis axal
saxelmwifo-administraciul centrSi (parlamenti, mTavrobis saxli, iusticiis
saxli), sadac qalaqisa da regionis axalgazrdebs saSualeba eqnebaT, gaecnon
kanonmdebelTa da saxelmwifo moxeleTa saqmianobas.
amrigad, quTaisis turistuli mimzidvelobis asamaRleblad garkveuli
winapirobebi da perspeqtivebi arsebobs. amasTan, aucilebelia seriozuli, kargad
gaazrebuli, didi moculobisa da finansuri danaxarjebis samuSaos Sesruleba,
raTa mniSvnelovnad amaRldes quTaisis, rogorc mimzidveli turistuli garemos,
avTenturoba rogorc ucxoelebSi, aseve qveynis mozardebsa da axalgazrdebs
Sorisac.
gamoyenebuli gamoyenebuli gamoyenebuli gamoyenebuli literaturaliteraturaliteraturaliteratura
1. SarabiZeSarabiZeSarabiZeSarabiZe n.n.n.n. turistuli kompaniebis saqmianobis strategiis gansazRvris
Taviseburebani Tanamedrove pirobebSi. „ekonomikis da biznesis Tanmedrove
problemebi da ganviTarebis tendenciebi“ quTaisis universitetis daarsebidan 20 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili samecniero-praqtikuli konferencia, quTaisi, 2011 wlis 5-6 noemberi.
2. turizmis erovnuli saagentos internetmasalebi (http://www.ghn.ge/,
http://www.georgia.travel/travel/index.php?page=10&sub=5&lang=1).
3. durdurdurdurgliSviligliSviligliSviligliSvili nnnn.... sociologiur monacemTa analizi. Tbilisi, 2006.
Sharabidze Nana THE ANALYSIS OF THE ATTRACTIVENESS OF KUTAISI FOR TOURISTS
SUMMARY
The aim of work is to research and analyze the attractiveness of Kutaisi for tourists. On the basis of the results an objective assessment of the real situation was made for the proper determination and focused prospects and opportunities. It is shown that certain prerequisites and prospects to increase the attractiveness of Kutaisi for tourists exist there. In this case, a serious, well thought-out work with a significant financial cost is necessary to improve the authenticity of Kutaisi, both among foreigners and among adolescents and youth of our country.
284
TinaTin TinaTin TinaTin TinaTin CxeiZeCxeiZeCxeiZeCxeiZe umuSevroba soflad, mizezebi da perspeqtivebiumuSevroba soflad, mizezebi da perspeqtivebiumuSevroba soflad, mizezebi da perspeqtivebiumuSevroba soflad, mizezebi da perspeqtivebi
mosaxleobis dasaqmebis da umuSevrobis sakiTxi yvela qveynisaTvis proble-
maturia. am mxriv arc saqarTveloa gamonaklisi. oficialuri monacemebiT,
umuSevrobis done saqarTveloSi sakmaod maRalia da igi 17% aRwevs (maSin, ro-
desac evrokavSiris qveynebSi es maCvenebeli saSualod 10%-ia. mag., holandiaSi
4.4%-ia). saqarTvelos ekonomikur dargTa Soris umuSevrobis maRali doniT
gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva soflis meurneoba, rac ganpirobebulia mTeli rigi
negatiuri faqtoriT. ZiriTad faqtorad, romelmac uaryofiTad imoqmeda soflad
mcxovrebi mosaxleobis dasaqmebasa da umuSevrobaze, migvaCnia agraruli refor-
mis xarvezebiT gatarebuli miwis privatizacia.
qveynis sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlasTan dakavSirebiT saqarTveloSi
mniSvnelovani reformebi Catarda, maT Soris iyo agraruli reforma, romelmac
aamoqmeda miwis privatizebiT miwaze kerZo sakuTrebis, ijaris, giravnobis
kanonebi, miwaze pirveli reforma 1992 w. ganxorcielda. gauqmda da daiSala
mTeli rigi sacdel-saCvenebeli, jiSTa gamocdis, manqana-traqtorTa sadgurebi da
sxva. gauqmda kolmeurneobebi da sabWoTa meurneobebi, maT mflobelobaSi arse-
buli savargulebi daqucmacda patar-patara nakveTebad da daeqvemdebara private-
zacias.
Ppraqtikulad, mTlianad moiSala sabWoTa periodSi arsebuli sairigacio da
sadrenaJo qselebi. Ggauqmda manqana-traqtorTa sadgurebi, maT amortizacias Tan
daerTo isic, rom, liTonis jarTi upirvelesi mniSvnelobis saeqsporto saqonlad
iqca, ramac xeli Seuwyo soflis meqanizaciis gaCanagebas. Ffunqcionireba Sewyvita
xil-bostneulis da, saerTod, sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis gadamamuSavebelma
saamqroebma, romelTa danadgarebic aseve jarTad gaiyida. moiSala agronomiuli
da veterinaluri momsaxureba, sofeli darCa sasuqebis, Sxamqimikatebis, vaqcinebis
da, rac mTavaria, maTi gamoyenebis mcodne specialistebis gareSe.
mTel rig soflebSi moiSala da gauqmda infrastruqturis iseTi elementebi
rogoric aris saSualo skola, sabavSvo baRi, kinoTeatri, klubi, biblioTeka,
samedicino punqti, sadac soflad mcxovrebi mosaxleoba iyo dasaqmebuli.
sofelSi mcxovrebi mosaxleobis ZiriTadi damsaqmeblebis, kolmeurneobebis
da sabWoTa meurneobebis gauqmebiT mosaxleobam dakarga samuSao adgilebi. kerZo
struqturebma, rogoric aris mag., fermeruli meurneobebi, romlebmac, sxvadasxva
mizezis gamo, soflis meurneobaSi fexi ver moikida, mosaxleoba ver daasaqma.
saqarTvelos statistikis samsaxuris mier 2010 w. I kvartlis mixedviT, biznes-
seqtorSi dasaqmebulTa ricxvi wina wlis monacemebTan SedarebiT 7%-iT Semcirda.
erT-erTi mizezi, ris gamoc soflad agrobiznesi fermeruli murneobis saxiT
ver ganviTarda, es soflis meurneobis warmoebis riskianobaa. statistikis
erovnuli samsaxuris monacemebiT, sawarmoTa raodenoba, romelmac saangariSo
weli zaraliT daamTavra, soflis meurneobaa. yvela qveynis agroseqtori mTav-
robis proteqcionizmiT sargeblobs, risi Tqmac saqarTvelos agroseqtorze ar
SegviZlia.
aSS-s 2008 w. soflis meurneobisaTvis gamoyofilma grantebis Tanxam 10
milions, xolo 2009 w. 49 milions miaRwia, 2011-2012 ww. gansazRvrulia 55-55 milio-
nis gamoyofa.
285
Mmag., aSS-s soflis meurneobaSi subsidireba 2 principiT xdeba: erTi mxriv,
fermerebs SeuZliaT miiRon Cekebi da pirdapir fuladi gzavnilebi saxelmwifo
xazinisagan. Mmeore mxriv, saxelmwifo iyenebs berketebs sazRvargareTel konku-
rentebTan da arTulebs analogiuri saimporto produqciis Semosvlas. Sedegad
momxmarebeli samamulo produqcias iZens.
magaliTad, TurqeTSi soflis meurneobis seqtori gamoirCeva mTavrobis
maRali mxardaWeriT (iseve, rogorc evrokavSiris qveynebis saxelmwifos yovel-
wliuri subsidireba agraruli seqtorisaTvis 4 miliard dolars aRemateba).
ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis gamoTvliT,
procentulad, subsidirebis yvelaze dabali maCvenebeli axal zelandiasa (Tavisi
Semosavlis 2%-s mTavrobisa da subsidirebis saxiT iRebs) da avstraliaSi (4%)
fiqsirdeba, aSS-Si ki es maCvenebeli 16%-ia, kanadaSi 22%, evrokavSiris qveynebSi
32%, xolo yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli am mxriv Sveicarias aqvs da is 68%-s
Seadgens [4].
saqarTvelos soflis mosaxleoba ZiriTadad im sakarmidamo miwis nakveTis
(1.2 ha) imedze darCa, romelic miwis privatizebis Sedegad glexebs miecaT
usasyidlod statistikuri monacemebiT, sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis miwis
saSualo suladobrivi norma saqarTveloSi 0.5 ha-s Seadgens, xolo erT
mcxovrebze dasamuSaveblad vargisi miwa 0.2 ha. miwiT uzrunvelyofis es
maCvenebeli metad dabalia da Camouvardeba mravali qveynis Sesabamis maCvenebels.
miuxedavad miwis nakveTebis simcirisa, es farTobebic ki, sasoflo-sameurneo
teqnikis uqonlobis gamo, dResac darCenilia daumuSaveblad da auTvisebelia.
oficialuri monacemebiT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 47% soflad cxovrobs,
soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebulia qveynis ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis 3/5-
ze meti. samagierod, katastrofulad mcirdeba sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis
moculoba da misi wili qveyanaSi Seqmnil damatebul RirerebulebaSi.
1996 wlis soflis meurneobis produqcia mTlian erovnul dovlaTSi 33%-ze
mets Seadgenda, sadReisod ki 4-jer Semcirda da 8,3%-s ar aRemateba.
umuSevroba gansakuTrebiT mtkivneulad aRiqva guria-samegrelos regionma. am
regionSi mosaxleobis ZiriTadi damsaqmebeli Cais kultura iyo. Cais kulturis
movla, moyvana-krefiT dasaqmebuli meCaieebi ekonomiurad uzrunvelyofilni iyvnen.
magram mas Semdeg, rac aiCexa akademikos qsenia baxtaZisa da sxva gamoCenili
seleqcionerebis mier rudunebiT gamoyvanili unikaluri qarTuli Cais planta-
ciebi, Cais foTlis mkrefavebi aRar iyvnen saWiro. aseTive bedi ewia saqarTve-
loSi meabreSumeobasac. meabreSumeobas, rogorc unikalur da Semosavlian dargs
saqarTvelos soflis meurneobaSi erT-erTi wamyvani adgili ekava. gansakuTrebiT
imereTis regionis mosaxleobas daetyo meabreSumeobis, rogorc dargis soflis
meurneobis warmoebidan amoReba. imereTis TiTqmis yvela ojaxi dasaqmebuli iyo
maRalanazRaurebadi abreSumis Wiis movla-patronobiT da ojaxi damatebiT
Semosavals Rebulobda.
miuxedavad yovelive aRniSnulisa, statistikuri monacemebiT yvelaze meti
dasaqmebuli iTvleba soflis meurneobaSi, radgan maT gaaCniaT sakarmidamo miwis
nakveTebi.
oficialuri monacemebiT, 2003 w-is Semdeg soflis meurneobaSi warmoeba
Semcirda 15%-iT (ekonomikis danarCen dargebSi saSualod gaizarda 40%-iT). aseve
Semcirda Sromis mwarmoebluroba, Semcirda soflis meurneobis wili qveynis
mTlian Sida produqtSi. ekonomikuri zrda ar SeiniSneba soflis meurneobaSi,
286
miuxedavaT imisa, rom dasaqmebulTa didi nawili swored soflis meurneobaze
modis (grafiki 1).
saqarTvelos statistikis samsaxuris mier dasaqmebulad iTvleba piri,
romelic eweva ekonomikur saqmianobas mogebis, Semosavlis miRebis mizniT,
miuxedavad Semosavlis odenobisa, saqmianobis tipisa da xangrZlivobisa. Tu pirma
gamokiTxvis wina 7 dRis gamavlobaSi erTi saaTi mainc imuSava Semosavlis miRebis
mizniT, iTvleba dasaqmebulad. am kategoriaSi Sedis 15 wlis da ufrosi asakis
pirebi. zeda asakis zRvari ar aris dawesebuli. aqedan gamomdinare, pensionerebi,
romlis pensiis odenoba saarsebo minimumze naklebia da, miuxedavad xandazmu-
lobisa, iZulebulia monaxos damatebiTi Semosavali Tavis gadasarCenad droebiTi
samuSao Tugind erTi saaTi kviraSi, CaiTvleba dasaqmebulad (mag., Tavis miwis
nakveTze). aseve yvela TviT dasaqmebuli romelic kviraSi erTi saaTi mainc
imuSavebs, iTvleba dasaqmebulad, rac, Cveni azriT, ar aris marTebuli.
Cven vfiqrobT, rom yvela is piri (15 wlis zeviT sapensio asakamde) unda
CaiTvalos umuSevrad, romlebic ar arian dasaqmebuli, ar aqvT Semosavali
saarsebo minimumi mainc da eZebs samuSaos. Tu aseTi kriteriumiT SevafasebT
mdgomareobas, maSin saqarTveloSi 16%-ze meti aRmoCndeba umuSevari.
Seqmnili socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobidan gamosavali mosaxleobam
sxvadasxvagvarad gamonaxa, zogma miatova saerTod sofeli da miaSura qalaqs
(rasac xeli Seuwyo globalurma urbanizaciis procesma), gansakuTrebiT qalebma
datoves ojaxebi da gavidnen sazRvargareT, saidanac exmarebian ojaxis wevrebs.
sofeli datova axalgazrda bavSvianma ojaxebma (skolebisa da sabavSvo
bagebis Semcirebis gamo). soflebi dacarielda. soflad sacxovreblad darCe-
nilia mosaxleobis araaqtiuri nawili (umTavresad moxucebi), ris gamoc maTi
mwarmoebluroba metad dabalia.
SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos regionebSi umuSevrobisa
da siRaribis daZlevis erT-erTi gza, pirvel rigSi, infrastruqturis, Cais
kulturisa da meabreSumeobis aRdgenaa, romelic daasaqmebs mosaxleobas, qalebs
daabrunebs ojaxSi, xolo qveyanas gauCens ZviradRirebul saeqsporto nedleuls,
razedac jer kidev wina saukuneSi migviTiTebda ilia WavWavaZe.
`miwis da xelis mocdena imisTana fasmokle WirnaxulisTvis, rogoric
magaliTad puria (konkretul SemTxveveSi simindi _ T. C.) Cvenis fiqriT, didi
Secdomaa, purs Tu uwin roca karCaketilebi viyaviT, Tavisi sabuTi hqonda, exla
misi moyvana CvenTvis araviTari angariSia...
sul sxva iqneboda, rom ruseTSi Segvetana igi Wirnaxuli, romelic ruseTis
havisa da miwis mizniT, iq ar modis da sxva qveynidan Semogvaqvs da ruseTidan
gvazidina. am SemTxvevaSi gamorCena didi iqneboda. jer erTi esa, rom sasyideli
ufro iafad dagvijdeboda da meore Cveni gasayidi ufro mets xeirs mogvcemda,
ufro mets amoiRebda, anu ukeT vsTqvaT, is garja, is hava da miwa, rasac exla
iafad sasyid Wirnaxuls vaxmarT, rom ufro Zvirfass rasmes movaxmaroT, orgzis
mogebaSi viqnebiT” [2].
287
grafiki 1grafiki 1grafiki 1grafiki 1
mTlian mSp-Si soflis meurneobis wili da
umuSevroba sofelSi (%) [3]
0
5
10
15
20
20052006
20072008
2009
soflis meurneobis wili mSp-Si
umuSevroba sofelSi
bolo periodSi saqarTvelos mTavrobam yuradReba miaqcia qveynis agro-
seqtorSi Seqmnil situacias da mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad ganaxorciela
mTeli rigi RonisZiebebi. ase mag., a/w. aprilis TveSi saqarTveloSi Semoitana 150
traqtori “belorusi”, soflad mcxovreb mosaxleobas daurigdaT erTjeradi
daxmareba _ 30 lari vauCeris saxiT, aseve glexis mier moyvanil pirvelad soflis
meurnebis produqtze moixsna dgR-s gadasaxadi. aqedan gamomdinare, imedi unda
viqonioT, rom TandaTan aRsdgeba soflis moSlili infrastruqtura, sofeli
daibrunebs Tavis funqcias, rac sasikeTod waadgeba mTel qveyanas.
gamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literatura
1. CxeiZe T. miwis resursebis optimalurad gamoyeneba, rogorc siRaribis
daZlevis sawindari. p. gugSvilis ekonomikis institutis samec. konf. masalebi,
2010.
2. WavWavaZe i. Txz., t.VII, 1956, gv. 64-65.
3. ZnelaZe g. saqarTvelos antikrizisuli reformebis 2010 wlis kursi -
Seicvala Tu ara mimarTuleba veqtorma? _ sskgc-s biuleteni #118, 2011.
4. banksandfinance.ge/villige/1944-soflis-meurneoba.html – krizisma msoflioSi
soflis meurneobis dafinanseba gazarda…...
5. european.ge – buCukuri s. qarTuli sofeli, 2011-03-03. uropean.ge/?page=statistics&id=61
Chkheidze Tinatin RURAL UNEMPLOYMENT, CAUSES AND PERSPECTIVES
SUMMARY
In the article the condition of employment and unemployment is examined in Georgian villages. After the abolition of soviet forms of production the majority of people employed in agrarian sphere were left without jobs. As for private sector, farmers were not able to create additional jobs.
288
In Guria-Samegrelo unemployment was more severe problem by the fact of derogation of tea culture and its production. Because of cutting tea plants the workers of it were left without any function. The same is true for the population of Imereti; in this case the main factor was the end of production of natural silk.
By the way of restoring the tea and silk production population will be employed and the country will get the competitive export production.
eTer xaraiSvilieTer xaraiSvilieTer xaraiSvilieTer xaraiSvili inovaciuriinovaciuriinovaciuriinovaciuri ganviTarebis problemebiganviTarebis problemebiganviTarebis problemebiganviTarebis problemebi saqarTvelossaqarTvelossaqarTvelossaqarTvelos fermerulfermerulfermerulfermerul meurneobemeurneobemeurneobemeurneobebSibSibSibSi
saqarTvelos agrosasursaTo seqtorSi dRes dabali produqtiulobis done
aRiniSneba. adgilobrivi warmoebis wili mTlian Sida produqtSi 8.0%-mde Sem-
cirda31, ris gamoc qveyanaSi bazris moTxovnis mxolod 12%-ia dakmayofilebuli.
agrosasursaTo produqtebis deficitis Sevseba importis xarjze mimdinareobs.
dReisaTvis saqarTveloSi agrosasursaTo produqtebis TiTqmis 70% importire-
bulia. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom am seqtorSi dasaqmebis stabilurad maRali
donea SenarCunebuli, naTelia, rom agrosasursaTo seqtori araefeqtianad funq-
cionirebs da dabalia produqtiuloba. Sesabamisad, mniSvnelovnad gauaresda
sasursaTo usafrTxoebis maCveneblebic.
saqarTveloSi agrosasursaTo seqtoris ganviTarebis paradoqsuli tendencia
Camoyalibda: bolo xuTi wlis manZilze daaxloebiT 50%-iT gaizarda fasebi
mxolod im sursaTze, romelic qveyanaSi iwarmoeba an romlis warmoebac adgi-
lobrivi resursuli potencialiT aris SesaZlebeli. amave periodSi memcenareobis
produqciis warmoebis moculoba TiTqmis ganaxevrda _ mecxoveleobis 40%-iT,
xolo sasursaTo TviTuzrunvelyofis koeficienti 34%-mde Semcirda32.
agrosasursaTo seqtorSi dabalia ara marto produqtiuloba, aramed dasaq-
mebulTa Semosavlebic. statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris monacemebiT, sasoflo-
sameurneo produqtebis realizaciidan miRebuli Semosavlebis wili ojaxuri
meurneobebis fulad SemosavlebSi mxolod 6%-s Seadgens, anu soflis meurneobis
warmoebis 94% gankuTvnilia sakuTari moxmarebisaTvis33. aRniSnulis gamo soflis
meurneobis seqtorSi dasaqmebulTa 53% saarsebo minimumis zRvars dabla imyo-
feba, aqedan 23% ukidures siRaribeSi cxovrobs. FAO-s monacemebiT, 2003-2009 wle-
bSi saqarTveloSi erT sul mosaxleze soflis meurneobis produqciis warmoebis
indeqsi 29%-iT Semcirda34. agrosasursaTo seqtoris ganviTarebis aseTi donis
pirobebSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania adgilobrivi warmoebis inovaciuri
stimulirebiT ganviTareba, rac gamoiwvevs fermeruli meurneobebis resursuli
potencialis amoqmedebas, Sida da saerTaSoriso bazrebze SeRwevas, samecniero-
teqnikuri progresis miRwevebis efeqtian gamoyenebas, kapitalis koncentracias,
produqciis warmoebisa da diversifikaciis gzebis moZiebas. maRalganviTarebul-
ma qveynebma swored inovaciebiTa da axali teqnologiebiT SeZles agrosasur-
saTo warmoebis ganviTareba35.
31
www.geostat.ge 32 saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba 2010, Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 47, 68,81. 33
www.geostat.ge 34 www.fao.org/corp/statistics 35www.ick.ge/ka/articles/5000-2011-03-07-06-16-33.html
289
evrokavSirSi inovaciuri politika saxelmwifo marTvis sistemis ganuyofeli
nawili gaxda. evrokavSirSi SeTanxmdnen inovaciuri sawarmos cnebazec. inova-
ciuria sawarmoa Tu bolo sami wlis manZilze erT-erTi wlis danaxarji kvle-
vaze brunvis 15%-s aRemateba da konkurentunariania evrokavSiris bazarze.
evrokavSirSi samecniero kvlevebze mSp-is 2% ixarjeba, aSS-Si es maCvenebeli 2.7%-
ia, iaponiaSi – 3.1%. dasaxelebuli maCveneblebi gansxvavebulia evrokavSiris qvey-
nebis mixedviT (magaliTad, SvedeTSi _ 3.6%, fineTSi – 3.2%)36.
sawarmoTa inovaciur ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovania saxelmwifos roli. am
TvalsazrisiT saxelmwifo daxmareba Semdegi mimarTulebebiT xorcieldeba:
1. kvlevis prioritetebisa da strategiebis gansazRvra;
2. inovaciuri ganviTarebisaTvis mcire sawarmoTa daxmareba;
3. momsaxurebis sferoSi inovaciur da organizaciul procesebze mxar-
daWera;
4. inovaciuri ganviTarebis mimarTulebebsa da danergvis sferoSi sakonsul-
tacio uzrunvelyofa;
5. sainovacio klasterebis SeqmnisaTvis daxmareba da sxv.
bolo periodSi inovaciuri ganviTareba konkurentunarianobis amaRlebisa
da regionuli ganviTarebis mTavari meqnizmi gaxda, rac, Tavis mxriv, aCqarebs
klasterebis Camoyalibebis process. ,,..inovaciuri RonisZiebebi erovnul da
regionul doneze xels Seuwyobs firmaTaSoris klasterebisa da qselebis
warmoqmnas..."37.
dRes saqarTvelos fermerul meurneobebSi inovaciuri ganviTarebis
tendenciebi gamokveTili ar aris. mTavari xelSemSleli faqtori fermerul
meurneobaTa mcire masStabebia. erTi Sinameurneobis sakuTrebaSi saSualod 1.32 ha
miwis farTobia, rac, Tavis mxriv, 2-3 nakveTad aris danawevrebuli. 5.0 ha-ze ufro
naklebi farTobis miwis nakveTebis wili fermeruli meurneobebis saerTo
raodenobaSi 98.4%-s Seadgens. miwis saerTo farTobSi ki am zomis nakveTebis wili
63.4%-ia38. aseT pirobebSi SeuZlebelia warmoebis masStabze orientireba da
maSasadame, progresuli teqnologiebisa da inovaciebis danergva. Tavis mxriv, es
imas niSnavs, rom sakmaod garTuldeba bazarze upiratesobis mopoveba.
miwis farTobebis mixedviT sami jgufis fermerul meurneobas gamovyofT: 1.
mcire masStabis, romlebic produqtebs mxolod sakuTari moTxovnilebis dasakma-
yofileblad awarmoeben; 2. saSualo masStabis, romlebic produqtebs sakuTari da
bazris moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad awarmoeben; 3. msxvilmasStabiani, rom-
lebic produqtebs mxolod gasayidad awarmoeben39.
pirveli tipis meurneobebs sakuTrebaSi erT heqtramde miwis nakveTebi aqvT,
maTi wili meurneobaTa saerTo raodenobaSi 20%-ia da aRniSnuli jgufi naklebad
eqvemdebareba inovaciebis danergvis SesaZleblobebs. meore tipis meurneobebs sa-
kuTrebaSi gaaCniaT erTidan sam heqtramde miwis nakveTi, maTi wili 75%-ia da ma-
TTvisac Znelia axali teqnologiebis Setana warmoebaSi da inovaciebze
orientireba; mesame tipis meurneobebi SedarebiT msxvilmasStaburia, maT sargeb-
36
Goldberg I. at al. Public Financial Support for Commercial Innovation. Europe and Central Asia Knowledge Economy Study Part I.Chief Economist’s Regional Working Paper Series, Vol.1, no.1, World Bank, 2006. 37
European Cluster Alliance (www.proinno-europe.eu/doc/eca_copenhagen.pdf) 38
2004 wlis aRweris monacemebi. 39 xaraiSvili e., konkurenciisa da konkurentunarianobis problemebi saqarTvelos agrosasursaTo seqtorSi, Tbilisi, 2011, gv. 101.
290
lobaSi arsebuli savargulebi xSir SemTxvevaSi 100 da met heqtars Seadgens. meur-
neobaTa mTlian raodenobaSi maTi xvedriTi wona 5%-ia da aRniSnuli jgufi,
rogorc masStabis, aseve finansuri SesaZleblobidan gamomdinare, SeZlebs
inovaciur ganviTarebas.
saqarTveloSi fermerul meurneobaTa ganviTareba mikrozonalur pirobebzea
damokidebuli. bazarze orientirebuli produqtebis warmoebac, mizanSewonilia,
am zonebis mixedviT ganviTardes da am mimarTulebiTve ganisazRvros inova-
ciebis danergvis SesaZleblobebic. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi miuRweveli iqneba
saeqsporto konkurentunariani produqtebis warmoeba. saxelmwifom regulirebis
meqanizmebis meSveobiT unda uzrunvelyos kreditebis xelmisawvdomoba inovaci-
ebis danergvisa da gamoyenebis, aseve, axali produqtebis warmoebis dros. 2011
wlis monacemebiT, komerciuli bankebis mier iuridiul pirebze gacemul sesxeb-
Si agrosasursaTo seqtoris wili mTliani Tanxis mxolod 0,3%-ia. komerciuli
bankebis dabali interesi seqtoris mimarT aixsneba agrosasursaTo produqtebis
warmoebaSi asrebuli maRali riskebiT, aseve naklebi mimzidvelobiTa da ferme-
rebis mcire gamocdilebiT biznesgegmebis SemuSavebaSi.
eqspertuli SefasebiT, agrosasursaTo produqtebis warmoebis minimum xuT-
jer gazrdis SesaZlebloba arsebobs. amasTan, gamokveTilia Sida da saerTaSori-
so bazrebze qarTul agrosasursaTo produqtebze moTxovnis zrdis tendencia.
inovaciuri sistemebis danergviT seqtori mniSvnelovan wvlils Seitans qveynis
realur ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi da, rac mTavaria, gadaWris siRaribisa da -
Sevrobis problemebs.
inovaciebis stimulirebasa da regulirebaSi wamyvani roli saxelmwifo
politikis gatarebas ekuTvnis. am TvalsazrisiT saxelmwifo politika Semdegi
strategiuli miznebis miRwevze unda iyos orientirebuli: 1. saSualovadian
periodSi importis mniSvnelovnad Canacvleba qarTuli produqtebiT; 2. fermerul
meurneobaTa diversifikaciiT tradiciul da axal bazrebze poziciebis mopoveba;
3. agrosasursaTo seqtorSi dasaqmebulTa Semosavlebis zrda; 4. produqtisa da
seqtoris konkurentunarianobis amaRleba; 5. samecniero kvlevebsa da inovaciebze
dafinansebis gazrda; 6. inovaciebis ganxorcielebisaTvis saWiro inteleqtualuri,
materialur-teqnikuri resursebis koncentraciakonkretuli programebisa da
iniciativebis dafinansebiT; 7. inovaciebis stimulirebis sferoSi konkurenciis
waxaliseba sxvadasxva finansuri subsidiebiTa da SeRavaTebiT; 8. inovaciuri ris-
kebis nawilobrivi an sruli dazRvevis uzrunvelyofa; 9. inovaciebis mxardaWerisa
da stimulirebisaTvis sakanonmdeblo bazis formireba, inovaciuri produqtebis
avtorTa inteleqtualuri uflebebis dacva; 10. inovaciuri procesebis socialuri
da ekologiuri mimarTulebis Sesabamisad regulireba, socialuri stabilurobisa
da ekologiuri wonasworobis SenarCunebis pirobebSi; 11. saqarTvelos regionebis
mixedviT inovaciaTa gavrcelebis pirobebis SedarebiT gaTanabreba; 12. inovaciuri
saqmianobis stimulireba da regulireba strategiis CarCoebSi; 13. inovaciuri
saqmianobis koordinacia da sxv.
fermeruli meurneobebis inovaciuri gziT ganviTarebisaTvis mniSvnelovani
iqneba fermerebis codnis donis amaRleba axali teqnologiebisa da saerTaSoriso
bazrebze arsebuli koniunqturis Sesaxeb. aseve, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda
mieqces agraruli mecnierebis ganviTarebas, am sferoSi swavlebis, kvlevisa da
konsultirebis efeqtiani sistemis Seqmnas. amisaTvis aucilebelia, pirvel rigSi,
ganisazRvros umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemaSi sasoflo-sameurneo swavlebisa da
291
kvlevebis prioritetebi, Camoyalibdes sakonsultacio da sainformacio centrebi,
Seiqmnas agrosasursaTo seqtorSi arsebuli problemebis Sesaxeb sainformacio
baza, Catardes treningebi agrobiznesis aqtualur problemebze da mewarmeobis
unar-Cvevebis gamomuSavebaze, Seiqmnas saCvenebeli fermeruli meurneobebi, moxdes
maTi saqmianobis Seswavla-ganzogadeba, ganxorcieldes fermerebisa da mecnierebis
sazRvargareT swavlebisa da staJirebis xelSewyoba.
Kharaishvili Eter INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT PROBLEMS IN FARMS OF GEORGIA
SUMMARY
The article analyzes the current situation in farms of Georgia and reveals the problems that hinder innovative development of these farms.
From the point of view of innovative development three main groups of farms are studied: 1. small farms, which produce goods only for self-consumption 2. medium-sized farms, which produce goods for their own consumption and for the market; 3 large ones, which produce goods only for sale. Based on the analysis, it’s concluded that the first type of farms don’t have possibilities for introducing innovations. Involvement of new technologies in production process and focusing on innovations is connected with some difficulties for the second type of firms as well; and the third type of firms, because of both their scale and financial capacities are able to introduce innovations.
Directions of agri-food sector development are evaluated according to the conditions of micro zones. The recommendation is given that it’s advisable to develop production of the market oriented goods according to these zones.
mamuka xuskivaZemamuka xuskivaZemamuka xuskivaZemamuka xuskivaZe degradirebuli miwebis rekultivaciis efeqtianobis gaangariSebis degradirebuli miwebis rekultivaciis efeqtianobis gaangariSebis degradirebuli miwebis rekultivaciis efeqtianobis gaangariSebis degradirebuli miwebis rekultivaciis efeqtianobis gaangariSebis
meTodikis srulmeTodikis srulmeTodikis srulmeTodikis srulyofis zogierTi sakiTxiyofis zogierTi sakiTxiyofis zogierTi sakiTxiyofis zogierTi sakiTxi
saqarTveloSi postkomunisturi sabazro transformaciis procesi da qveynis
ekonomikis funqcionireba, romelic arsebiTad bunebriv-resursuli potencialis
SeuzRudav gamoyenebas efuZneba, mimdinareobs racionaluri bunebaTsargeblobis
principebis dacvisa da gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. amis Sedegad adgili aqvs buneb-
rivi kapitalis (gansakuTrebiT miwis resursebis) degradaciasa da mniSvnelovan
danakargebs. uaryofiTi Sedegebi grovdeba da sul ufro masStaburad iCens Tavs
ekonomikur, ekologiur da socialur aspeqtebSi.
specialur literaturaSi miwa ganimarteba, rogorc garemo bunebis nawili,
romelic aerTianebs urTierTganpirobebul elementebs (biologiuri garemo,
geologiuri garemo, wyali, atmosferuli haeri da sxva). is warmoadgens sivrcob-
riv, gadauadgilebel baziss da adamianTa sazogadoebis sameurneo saqmianobisa da
cxovrebis aucilebel saSualebas.
miwis degradacia aris procesi, romelsac ganapirobebs maTze uaryofiTi
anTropogenuri zemoqmedeba, xolo degradirebuli miwebis qveS igulisxmeba
miwebi, romlebsac mTlianad an nawilobriv aqvs dakarguli nayofiereba da sxva
sasargeblo Tvisebebi.
292
degradirebuli miwebis rekultivacia gulisxmobs kompleqsur RonisZiebaTa
sistemas, romelic mimarTulia maTi xarisxisa da sasargeblo Tvisebebis aRdge-
nasa da SenarCunebaze.
degradirebuli miwebis rekultivaciis funqcionaluri roli bunebaTsar-
geblobis sferoSi mniSvnelovania. rekultivacia warmoadgens ara mxolod
kvlavwarmoebis procesis nawils, aramed, rogorc resursgamoyenebis procesis
regulators, rogorc qmediT instruments bunebrivi resursebis, maT Soris miwis
resursebis, dacvis saqmeSi.
degradirebuli miwebis rekultivaciis efeqtianobaze gavlenas axdens sxva-
dasxva faqtorebi. maT Soris gansakuTrebiT gamoiyofa ekologiuri, ekonomikuri
da socialur-demografiuli faqtorebi. Sesabamisad, rekultivaciis efeqtianobis
maCveneblebi SeiZleba Semdegnairad warmovidginoT (ix. nax. 1).
nax. 1nax. 1nax. 1nax. 1.
rekultivaciis efeqtianobis ZiriTadi maCveneblebs warmoadgens rekulti-
vaciis Sedegad miRebuli efeqtebi da mis ganxorcielebaze gaweuli danaxarjebi.
degradirebuli miwebis rekultivaciis Sedegad miRebuli jamuri efeqti aris
integraluri maCvenebeli da SeiZleba gamovsaxoT Semdegnairad.
sadac:
aris rekultivaciis ganxorcielebis Sedegad miRebuli ekologiuri
efeqti;
_ rekultivaciis Sedegad miRebuli ekonomikuri efeqtis amsaxveli
parametri;
_ rekultivaciis procesiT warmoqmnili socialur-demografiuli
efeqti.
miwebis rekultivaciis efeqtianobis amsaxveli maCveneblebi
ekologiuri
maCveneblebi ekonomikuri
maCveneblebi
socialur-
demografiuli
degradirebuli da
rekultivirebuli
miwis farTobebi;
rekultivaciis ko-
eficienti; miwaT-
tevadoba da sxva
rekultivaciis lagi;
danaxarjebis Sedegia-
noba; rekultivaciis
ganxorcielebis xar-
jebi; miwisa da tyis
produqtiuloba; xar-
jebis ukugebis periodi
da a.S.
rekreaciuli SesaZleb-
lobebis gazrda; sameu-
rneo saqmianobisa da
sacxovrebeli garemos
gaumjobeseba; mosaxle-
obis daavadebis ric-
xovnobis Semcireba,
Sobadobis gazrda da
a.S.
293
absoluturi efeqti, romelic miiReba rekultivaciis Sedegad, ganixileba,
rogorc sxvaoba rekultivaciis ganxorcielebiT miRebul jamur efeqtsa da
rekultivaciaze gaweul danaxarjebs Soris. maSasadame, miviRebT, rom
sadac:
aris jamuri efeqti,
xolo R rekultivaciaze gaweuli danaxarjebi.
unda aRiniSnos, rom rekultivaziaze gaweul danaxarjebs didi mniSvneloba
aqvs da arsebiT zegavlenas axdens absolutur efeqtze. rekultivaciaze gaweuli
danaxarjebi ukavSirdeba rekultivaciis process, romelSic SeiZleba gamoiyos
sami etapi: mosamzadebeli, Sualeduri da damamTavrebeli. aqedan gamomdinare,
saerTo danaxarjebic aris integraluri parametri da Sedgeba rekultivaciis
TiToeul etapze gaweuli danaxarjebis jamisagan. maSasadame,
amJamad, specialur literaturaSi gvxvdeba degradirebuli miwebis
rekultivaciis efeqtianobis gansazRvris sxvadasxva meTodikuri midgoma, Tumca
maT viwrodargobrivi orientacia aqvT da mbrZaneblur-administraciuli ekono-
mikuri sistemis periods asaxaven, rac, maTi gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, ar iZleva
rekultivaciis efeqtianobis obieqturad gansazRvris da rekultivaciis varian-
tebidan yvelaze optimaluris SerCevis saSualebas.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, saWiroa degradirebuli miwebis rekultivaciis
efeqtianobis gansazRvris meTodikuri safuZvlebis srulyofa. kerZod, iseTi
meTodikis SemuSaveba, romelic adaptirebuli iqneba sabazro ekonomikur siste-
masTan da moaxdens bunebriv-resursuli potencialis gamoyenebis, kvlavwarmoebisa
da dacvis Sefasebebis integrirebas. amasTan, aseTi meTodikiT SesaZlebeli unda
iyos ara mxolod miwebis rekultivaciis saerTo, aramed SedarebiTi efeqtianobis
gaangariSeba. SedarebiTi efeqtianobis gaangariSeba aucilebelia imdenad,
ramdenadac is axasiaTebs rekultivaciis erTi variantis ekonomikur upiratesobas
meoresTan mimarTebaSi.
SedarebiTi efeqtianobis gaangariSebisas gasaTvaliswinebelia e.w. “nacre-
nobiTi zarali”, vinaidan rekultivaciis procesi ver uzrunvelyofs garemo
bunebisadmi miyenebuli zaralis srulad neitralizebas.
Cveni azriT, degradirebuli miwebis rekultivaciis efeqtianobis gaangari-
Sebis meTodika SeiZleba Semdegnairad warmovidginoT (ix. naxazi 2).
294
sadac:
aris degradirebuli miwebis rekultivaciiT miRebuli jamuri efeqti
(larebSi);
_ rekultivaciis Sedegad wylis resursebis, wylis obieqtebis,
hidrologiuri reJimis aRdgenisa da xarisxis gaumjobesebis Sedegad miRebuli
efeqti (larebSi);
_ biomravalferovnebis aRdgeniTa da xarisxis gaumjobesebiT
miRebuli efeqti (larebSi);
_ niadagis nayofierebis aRdgeniT miRebuli efeqti (larebSi);
_ teritoriul-rekreaciuli maxasiaTeblebis gaumjobesebiT miRebuli
efeqtis amsaxveli parametrebi (larebSi);
_ atmosferuli haeris nivTieri Semadgenlobis gaumjobesebis da
sisufTavis xarisxis zrdiT warmoqmnili efeqti (larebSi);
_ mikroklimatis xarisxis amaRlebiT gamowveuli efeqti (larebSi);
_ damatebiTi produqciis miRebis SesaZleblobiT gamowveuli efeqti
(larebSi);
_ rekultivaciis Sedegad garemo bunebis elementebis specifikuri
Tvisebebis gamoyenebis Sedegad miRebuli efeqti (larebSi);
_ qveynis (regionis) atraqtiulobis (mimzidvelobis) gaumjobesebis
Sedegad miRebuli efeqti;
_ specifikuri efeqti, miRebuli danaxarjebis Semcirebis Sedegad
(larebSi);
_ danaxarjebi rekultivaciis mosamzadebel etapze (larebSi);
_ danaxarjebi, romelic saWiroa rekultivaciis Sualedur etapze
(larebSi);
_ danaxarjebi damamTavrebel (daskvniT) etapze (larebSi);
_ degradirebuli miwebis rekultivaciaze kapitaluri danaxarjebi
(larebSi);
_ rekultivaciis saeqspluatacio danaxarjebi (larebSi);
rekultivaciis efeqtianobis gaangariSebis procesi
saerTo efeqtianobis
amsaxveli maCveneblis
gaangariSeba
SedarebiTi efeqtianobis
parametris gaangariSeba
295
_ danaxarjebis normatiuli koeficienti (misi SemoReba aucilebelia,
vinaidan danaxarjebis gaweva xorcieldeba sxvadasxva dros da SesaZlebelia
sxvadasxva ekonomikuri koniunqturis arseboba);
_ bunebisdacviTi RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebis Sedegad darCenili
zaralis amsaxveli maCvenebeli.
degradirebuli miwebis rekultivaciis efeqtianobis gaangariSebis SemoTa-
vazebuli meTodika efuZneba Semdeg principebs:
• miwis, rogorc kategoriis qveS igulisxmeba ara mxolod TviTon miwa,
rogorc sacxovrebeli adgili da warmoebis saSualeba, aramed mTliani bunebrivi
pirobebis erToblioba;
• rekultivacias eqvemdebareba yvela degradirebuli teritoria da eko-
sistemebi;
• rekultivacia, SesaZleblobis farglebSi, unda ganxorcieldes deg-
radaciis gamomwvevi procesebis paralelurad.
• rekultivaciis procesi Sedgeba sami aucilebeli, TanmimdevrobiT gan-
saxorcielebeli etapebisagan;
• rekultivaciis Sedegebi vlindeba rogorc mikro, ise makroekonomikur
doneebze.
gamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literatura
1. Ворончихина Е.А. Рекультивация нарушенных ландшафтов. П., 2010. 2. http://ecomoscow.ru/modules/wfchannel/index.php?pagenum=89&PHPSESSID=6c20d99a69fb15
725f37d135b9b06100&PHPSESSID=5944d85b6b16fd9be60eb74be7929d24 3. Продан М. Н. Технология рекультивации нарушенных земель. Сборник научных трудов.
Часть II. Природообустройство и рациональное природопользование – необходимые условия социально-экономического развития России. – Москва, 2005.
Khuskivadze Mamuka
SOME ISSUES OF IMPROVEMENT OF EFFICIENCY CALCULATIO N METHODICS OF DEGRADED LAND RECULTIVATION
SUMMARY
In the article some problems concerning the efficiency calculation methodics of degraded land recultivation are considered.
The main indices which determine the efficiency of degraded land recultivation (including ecologic, economic and social-demographic indices) are given.
Some way of improvement of efficiency calculation methodics of degraded land recultivation is formulated on the basis of specific principles.
296
Tamar biWikaSviliTamar biWikaSviliTamar biWikaSviliTamar biWikaSvili adamianuri resursebis menejmenti globalizaciisadamianuri resursebis menejmenti globalizaciisadamianuri resursebis menejmenti globalizaciisadamianuri resursebis menejmenti globalizaciis pirobebSipirobebSipirobebSipirobebSi
globalizaciis gaRrmavebis kvalobaze nebismieri biznesstruqturisTvis
sul ufro rTuldeba menejmentis ZiriTadi amocanis – bazarze xangrZlivi da
stabiluri damkvidrebis potenciuri SesaZlebloba. amJamad menejerTa saqmianobis
warmateba ganisazRvreba ara imdenad bazris cvlilebebze operatiuli reagirebiT,
ramdenadac sakuTari sawarmoebisaTvis axali bazrebis Seqmna-moZiebiT, romlebic
pasiurad ki ar reagireben bazris cvlilebebze, aramed Tavad cvlian bazrebs da
operatiulad reagireben socialuri sferos yvela cvlilebaze.
biznesstruqturebisTvis faseulobaTa zrdis faqtorebi SeiZleba iyos maTi
Semosavlebis mateba, sawarmoo an safinanso riskis Semcireba, swori gadawyve-
tilebebis miRebis Sedegad maTi saqmianobis efeqtianobis zrda. aseve organiza-
ciebisTvis faseulobaTa zrdis erT-erT TvalsaCino saSualebas warmoadgens
axal aqtivebSi investireba, romelsac damatebiTi Semosavlebi moaqvs.
Cveulebriv, kapitalis bazrebi kargad iReben menejerTa iseT gadawyve-
tilebebs, romelic aqciebze Semosavlebis, dividendebis an ZiriTadi saqmianobidan
fuladi nakadebis zrdas iwvevs, anu bazrebi keTilsaimedod reagireben maSin,
rodesac vlindeba firmis aqciebis faseulobis zrdis damadasturebeli niSnebi.
amasTan, bazrebis enTuziazmi mniSvnelovnad icvleba firmis operaciebis riskebis
Sefasebisas.
strategiuli da grZelvadiani gegmebis zusti da mkafio parametrebis xved-
riTi wilis Semcirebisa da prognozirebis droebiTi horizontebis zrdis
kvalobaze, geometriuli progresiiT izrdeba samomavlo riskebi. amdenad menej-
mentis ZiriTadi orientiri ara mogebis maqsimaluri zrda, aramed riskebis
gavlenis eliminacia xdeba.
globalizaciam arsebiTad gaafermkrTala sazRvrebi da barierebi partnio-
robisa da kavSirebisTvis, aseve nebismieri resursis (safinanso, materialuri,
adamianuri, energetikuli da a.S.) gadaadgilebisTvis. saerTaSoriso menejmentSi
axali bazrebis moZiebis, dapyrobisa da SenarCunebisTvis umniSvnelovanesia
partniorebis SerCeva, Sefaseba da urTierTobis awyoba. wlidan wlamde far-
Tovdeba nebismieri qveynis bazarze msxvili konsorciumebis damkvidrebis pro-
cesi, romlebic Tavs uflebas aZleven, Tavisi gasaRebis programebis ganxor-
cielebis mizniT, ar cnon da daarRvion rogorc moraluri, ise sxva barierebi.
xSirad partniorobisTvis irCeven axalgazrda, mzardi potencialis mqone
organizaciebs, romelTac axali bazrebis aTvisebis realuri SesaZlebloba aqvT
ara warmoebisa da urTierTobebis Semdgomi gazrdisa da gaRrmavebisaTvis, aramed
mxolod maTi qmedebis SeCerebisa da konservaciis mizniT.
rogorc cnobilia, menejerebisa da zogadad menejmentis saqmianobis efeqtia-
noba ganisazRvreba ara maT mier miRebul gadawyvetilebaTa raodenobis, sixSiris
da mniSvnelovnebis an sxva raime kriteriumis mixedviT, aramed mxolod
ekonomikuri miRwevebisa da Sedegebis meSveobiT.
nebismier biznesstruqturaSi mxolod menejeris gadasawyvetia ra ufro
mniSvnelovania: bazarze sakuTari wilis zrda Tu Cadebuli investiciis mwar-
moeblurobis amaRleba. am ukanasknelze arCevanis SeCerebisas swored man unda
daadginos sad ukeTesia axali an gamoTavisuflebuli Tanxis investireba – moq-
297
medi warmoebis rentabelobis zrdaSi Tu axali saxeobis momsaxurebis an nake-
Tobis warmoebaSi.
rogorc wesi, „sabazro alRoTi“ dajildoebuli menejerebi aseT kritikul
situaciebSi gacilebiT ukeTes Sedegebs aCveneben, vidre marTvis Tanamedrove
meTodebiT ganswavluli da uaxlesi kompiuteruli programebiT aRWurvili me-
nejerebi. kompetenturi menejerebisa da TanamSromlebis moZieba da SenarCuneba
bevrad rTulia, vidre kapitalis moZieba axali investiciebis gansaxorcieleblad.
xelmZRvanelisa da xelqveiTebis urTierToba mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs
organizaciis warmatebasa da rentabelobas, romelic ara mxolod teqnikuri
gansazRvrebaa, aramed adamianis realuri inteleqtualuri ganwyoba da azrovnebis
stili.
adamianebi arsebiTad gansxvavdebian codniT, gamocdilebiT, inteleqtualuri
SesaZleblobebiT, azrovnebis da moqmedebis stiliT. swored es gansxvavebuloba
ganapirobebs adamianuri resursebis menejmentis sirTules da, amave dros, inte-
resis gansakuTrebul sferos. menejers, romelic fiqrobs, rom sawarmoSi yvela
TanamSromeli erTnairia, ar unda hqondes warmatebis imedi.
xelmZRvanelobasa da xelqveiTebs Soris arasaxarbielo urTierToba adre
Tu gvian gavlenas moaxdens bazarze sawarmos mdgomareobaze, da ara mxolod
Sromis dabali mwarmoeblurobis gamo, aramed klientebTan urTierTobis gamoc.
sawarmo TanamSromelTa erTobliobaa da amitom, nebismieri adamiani, ama Tu im
sawarmoze fiqrisa da msjelobisas, uwinaresad iq dasaqmebulebs warmoidgens,
romlebTanac ukve hqonia Sexeba raime formiTa da doziT. amdenad xelmZRvane-
lobis „arseboba-SenarCuneba“ damokidebulia TanamSromelTa saqmianobasa da
bazarze. Tavis mxriv, sawarmoSi menejmentsa da xelqveiTebs Soris saqmiani da
ndobaze damyarebuli urTierTobis atmosferos Camoyalibebasa da ganviTarebaSi
swored xelmZRvanelobas aqvs gadamwyveti roli.
dReisaTvis, zogadad, adamianuri resursi yvelaze unikaluri da Zvirad-
Rirebuli resursia. Tumca amJamad am resursis maRal fasze saubari Cvens qveya-
naSi naadrevia. magram globalizacia, sxva mraval sikeTesa da uaryofiT
movlenasTan erTad, am resursis daCqarebul fardobiT deficitsa da gaZvirebasac
gamoiwvevs. amitom menejerebisaTvis sul ufro aqtualuri xdeba adamianuri
resursebis menejmentis optimizacia.
adamianuri resursebis gamoyenebis optimizaciisaTvis umniSvnelovanesia
Tavad samuSao adgilebis optimizacia, romelic kompetenturi specialistebis
mier maTi srulyofili aRricxviTa da atestaciiT unda ganxorcieldes,
gamovlindes moZvelebuli, aseve arasrulad datvirTuli da dublirebuli
samuSao adgilebi. Semdgom etapze moxdes maTi reorganizacia, saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi ki likvidacia. ganisazRvros axali da racionaluri samuSao
adgilebis saWiro raodenoba da Seiqmnas samuSao adgilebis srulyofili
CamonaTvali da aRweriloba.
samuSao adgilebis optimizaciasTan erTad didi mniSvneloba aqvs TiToeuli
dasaqmebulis valdebulebebisa da uflebebis arealis zust da mkafio gansazR-
vras, aseve personaluri pasuxismgeblobis sazRvrebis dadgenas. winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi gardauvalia upasuxismgebloba, dublireba samuSaoTa SesrulebaSi da
mxedvelobis aridan mTeli rigi samuSao elementebisa da ubnebis miCqmalva.
valdebulebebis gansazRvrisas mniSvnelovania 3 aspeqti:
298
1. Tanamdebobrivi valdebuleba – ZiriTadi funqciebis CamonaTvali, rac
mTlianad an nawilobriv unda Seasrulos dasaqmebulma;
2. ganaTlebis done – moTxovnebi, romlebic waeyeneba dasaqmebuls specialur
ganaTlebasTan, aseve sakanonmdeblo da normatiuli dokumentebis codnasTan
dakavSirebiT;
3. sakvalifikacio moTxovnebi – momuSavis specialuri momzadebis done,
romelic aucilebelia dakisrebuli movaleobebis srulyofili SesrulebisTvis.
optimizebuli samuSao adgilebisa da SromiTi resursebis balansis Sedgena,
cxadia, sainvesticio procesebis Sesabamisad unda ganxorcieldes. am ori
komponentis – SromiTi resursebisa da investiciebis Tanabarzomieri ganviTareba
menejmentis umniSvnelovanesi da urTulesi amocanaa.
bazris moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebasa da dakmayofilebas axali TanamSrom-
lebis moZieba da organizaciis saqmianobaSi CarTva da adaptacia esaWiroeba.
sawarmoSi axali TanamSromlebis miRebisas menejerebi unda acnobierebdnen, rom
iwveven ara mxolod samuSao Zalas, aramed adamians mTeli Tavisi dadebiTi da
uaryofiTi mxareebiT, TaviseburebebiTa da naklovanebebiT. globalizaciis
procesi am sirTuleebs kidev ufro aRrmavebs.
menejerebs xSir SemTxvevaSi urTierTsawinaaRmdego interesebis gaTvalis-
wineba uwevT. swored aq vlindeba maTi profesiuli codnis da „sabazro
alRos“ done.
molodinis Teorias adamianuri resursebis menejmentSi mniSvnelovani roli
eniWeba, amitom menejerma unda Camoayalibos qveSevrdomebisTvis molodinis
maRali, magram realuri done. Tavad molodinis Teoria iTvaliswinebs sam
urTierTkavSirs:
1. Sromis danaxarjebi – Sedegebi;
2. Sedegebi – dajildoeba (waxaliseba);
3. dajildoeba – valenturoba (dakmayofileba dajildoebiT).
optimaluri organizaciuli gadawyvetilebis misaRebad sawarmoSi perspeq-
tiuli menejerebis momzadebis optimaluri garemo unda Seiqmnas. swored am
garemoebis ignorireba xdeba sawarmoTa umravlesobaSi, rac gamowveulia moqmedi
menejerebis potenciuri konkurentebis mimarT SiSiT. devizis _ „xelmZRvaneloba
niSnavs moerio sakuTar Tavs“, ignorireba nebismieri biznesstruqturis ganvi-
Tarebis damabrkolebelia..
rac Seexeba adamianuri resursebis da zogadad samuSao Zalis kvalifikacias,
dReisaTvis, saqarTvelos Sromis bazarze arsebuli mdgomareobidan gamomdinare,
arsebiTia samuSao Zalis gadamzadeba, anu e.w. mcire profesiebis aTviseba maTi
profesiuli arealis gafarToebis mizniT.
am moTxovnebis realizeba calkeuli sawarmoebisa da organizaciebisTvis
sakmaod rTulad gansaxorcielebelia, amitom aRniSnuli problemis mogvareba
saxelmwifos erT-erT prioritetad Camoyalibda, rac profesiuli ganaTlebis
sistemis reanimaciasa da dRevandeli moTxovnebis Sesabamisad ganviTarebaSia.
saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros „profesiuli ganaT-
lebis reformis strategiis ganxorcielebis“ 2011 wlis angariSSi aRniSnulia,
rom „2011 wels avtorizacia gaiara kerZo 16-ma da 5-ma profesiulma kolejma. 2010–
2011 wlebis manZilze avtorizebulad iTvleboda 20 saxelmwifo profesiuli
koleji, maTgan samma Seicvala statusi da gaiara avtorizacia, rogorc
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sazogadoebrivma kolejma. avtorizebulad iTvleba aseve 24 kerZo profesiuli
koleji.
2011 wels 23 umaRlesi da 4 kerZo zogadsaganmanaTleblo dawesebuleba
axorcielebs profesiul saganmanaTleblo programebs“.
amdenad, arsebuli realobidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos mTavrobam evropul
da saerTaSoriso saganmanaTleblo sivrcesTan TavsebadobisaTvis, aseve saqarT-
velos da, zogadad, saerTaSoriso Sromis bazris moTxovnebis dasakmayofi-
leblad, profesiuli ganaTlebis reformis miznad dasaxa bazris moTxovnebze
orientirebuli axali profesiuli ganaTlebis sistemis Seqmna, romelic waadgeba
qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebasa da pirovnebis TviTrealizacias.
Bichikashvili Tamar THE HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT UNDER GLOBALIZATION
SUMMARY The globalization has reduced the barriers and boundaries for the partnership and any resources
including human resources movement. In order to establish on a new market the large consortia are breaking moral as well as other barriers.
Often they chose for the partnership young organizations with increasing potential, but not for the plans for future developing and deepening the production, on the contrary for the purpose of the action to stop and conservation.
Accurate and clear strategic options to reduce and forecasting temporary growth of horizons are the reasons for geometrically increasing future risks. The main focus is on elimination of risk management.
The human resource is being the most unique and an expensive. At present, it is early to talk about a high price of the resources in our country. But, the globalization due to many kindness and negative events will cause an accelerated relative deficit and a rising price of the resources.
It becomes more actual for the managers to optimize human resources management. For the purpose of optimizing usage of human resources the most important is to optimize the working
places. Given the current reality, Georgian Government in order to get closer to European and International
educational space as well as for satisfying Georgia’s generally and International Labor Market’s needs, have worked out a plan for a new educational reform which implies to create a new professional education system oriented on the demands of the market and will support country’s economic development and a person’s self realization.
TamarTamarTamarTamar qoblianiZeqoblianiZeqoblianiZeqoblianiZe
maiamaiamaiamaia veSaguriveSaguriveSaguriveSaguri teritoriis brendingis Teoriuli aspeqtebiteritoriis brendingis Teoriuli aspeqtebiteritoriis brendingis Teoriuli aspeqtebiteritoriis brendingis Teoriuli aspeqtebi da misi roli turizmSida misi roli turizmSida misi roli turizmSida misi roli turizmSi
postindustrializaciisa da sayovelTao globalizaciis epoqas Tanamed-
roveobis realiaSi Semoaqvs iseTi gageba, rogoricaa Place branding _ adgilis,
sivrciTi lokalizaciis mqone geografiuli obieqtis, sxvagvarad _ teritoriis
brendingi. igi sruliad axali fenomenia, Tumca rigi avtorebisa mas gacilebiT
didi istoris mqone movlenad miiCnevs _ adamianebi intuiciurad iyenebdnen
teritoriis win wawevis ama Tu im strategiebs (religiuri da saero), raTa
resursebis mozidvis sasargeblo pirobebisTvis mieRwiaT. qalaqis win waweva
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religiuri centris Seqmnis gziT momlocvelebis mozidvis saSualebas iZleoda,
xolo eklesiis msaxurTa raodenobis zrdas Tan sdevda Sesabamisi infrast-
ruqturis Seqmna. religiuri genezisi aqvT sauniversiteto brendad cnobil
qalaqebsac, ramdenadac Tavdapirvelad universitetebi monastrebis bazaze iqmneboda.
qalaqebis saero specializacia, upirveles yovlisa, vaWrobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli.
Sua saukuneebSi bazrobebi ara mxolod vaWrebs izidavda, aramed garTobis centris
funqciasac iTavsebda _ iq miemarTeboda quCis artistebisa da mkiTxavTa nakadebi.
90-iani wlebis bolosaTvis brendingis sferos klasikosma saimond anholtma
inglisuri Jurnalis furclebze pirvelad gamoiyena frazა «Nation branding», riTac
saTave daudo mecnieruli azris axal mimarTulebas da brend-marketingis sferoSi
moRvawe udidesi raodenobis specialistTa TviTrealizaciis axal horizontebs.
teritoriis brendingi _ qalaqebis, regionebis, geografiuli zonebisa da
saxelmwifoebis konkurentunarianobis strategiaa, romlis mizania saerTaSoriso
bazrebis dapyroba, investorebis, turistebis, axali mcxovreblebisa da kvalificiuri
migrantebis mozidva. adgilis brendingis koncefciis ZiriTad arss warmoadgens
farTo sazogadoebriobamde teritoriis unikalobaze warmodgenis dayvana. brendi
unda asaxavdes teritoriis stils, atmosferosa da ganwyobas.
brendi ar aris mxolod savaWro niSani an teritoriuli simbolo. teritoriis
brendi esaa:
• aRniSnul sivrceSi mcxovrebi sazogadoeba;
• biznessa da xelisuflebas Soris Camoyalibebuli urTierTqmedebis modeli;
• produqti, romelic mocemul teritoriaze iwarmoeba da asaxavs mis iden-
turobas;
• socialuri infrastruqtura, romelic uzrunvelyofs adgilobrivi mosax-
leobis normalur funqcionirebas;
• regionis sainvesticio mimzidveloba;
• Sromisa da yofis kultura, avTenturi movlenebi, romlebic izidavs turistebs.
kreatiuli vizualuri iersaxe _ es aris mxolod simbolo, romelic xazs usvams
teritoriuli brendis yvela CamoTvlili atributis arsebobas.
Tanamedrove pirobebSi teritoriis brendingis ganviTarebaSi gamoikveTa Semdegi
mTavarimTavarimTavarimTavari tendenciebi:tendenciebi:tendenciebi:tendenciebi:
a) teritoriis marketingi da brendingi xdeba saxelmwifo organoebis socialur-
ekonomikuri da politikuri saqmianobis mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli, gansakuTreebiT
im qveynebisTvis, romlebic aqtiurad operireben turizmis globalur bazarze. es
faqti aisaxeba ara mxolod qalaqis marketinguli samsaxurebis Tu turistuli
ofisebis CamoyalibebaSi, aramed axali Tanamdebobrivi poziciebis - qveynebis brend-
menejerebis SeqmnaSic (mag., aSS-Si); b) SeimCneva teritoriis brendingis biujetis mniSvnelovani zrda, gansakuTrebiT
im qveynebSi, romlebsac pirdapiri konkurentebi hyavT teritoriebis bazrebze; g) teritoriisa da masSi warmoebuli saqonlis brendebis urTierTzegavlenis
zrda, romelic qmnis sistemur sinergiul efeqts ekonomikuri mdgradobis saxiT da
orive mxaris xangrZliv sabazro konkurentunarianobas; realizebuli teritoriis brend-proeqtis efeqtianobis SefasebisaTvis
gamoiyofa maCveneblebis 5 jgufi: 1. teritoriiteritoriiteritoriiteritoriissss brendingisbrendingisbrendingisbrendingis strategiulistrategiulistrategiulistrategiuli efeqtianobisefeqtianobisefeqtianobisefeqtianobis maCveneblebi.maCveneblebi.maCveneblebi.maCveneblebi. strategiuli
mizani SeiZleba iyos, magaliTad, teritoriaze 5 mln turistis mozidva;
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2. teritoriisteritoriisteritoriisteritoriis brendingisbrendingisbrendingisbrendingis komunikaciurikomunikaciurikomunikaciurikomunikaciuri efeqtianobisefeqtianobisefeqtianobisefeqtianobis maCveneblebi.maCveneblebi.maCveneblebi.maCveneblebi. es aris
teritoriis brendis cnobadobis zrdis dinamika, miznobrivi momxmareblebis bren-
disadmi damokidebuleba, teritoriis konkurentuli upiratesobebis codna da a. S.;
3. teritoriisteritoriisteritoriisteritoriis brendingisbrendingisbrendingisbrendingis mimdinaremimdinaremimdinaremimdinare ekonomikuriekonomikuriekonomikuriekonomikuri efeqtianobisefeqtianobisefeqtianobisefeqtianobis maCveneblebi:maCveneblebi:maCveneblebi:maCveneblebi:
brendingze gaweuli danaxarjebi, miznobrivi programis realizaciis Sedegad
miRebuli Semosavlebi;
4. teritoriisteritoriisteritoriisteritoriis (am(am(am(am SemTxvevaSiSemTxvevaSiSemTxvevaSiSemTxvevaSi qalaqis)qalaqis)qalaqis)qalaqis) simbolurisimbolurisimbolurisimboluri brendbrendbrendbrend----kapitaliskapitaliskapitaliskapitalis dinamikisdinamikisdinamikisdinamikis
maCveneblebi.maCveneblebi.maCveneblebi.maCveneblebi. maT misaRebad aucilebelia qalaqebis CarTva aseT Sefasebas daqvem-
debarebul qalaqTa SemadgenlobaSi,
5. teritoriisteritoriisteritoriisteritoriis brendingisbrendingisbrendingisbrendingis efeqtianobisefeqtianobisefeqtianobisefeqtianobis normatiulnormatiulnormatiulnormatiuliiii maCveneblebi.maCveneblebi.maCveneblebi.maCveneblebi. yovelwliurad
unda moxdes maTi gansazRvra da koreqtireba brendingis efeqtianobis benCmarkinguli
kvlevebis safuZvelze msoflios sxva qalaqebSi. es teritoriuli organoebis
mmarTvel jgufs saSualebas miscems, mkafio warmodgena iqonios brendingis
ekonomikuri da sxva saxis efeqtianobis doneze, rac ganapirobebs qalaqis brend-
biujetis formirebisadmi maT optimalur midgomas.
aRsaniSnavia, rom samecniero literaturaSi dRemde daucxromeli polemikaa imis
Taobaze, misaRebia Tu ara sasaqonlo da korporaciuli brendingis standartebi
teritoriuli warmonaqmnebis brendingisaTvis. pirobiTad SesaZlebelia maT Soris
arsebuli gansxvavebebis qronologiac, magaliTad:
a)a)a)a) TuTuTuTu SeqmnisSeqmnisSeqmnisSeqmnis mizezadmizezadmizezadmizezad korporaciis brendingSi dominirebs ekonomikuri
(Semosavlebis maqsimizacia saqmiani reputaciis Seqmnis da biznespartniorebSi
pozitiuri ndobis formirebis xarjze, aqciaTa Rirebulebis zrda) da socialuri
miznebi (korporaciis xangrZlivi mdgradobis uzrunvelyofa loialuri samomxma-
reblo auditoriis SeqmniT), teritoriis brendingSi dominanti socialuri
faqtorebia mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis amaRleba potenciuri investorebisaTvis
qalaqis mimzidveli iersaxis formirebis xarjze da mas mosdevs ekonomikuri miznebi:
qalaqis biujetSi Semosavlebis maqsimizacia, qalaqis fasiani qaRaldebis
Rirebulebis zrda;
b)b)b)b) momxmaremomxmaremomxmaremomxmarebelTabelTabelTabelTa miznobrivimiznobrivimiznobrivimiznobrivi segmentebi:segmentebi:segmentebi:segmentebi: korporaciaSi mas warmoadgens Sida
(sakuTari personali) da gare (potenciuri partniorebi, myidvelebi, mimwodeblebi,
Suamavlebi, bankebi, saxelmwifo da a. S.) auditoria. adgili aqvs momxmarebelTa maRal
erTgvarovnebas da marTulobas. teritoriis brendingis Sida miznobriv segmentebs
warmoadgens mosaxleoba, adgilobrivi mewarmeoba, xelisuflebis organoebi, gare
segments ki _ potenciuri myidvelebi (turistebi, investorebi, emigrantebi). isini
gamoirCevian erTgvarovnebis dabali maCvenebliT da, Sesabamisad, naklebad marTu-
lnic arian. Sida marketingis instrumentebis gamoyeneba garTulebuli da Zviria;
g)g)g)g) brendbrendbrendbrend---- platformaplatformaplatformaplatforma (brendis(brendis(brendis(brendis identifikacia): identifikacia): identifikacia): identifikacia): korporacia aq asaxavs erT yvelaze
mniSvnelovan konkurentul upiratesobas, rac aiolebs momxmareblis mier brendis
cnobadobas. teritoriis SemTxvevaSi ki brendis platforma ar SeiZleba aigos erT
konkurentul upiratesobaze.
d)d)d)d) brendisbrendisbrendisbrendis dizainidizainidizainidizaini (vizualuri(vizualuri(vizualuri(vizualuri politika)politika)politika)politika) korporaciaSi SeirCeva Tavisuflad,
xolo teritoriis brendingi unda Seesabamebodes moqmed heraldikas. misasalmebelia
qalaqis simboloebis da RirsSesaniSnaobebis gamoyeneba;
e)e)e)e) brendisbrendisbrendisbrendis sasicocxlosasicocxlosasicocxlosasicocxlo cikli cikli cikli cikli korporaciisTvis SeiZleba iyos moklec da
grZelic, xolo teritoriisTvis arsebiTad ufro grZelia, vidre korporaciisaTvis; v)v)v)v) korporacias brendisbrendisbrendisbrendis gayidvisgayidvisgayidvisgayidvis SesaZlebloSesaZlebloSesaZlebloSesaZleblobabababa aqvs, teritoriis brendi ki ar
iyideba;
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z)z)z)z) brendbrendbrendbrend----menejmenti:menejmenti:menejmenti:menejmenti: korporaciul brends axasiaTebs SeTanxmebuli, gegmiuri,
centralizebuli TviTdafinanseba, xolo teritoriis brendi ki gamoirCeva dabali
centralizaciiT, maRali SeTanxmebulobiT (dainteresebul monawileTa didi ricxvis
gamo) da erToblivi dafinansebiT;
T)T)T)T) brendingisbrendingisbrendingisbrendingis subieqtadsubieqtadsubieqtadsubieqtad teritoriis brendingis SemTxvevaSi gamodian
xelisuflebis organoebi, municipaluri organoebi, adgilobrivi mewarmeobis
struqturebi, arakomerciuli organizaciebi (sxvadasxva asociaciebi, saagentoebi,
amxanagobebi, klubebi da a. S.), xolo korporaciuli brendingis dros ki _
korporaciuli topmenejmenti da misi brend-menejeri.
am gansxvavebebis miuxedavad, korporaciebisa da teritoriis brendings
aerTianebs strategiuli winapiroba _ marTvadi momavlis saxis Seqmnis SesaZleb-
loba.
teritoriis brendis SemuSavebisas gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi principebi:
1. konkurentisgan gansxvavebuli individualobis Seqmna; 2. simarTlis Tqma pozitiur
aspeqtebze apelirebiT; 3. dainteresebuli mxareebis aRfrTovanebis gamowveva;
4. saelCoebis CarTva brendis popularizaciis saqmeSi;
Tanamedrove pirobebSi adgilis brendingi gamodis, rogorc teritoriuli
warmonaqmnis strategiuli ganviTarebis axali, damatebiTi, magram aucilebeli
elementi. teritoriis brendi specifikur, SekumSul, struqturirebul, pozicio-
nirebul, emociur da iracionaluri Seferilobis variantSi gamoxatavs srulyofil
ideas, romelic ukavSirdeba teritoriis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebs awmyosa da
momavalSi.
saqarTvelos turizmis erovnuli administracia bolo ramdenime welia
intensiurad cdilobs, saqarTvelo mimzidveli gaxados ucxoeli turistebisTvis.
gamoyenebuli strategiebidan prioritetulia teritoriis brendingi. ase magaliTad,
2007 wels pirvelad gakeTda saqarTvelos brendingi, rodesac Cveni qveyana SeifuTa,
rogorc turistuli daniSnulebis adgili da gavida saerTaSoriso bazarze. Seiqmna
saqarTvelos turizmis logo da slogani, romliTac man moaxdina sakuTavi Tavis
wardgena msoflioSi.
2011 wlis samoqmedo gegmaSi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani adgili ekava Te-
mas: „saqarTvelo, rogorc turistuli qveynis brendingi“. saagento acxadebda, rom
„2011 wlis ganmavlobaSi brendis platforma praqtikulad ucvleli darCeba.
Camoyalibdeba misi sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT ganviTarebis gzebi. Seiqmneba brendis wigni, romelic Seasrulebs brendis gamoyenebis saxelmZRvanelos funqcias, mTeli Semdgomi wlis ganmavlobaSi. daixveweba da gamdidrdeba teqstualuri informacia, romelic xSir SemTxvevaSi warmoadgens brendis platformis ganuyofel nawils.
Semdegi wlis ganmavlobaSi ganisazRvreba ZiriTadi slogani.“ 2011 wels turizmis erovnuli saagentos xelmZRvaneli acxadebda, rom
saxelmwifo svaneTis brendingze muSaobda. „vcdilobT, rom svaneTis brendingi
ganvaxorcieloT da svaneTis Sesaxeb vebgverdi SevqmnaT, sadac kurortis Sesaxeb
nebismieri informacia ganTavsdeba, romelic gankuTvnili iqneba ara marto
turistebisaTvis, aramed svaneTis mosaxleobisTvisac.“ aseve 2011 wels momzadda
yvarlis brendingis proeqti.
2012 wlidan turizmis erovnuli administracia aqtiurad muSaobs saqarTvelos,
rogorc turistuli qveynis rebrendingis koncefciaze, ramdenadac saqarTvelos
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pirvelma brendma Tavisi Tavi amowura da oTxi wlis mere saWiro gaxda misi ganaxleba.
kompania ACT -sTan erTad Catarebulma kvlevam gansazRvra qveynis brend-Setyobineba
_ stumarTmoyvareoba, buneba da eqskluziuroba.
2012 wels daiwyo axali proeqti, romelic kaxeTSi turizmis ganviTarebas Seexeba.
proeqtis farglebSi regionis turistul brendings britanuli kompania „Co.Startegy and
Desing Limited" ganaxorcielebs. proeqtis farglebSi ukve momzadda logo, sadac
ZiriTadi mimarTulebebia: kulturuli turizmi, saTavgadasavlo turizmi da Rvinis
turizmi. aseve Seiqmna slogani: „Find Your Own Kakheti“ anu „aRmoaCine Seni kaxeTi“.
kaxeTis popularizaciis farglebSi momzadda aseve specialuri vebgverdi
www.Kakheti.travel, sadac nebismier msurvels eqneba SesaZlebloba, miiRos amomwuravi
informacia zogadad regionze da aseve mimdinare da dagegmil movlenebze.
ucxoeli eqspertebis azriT, Catarebuli muSaoba jer kidev arasakmarisia
miznis misaRwevad da qveynis cnobadobis gasazrdelad. vizitorTa zrdis DmaRali
maCveneblis miuxedavad, karg ideasa da kargad realizebuli brendingis
RonisZiebebs aucileblad mohyveba turistuli nakadebis kidev ufro meti mateba
axla ukve im qveynebSi, sadac saqarTvelos naklebad icnoben da sadac potenciur
turistTa maRalanazRaurebadi fena cxovrobs.
teritoriuli brendingis momsaxurebis bazrebis zrdis tendencia ganapirobebs
am sferos specialistebze moTxovnis gazrdasac, ramdenadac maTi efeqturi muSaoba
gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs qveynebis konkurentunarianobasa da turistuli
nakadebis mozidvaSi.
gamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literatura
1. cxeli marketingi cxeli sezonis win. saqarTvelos ekonomika, #5, 2011.
2. baxtaZe e. adgilis marketingi, rogorc turizmis marketingis Tanamedrove
Teoria. II saerTaSoriso-samecniero praqtikuli konferencia: “turizmi; ekonomika
da biznesi” baTumi. 04.06-05.06.2011.
3. Anholt S. Competitive Identity: The New Brand Management for Nations, Cities and Regions / S. Anholt. – 1-st edition. – Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
4. Anholt S. Places: Identity, Image and Reputation / S. Anholt. – Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. 5. Балдерьян И. Маркетинг территории: учебное пособие / под науч. ред. д-ра экон. наук,
профессора Г.Л. Багиева. – СПб.: Изд-во СПбГУЭФ, 2007. 6. Попов. А. В. О понятии PLACES BRANDING. Материалы II Региональной научно-
практической конференции “Географическое Изучение Териториальных Систем. ПЕРМ. 2008. 7. www.gnta.ge
Koblianidze Tamar Veshaguri Maia
THE THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF BRANDING OF TERRITORY AN D ITS ROLE IN TOURISM SUMMARY
The branding of territory – is a strategy of competitiveness of cities, regions, geographical zones and
states and its goal is to conquer international markets, to attract tourists, new residents, investors and qualified migrants. The basic idea of the branding of territory is the unique territory to get known to wider society.
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The brand of territory is not only visual, or slogan. It is: 1.The society living in the specific area 2.The model of interaction between business and government.3.The product which is produced in specific area and in which its identity is reflected. 4. Social infrastructure which provides local population with normal functioning. 5. Investment appeal of the region, standard of work and life.6.Authentic events which attract tourists.
In modern conditions, in development of the branding territory the following basic tendencies were defined:
a) The marketing of territory and the branding are becoming important parts of political and social-economical activities implemented by state bodies.
b) The significant increase in the budget of branding of territory c) The increase of territories and interaction between brands which are produced there. This makes
synergic effect, which means economical sustainability. It also creates long market competitiveness between both sides.
There are differences between territorial and corporative brandings which is reflected in the reasons of creation; in the target segments of customers; in the design of the brand(visual politic); in the life-cycle of the brand; in the potentials of sales and in the subjects of branding.
The national administration of Georgian tourism intensively tries to make the country more attractive for tourists. Priority is to use the strategy of the branding of territory. In 2007 it was realized branding of Georgia for the fist time. Then the working has continued on the branding projects of Svaneti and Kvareli. Since 2012 the national administration of tourism has been actively working on the rebranding conceptions of Georgia, as a tourism country. The research, made with the help of the company called ACT, defined the brand-message of the country-hospitality, nature and exclusiveness. The rebranding of Georgia will be made by the invited experts. Also British company “Co.Strategy and Design Limited” will make the branding of Kakheti , its slogan is “Find Your Own Kakheti”.
naira RvedaSvilinaira RvedaSvilinaira RvedaSvilinaira RvedaSvili komunkomunkomunkomunikaciuri procesi da marTvis efeqtianoba socialurikaciuri procesi da marTvis efeqtianoba socialurikaciuri procesi da marTvis efeqtianoba socialurikaciuri procesi da marTvis efeqtianoba socialur----kulturuli kulturuli kulturuli kulturuli
servisisa da turizmis sferoSiservisisa da turizmis sferoSiservisisa da turizmis sferoSiservisisa da turizmis sferoSi
marTvaSi komunikaciebis mniSvneloba metad didia. gansakuTrebiT es iTqmis
servisis industriis da turizmis sawarmoebSi. aq, xelmZRvanelis TiTqmis yvela
moqmedeba, romelic garkveuli miznis misaRwevad aris Sesrulebuli, moiTxovs
informaciis efeqtur gacvlas, anu komunikaciebs. termini ,,komunikacia’’ warmos-
dgeba laTinuri sityvidan ,,сommunico’’da niSnavs zogads, erTians. marTlac,
informaciis gadamcemi cdilobs, informaciis mimRebTan daamyaros erToba,
erTianoba.
organizaciebSi komunikaciuri procesebis Sesaxeb warmodgenebi komunika-
ciebis Semdeg ganmartebebs efuZneba: komunikacia (erTdrouli aqti) es aris
informaciis gadacema misi wyarodan mimRebze am ukanasknelis qcevis Secvlis
mizniT. komunikacia (komunikaciuri procesi) aris mxareebs Soris informaciis
gacvla. komunikaciuri procesis ZiriTadi mizania informaciis gagebis uz-
runvelyofa.
yovelgvari mmarTvelobiTi saqmianoba efuZvneba informaciis gacvlas. marTa-
lia, komunikacia da informacia urTierTdakavSirebuli cnebebia, magram isini
erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian. komunikacia informaciasac Seicavs da misi gada-
cemis gzebsac. im arxebis erToblioba, romelTa daxmarebiTac xorcieldeba
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marTvis subieqtebis urTierTqmedeba, mis komunikaciur struqturas qmnis. Tu igi
mTel organizacias exeba, maSin struqtura globaluria, xolo Tu mxolod
organizaciis nawils, magaliTad, qvedanayofs, maSin _ lokaluri.
Tu urTierTqmedeba mxolod erTi, romeliRac centraluri rgoliT xorci-
eldeba, maSin struqtura aris centralizebuli, xolo TviT rgoli ara mxolod
Suamavlis, aramed vertikaluri kavSirebis mqone komunikaciis wyaros da kont-
rolioris rolSi gamodis. komunikaciis struqtura SeiZleba iyos policen-
trulic da decentralizebulic. policentruli struqtura gulisxmobs ramde-
nime Tanabaruflebiani subieqtis arsebobas, romlebic axorcieleben informaciis
koncentracias da gadanawilebas, decentralizebuli struqturis dros infor-
maciis didi nakadi gverds uvlis centralur rgols. komunikaciur struqturaSi
paraleluri da urTierTgadamkveTi arxebis arseboba mowmobs mis sirTules. es ki
imas niSnavs, rom SeiZleba moxdes informaciis damaxinjeba anda gayalbeba.
informaciis aRqmis xasiaTis mixedviT komunikaciebi iyofa pirdapir (anu
miznobriv), irib da Sereul komunikaciebad. pirdapir komunikaciebSi informaciis
mizani mis teqstSia Cadebuli. irib komunikaciebSi informaciis mizani striqonebs
Soris ikiTxeba. komunikaciebis klasifikaciis Sesaxeb ix. naxazi 1.
komunikaciebi xelmZRvanelobisaTvis Semdegi mizezebis gamo aris mniSvne-
lovani:
• xelmZRvanelebi komunikaciebze xarjaven did dros, eqspertebis azriT, 75-95%-s;
• komunikaciebi uzrunvelyofs marTvis ZiriTadi funqciebis realizacias;
• komunikaciis xelovneba aucilebelia xelmZRvanelTa nebis da qmediTi avtoritetis gamosaxatavad.
sawarmos komunikaciur struqturebSi vertikaluri da horizotaluri
kavSirebi gamoiyofa. isini Sromis danawilebas ukavSirdebian.
organizaciuli pirovnebaTaSorisi
garegani Sinagani formaluri araformaluri
horizontaluri vertikaluri
daRmavali
xaziT
aRmavali
xaziT
nax. 1. komunikaciis klasifikacianax. 1. komunikaciis klasifikacianax. 1. komunikaciis klasifikacianax. 1. komunikaciis klasifikacia
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Sromis horizontaluri danawileba aris mTeli samuSaos komponentebad
danawileba, anu warmoebisa da Semsruleblebis mixedviT Sromis saerTo procesis
dayofa saqmianobis kerZo, uwyvet, gancalkevebul saxeebad. Sromis horizontaluri
danawileba funqcionaluri da kvalificiuri niSnebiT xdeba. Sromis funqcio-
naluri danawileba aris muSakTa daspecialeba saqmianobis calkeul saxeebze.
aseT SemTxvevaSi saerTo saqmianobidan gamoiyofa calkeuli funqciebi da maTi
Semsruleblebi (magaliTad, reklamis menejeri).
Sromis kvalificiuri danawileba efuZneba SromiTi saqmianobis sirTules,
misi SesrulebisaTvis saWiro kvalifikacias. servisisa da turizmis sferoSi amis
Sesabamisi profesiuli standartebic ki arsebobs. isini kvalifikaciis sxvadasxva
donisTvis saWiro Tanamdebobrivi valdebulebebis da ZiriTadi Cvevebis da codnis
CamonaTvals da agreTve, profesiuli ganaTlebis saWiro donis cnobebs Seicavs.
kvalificiuri moTxovnebis da SromiTi kanonmdeblobis bazaze muSavdeba
Tanamdebobrivi instruqciebi, romlebic pasuxismgebel muSakTa funqciebSi,
valdebulebebsa da uflebebze Seicavs cnobebs.
servisisa da turizmis praqtikaSi upirvelesad Sromis horizontaluri
danawilebis ori sqemaa gavrcelebuli:
1. turistuli mimarTulebebis mixedviT; 2. samuSaos Sinaarsis mixedviT. turistuli mimarTulebis mixedviT Sromis horizontalur danawilebas
mimarTaven msxvili, mravalprofiluri turoperatorebi (nax. 2). swored aseT
organizaciebSi iqmneba specialuri qvedanayofebi, magaliTad: ,,dasveneba egvip-
teSi,’’ ,,dasveneba TurqeTSi’’ da a.S. Sromis aseTi organizaciis dadebiTi mxare
aris menejeris viwro specializacia, romelTac am mizeziT zedmiwevniT kargad
ician yvelaferi am mimarTulebis Sesaxeb. magram mas aqvs naklic. misi nakli is
aris, rom Sromis aseTi organizaciis dros praqtikulad SeuZlebelia muSakTa
urTierT-monacvleoba. Tu mimarTulebis menejeri am an sxva mizeziT ar imyofeba
samuSao adgilze, maSin es mimarTuleba mocdeba. amis garda, naklia isic, rom
potenciur klients, romelic arCevs sad daisvenos, dasWirdeba cal-calke
mimarTos calkeuli mimarTulebis menejerebs, ris gamoc mas didi dro daekargeba.
mravalprofiliani turoperatorebis SemTxvevaSi, romelTac maincdamainc
didi sidide ara aqvT, ufro logikuria Sromis horizontaluri danawileba
samuSaos Sinaarsis mixedviT. aseTi struqturis mqone turoperatorebs eqnebaT
Semdegi ganyofilebebi:
topmenejmentitopmenejmentitopmenejmentitopmenejmenti
TurqeTis
mimarTulebis
menejeri
egviptis
mimarTulebis
menejeri
Sida turizmis
menejeri
nax. 2. turistuli mimarTulebebis mixedviT Sromis nax. 2. turistuli mimarTulebebis mixedviT Sromis nax. 2. turistuli mimarTulebebis mixedviT Sromis nax. 2. turistuli mimarTulebebis mixedviT Sromis
horizontaluri danawilebahorizontaluri danawilebahorizontaluri danawilebahorizontaluri danawileba
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• turoperatoruli (igi SeimuSavebs turistul produqts);
• turagentebi (muSaobs saagentoebTan, akontrolebs turistebis gamgzavrebas da a.S.);
• savizo (muSaobs turistebisaTvis vizebis miRebaze);
• sareklamo;
• finansuri;
• marketinguli da a. S. Sromis horizontaluri danawilebis am formis dadebiTi, garda menejeris
maRali profesionalizmisa, kidev is aris, rom rogorc sastumro, ise aviakompania
da ise turistuli saagento TanamSromlobs erT menejerTan, romelsac exeba
saqmianobis erTi sfero (nax. 3).
bolo dros turizmSi Sromis danawilebis mesame sqemac gamoCnda. mas Sereu-
li sqema ewodeba. aseTi sqemiT momuSave turistuli organizaciis struqturaSi
vxvdebiT danayofebs, Seqmnils samuSaos saxis mixedviT, aseve danayofebs
turistuli momsaxurebebis mixedviT. aranakleb mniSvnelovania Sromis verti-
kaluri danawileba. Sromis vertikaluri danawileba _ es aris daqvemdeba-
rebulobis kavSirebi da igi warmoiSoba iseT organizaciebSi, romelTac marTvis
ramdenime done aqvT.
Sromis vertikaluri danawileba Semdegi mimarTulebebiT xorcieldeba:
• saerTo xelmZRvaneloba _ sawarmos saqmianobis ZiriTadi, strategiuli mimarTulebebis SemuSaveba;
• teqnologiuri xelmZRvaneloba _ strategiuli da taqtikuri dagegmva, ekonomikuri saqmianobis analizi, organizaciebis muSaobis rentabelobis uzrunvelyofa;
• operatiuli xelmZRvaneloba _ operatiuli gegmebis SemuSaveba da Semsru-leblebamde dayvana, SemsrulebelTa ganTavseba samuSao adgilebze, sawarmoo procesis msvlelobis sistematuri kontrolis organizacia;
• adamianuri resursebis marTva _ organizaciis SromiTi resursebis SerCeva, ganTavseba da ganviTareba.
organizaciaSi, marTvis doneebis mixedviT, menejerTa mier Sesrulebuli
movaleobebi SeiZleba warmovidginoT nax. 4-is mixedviT.
topmenejmentitopmenejmentitopmenejmentitopmenejmenti
satransporto
ganyofilebis
menejeri
nax. 3. Sromis horizontaluri danawileba saqmianobis saxis nax. 3. Sromis horizontaluri danawileba saqmianobis saxis nax. 3. Sromis horizontaluri danawileba saqmianobis saxis nax. 3. Sromis horizontaluri danawileba saqmianobis saxis
(samuSaos Sinaarsis) mixedviT(samuSaos Sinaarsis) mixedviT(samuSaos Sinaarsis) mixedviT(samuSaos Sinaarsis) mixedviT
turagenturi
samuSaos
menejeri
turoperato-
ruli samuSaos
menejeri
marketinguli
komunikaciebis
menejeri
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am sqemaze mocemul marTvis doneebis mixedviT menejerTa funqciebis
klasifikacias metad zogadi saxe aqvs. igi SeiZleba Seicvalos imasTan damo-
kidebulebiT, Tu ra saxis sididis, ra dargobrivi da teritoriuli Tavi-
seburebebis mqone organizaciasTan gvaqvs saqme.
organizaciis marTvis yvela donis xelmZRvanelebi axorcieleben ara
mxolod mmarTvelobiT, aramed aRmasrulebel funqciebsac. magram, xelmZRvanelo-
bis marTvis donis amaRlebasTan erTad, aRmasrulebeli funqciebis wili iklebs.
marTvis umaRles doneze igi menejerTa samuSao drois 10%-ia, saSualo doneze _
50% da qveda doneze _ daaxloebiT 70%. es imasTanaa dakavSirebuli, rom menejeri
asrulebs rogorc mmarTvelobiT gadawyvetilebasTan dakavSirebul davalebas, ise
specialobis mixedviT Sesasrulebel davalebas. marTvis donis amaRlebis
kvalobaze specialobis Sesabamisi davalebis xvedriTi wona mcirdeba, mmarTve-
lobiTi gadawyvetilebis miRebis Sesabamisi davalebis xvedriTi wili ki izrdeba.
Sromis vertikaluri danawileba aucilebelia warmatebuli gunduri muSao-
bisaTvis. vertikaluri ierarqiis centraluri maxasiaTebelia TiToeul doneze
pirovnebaTa formaluri daqvemdebarebuloba. umaRles safexurze mdgom pirs
SeiZleba Tavis daqvemdebarebaSi hyavdes saSualo rgolis ramdenime xelmZRvaneli,
romlebic sxvadasxva funqcionalur sferoebSi moRvaweoben. maTac, Tavis mxriv,
direqtorTa direqtorTa direqtorTa direqtorTa
sabWosabWosabWosabWo
organizaciis socialur-ekonomikuri
daniSnulebis gansazRvra, marTvis
struqturis formireba, finansur
saSualebaTa gankargva
organizaciis misiis SemuSaveba
sakadro Sedgenilobis formireba
grZelvadiani strategiuli
miznebis, gegmebis da programebis
SemuSaveba
teqnikur-teqnologiuri bazis
formireba
qvedanayofebis, ganyofilebebis da
samsaxurebis miznebis gansazRvra
mimdinare da operatiuli dagegmva
sawarmoo davalebebis SemuSaveba
gegma grafikebis Sedgena
marTvis umaRlesi marTvis umaRlesi marTvis umaRlesi marTvis umaRlesi
donis menejerebidonis menejerebidonis menejerebidonis menejerebi
marTvis marTvis marTvis marTvis
saSualo donis saSualo donis saSualo donis saSualo donis
menejerebimenejerebimenejerebimenejerebi
marTvis qveda marTvis qveda marTvis qveda marTvis qveda
done done done done
rigiTi muSakebi rigiTi muSakebi rigiTi muSakebi rigiTi muSakebi
nax. 4. organizaciis marTvis doneebinax. 4. organizaciis marTvis doneebinax. 4. organizaciis marTvis doneebinax. 4. organizaciis marTvis doneebi
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SeiZleba hyavdeT ramdenime daqvemdebarebuli xazobrivi xelmZRvaneli. erT
xelmZRvanelisadmi daqvemdebarebul pirovnebaTa ricxvi warmoadgens kontrolis
diapazons, anu obieqtebis zRvrul raodenobas, romelTa marTva SeiZleba efeq-
turad. kontrolis diapazonis saSualo sidide aris 7-10. marTvis maRal
,,eSelonebze’’ igi 4-5-ia, qveda, ubralo operaciebis Sesrulebisas ki _ 20-30 da
SeiZleba metic.
kontrolis viwro diapazonis dros xelmZRvanels mWidro kontroli aqvs
daqvemdebarebulebTan, xarisxianad marTavs maT. kontrolis farTo diapazonis
dros ki, SeiZleba xelmZRvaneli ise gadaitvirTos, rom mxedvelobidan dakargos
strategiuli miznebi.
organizaciis Siga specializacia, rasac iwvevs Sromis danawileba, metad
amaRlebs mis potenciur efeqtianobas. am potencialis realizaciisaTvis organi-
zaciis xelmZRvaneloba valdebulia, moaxdinos organizaciis calkeul specia-
lizebul qvedanayofTa integracia da koordinacia. koordinaciis aucilebloba
gansakuTrebiT saWiroa Tanamedrove msxvil turoperatorebTan, sadac samuSao
horizontaluradac da vertikaluradac, mkveTrad dayofilia. vertikaluri
kordinacia gulisxmobs, rom menejerebi akontroleben daqvemdebarebulTa saqmia-
nobas, romlebic angariSvaldebuli arian maT winaSe. horizontaluri koordi-
nacia ki gulisxmobs erTi donis TanamSromelTa kontaqts. Tu organizaciis
xelmZRvaneloba kordinaciis formalur meqanizmebs ar Seqmnis, maSin iq dasaq-
mebulebi samuSaos erTad ver Seasruleben. aseT dros organizaciis marTvis
sxvadasxva doneebi, funqcionaluri zonebi da calkeuli adamianebi, sakuTari,
kerZo da ara organizaciis saerTo interesebze iqnebian orientirebulni. igive
iTqmis integraciaze. integracia warmoadgens organizaciis saerTo miznis
miRwevaSi misi yvela qvesistemis Zalisxmevis gaerTianebas. integraciis umniSvne-
lovanesi piroba aris miznebis erTianoba. swored erTi mizani ar aZlevs
saSualebas qvedanayofs, rom organizacia sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT warmarTon.
Ghvedashvili Naira COMMUNICATION PROCESS AND EFFICIENCY OF MANAGMENT I N THE FIELD
OF SOCIAL-CULTURAL SERVICE AND TOURISM SUMMARY
Any kind of managerial activities are based on the exchange of information. It is true that
communication and information are interrelated concepts, but they are different from each other. Communication contains information and the ways of its expression also. First of all two schemes of horizontal divisions of labor are spread in the practice of service and tourism: 1. According to the tourism direction 2. According to the content of the labor.
The combination of these channels, that supports interaction of subjects of management, creates its communicative structure. If it applies to the entire organization, structure is global, but if it applies to only a part of the organization, for example to subdivision, than it is local.
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elene Ciqovanielene Ciqovanielene Ciqovanielene Ciqovani regionuli socialuri politikis formirebis problemebi regionuli socialuri politikis formirebis problemebi regionuli socialuri politikis formirebis problemebi regionuli socialuri politikis formirebis problemebi
globalizaciis pirobebSiglobalizaciis pirobebSiglobalizaciis pirobebSiglobalizaciis pirobebSi
dabalansebuli da mdgradi socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis regionuli
problemebis kvlevas arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba Tanamedrove msoflioSi.
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania aRniSnuli sakiTxebis Seswavla sabazro ekono-
mikaze gardamavali periodis im qveynebisaTvis, sadac ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
sabaziso maCveneblebis SedarebiT dabali donis pirobebSi maRali ekonomikuri
zrdis dadebiTi efeqtebi naklebad aisaxeba mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis
maCveneblebsa da qveyanaSi arsebul socialur fonze.
globalizaciis kvalobaze Sromisa da kapitalis moZraobis Tanmdev proce-
sebTan erTad (rac ukavSirdeba Sromisa da kapitalis gadaadgilebas, ekonomikis
restruqturizacias, dasaqmebulTa ricxovnobis Semcirebasa da umuSevrobis
zrdas), mxedvelobaSia misaRebi is procesebi, rasac regionebSi aqvs adgili.
kerZod, xSir SemTxvevaSi, regionebSi ekonomikur zrdas Tan ar axlavs mosax-
leobis cxovrebis donis arsebiTi gaumjobeseba da dasaqmebulTa ricxovnobis
adekvaturi gadideba, rac ekonomikuri da socialuri sferos maregulirebeli
sabazro meqanizmebis CamouyalibeblobiT aris ganpirobebuli, xels uwyobs
Semosavlebis ganawilebis uTanabrobasa da mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawilis
socialur daucvelobas ganapirobebs.
ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis daubalanseblobis pirobebSi
panacead gamodis umuSevarTa masobrivi migracia ganviTarebul qveynebSi, rac,
eTnolingvisturi fraqcionalizaciis mkveTri zrdisa da socialuri gamoriyvis
axali formebis CamoyalibebasTan erTad, socialur afeTqebebsac ganapirobebs.
amis magaliTs, bolo periodSi, dasavleT evropis qveynebSi ganviTarebuli
movlenebi warmoadgens.
sadReisod mimdinare procesebi dRis wesrigSi ayenebs msoflioSi axali
socialuri wesrigis damyarebisa da socialuri progresis sferoSi arsebuli
Cavardnebis regionalizaciis sakiTxs, rac pirdapir ukavSirdeba mosaxleobis
socialuri mdgomareobis monitoringis sistemis Camoyalibebis aucileblobas.
aRniSnuli problema gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria iseTi qveynebisaTvis, romlebSic
socialuri sferos regulirebis meqanizmebi dacilebulia msoflioSi damkvid-
rebuli normebisa da standartebisagan. Sesabamisad, demokratiis ganviTarebis
dabali donis pirobebSi adgili aqvs adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebisa da Tavisuf-
lebis xelyofas. amave mizeziT, oficialuri statistika Tavs ver arTmevs mdgradi
da balansirebuli socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Sedegebis gazomvis,
Sefasebisa da warmoCenis sakiTxebs.
Tu gamovalT saqarTveloSi arsebuli mdgomareobidan, postkrizisuli
periodis socialuri politikis SemuSavebisa da misi saerTaSoriso midgomebTan
adaptaciis safuZvels ramdenime magistraluri mimarTulebis ganviTareba war-
moadgens. pirveli _ socialuri monitoringis adekvaturi sistemis SemoRebas
ukavSirdeba, rac saerTaSoriso doneze gazomvadi indikatorebis sistemis Semo-
Rebasa da unifikacias gulisxmobs.
amJamad qveyanaSi jer kidev ar aris Camoyalibebuli indikatorebis sistema,
romelic srulad asaxavs socialuri usafrTxoebis sxvadasxვa aspeqtebs
rogoricaa: dasaqmebisa da SromiTi mowyobis SesaZleblobebi, Sromis pirobebi,
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usafrTxo samuSao garemo, samuSao drois gamoyeneba, droiTi stresi, mwarmoeb-
luroba, mobiluroba, Semosavlebis polarizacia, pirovnuli da ojaxis usafrT-
xoeba, ekonomikuri usafrTxoeba, sasursaTo usafrTxoeba, ojaxis mdgomareoba,
adekvaturi da misaRebi sabinao pirobebi, cxovrebis xarisxi, socialuri infra-
struqturisadmi misawvdomloba, socialuri solidaroba da socialuri Tanas-
woroba, socialuri CarTuloba, socialuri moxmareba da socialuri mxardaWeris
qselis ganviTareba, socialuri dacva, sadazRvevo sqemebSi monawileoba da
mravali sxva. aRniSnuli indikatorebi mTlianobaSi socialuri indikatorebis
sruliad axali wris Camoyalibebas moiTxovs, romlebmac pasuxi unda gasces
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis monitoringis im axal moTxovnilebebze, romelic
msoflioSi bolo periodSi imkvidrebs adgils. ar aris Catarebuli Sesabamisi
statistikuri kvlevebi. DdRemde ar aris Seswavlili da regionizebuli samuSao
Zalis migraciis masStabebi.Aar aris Catarebuli genderuli disbalansis,
damsaqmebelTa mier dasaqmebulTa diskriminaciis, ojaxuri Tu sxva saxis
Zaladobis SemTxvevebis kvleva. qveynis moqmed kanonmdeblobaSi arsebuli xarve-
zebi da Sesabamisi uflebamosili saxelmwifo organoebis ararseboba noyier
safuZvels qmnis SromiTi urTierTobebis sferoSi darRvevebis, diskriminaciisa da
daucvelobis sxvadasxva formebis dasamkvidreblad; meTodologiuri da finansuri
problemebis gamo ar aris Catarebuli trefikingis SemTxvevebis mravalprofi-
luri statistikuri kvlevebi, rac Sesabamis samTavrobo organoebs sazRvargareT
emigrirebuli Cveni Tanamemamuleebis daucvelobisa da maTze Zaladobis faqtebis
dafiqsirebisa da Sesabamisi politikis gatarebis SesaZleblobas miscemda.
meore mimarTuleba gulisxmobs socialuri politikis SemuSavebisaTvis
aucilebeli instituciuri bazis srulyofas, socialuri sferos regulirebisa da
gansakuTrebiT socialuri SromiTi urTierTobebis maregulirebeli sakanonm-
deblo bazis SemuSavebas saerTaSoriso standartebisa da normebis Sesabamisad.Aam
mimarTebiT gansakuTrebiT mosawesrigebeli da misaxedia aralegaluri SromiTi
migraciis sakanonmdeblo regulirebis sakiTxebi.Qqveynebs Soris samuSao Zalis
gacvlisa da SromiTi migraciis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebis ararseboba,
privatizebisa da ucxouri investiciebis mozidvis pirobebSi adgilobrivi muSa-
xelis dasaqmebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebebisa da kvotebis uqonloba damatebiT
motivacias qmnis dausaqmebeli mosaxleobis sazRvargareT migrirebisaTvis, rac,
arcTu ise iSviaT SemTxvevebSi, Cveni qveynis moqalaqeebis ararealizebuli
pirovnuli SesaZleblobebis, imedgacruebisa da siduxWiris safuZveli xdeba da
damatebiT sirTuleebs qmnis ara marto Cveni, aramed maspinZeli qveynebisaTvisac.
msoflio ekonomikuri krizisis Sedegebidan gamomdinare, aucilebelia,
regionuli ganviTarebis Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, socialuri dacvis
adekvaturi sistemis SemuSaveba, aseve, socialuri dacvisa da umweoTa daxmarebis
sferoSi saerTaSoriso Zalisxmevis mobilizacia da konsolidacia socialuri
dacvis axali meqanizmebis SemuSavebisa da axali regionuli institutebis Seqmnis
mimarTulebiT.
postkrizisuli saqarTvelos socialur cxovrebaSi Camoyalibebuli tenden-
ciebi da misgan gamomdinare socialuri Sedegebi, rig SemTxvevebSi, araTu
imeorebs centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebisa da yofili ssrk-s
qveynebSi arsebul viTarebas, aramed, xSir SemTxvevaSi, ufro dramatul formebs
iRebs da globalizaciis pirobebSi mas gadamdebi zegavlena gaaCnia sxva
qveynebisaTvisac. aRniSnuli dRis wesrigSi ayenebs socialur sferoSi axali
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msoflio wesrigis damyarebis, socialuri politikis SemuSavebis sferoSi
TanamSromlobisa da monitoringis unificirebuli meqanizmebis danergvis auci-
leblobas.
Aadekvaturi socialuri politikis SemuSavebisaTvis aucilebelia, kompleq-
surad Sefasdes postkrizisuli periodis saqarTvelos socialuri politikis
formirebis winapirobebi. ganxorcieldes ekonomikuri da socialuri reformis
ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis analizi gardamaval da postkrizisul periodebSi.
mTavrobis mier ganxorcielebuli politikisa Sefaseba, mosaxleobis ukiduresad
gaWirvebuli fenebis socialuri mxardaWeris, umweoTa jandacvis sadazRvevo
sistemis, umuSevarTa momzadebisa da dasaqmebis programuli RonisZiebebis mxriv.
aucilebelia ganisazRvros reformis socialuri xarjebi, reformebis alterna-
tiuloba, reformis warmatebis, marcxis an nawilobrivi warmatebis mizezebi,
ganisazRvros politikis cvlilebebis gadaudebeli aucilebloba uaxloes
momavalSi.
aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT gaweuli Zalisxmevis ZiriTadi Sedegi unda gaxdes
socialuri dacvis efeqturi sistemis formireba, Tavisufali Sromis bazris
Camoyalibebis meqanizmebis gansazRvra, winadadebebis SemuSaveba umweoTa socia-
luri dacvis regulirebis meqanizmebis asamoqmedeblad.
ekonomikuri zrdisa da socialuri Tanasworobis dabalansebis maxasiaTebel
maCvenebelTa Tanamedrove sistemisa da instituciuri meqanizmebis Seqmna mTav-
robas daexmareba swori ekonomikuri da socialuri politikis SemuSavebaSi,
mosalodneli krizisuli situaciebis prevenciisaTvis saWiro adekvaturi Ronis-
Ziebebis gatarebaSi.
A
Chikovani Elene PROBLEMS OF FORMATION REGIONAL SOCIAL POLICY UNDER GLOBALIZATION
SUMMARY
Article discusses actual problems of formation regional social policy in conditions of globalization. Characterizes importance of problems related to labour migration in processes of formation regional social policy. Article emphasizes the nesecity of the establishment new set of indicators for the monitoring social conditions of population according to the International standards. Gives measures necsessary for the improvement of the institutional base, main directions of formation adequite social policy and social protection system taking into the account pecularities of the regional development. Author substantiates the inevitability of mobilization and consolidation of efforts of International organizations in elaboration new mechanizms and creation of new regional institutes in the aim of the social protection of the vulnarable groups of population.
emzar julayiZeemzar julayiZeemzar julayiZeemzar julayiZe organizaciorganizaciorganizaciorganizaciis is is is gunduri muSaobgunduri muSaobgunduri muSaobgunduri muSaobisisisis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebiganmsazRvreli faqtorebiganmsazRvreli faqtorebiganmsazRvreli faqtorebi
organizaciis warmatebuli funqcionirebis aucilebeli piroba menejerisa da
daqvemdebarebuli personalis interesebis Tanxvedraa. amasTan, rogorc menej-
mentis istoria, aseve mecnieruli gamokvlevebi da praqtikuli gamocdileba
adasturebs, rom adamiani Tavis SesaZleblobebs maqsimalurad mxolod maSin
gamoavlens, roca is saTanadodaa motivirebuli. adamianSi motivirebis gansakuT-
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rebuli mniSvnelobis aRsaniSnavad davsvaT da SevecadoT swori pasuxi gavceT
Semdeg kiTxvebs: ratom amjobineben xolme adamianebi erT samuSaos meores? ratom
reagireben isini sxvadasxvagvarad erTsa da imave motivze? ratomaa rom erT
SemTxvevaSi Tavdauzogavad, maqsimaluri mobilizebiTa da mondomebiT muSaoben,
sxva SemTxvevebSi ki _ zereled da uinteresod? rasakvirvelia, aq mTavaria imis
garkveva, Tu ra iwvevs organizaciaSi adamianTa motivirebas da ra unda gakeTdes
imisaTvis, rom maT imuSaon maqsimaluri ZalisxmeviTa da maRali SedegianobiT.
samwuxaroa, magram dResac arcTu ise cota xelmZRvaneli fiqrobs, rom
adamianTa warmatebuli saqmianobis mTavari da xSirad erTaderTi motivi materia-
luri dainteresebaa. am faqtoris Zalze didi mniSvnelobis miuxedavad, gansakuT-
rebiT dRevandel qarTul sinamdvileSi, iSviaTi rodia iseTi SemTxvevebi, roca
adamiani didi mondomebiTa da TavdaviwyebiT muSaobs, Tumca mas ar akmayofilebs
xelfasis done. ase rom, fuli yovelTvis da yvelafers ar wyvets da organi-
zaciis warmatebac mxolod mas ar ukavSirdeba.
warmatebuli motivireba is aris, roca Sromis Sedegebi warmoqmnis motiva-
cias da ara piriqiT, rogorc amas aqamde miviCnevdiT. swored aseTi midgomiT
mivalT maRali kulturis, Ria, TviTswavlebadi gundis cnebamde, romelSic mTeli
organizaciis warmateba pirdapir aisaxeba masSi momuSave TanamSromelTa
keTildReobaze.
skeptikosebi sakiTxs Semdegnairad svamen: pirovneba ufro efeqturad muSaobs
Tu jgufi? Cveni azriT, ufro racionaluri iqneboda sakiTxis Semdegnairad dasma:
ra faqtorebi ganapirobebs organizaciis gunduri muSaobis efeqturobas? orga-
nizaciis gunduri muSaobis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebis mravalgvarobis miuxedაvad,
arsebobs oTxi ZiriTadi faqtori, romlis swori aRsruleba organizaciis war-
matebas ganapirobebs. esenia: mizani, rolebi, procesi da gundSi pirovnebaTSorisi
urTierTobebi.
gundisgundisgundisgundis mizani mizani mizani mizani (sasurveli Sedegi). imisaTvis, rom gundi efeqturad
funqcionirebdes, misi wevrebi srulad unda iziarebdnen organizaciis misias,
miznebsa da strategias. maT erTnairad unda esmodeT is, Tu risTvis arsebobs
organizacia da ra aris misi sasurveli Sedegi. menejerTa garkveul nawils
zedmetad miaCnia daqvemdebarebulebSi organizaciis miznebze saubari. arada, Tu
maT mizani sxvadasxvanairad esmiT, es mkveTrad aferxebs saqmis keTebas da
garkveul problemebs uqmnis organizacias. organizaciis (gundis) menejers kargad
unda esmodes am faqtoris gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba da metic _ icodes, rom am
faqtoris sirTules isic ki ganapirobebs, rom mas am procesSi ori gansxvavebuli
roli aqvs Sesasrulebeli. erTi, rogorc gundis lideris da meore, rogorc
gundis rigiTi wevris. am or rols sruliad gansxvavebuli Sesruleba sWirdeba,
Tumca orives erTmaneTTan gadajaWvuli saerTo miznebi unda akavSirebdes.
pirovnebis roli gundSipirovnebis roli gundSipirovnebis roli gundSipirovnebis roli gundSi (vin ra unda akeTos). pirovnebaze gapirovnebuli
saqmianobis formaluri aRwera mxolod nawilobriv SeiZleba dagvexmaros gundSi
roluri problemebis gadawyvetaSi. saqme isaa, rom roluri qceva xSirad
situaciurad icvleba. magaliTad, fexburTSi Tavdamsxmels Tavisi roli aqvs,
damcvels – Tavisi, magram konkretul TamaSSi maTi qceva bevr faqtorzea
damokidebuli: vin aris mowinaaRmdege, rogoria angariSi da mravali sxva. amitom,
organizaciis warumateblobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi problemaa gundis calkeul
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wevrTa rolis gaurkvevloba sxva wevrebis mxridan. anu, ar icis, Tu ras moelis
meorisagan, razedac misi saTanado qceva unda aawyos.
gundis marTvisgundis marTvisgundis marTvisgundis marTvis procesiprocesiprocesiprocesi (rogor vimuSaoT). gundis marTvis procedurebsac
SeTanxmeba sWirdeba. mas ganekuTvneba Semdegi sakiTxebi: rogor moxdeba infor-
maciis gaziareba da gadawyvetilebis miReba, rodis da rogori saxis Sekrebebi
iqneba, Seqmnil konkretul situaciebSi rogori taqtika unda avirCioT da sxva.
menejerma unda icodes, rom gundis saqmianoba proceduruli mizezebis gamo
SeiZleba araefeqturi gaxdes da dapirispirebac ki gamoiwvios.
pirovnebaTSorisi urTierTobebi. pirovnebaTSorisi urTierTobebi. pirovnebaTSorisi urTierTobebi. pirovnebaTSorisi urTierTobebi. gundis efeqturoba damokidebulia imazec,
Tu ramdenad endobian, mxars uWeren, pativs scemen, komfortulad grZnoben erTad
Tavs gundis wevrebi. rodesac pirveli sami etapi warmatebiT sruldeba, anu
adamianebi SeTanxmebulad miiweven miznisaken, maTi rolebi da molodinebi garkve-
ulia, muSaobis procesi da procedurebi SeTanxmebulia da gundi Sewyobilad
muSaobs, maSin miznis miRwevac advildeba, ndobac yalibdeba da maT Soris
urTierTobac SesaniSnavia. gundis wevrebs erTad muSaobis survili uCndebaT.
warmodgenili modeli ierarqiulia, anu jer unda ganisazRvros gundis
mizani, Semdeg rolebi, procedura da bolos _ pirovnebaTSorisi urTierTobebi.
am Tanmimdevrobis ugulvebelyofac ki iwvevs problemebs. magaliTad, Tu gundis
Senebas kargi urTierTobiT daviwyebT, mas SeiZleba ar eqnes saTanado efeqti,
radgan mis wevrebs gzadagza mouwevT miznis, rolebisa da procedurebis garkveva,
ramac SeiZleba gundis marTvaSi problemebi Seqmnas da metic, kargad awyobil
pirovnebaTSoris urTierTobebSi garkveuli daZabulobac ki gamoiwvios. gundur
muSaobas Tavisi TamaSis wesebi aqvs:
� gundis TiToeuli wevri sxva wevrebs Tanabar partniorebad unda aRia-
rebdes, anu yvelas aqvs Tavisi Zlieri mxare da piradi unikaluri roli;
� situaciidan gamomdinare, gundis wevrTa rolebi icvleba da sxvadasxva
situaciebSi, SesaZlebelia, liderobac sxvadasxva wevrma ikisros;
� gundis yvela wevris Tvalsazriss aqvs arsebobis ufleba, amitom TiToeul
maTgans SeuZlia gamoTqvas sakuTari azri da misi azri iyos dafasebuli da
aRiarebuli;
� mosmena iseTive mniSvnelovania, rogorc saubari, radgan Tu mosmena ver
xerxdeba, arc saubars aqvs azri da mniSvneloba;
� konfliqtebi ar imaleba, aramed igi diskusiis sagani xdeba da gundis
TviTganviTarebis safuZvels warmoadgens;
� jgufis SigniT SesaZlebelia jansaRi kritika da ara gakicxva, gansja an
pirovnebis Sedegebis Sefaseba;
� swavlisadmi moTxovnilebas mudmivi yuradReba eqceva, radgan didi
mniSvneloba eniWeba gundis kompetenturobasa da ganviTarebas;
� gadawyvetilebebis miReba xdeba ara umravlesobis, aramed yvelas TanxmobiT,
konsensusis principiT.
unda aRiniSnos, rom gundSi strategiis realizaciis sakiTxi aris yvelaze
rTuli da Sromatevadi nawili gundis marTvaSi.A strategiis danergvis ZiriTadi
amocana swored is aris, rom gundi Seikras, rogorc erTi mTliani organizmi.
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi strategiis danergvis procesi uSedego iqneba. magaliTad,
fexburTis kargi gundi ar niSnavs mxolod karg fexburTelebisgan Semdgar
nakrebs. gundis TiToeuli wevris mizania, Tu ramdenad Zlieri iqneba is uSualod
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gundSi. radgan maTi popularoba da warmateba swored gundis warmatebebs
ukavSirdeba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi maTi piradi warmatebis miRweva SeuZlebeli
xdeba. amasTan, aucilebelia vicodeT, rom arsebobs sxvadasxva tipis gundebi,
romlebic gansxvavdebian rogorc miznebis, aseve rolebis, procedurebisa da
urTierTobis mxrivac. Tumca ra gundzec ar unda vmsjelobdeT, misi wevrebi
sxvadasxva, magram urTierTSemavsebel strategiebs asruleben. faqtobrivad,
gundis strategia _ es aris misi TiToeuli wevris strategiaTa erToblioba da
gundis Sedegi damokidebulia am strategiaTa koordinaciis xarisxze. amdenad, es
ori, gundisa da misi TiToeuli wevris strategia, erTmaneTTan logikur
mTlianobaSi unda warmovidginoT, radgan ar SeiZleba gundis strategia da misi
wevrTa strategiebi erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad arsebobdes.
gamoyenebuli literaturgamoyenebuli literaturgamoyenebuli literaturgamoyenebuli literaturaaaa
1. ejibaZe o. marTvis momavali, eleqtronuli Jurnali, „sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebi“, www.education.ge
2. Tanamedrove menejmenti, Tqveni warmatebis megzuri, Business Cafe.wordpress.com 2010/02/17.
3. markozaSvili n. Jurnali _ biznesi: adamianebi, meTodebi, strategiebi. www.sapientisat.ge
4. comaia ak. strategiuli menejmenti. axali ekonomikuri skola - saqarTvelo. http://www.nesgeorgia.org/publicationsa php.
5. julayiZe e., julayiZe S. adamianuri resursebis menejmenti, quTaisi, awsu, 2011, 156 gv.
Julakidze Emzar DETERMINATE FACTOR OF THE TEAM WORK OF ORGANIZATION
SUMMARY
Indispensable condition for successful operation of organization is an interest coincidence of manager and personnel staff which is achieved through enough motivation. The successful motivation is when the results of the work make motivation and not on the contrary, as we admitted before. Only through such kind of approach can make personnel staff into the team, in which success of the whole organization is directly reflected on prosperity of the staff.
In spite of variety of determinate factors of the team work, the most significant is four principal factors, and their fulfillment stipulates success of organization. They are: goal, roles, process and interpersonal relations in the team. Besides, we should know that presented model is hierarchical. Thus, at first should be determined the goal of the team, than roles, procedures and finally- interpersonal relations. To ignore their sequence shall cause problems. The goal of each member of the team is to be powerful in the team as their popularity and success is related to success of the team. In other case their personal success shall be unachievable.
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doqtorantebis, magistrantebisa da bakalavrdoqtorantebis, magistrantebisa da bakalavrdoqtorantebis, magistrantebisa da bakalavrdoqtorantebis, magistrantebisa da bakalavriatis studentebisiatis studentebisiatis studentebisiatis studentebis
moxsenebebimoxsenebebimoxsenebebimoxsenebebi
Аббасов Эминь Октай оглы
ТЕХНИКО-ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ НЕЗАВИСИМОСТЬ КАК ФАКТОР ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ СТРАНЫ
I. Взаимосвязь между инвестиционной активностью и
технологической независимостью страны На пороге XXI в. инвестиционная активность в странах промышленных держав ускорялась и
приобретала все большие масштабы. Эта активность ведет к основательному обновлению материального производства и повышению качества потребления населения.
Технико-технологическая независимость как составная часть экономической безопасности страны, в значительной степени определяется ее научно-техническим потенциалом. Не случайно устойчивый рост экономики требует повышения инвестиционной активности. Инвестиционный процесс непосредственно связан с технико-технологической развитием страны, отражает все стадии производственного процесса со стороны движения инвестиционных товаров.
Обеспечение экономической безопасности страны во многом связано с осуществлением инвестиционной политики. На современном этапе процесс совершенствования инвестиционной деятельности должен подчиняться технико-технологической независимости страны. А с этим непосредственно связан отбор того, куда и на что будут тратиться средства капитальных вложений и как будет решена проблема создания новой техники и технологии. Поэтому критерием эффективного соотношения между затратами инвестиционных средств и созданием новых технологий в условиях совершенствования инвестиционной деятельности является создание условий для непосредственного обеспечения экономического роста и подъема уровня жизни людей. Поэтому это оказывает влияние на активизацию инвестиционной деятельности и на темпы роста отдельных отраслей экономики.
Инвестиции осуществляются путем капитальных вложений, то есть затрат на создание новых технологий, расширение, реконструкцию и модернизацию действующих технико-технологий. В экономической литературе термин инвестиции (от латинского – investio – одеваю) обычно пере-водится как капитальные вложение. Однако в действительности капиталовложения есть инвестиции, трактуемые в широком смысле слова. В узком же смысле слова под инвестициями понимают долгосрочные вложения капитала в промышленность, сельское хозяйство, транспорт и другие отрасли экономики, как внутри страны, так и за границей с целью получения прибыли. Выделяют два основных вида инвестиций: реальные и финансовые. Реальные инвестиции представляют вложение капитала непосредственно в основной капитал.40 С этой целью может быть применен и заемный капитал, в том числе, кредит банка. Банк становится инвестором. Финансовые инвестиции означают вложение капиталов в ценные бумаги, а также помещение капитала в банки. В составе финансовых инвестиций выделяют портфельные – вложения в ценные бумаги. Кроме этих основных видов существуют и так называемые интеллектуальные инвестиции (покупка патентов, лицензий, ноу-хау, подготовка и переподготовка персонала, вложения в научно-исследовательские работы и т.п.).
В прямых инвестициях определенная часть вкладывается в виде строительных материалов, оборудования и других материальных ресурсов, которые производятся в стране инвесторов. В связи с этим можно отметить, что хотя аналогичные товары и производятся в самой стране – объекте
40 Реальные инвестиции иногда называют прямыми, что расходится с американской терминологией, согласно которой последними являются инвестиции в фирму, составляющие более 10% ее капитала. В мировой практике к зарубежным прямым инвестициям относят такие, которые формируют более 25% капитала фирмы.
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инвестирования. Поэтому эти инвестиции работают на экономику другой страны. Это также может влиять на экономическую безопасность.
Мнение о том, что технико-технологии, полученные по связанным иностранным кредитам, как правило, не позволяют производить конкурентоспособную продукцию, морально устарело. Вместе с этим иностранным кредитом, которые заемщики как правило, вынуждены приобретать поставляемые технику и технологию по ценам, превышающим мировые. Эти кредиты рассчитаны в конечном итоге на создание рабочих мест и поддержку отраслей в самой стране местонахождения иностранного инвестора.41
Мировая практика показала, что некоторые промышленные страны на государственном уровне запретили любые иностранные инвестиции, которые угрожают национальной безопасности. Правда, вложения иностранных инвестиций для устойчивого развития экономики становятся одним из условий стабилизации в экономике. Поэтому интерес к иностранным инвестициям проявляли не только финансовые власти страны инвестирования, но и иностранные финансово-правительственные круги инвестора. Правительства некоторых стран переходного периода интересовало, насколько зависимость от иностранных инвестиций способна вести к утрате экономической независимости, хотя иностранные инвестиции рассматривались как эффективное средство ускорения экономического развития. Даже иностранные инвестиции могут ускорять экономическое развитие переходного периода и вести к состоянию экономической зависимости.
Современная мировая практика свидетельствует, что бесконтрольное продвижение иностран-ных инвестиций в национальные экономики приводить к установлению ими опосредованного контроля стран – инвесторов. Необходимо найти баланс между выгодами от масштабных иностранных инвестиций и экономической независимостью экономики страны.
II. Инвестиционная безопасность в системе экономической безопасности
В современной рыночной экономике проблемы инвестиционной безопасности страны стоят в центре внимания отечественных и зарубежных ученых экономистов.42 Частичное рассмотрение проблемы показывает угрозы, связанные с инвестициями в производственную, финансово-кредитную сферу. В этом же статье мы обращаем внимание на инвестиционную безопасность на как целостную систему.
Инвестиционной безопасностью является способность национальной экономики оживлять инвестирование на макро- и микро- экономическом уровне хозяйственной системы поддерживающие темпы роста и конкурентоспособность экономики в перспективе. По определению некоторых экономистов, инвестиционная безопасность в системе экономической безопасности реализуется по нижеследующим направлениям:
во-первых – обеспечение общей достаточности инвестиций для устойчивого развития экономики;
во-вторых – балансирование отраслевой и территориальной структуры инвестиций; в-третьих – снабжение инвестиционного процесса, реализуемых инвестиционных проектов
научно-технологическим содержанием. Каждый из этих направлений зависит от определенных экономических показателей,
отражающих уровни инвестиционной безопасности. Среди этих показателей важное значение имеет динамика и структура инвестиций в основной капитал. В этом показателе выражаются виды экономической деятельности, функциональная структура инвестиций, источники финансирования инвестиций и другие.
41 Логинов Е.Л. Системные проблемы экономической безопасности. Москва, 2007, с.58. 42 Нарышкин С. Инвестиционная безопасность как фактор устойчивого экономического развития // Вопросы экономики. 2010, №5, с. 16-25; Кричевский Н. Инвестор сердится. А собственно почему? // Экономическая безопасность. 2008, №10; Керимли И., Сулейманов Н. Основы национальной экономики. Баку, 2001, с.190-205.
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Одно из важных направлений реализации инвестиционной безопасности, которое является общей достаточности инвестиции, выражает доля (норма) накопления в валовом внутреннем продукте (ВВП). Удельный вес накопления в ВВП или норма накопления -обобщающий макроэконо-мический показатель выражающих социально-экономических факторов, регулирующих объем и структуру инвестиционной деятельности. Как свидетельствует мировой опыт, норма накопления имеет весьма устойчивый характер и колеблется в относительно небольших размерах (примерно 3-4 процентных пунктах). Опыт США и других западных стран показывает, что не было ни одного случая выхода из кризиса без повышения нормы накопления.
В период 1996-2010 годов, когда создавалась ведущая часть накоплений в основных фондах нашей республики, которые действуют и сейчас, то только ¼ часть инвестиционной вложений была непосредственно связана с обновлением этих фондов. Остальная часть инвестиций направлялась на поддержку базового уровня производства, что вело к падению фондоотдачи, подмене реального накопления возрастающими размерами капитального ремонта,формированию ремонтного характера воспроизводства основных производственных фондов.
Чтобы устранить отрицательные явления в сфере накопления и обеспечения инвестиционной безопасности страны, по нашему мнению, следует прежде всего:
во-первых, преодолеть «ремонтный» характер накопления; во-вторых, экономически стимулировать научно-технический прогресс и внедрение его
результатов в производство; в-третьих, интенсифицируя производство, резко сократить инвестиционный цикл; в-четвертых – не допускать возведения новых сооружений по устаревшим проектам. В связи с тем, что производственному накоплению принадлежит решающая роль во всем
процессе накопления, необходимо создать соответствующие условия для поддержания его на надлежащем уровне. Среди них главнейшим является высокий или постоянно возрастающий уровень эффективности производства и использования капиталовложений, иначе говоря, повышение отдачи производственных затрат. Поэтому важнейшей чертой современной инвестиционной безопасности должно быть такое повышение эффективности производства, которое смогло бы расширить границы реального накопления и стабилизировало норму производственного накопления. Это одно из существеннейших положений, которое должно быть заложено в современную концепцию инвестиционной безопасности.
Нормы накопления должны устанавливаться в каждый данный момент на таком уровне, который позволяют научно-технические новшества и чтобы общество имело бы возможность эффективно их реализовать и сориентировать в направлении обеспечения инвестиционной безопасности. В противном случае, если отсутствуют рациональные нововведения, то и накопление станет не целесообразным. Если они есть, то средства для их внедрение в производство следует в первоочередном порядке выделять из накоплений.
В условиях, когда научно-технический прогресс заторможен, промышленность способна поддерживать нормы накопления (а в будущем, возможно, и ее повышение) только экстенсивным путем наращивания традиционно устаревшей техники и технологии. От такой формы накопления следует решительно отказаться как от бесперспективной. Поэтому машиностроение должно обновлять техническую базу производства, то есть переходить на изготовление новых поколений техники примерно через 5-6 лет, чтобы своевременно обеспечить ею все отрасли промышленности. Чтобы этого достичь необходимо примерно раза в 2-3 ускорить цикл обновления продукции машиностроения. На основе научно-технического прогресса обеспечивается более половины прироста эффективности использования накоплений.
Для обеспечения инвестиционной безопасности важное значение имеют структура инвестиции, их составных частей, в том числе, вложение иностранных инвестиций. Эти структурные элементы инвестиционного процесса, их характеристики непосредственно связаны с переориентацией
319
инвестиций с нефтяной отрасли на ненефтяной сектор Азербайджанской экономики, прежде всего на отрасли обрабатывающей промышленности. Эффективно регулировать отраслевую структуру инвестиций можно только при осуществлении инвестиций за счет бюджетных средств. В условиях переходного периода для вложения инвестиционных средств первоначально используется смешанное финансирование инвестиционных проектов. Здесь особую роль играет использование средств Инвестиционного фонда. Такой механизм инвестирования для иностранных инвесторов практически неприменим. Поэтому поступления иностранных инвестиций в национальную экономику связаны с интересами национальной безопасности.43
Практика показывает, что в условиях рыночной экономики государственное регулирование отраслевой структуры иностранных инвестиций ограничено. Здесь государство использует косвенные рычаги, которые регулирование осуществляют не только на макроэкономическом уровне, но и на уровне отдельных отраслей и предприятий. Многие страны мира, либерализируя свою внешнеэкономическую деятельность, создают экономическое равноправие национальных и иностранных инвесторов. Но здесь необходимо балансировать интересы в пользу национальных, исходя из требования экономической безопасности страны.
При комплексном подходе для изучения характеристики показателей инвестиционной безопасности, необходимо учитывать специфику организационной формы хозяйствования различных регионов, отраслей и предприятий страны. Основная цель должна быть направлена на преодоление значительных разрывов в уровне их социально-экономического развития.
В условиях рыночной экономики, в связи с инвестиционной безопасностью, роль государства характеризуется в двух направлениях: во-первых, оно выступает одновременно и как инвестор, и как регулятор инвестиционной деятельности. Государство организует инвестиционные вложения, направленные на обеспечение жизненных потребностей страны в целом и с учетом приоритетных целей экономического и социального развития общества. Структура и составные элементы инвестиционной безопасности в системе экономической безопасности показаны на Рис. 1.
Система регулирования инвестиционной безопасности должна формироваться в контексте целей и задач развития экономики страны. С позиций экономической безопасности необходима разработка критериев государственной поддержки отдельных инвестиционных проектов и программ. Для этого необходим четкий механизм регулировании инвестиционной деятельностью. Структура регулирования инвестиционной безопасности должна базироваться исходя из инвестиционной политики государства, определяющей приоритетные направления развития отдельных отраслей экономики.
Мировая практика показывает, что в системе экономической безопасности на передний план выходят проблемы инвестиционной безопасности страны. Решение этой проблемы обеспечивается основательной модернизацией национальной экономики. В этом процессе ключевое место занимает формирование долговременной инвестиционной политики. Государственная инвестиционная политика включает выбор критериев государственной поддержки в широком смысле. Эта поддержка осуществляется в нижеследующих формах:
во-первых – принятие законов, обеспечивающих регулирование интересов участников инвестиционного процесса;
во-вторых – уточнение долгосрочной инвестиционной стратегии с учетом показателей экономической безопасности;
в-третьих – прямого финансирования экономических, социальных, научных и других подобных объектов;
в-четвертых – государственная поддержка инвестиционной инфраструктуры;
43 Иванова Е.А. Обзор нового законодательства об ограничении иностранных инвестиций в стратегические секторы экономики // нефть, газ и право. 2008, №3.
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в-пятых – приоритетность инвестиционной политики на макро- и микроэкономическом уровне. Рис. 1. Структура регулирования инвестиционной безопасностью
в системе экономической безопасности. Вышеуказанные формы регулирования зависят от выбранной инвестиционной политики, а
следовательно, от выбора инвестиционной модели, при которой экономический рост основан на масштабном увеличение инвестиций в реальный сектор экономики.
Экономическая безопасность
Другие сферы экономической безопасности
Методы регулирование инвестиционной безопасности
Факторы инвестиционной безопасности
Элементы инвестиционной безопасности
системы показателей инвестиционной безопасности
условия деятельности инвесторов
изучение инвестиционной без-опасности по типам инвесторов
определения инвестиционной безопасности по стратегическим приоритетом страны
уровень инвестиционной безопасности
мероприятия по нейтрализации и снижению угроза инвестицион-ной безопасности
321
Abbasov Emin TECHNICAL-TECHNOLOGICAL INDEPENDENCE
AS A FACTOR IN THE ECONOMIC SAFETY OF THE COUNTRY SUMMARY
This activity increased the technical innovation of material production areas, and qualitative changes
in the population consumption. Being the integral part of the safety of national economy, the technical and technological independence define the scientific-technical potential.
It is not strange, that the stable growth of the economy in its turn demand the raise of investment activity.
Investment process strictly depends on to the technical technological development of the country, express all stages of the production process by motion of the investment goods.
oTar anguriZeoTar anguriZeoTar anguriZeoTar anguriZe globalizaciis pirobebSi fiskaluri sglobalizaciis pirobebSi fiskaluri sglobalizaciis pirobebSi fiskaluri sglobalizaciis pirobebSi fiskaluri stabilurobis mniSvnelobatabilurobis mniSvnelobatabilurobis mniSvnelobatabilurobis mniSvneloba
21-e saukunis globalurma krizisebma (Tumca SeiZleba iTqvas, erTma sakmaod
gaxangrZlivebulma krizisma) naTlad aCvena, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovani roli aqvs
moqnil da efeqtian fiskalur politikas am krizis(eb)Tan gamklavebis saqmeSi.
amas adasturebs ekonomikurad mowinave saxelmwifoebis da sxvadasxva soliduri
saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier momzadebuli moxsenebebi, angariSebi rekomen-
daciebi da a.S. [3, 4, 5, 6, 8] krizisebis erT-erT mTavar mizezad swored fiskaluri
arastabiluroba saxeldeba. amitom mniSvnelovania, saerTaSoriso gamocdileba
saqarTvelos realobaSic iqnes gaziarebuli da sazogadoebis mxridan am sakiTxs
saTanado yuradReba daeTmos.
SeerTebuli Statebis „didi depresia“ gaxda finansuri seqtoris srulyofis
dasawyisi da mas Semdeg mudmivad ganicdis ganviTarebas.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom bolo 15 welia msoflio ekonomikurma krizisebma uwy-
veti saxe miiRo da, misi mcocavi xasiaTidan gamomdinare, inacvlebs erTi qveyni-
dan meoreSi, meoredan _ mesameSi da a.S. Sesabamisad, arsebuli viTareba iZleva
imis safuZvels, rom msoflios wamyvani ekonomistebis, saerTaSoriso organizaci-
ebis da mowinave saxelmwifoebis ZiriTadi sazrunavi problema gamxdariyo. prob-
lemad, romelmac SeiZleba Zalian didi ziani miayenos mraval ganviTarebul Tu
ganviTarebad saxelmwifos, radgan xSirad krizisebis masStabebi Zalian mZime Se-
degebs ganapirobebs.
finansuri krizisebi aqtiur gavlenas axdens finansur sistemaze, radgan ne-
bismieri krizisi sazianoa ekonomikuri zrdisaTvis. magram, qveynis ekonomikuri po-
tencialis adekvaturad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, sruliad SesaZlebelia am riske-
bis nivelireba. amitom msoflioSi iqmneba axali standartebi, romlebic mimarTu-
lia swored finansuri stabilurobisaken.
globalizacia didi dadebiTi efeqtis momtani umetesad ganviTarebuli da
ekonomikurad mowinave saxelmwifoebisTvis aris. globalizaciis kritikosebi xSi-
rad akritikeben rogorc veSaps, romelsac surs SedarebiT CamorCenili ekonomike-
bis Caylapva. magram unda aRiniSnos, rom XXI saukuneSi globalizaciis ekonomiku-
ri SesaZleblebebis argamoyeneba qveynis ekonomikis arganviTarebas niSnavs. glo-
322
balizacia nebismieri saxelmwifosTvis SeiZleba iyos dadebiTi Sedegis momtani
Tu misi SesaZleblobebi miznobrivad da sworad iqneba gamoyenebuli.
2009 wlis pitsburgis G-20 Sexvedris Semdeg mkafiod gacxadda, rom dabalan-
sebuli da mdgradi zrdis globaluri veqtori umTavresad gadavida finansur da
fiskalur stabilurobaze. arsebobs saerTo konsensusi, rom finansuri da fiska-
luri stabiluroba warmoadgens janmrTeli da kargad funqcionirebadi ekonomi-
kuri sistemis centralur svetebs.
bolo wlebia finansebis nakadebis mimarTulebis zrda samrewvelo ekonomi-
kebis sazRvrebsa da industriul da ganviTarebadi bazrebis ekonomikebSi
sagrZnoblad gaizarda. amave dros, ekonomistebi ixilaven finansuri globaliza-
ciis sargebels da xarjebs. zogi ekonomistis mtkicebiT, kapitalis aseTi dineba
aferxebs globalur fiskalur stabilurobas. sxva mosazrebebiT, kapitalis dine-
bis gaxsnilma zrdam daadastura ekonomikuri zrdis aucilebloba.
OECD 18 qveynis 1984–2007 wlebis monacemebis safuZvelze kapitalis Semodine-
bas mniSvnelovani pozitiuri efeqti aqvs realur kreditebze pirad seqtorSi, bi-
nebze fasebis zrdaze da binaTmSeneblobaSi, rac ipoTekuri bazris ganviTarebas
iwvevs.
Znelia misce gansazRvreba finansur stabilurobas, radgan es ar warmoadgens
raodenobriv maCvenebels. cnebas aqvs mravali masStabi, romelsac SeuZlia aR-
weros finansuri sistemis sxvadasxvagvaroba.
finansuri stabiluroba xels uwyobs iseTi garemos Camoyalibebas, sadac fi-
nansuri seqtoris muSaoba iqneba uwyveti problemebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSic ki.
amgvarad, xdeba resursebis efeqturi ganawileba da aqvs unari, winaaRmdegoba ga-
uwios krizisebs adekvaturad da misi moqmedebis wesiT.
finansuri politika mWidros aris dakavSirebuli fiskalur da monetarul
politikasTan. romelTa stabiluroba mniSvnelovania ekonomikuri zrdis xelSew-
yobisaTvis.
monetaruli politika da gadaxdis sistemebis sicocxlisunarianoba aris
centraluri bankis sakvanZo misia. fiskaluri politika ki centraluri mTavrobis,
romelic axorcielebs sabiujeto politikas da saxelmwifo finansebis marTvas.
saxelmwifo xarjebi aris aucilebeli, magram politikurad rTuli gasatare-
beli. grZelvadian periodSi SeiZleba aman seriozuli safrTxe Seqmnas, radgan sa-
xelmwifo xarjebis zrda iwvevs mSp-s zrdis tempis Semcirebas.
msoflioSi aprobirebuli praqtikiT miRebulia, rom biujetis deficitma ar
unda gadaaWarbos GDP-s 3%-s da valis mSp-sTan Tanafardoba ar unda iyos 60%-ze
maRali.
am poziciidan ganvixiloT rigi qveynebis mdgomareoba.
cxrili 1.cxrili 1.cxrili 1.cxrili 1. sabiujeto balansis Tanafardoba mSp-sTan, reitingisa da procentebis
mixedviT [7, gv. 422]
reitingireitingireitingireitingi qveyanaqveyanaqveyanaqveyana normanormanormanorma
3 azerbaijani 13,6
10 singapuri 5,3
21 estoneTi 0,2
39 argentina -1,7
323
48 moldova -2,5
50 CineTi -2,6
52 TurqeTi -2,6
64 germania -3,3
67 ruseTi -3,6
80 meqsika -4,1
85 italia -4,6
87 saqarTvelo -4,8
89 dania -4,9
92 somxeTi -4,9
105 ukraina -5,8
122 portugalia -7,3
128 poloneTi -7,9
134 espaneTi -9,2
135 iaponia -9,5
136 saberZneTi -9,6
138 gaerTianebuli samefo -10,4
139 aSS -10,6
cxrilSi mocemulia sabiujeto balansi msoflio savaluto fondis monaceme-
bis mixedviT. aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom msoflios mxolod 22 qveyanas aqvs dade-
biTi Tanafardoba mSp-sTan. is qveynebi ki, romlebic cnobilia ganviTarebuli eko-
nomikebiT, rogorc Cans, sakmaod maRali deficituri biujetebiT gamoirCevian. sa-
qarTvelo ki 143 qveyanas Soris 87-e adgils ikavebs da misi deficiti mSp-sTan mi-
marTebaSi Seadgens _ 4,8%-s. cxrilSi qveynebi SerCeulia maTi specifikidan gamom-
dinare. mocemulia is qveynebi, romlebmac daZlies finansuri krizisebi da romle-
bic amJamad ebrZvian an krizisis zRvarze imyofebian. sabiujeto balansis dacva
Tanamedrove msoflioSi seriozul problemas warmoadgens.
diagrama 1.diagrama 1.diagrama 1.diagrama 1. fiskaluri balansis Tanafardo mSp-sTan ganviTarebul da
ganviTarebad ekonomikebSi [5, gv. 27]
324
mTavroba unda atarebdes fiskaluri politikis marTvis Semdeg ZiriTad prin-
cipebs:
• gamWvirvaloba. aucilebelia fiskaluri politikis miznebis da politikis
ganxorcielebis da sajaro angariSebis gamocema;
• stabiluroba mniSvnelovania fiskaluri politikis procesSi;
• pasuxismgebloba sajaro finansebis marTvisas;
• samarTlianoba, maT Soris Taobebis mimarT;
• efeqturoba gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi fiskaluri politikis formirebisas.
sajaro vali da uaryofiTi sabiujeto balansi ganixileba krizisis mTavar
mizezad. xSirad politikosebi sabiujeto deficitis Sesavsebad iReben damatebiT
vals, rac iwvevs arastabilurobas da qmnis riskfaqtors krizisTan mimarTebaSi.
cxrili 2.cxrili 2.cxrili 2.cxrili 2. saxelmwifo valis Tanafardoba mSp-sTan, reitingisa da
procentebis mixedviT [7, gv 426]
reitreitreitreitingiingiingiingi qveyanaqveyanaqveyanaqveyana normanormanormanorma
5 estoneTi 6,6
7 ruseTi 9,9
11 azerbaijani 10,8
20 CineTi 17,7
42 moldova 29,8
66 saqarTvelo 39,1
68 somxeTi 39,4
76 ukraina 40,5
80 TurqeTi 41,7
82 meqsika 42,7
88 dania 44,3 91 argentina 47,8 102 poloneTi 55,7 108 espaneTi 60,1 120 gaerTianebuli samefo 77,2 122 germania 80 128 portugalia 83,3 132 aSS 91,6 136 singapuri 97,2 138 italia 119 141 saberZneTi 142 142 iaponia 220,3
cxrilSi mocemulia qveynebis saxelmwifo valis procentuli Tanafardoba
mSp-sTan mimarTebaSi 2010 wlis mixedviT. Tumca 2011-2012 wlebSi ramdenime
qveyanaSi es monacemebi mkveTrad Seicvala finansuri krizisebidan gamomdinare.
saxelmwifos valis aReba, ZiraTadad, deficituri biujetis Sesavsebad da qveynis
ekonomikuri simyareebis mizniT strategiuli dargebis dasafinanseblad sWirdeba.
aseT SemTxvevaSi gamonakliss arc saqarTvelo warmoadgens. bolo wlebia saqarT-
325
veloSi saxelmwifo valis procentuli Tanafardoba mSp-sTan mimarTebaSi
mcirdeba da es dadebiTi tendecia grZeldeba. magram aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom
simcire ara valis moculobis simciridan gamomdinareobs, aramed amas
ganapirobebs mSp-s wliuri zrda.
diagrama 2diagrama 2diagrama 2diagrama 2.... saxelmwifo valis Tanafardo mSp-sTan ganviTarebul da
ganviTarebad ekonomikebSi [5, gv.27]
investiciebis zrda yovelTvis did rols TamaSobs ekonomikur zrdaze. es
gansakuTrebiT sworia investiciebis strategiul seqtorSi maRali pozitiuri Se-
degebis misaRebad, rogoricaa infrastruqtura, kvleviTi da teqnologiuri
inovaciebi, garemo, alternatiuli energetiuli wyaroebi, bioteqnologiebi da a.S.
maT SeuZliaT gazardon konkurentunarianoba da produqtiuloba. saukeTeso gza
saxelmwifo finansebisa zrdisa da valis Semcirebis aris struqturuli refor-
mebiT mSp-s zrda da maRali investiciebi strategiul mimarTulebebSi.
stabiluri zrda moiTxovs fiskalur stabilurobas da grZelvadian fiska-
lur konsolidacias; magram fiskaluri stabiluroba da fiskaluri konsoli-
dacia, orive moiTxovs mtkice mdgrad ganviTarebas. isini calsaxad arian
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni.
bolo finansurma krizisma romelmac gamoiwvia msoflio rezervebis vardna
da saprocenti ganakveTebis zrda, Seasusta globaluri moTxovna da miwodeba,
gansakuTrebiT gazarda sainvesticio Rirebuleba da sagareo valis momsaxureba.
fiskaluri politika srulad aris pasuxismgebeli sajaro seqtoris ekonomi-
kis Semcirebasa da zrdaze. mas gaaCnia ekonomikis grZelvadiani ganviTarebis pers-
peqtiva.
saxelmwifo xarjebis da Semosavlebis marTva gavlenas axdenas erTobliv
moTxovnaze da Semdeg mTel ekonomikaze. susti mxareebi mniSvnelovnad aisaxeba
ara marto individualur ekonomikaze, aramed bazrebze, finansuri Suamavlebze
da mTeli msoflios garSemo arsebul ekonomikebze da a.S. es damokidebulia fi-
nansur ganviTarebaze, fiskalur stabilurobasa da mis samarTlebriv rolze.
mniSvnelovania mTavrobam da sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebam maTive pasuxism-
geblobiT ise SeimuSaon fiskalur politika da wliur biujeti, rom xeli Seuw-
326
yon ekonomikur ganviTarebas da valis mdgrad zrdas, riTac miiRweva fiskaluri
stabiluroba.
finansuri stabiluroba (xSirad Cans, rogorc finansuri krizisis Tavidan
acilebis saSualeba) gaxda mizani saerTaSoriso finansuri arqiteqturis rogorc
individualur ekonomikaSi, aseve centralur bankebSi. amave dros, fiskaluri gan-
viTareba mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi. fiskalur sta-
bilurobas da fiskalur ganviTarebas centraluri roli ukavia samarTlebriv da
monaTesave institutebSi.
mas Semdeg, rac msoflioSi finansuri krizisebis seriebi grZeldeba, saerTa-
Soriso standartebi mTlianad mimarTulia finansuri stabilurobis miznisaken.
naTelia, rom ekonomikuri krizisebi sazianoa ekonomikuri zrdisTvis. finansuri
sistemis efeqturad muSaoba mniSvnelovania ekonomikuri zrdisTvis, Tumca
(rogorc ekonomikuri krizisebis arseboba gviCvenebs) finansebs, rogorc
yovelTvis, moaqvs riskebi.
marTalia, dabali saprocento ganakveTebi exmareba ekonomikis aRdgenas da
xels uwyobs finansur bazrebs, TumcaRa, xSir SemTxvevaSi, ar aris sakmarisi
krizisidan Tavis dasaRwevad da stabilurobis SesanarCuneblad. mraval ganviTa-
rebul Tu ganviTarebad qveyanaSi didi yuradReba eqceva fiskalur pasuxism-
geblobas, romelsac xSirad samarTlebrivi statusi gaaCnia da romlis safuZvel-
zec mTavrobebs ekisrebaT samarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba maT mier ganxorcie-
lebul fiskalur politikaze.
pasuxismgebloba mTavroebas akisrebs, gaakeTos mTeli koncentracia, rom
miznebi da politika mimarTuli iyos mTliani Semosavlebis da xarjebis balan-
sisaken da valis periodulobaze, saiTkenac kanonmdeblobac unda iyos mimarTuli.
vali SeiZleba iyos moklevadiani (1 wlamde), saSualovadiani (5 wlamde) da
grZelvadiani (5 welze zeviT).
fiskaluri stabiluroba da mdgradoba SeiZleba Seicavdes Semdeg elementebs:
fiskaluri indikatorebi. Seicavs fiskalur politikaSi raodenobriv gan-
sazRvras. ricxviTi samizne SeiZleba iyos dadgenili valis deficiti, mTliani
Semosavlis, mTliani xarjebis an konkretuli xarjebis kategoriebi. isini
SeiZleba procentulad Sedardes mTlian Sida produqtTan da gakeTdes zrdis
tempis maCvenebeli.
Semosavlebis mizani. kanoni SeiZleba moiTxovdes gonivrul stabilurobas
Semosavlebi/mSp. moicavs sagadasaxado ganakveTebs an/da sagadasaxado bazas.
samarTlebrivad SeiZleba moiTxovdes, mTavrobas (parlaments) daakisros iseTi
politikis ganaxorcieleba, romelic Seesabameba stabilurobis gonivrul xarisxs
da sagadasaxado ganakveTis dones da bazas momavali wlisTvis.
valis mdgradoba. aseT dros pasuxismgebloba moicavs valis raodenobrivi da
xarisxobrivi samizneebis aqcentis gakeTebas (magaliTad, Seamciros vali minimum
mSp-s 60%-mde).
stabilurobis balansi. zogierTi saxelmwifo yuradRebas amaxvilebs wminda
valze (1998-2008 wlebSi britaneTis sainvesticio wesi mdgomareobda imaSi, rom
valis cikluroba dadebiTad yofiliyo SenarCunebuli). qveynebSi romlebic
floben did finansur aqtivebs da bunebriv resursebs, SeiZleba damatebiT iqnes
miRebuli specialuri kanoni siWarbeebis da Semosavlebis samarTavad.
327
fiskaluri gamWvirvaloba da angariSvaldebuleba samarTlebrivi pasuxismgeb-
lobis miRebis mniSvnelovani motivia. kanoni mTavrobas mkacri fiskaluri
angariSgebis moTxovnebs akisrebs da cdilobs gaaumjobesos fiskaluri pozicia.
amrigad, fiskaluri politika da misi stabiluroba warmoadgens im mniSvne-
lovan sakiTxs, romelzec unda gamaxvildes mniSvnelovani yuradReba kanonmdeb-
lebis Tu mTavrobis warmomadgenlebis mxridan.
Sesabamisad,
_ aucilebelia qveyanis mimarTulebiT wamosuli investiciebis nakadebi
mimarTuli iqnes strategiuli dargebis gansaviTareblad, romelic uzrunvelyofs
qveynis konkurentunarianobis amaRlebas;
_ SemuSavdes sakanonmdeblo baza, romelic kapitalis Semosvlis SemTxvevaSi
Seamcirebs finansur riskebs;
_ ganisazRvros marTebuli valis politika misi Semcirebis uzrunvelsayofad.
gamgamgamgamoyenebuli literaturaoyenebuli literaturaoyenebuli literaturaoyenebuli literatura
1. saqarTvelos erovnuli banki (2011) – „finansuri stabilurobis angariSi“.
2. Bassanini f. Reviglio E. (2011) – “Financial stability, Fiscal consolidation and long-term investment after the crisis”.
3. Central bank of west African states (2005) – “financial stability and macroeconomic management in the west African Monetary Union”.
4. IMF (2012) – Fiscal Monitor. 5. IMF (2012) - World Economic Outlook. 6. IMF working paper (2010) - Fiscal Affairs Department – “Should Advanced Countries Adopt a
Fiscal Responsibility Law?”. 7. Ortiz G. – “Comments on Frederick Mishkin`s paper “Financial Stability and Globalization:
Getting it right”. 8. World Economic Forum - “The Global Competitive Report 2011-2012”.
Anguridze Otar
THE ROLE OF FISCAL STABILITY UNDER GLOBALIZATION SUMMARY
Economic crises of XXI century clearly showed the importance of the fiscal policy for the overall
economic development of the countries. Especially, negative budget balance and non stable state debts is reckoned as the main source of economic crises. That is why international organizations put great efforts to solve these problems.
Above mentioned problems is active not only for the relatively to less developed countries but also to all the countries of the world. Because every crises causes the decrease of the international reserves and increases demand of external debts. All this measures are of cause in the short term effective and in the long run it creates severe problems for the coming generations in terms of justice. That is why it is important that every financial flow that is essentially debts should be used to finance only the most important and strategic development directions of the country.
Fiscal stability occupies a very important role in economic development. Accordingly, fiscal stability and its stability represent that important question which deserves
appropriate attention from the governments.
328
daviT aslaniSvilidaviT aslaniSvilidaviT aslaniSvilidaviT aslaniSvili saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo fasiani qaRaldebis bazris funqcionirebis saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo fasiani qaRaldebis bazris funqcionirebis saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo fasiani qaRaldebis bazris funqcionirebis saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo fasiani qaRaldebis bazris funqcionirebis
istoria da gakveTilebi (1997 istoria da gakveTilebi (1997 istoria da gakveTilebi (1997 istoria da gakveTilebi (1997 –––– 2012)2012)2012)2012)
saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis Semdeg gardamavali periodis
aucilebloba gamoiwvia ara marto socialur-ekonomikuri sistemis transfor-
maciis, aramed, agreTve, samarTlebrivi bazis Secvlis aucileblobam. saxelmwifo
fasiani qaRaldebis sakanonmdeblo baza mocemulia kanonSi “saxelmwifo valis
Sesaxeb”, romelic miRebul iqna 1998 wlis 5 marts. Tumca manamde zogadi
saxelmwifo baza Seqmna saqarTvelos konstituciam, romelic miRebul iqna 1995
wlis 25 agvistos. swored am kanonebis safuZvelze iqna gamoSvebuli pirveli
saxelmwifo fasiani qaRaldebi44.
winamdebare statiis mizania, swored am periodidan saqarTveloSi saxelmwi-
fo fasiani qaRaldebis bazris istoriis erTad Tavmoyra da analizi, ganvlili
periodis gamocdilebis ganzogadeba da rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba. AamasTan
mocemulia problemis garkvevis cda saxelmwifo fasiani qaRaldebis bazris
ganviTarebis xelSemSleli faqtorebis dasadgenad, rac xels uSlis am inst-
ruments1:
1. iyos moTxovnadi investorTa farTo wrisaTvis advilad gayidvadi instru-
menti, daxvewili aRricxvianobisa da reestris warmoebis wesiT;
2. iyos biujetis Sevsebis dabalprocentiani da grZelvadiani, iyos erovnuli
bankisa da finansTa saministros srulfasovani instrumenti Ria bazris opera-
ciebis warmoebis dros.
sakiTxis aqtualoba izrdeba msoflio finansur-ekonomikuri krizisis fonze,
romlis erT-erT mTavar faqtorad miCneulia qveynebis suverenuli valis sakiTxi,
anu saxelmwifos mier garantirebuli da gamoSvebuli saxelmwifo fasiani
qaRaldebi da valis procentebis momsaxurebaze gasawevi xarjebis simZime.
saxelmwifo fasiani qaRaldebi 1997 wels saxelmwifo fasiani qaRaldebi 1997 wels saxelmwifo fasiani qaRaldebi 1997 wels saxelmwifo fasiani qaRaldebi 1997 wels
1997 wlis meore naxevarSi saqarTvelos safinanso sistemaSi damkvidrda
fasiani qaRaldebis moklevadiani saxelmwifo saxazino valdebulebis formiT,
xolo 2006 wlidan mas saSualovadiani saxelmwifo saxazino obligacia daemata.
saxazino valdebuleba aris finansTa saministros mier gamoSvebuli
moklevadiani diskonturi saxelmwifo fasiani qaRaldi. saxazino valdebulebis
gamoSveba xdeba erT wlamde dafarvis vadiT, diskontiT da ifareba nominaluri
RirebulebiT45.
saxazino obligacia aris finansTa saministros mier gamoSvebuli saSualo-
vadiani kuponuri saxelmwifo fasiani qaRaldi. saxazino obligaciebis gamoSveba
xdeba 1-dan 10 wlamde dafarvis vadiT, kuponis 6 (eqvs) TveSi erTxel gadaxdiT46.
auqcionebi istoriul WrilSi auqcionebi istoriul WrilSi auqcionebi istoriul WrilSi auqcionebi istoriul WrilSi
28 dRiani saxazino valdebulebebis pirveli auqcioni 1997 wlis 21 agvistos
Sedga. 1997 wlis ganmavlobaSi 28 dRian auqcionebze saprocento ganakveTi
44
wyaro: saqarTvelos finansTa saministro, saxelmwifo xazina www.mof.ge; saqarTvelos erovnuli banki www.nbg.ge. 45
wyaro: saqarTvelos erovnuli banki: http://nbg.ge/index.php?m=472. 46
wyaro: saqarTvelos erovnuli banki: http://nbg.ge/index.php?m=472.
329
meryeobda 25%-dan 52%-mde wliuri (dekemberSi), xolo 91 dRian auqcionebze 37%-
dan 60%-mde wliuri (dekemberi)47.
1997 wlis saemisio gegmam da Sedegma naTlad aCvena, rom diskontis zeda
zRvari ar arsebobda da saprocento ganakveTi sakmaod maRali da meryevi iyo.
komerciuli bankebi sakuTari finansuri situaciidan gamomdinare saprocento
ganakveTis sxvadasxva diapazonSi ganlagdnen_`Zviri” resursis (50% qveda zRvaris
investireba), saSualo siZviris mqone bankebi (35% da zeviT diskontiT) da `iafi”
resursis bankebi (minimum 20 procenti wliuri).
jamurad, 1997 wels ganTavsebelma Tanxam mxolod 6416000 lari Seadgina, rac
umniSvnelo cifri iyo da rac yvelaze sainteresoa, am mcire raodenobis bazris
pirobebSi, 1997 wlis bolo auqcionze adgili hqonda emisiis Seuvseblobas–anu,
survilis SemTxvevaSi, nebismieri sididis procentis Tanxac ki ganTavsdeboda48.
rasakvirvelia, 1997 wels arsebuli saprocento ganakveTis pirobebSi
saxazino valdebulebis ZiriTadi daniSnulebis aRsruleba _ saxelmwifosTvis
dabalprocentiani da grZelvadiani dafinansebis miReba msxvili infrastruq-
turuli sakiTxebis mosagvareblad, fantastikis sferos ufro ganekuTvneboda
vidre realobas.
saxazino valdebulebaTa bazari 1998 wels saxazino valdebulebaTa bazari 1998 wels saxazino valdebulebaTa bazari 1998 wels saxazino valdebulebaTa bazari 1998 wels
1998 wlis 5 martidan ZalaSi Sedis saqarTvelos kanoni “saxelmwifo valis
Sesaxeb”, romlis mixedviT, 1998 wels dagegmili iyo 32 mln laris saxazino
valdebulebebis emisiis gziT mobilizeba, xolo jamobrivma (faqtobrivma) emisiam
51 500 000 lari Seadgina49.
1998 wlis pirvel naxevarSi situacia kardinalurad Seicvala. gaizarda
bankebis ricxvi, auqcionebs daemata rigi ucxouri banki Tu safinanso instituti.
aman gamoiwvia saprocento ganakveTis mkveTri dacema (gansakuTrebiT meore
kvartalSi). 28 dRiani auqcionebis procenti daeca 37-dan 29 procentamde, xolo 91
dRiani auqcionebis saprocento ganakveTi daeca 49-dan 20-mde wliuri.
am periodSi bazarze gamZafrda konkurencia da gamoCndnen axali monawi-
leebi, maT Soris saerTaSoriso investorebi. komerciuli bankebis is kategoria,
romlebic ver abandebdnen sakuTar resurss auqcionebze procentis dacemis
pirobebSi, aqtiurad muSaobdnen klienturasTan da amiT aqtiur konkurencias
uwevdnen “iafi” resursis bankebs. 1998 wlis seqtembramde, 1997 welTan SedarebiT,
SeiniSneboda sadiskonto ganakveTis dacema da garkveuli “gayinva” 25-30%-is
farglebSi.
am periodSi emisiis da Sida valis Tanxam miaRwia 18 000 000 lars, Tumca 1998
wlis safinanso krizisma koreqtivebi Seitana da bankebSi naRdi fulis Semcirebis
kvalobaze, mkveTrad `avarda” saxazinoebSi investirebis procenti – 60%-mde da
saxelmwifo iZulebuli gaxda, seqtembris damlevisaTvis saemisio Tanxa 15 000 000-
mde Seemcirebina da Seewyvita saxazino valdebulebebis emisia.
SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom 1997 da 1998 wlebSic ver moxerxda saxelmwifo
saxazino valdebulebebis ZiriTadi parametrebis Sesruleba da dafiqsirebuli
saprocento ganakveTi araadekvaturad maRali iyo.
postkrizisuli viTareba 1999 postkrizisuli viTareba 1999 postkrizisuli viTareba 1999 postkrizisuli viTareba 1999 –––– 2003 ww.2003 ww.2003 ww.2003 ww.
47
wyaro: d. aslaniSvili, Jurnali “fasiani qaRaldebis bazari”, № 8, 2000. 48
wyaro: finansTa saministro, erovnuli bankis auqcionebi, 1997 da 1998 ww. saxelmwifo biujetis parametrebi. 49
wyaro: finansTa saministro, erovnuli banki, 1997 da 1998 ww. biujeti.
330
1999 wlis ganmavlobaSi erovnuli bankisa da finansTa saministros mier
SemuSavebul iqna rigi sakanonmdeblo normativi, ramac stimuli misca saqarT-
velos bankebs, ufro aqtiuri monawileoba mieRoT saxazino valdebulebaTa
auqcionebSi.
1999 wlis agvistoSi komerciul bankebs neba daerToT erovnul bankSi
moziduli saxsrebis savaldebulo rezervis 2% SeevsoT saxazino valdebulebebSi
investirebis gziT. aRniSnul saxsrebze erovnuli banki aricxavda 10% wliur
ganakveTs, rac, bunebrivia, yvela bankis interesSi Sedioda (am normis gareSe
procenti mozidul saxsrebs saerTod ar ericxeboda).
am periodis mTliani saqarTvelos sabanko sivrcis masStabiT, aRniSnuli
Tanxa 4 milion lars aWarbebda da 1999 wels 18 agvistos ganaxlebul saxazino
valdebulebaTa pirvel emisiaze, romlis odenoba 500 000 lari iyo, xolo
vadianoba 28 dRe, saprocento ganakveTi dafiqsirda saSualod 14,76% ganakveTiT.
meore 28 dRian auqcionze, romelic 1999 wlis 15 seqtembers gaimarTa, emisiis
moculoba 700 000 lari iyo. saSualo saprocento ganakveTi – 13,62%. oqtomberSi
Sedga samTviani emisia, romlis moculoba 900 000 lari iyo, xolo saSualo
saprocento ganakveTi – 15,84%. cxadia, emisiis aseTi simcire da aRniSnuli norma-
tiuli aqti ganapirobebda saprocento ganakveTis mcire procents. amasTanave,
laris kursis cvlileba ver axdenda raime gavlenas aRniSnul parametrze. Tumca,
es RonisZiebebi ver ganaviTarebda aRniSnul bazars da aseTi moculobiT ver
iqceoda biujetis Sevsebis realur wyarod. sul 1999 wlis ganmavlobaSi
ganTavsebul iqna 4.8 mln laris emisia. amis miuxedavad, bolo 3 Tvian auqcionze,
romlis moculoba 1 mln lari iyo, moTxovnam mxolod 148 000 lari Seadgina, anu
kvlav dafiqsirda emisiis arSevsebis faqti.
momdevno 2000 wels emisiebis moculobam da auqcionebis intensiurobam imata.
gaizarda bankebis aqtiuroba. 2000 wels saprocento ganakveTi meryeobda 6-dan 48
wliur procentamde 28 da 91 dRian saxazino valdebulebebze. 2000 wels
gamoSvebulma emisiam 36.7 mln lari Seadgina50.
2001 wels momxdari saprocento dinamika da arsebuli mdgomareoba ukve
saprocento gangaSis niSnebs Seicavda. jamurad emisiam 39.7 mln lari Seadgina,
Tumca saprocento ganakveTi 14-dan 109 procentamde meryeobda. aRsaniSnavia, rom
2001 wlis meore naxevarSi Sewyda 28 dRiani saxazino valdebulbebeis emisia da
aqcenti 91 dRian saxazino valdebulebebze iqna gadatanili.
viTareba ufro daiZaba momdevno 2002 wels. am wels momxdari ambebi
klasikuri finansuri piramidis magaliTia:
jamurma emisiam 257 mln lars gadaaWarba, xolo moTxovna 353 mln lari iyo.
xSiri iyo auqcionebis saerTod arSevsebis faqtebi, xolo maqsimalurma procentma
erT auqcionze 390.99 procenti wliuri Seadgina! ra Tqma unda, aseTi viTareba
saWiroebs rig ganmartebas. pirvel rigSi, gaugebaria aseT pirobebSi ratom
agrZelebda saqarTvelos finansTa saministro da saqarTvelos erovnuli banki
emisiebs, rodesac SeeZlo gacilebiT iafad moezida resursi (Tu amis saWiroeba
iyo) saerTaSoriso institutebidan. Emeore sakiTxia qarTuli bankebis resursis
siZvire, romlebic am periodSi 40 – 50% wliuri momgebianobis farglebSi
muSaobdnen, xolo mesame sakiTxia, rom procentebis siZvires ganapirobebda
50
wyaro: “saqarTvelos sainvesticio jgufi”, saxazino valdebulebebis bazris 2002 wlis mimoxilva, www.investgroup.ge.
331
saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis mkacri fulad-sakredito politika, rac ar aZlevda
komerciul bankebs saSualebas, ufro iafad moezidaT resursi da ganeTavsebinaT
is saxelmwifo fasian qaRaldebSi. amasTanave, imata auqcionebis odenobam _
Catarda 58 auqcioni, anu yovel kviras xorcieldeboda emisia, rvajer 2002 wlis
ganmavlobaSi erT dRes ori sxvadasxva vadis saxazino valdebulebaTa emisiis
ganTavseba xorcieldeboda, rac arakompetenturi politikisa (ar sruldeboda
emisiis grafiki) da moqmedi sakanonmdeblo bazis Sedegi iyo. am viTarebam
investorebSi Camoayaliba saxazino valdebulebis mimarT orgvari moTxovna –
saemisio Tanxa da sidide, vadianoba, Tumca ganmsazRvreli iyo investirebis
saprocento ganakveTi. realurad, bazarze spekulaciurma, e.w. `cxelma” fulma
moikida fexi da auqcionebSi ZiriTadi iyo investorisTvis maRali sargeblis
(procentis) miReba. am wlebSi moqmedma finansTa saministrosa da erovnuli bankis
xelmZRvanelobam emisiis grafikis Sedgenisas arc sezonuri faqtorebi gaiTva-
liswines, rodesac qarTul komerciul bankebs gansakuTrebiT uWirT resursis
gacema (zamTris periodi) da xSir SemTxvevaSi emisiebi saerTod Seuvsebeli
rCeboda (ministrebi daviT onofriSvili, zurab noRaideli, erovnuli bankis
prezidenti irakli managaZe). anu emisiebis dagegmvasa da ganTavsebaSi seriozuli
problemebi dafiqsirda. miuxedavad emisiebis zrdis aseTi tempisa da saocrad
didi saprocento ganakveTisa, jamuri Sida “cocxali” vali 2002 wlis bolos
mxolod 57.5 mln lari iyo51, xolo 200 mln laris emisia wina da mimdinare
periodis emisiaTa gadafarvas moxmarda.
2003 wels emisiis moculobam mcire kleba ganicada – gamoSvebul iqna 222.1
mln saxazino valdebuleba, Catarda 49 auqcioni, jamurma moTxovnam 369 mln lars
gadaaWarba. 2003 wlis bolos dadga Semdegi Sedegi – jamuri Sida vali 73.5 mln
lars gautolda. imata auqcionebis saSualo vadianobam da man 131.43 dRe Seadgina.
2003 wels dafiqsirebulma maqsimalurma saprocento ganakveTma 198 procenti
wliuri Seadgina. 2003 wels mxolod valis momsaxurebaze 30 mln lari iqna
gaxarjuli, rac rigi saministroebis 2003 wlis wliur biujets utoldeboda an
aRemateboda.
2003 wels, analogiurad 2002 wlisa, pasuxgaucemelia kiTxvebi, Tu ratom ar
SeCerda emisiebi, ratom gagrZelda mkacri fulad-sakredito politika, ratom ar
amuSavda diskontis zeda zRvari da ratom Sedga iseTi ganTavsebis grafiki,
romelic realobas ar pasuxobda.
aRsaniSnavia, rom situacia SedarebiT gamosworda 2003 wlis bolo
kvartalSi, radgan mimdinare mwvave politikurma procesebma xeli SeuSala
auqcionebis Catarebas da Sida vali 90 mln laridan 73.5 mln-mde iqna dayvanili52.
saxazino valdebulebebi bazari axal politikur realiebSi 2004 saxazino valdebulebebi bazari axal politikur realiebSi 2004 saxazino valdebulebebi bazari axal politikur realiebSi 2004 saxazino valdebulebebi bazari axal politikur realiebSi 2004 –––– 2005 ww.2005 ww.2005 ww.2005 ww.
2004 wlidan moyolebuli, saxazino valdebulebebis bazars gamkacrebuli
administrirebis pirobebSi sxva daniSnuleba mieniWa. am wlidan moyolebuli,
saxelmwifo biujetis Sevseba da mimdinare xarjebis gastumreba saxazino
valdebulebebis emisiis gziT aRar xorcieldeboda da xazinas aRar esaWiroeboda
didi odenobiT Sida valis aReba.
51
wyaro: “saqarTvelos sainvesticio jgufi”, saxazino valdebulebebis bazris 2002 wlis mimoxilva www.investgroup.ge. 52
wyaro: saqarTvelos erovnuli banki, Sps “saqarTvelos sainvesticio jgufi”, saxazino valdebulebebis bazris 2003 wlis wliuri mimoxilva – www.investgroup.ge; saqarTvelos erovnuli banki – www.nbg.ge.
332
es saprocento ganakveTebis dinamikazec aisaxa. gansakuTrebiT es 2004 wlis
meore naxevarSi aRiniSna. gamoSvebul iqna 139.3 mln laris saxazino valdebuleba,
xolo saprocento ganakveTi meryeobda 11-dan 42.7-mde. saSualo procentma ki 28.5
Seadgina. saxazino valdebulebebis saSualo vada erT wels gautolda.
2005 wels emisiam mxolod 34.9 mln lari Seadgina. minimalurma ganakveTma 7.9
procenti Seadgina, xolo maqsimalurma _ 19.9 procenti. 2005 wlis bolo
auqcionze Tavi iCina bankebis “SeTanxmebulma” poziciam da ganakveTi wina
auqcionTan SedarebiT, yovelgvari gare faqtorebis gareSe, 9-dan 20 procentamde
iqna `aweuli”, rac arsebuli arajansaRi wesebis da bankebis privilegirebuli
mdgomareobis arsebobis brali iyo. am faqtorebis, aseve saxelmwifo biujetis
deficitis mcire moculobis da am gziT moziduli resursis siZvire
saerTaSoriso bazarTan SedarebiT _ saerTaSoriso bazari – 3 – 5 % wliuri
ganakveTi53, xolo saqarTvelos pirobebSi _ 18 – 20 procenti wliuri54, aseve
qveyanaSi Semosuli investiciebis bumis pirobebSi, miRebul iqna gadawyvetileba
saxazino valdebulebebis emisiis Sewyvetis Taobaze. am mxriv pasuxgaucemelia, Tu
ratom ar moxda 2004 wlis dasawyisSi emisiebis Sewyveta, radgan biujetSi
resursis mobilizeba problemas aRar warmoadgenda.
ucnobia, Tu ratom moxda emisiebis Sewyveta mxolod 2005 wlis meore
naxevarSi. am instrumentis meSveobiT savsebiT realuri iyo dabal procentSi
damatebiTi resursis mozidva. saxazino valdebuleba antiiflaciuri instrumentia
da erovnul banks SeeZlo am instrumentiT inflaciis ukeT marTva. amasTanave,
investorTa damatebiT interess gauRvivebda saxelmwifo fasiani qaRaldebis
SeZena da es gazrdida saqarTvelos sainvesticio mimzidvelobas. am mxriv
sakamaToa saqarTvelos finansta saministrosa da saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis
2004 – 2005 wlebSi warmoebuli politika saxazino valdebulebebis mimarT.
saxazino osaxazino osaxazino osaxazino obligaciebis gamoSveba 2006 bligaciebis gamoSveba 2006 bligaciebis gamoSveba 2006 bligaciebis gamoSveba 2006 –––– 2007 ww.2007 ww.2007 ww.2007 ww.
2005 wlis bolodan ekonomikuma gamococxlebam da finansuri administ-
rirebis gamkacrebam, rasac Tan erTvoda investiciebis Semodineba, xeli Seuwyo
saqarTvelos mTavrobas, daewyo wina periodebSi dagrovili valis
`seqiuritizaciis” procesi.
saqarTvelos mTavrobam da saqarTvelos erovnulma bankma 2006 wlis 20 marts
gaaformes SeTanxmeba “saqarTvelos mTavrobis saqarTvelos erovnuli bankisadmi
davalianebis dafarvis RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb”, romlis safuZvelze, 2006 wlis 17
maiss saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis mimarT arsebuli saqarTvelos mTavrobis 832.9
mln laris davalianebidan 48 mln lari yovelwliurad gadaformdeba
“obligaciebad”, romelTa vadianoba aris 16 – 60 Tve. davalianeba srulad daifa-
reba 2030 wels. aRniSnuli obligaciebi, erovnul banks SeuZlia gamoiyenos Ria
bazris operaciebisaTvis. amis safuZvelze 2006 da 2007 ww. bazarze gamotanili da
gayiduli iyo 58 mln saxazino obligacia, romlis sakupono saprocento ganakveTi
13% wliuri iyo, xolo TviT saxazino obligaciis wliuri diskonti 11 – 15%
farglebSi iyo moqceuli55. 2008 da 2009 wels saxazino obligaciebis emisias
adgili ar hqonia.
2009 2009 2009 2009 –––– 2012 ww. emisiebi2012 ww. emisiebi2012 ww. emisiebi2012 ww. emisiebi
53
wyaro: www.bloomberg.com; www.cnn.com. 54
wyaro: saqarTvelos erovnuli banki www.nbg.ge. 55
wyaro: saqarTvelos erovnuli banki www.nbg.ge.
333
2009 wels ganaxlda saxazino valdebulebebis emisia. Seicvala auqcionis
Catarebis meTodebi, SemoRebul iqna diskontis zeda zRvari, auqcionebis Catareba
xorcieldeba eleqtronuli sistema – Bloomberg –is meSveobiT. samwuxarod, dRemde
ver moxerxda saxazino valdebulebebis sajaroobis mTavari damabrkolebeli
faqtoris – maTi Ria da farTo wrisaTvis xelmisawvdomobis sakiTxis gadawyveta.
maTi ganTavseba da gadayidva mxolod komerciuli bankebis privilegiia.
gatarebulma administrirebam da gansakuTrebiT diskontis zeda zRvarma,
agreTve krizisis pirobebSi bankebSi arsebuli Tanxebis investirebis sirTuleebma
(problemebi sakredito kuTxiT) radikalurad Secvala viTareba.
2009 wels agvistodan dekembramde Catarda 28 auqcioni, jamuri saemisio
TanxiT 270 mln lari, vadianoba meryeobda 6 (eqvsi) Tvidan 1 wlamde. saprocento
ganakveTi meryeobda 4-dan 8.72 procent wliuramde, xolo saSualo wliuri
ganakveTi 5.6-dan 6.3 procent wliuramde56. rasakvirvelia, es saprocento ganakveTi
gacilebiT ufro misaRebia, vidre wina periodSi arsebuli dinamika, Tumca aq
didad gavlena iqonia saxelmwifos mxridan bankebze gacemulma didi odenobiT
daxmarebam da sesxebma. 2008 wlis omis Semdgom periodSi donorebis mier
gamoyofilma resursebma, erovnuli bankis mxridan qarTuli bankebis dafinansebis
(sesxis gacemis mxriv, Semxvedri transaqciebis saxiT) politikam da msoflio
ekonomikurma krizisma ganapiroba es saprocento dinamika. Tu amas davumatebT
krizisis gamo Seqmnil umZimes sakredito fons da argadaxdebis (vergadaxdebis)
problemas mcire, saSualo da msxvili biznesis mxridan komerciul bankebze,
naTelia, rom komerciulma bankebma gacilebiT usafrTxo, Tumca dabalSemo-
savliani saxazino valdebulebebi arCies ekonomikis realuri seqtoris dafinan-
sebis sanacvlod. es tendencia momdevno periodSic gagrZelda. 2010 wels Catarda
42 auqcioni, xolo jamurma saemisio Tanxam 463 mln lari Seadgina, vadianoba
meryeobda 6 (eqvsi) Tvidan 1 wlamde. saprocento ganakveTi gacilebiT meti rxevis
mqone iyo 2009 welTan SedarebiT da is wliur 3.91-dan 15.42-mde meryeobda, xolo
Tviuri saSualo saprocento ganakveTi wliuri 5.2-dan 13.2-mde icvleboda. aqtiuri
iyo saxazino obligaciebis bazaric – misma moculobam 145 mln lari Seadgina,
xolo vadam 2 weli. wliuri ganakveTi 9.37-dan 15.9 procentamde meryeobda, xolo
kuponis ganakveTi 10.2-dan 15.6 wliur procentamde57.
2010 wlis da 2009 wlis Sedegis Sedarebisas TvalsaCinoa moziduli
resursisa da misi saprocento ganakveTis zrda, rac situaciis gauaresebas
mowmobs.
2011 wels 163 mln saxazino obligacia iqna ganTavsebuli. saprocento
ganakveTisa da kuponis Semosavlianoba ar gauaresebula 2010 welTan SedarebiT.
amasTanave, moxerxda 5 (xuT) wliani saxazino obligaciebis ganTavsebac. am mxriv
moxerxda saxazino obligaciebis grZelvadianobis principis gaZliereba. 2011 wels
gamoSvebuli saxazino valdebulebebis jamuri emisia 250 mln lari iyo, xolo
saprocento ganakveTi gajerda saSualo wliuri 9 – 11 procentis farglebSi58.
anu 2011 wels moxerxda saxazino valdebulebebis bazris gafarToeba,
saprocento ganakveTis stabilizeba da garkveuli daweva.
56
wyaro: saqarTvelos erovnuli banki, saqarTvelos finansTa saministro. 57
wyaro: saqarTvelos erovnuli banki, saqarTvelos finansTa saministro. 58
wyaro: saqarTvelos erovnuli banki, saqarTvelos finansTa saministro.
334
2012 wels grZeldeba saxazino valdebulebebisa da obligaciebis
grZelvadianobis procesis gaZliereba da saprocento ganakveTis Semcireba. 2012
wlis aprilis miwuruls 115 mln laris saxazino obligacia iqna ganTavsebuli,
maT Soris pirvelad moxerxda 10 (aTi) wliani obligaciis gamoSveba. SedarebiT
iklo saxazino valdebulebebis emisiam da 2012 wlis bolos mxolod 40 mln lari
Seadgina, xolo saprocento ganakvTma iklo 6.8 procentamde.
dajamebuli suraTi Semdegia: saqarTvelos erovnuli bankisa da saqarTvelos
finansTa saministros oficialuri informaciis Tanaxmad, 2012 wlis 30 aprilis
mdgomareobiT, saxelmwifo biujetSi 673 mln laria moziduli saxazino
valdebulebaTa da obligaciebis emisiebis gziT
daskvnadaskvnadaskvnadaskvna
1997 wlidan dawyebuli qarTuli saxelmwifo saxazino valdebulebisa da
saxazino obligaciis emisia da ganviTarebis istoriis etapebis mimoxilva
cxadyofs, rom am instrumentma kardinaluri cvlilebebi da Sinaarsobrivi
transformacia ganicada. dReis mdgomareobiT es instrumenti nawilobriv
pasuxobs misi gamoSvebis rig amocanas, Tumca arasrulad. kvlav rCeba rigi
problema, rogorc praqtikuli, aseve Teoriuli kuTxiT, rac xels uSlis
saxelmwifo fasian qaRalds misi ganviTarebs gzaze:
1. is aris moTxovnadi investorTa farTo wris mier, Tumca ar aris
xelmisawvdomi, advilad gayidvadi da gadayidvadi instrumenti, radgan mxolod
komerciul bankebs aqvT pirveladi dileris ufleba;
2. is iqca saxelmwifo biujetis deficitis Sevsebis wyarod, Tumca
arasakmarisad dabalprocentiania, ar aris adekvaturad grZelvadiani da Seicavs
savaluto, inflaciur da rig sxva risks;
3. is aris erovnuli bankis instrumenti Ria bazris operaciebis warmoebis
dros, Tumca jerjerobiT ver xerxdeba misi srulyoflad gamoyeneba
cxrili 1. 1997 cxrili 1. 1997 cxrili 1. 1997 cxrili 1. 1997 –––– 2012 ww. saxazino valdebulebebsa da obligaciebze 2012 ww. saxazino valdebulebebsa da obligaciebze 2012 ww. saxazino valdebulebebsa da obligaciebze 2012 ww. saxazino valdebulebebsa da obligaciebze
dafiqsirebuli wliuri maqsimdafiqsirebuli wliuri maqsimdafiqsirebuli wliuri maqsimdafiqsirebuli wliuri maqsimaluri saprocento ganakveTebialuri saprocento ganakveTebialuri saprocento ganakveTebialuri saprocento ganakveTebi
weli 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2009 2010 2011
maqsi-
maluri
pro-
centi
60 60 24 47.8 109.9 390.99 198.77 42.7 19.8 15 11 8.72 15.9 15.5
Aslanishvili David
STATE SECURITIES MARKET IN GEORGIA, ITS FUNCTIONING , HISTORY AND LESSONS SUMMARY
In this article is shown the historical trends of Georgian State Securities market and its tools -
Georgian Treasury Bills and Georgian Treasury Bonds. The mission of this Article is the monitoring of the market, its tendency and rates, state policy, rules, participants and market transparency. Here is shown the past and the present conditions, obstacles and importance of State Securities for the country development and for the investment attractiveness.
335
Tamar bedTamar bedTamar bedTamar bedoSvilioSvilioSvilioSvili
qeTevan facinaSviliqeTevan facinaSviliqeTevan facinaSviliqeTevan facinaSvili globalizaciis procesebi msoflio turizmSiglobalizaciis procesebi msoflio turizmSiglobalizaciis procesebi msoflio turizmSiglobalizaciis procesebi msoflio turizmSi
XX saukunis dasasruls gaCnda axali tipis ekonomika _ globaluri
ekonomika. misi ganmasxvavebeli Tavisebureba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom ekonomikuri
saqmianobis yvela ZiriTadi saxe – saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoeba da
moxmareba, marTva, informaciisa da teqnologiebis gavrceleba, bazrebis funqcio-
nireba – xorcieldeba globaluri masStabiT. m. kastelsi globalur ekonomikas
gansazRvravs, rogorc “ekonomikas, romelsac Seswevs unari, imuSaos rogorc
erTianma sistemam realuri drois reJimSi mTeli planetis masStabiT”. globali-
zaciis safuZvlad iTvleba msoflio meurneobis internacionalizaciis procesi.
turizmma, rogorc saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebis erT-erTma formam,
amJamad uzarmazar masStabebs miaRwia da misi wili msoflios momsaxurebis
eqsportis struqturaSi ganuxrelad izrdeba.
globalizaciis procesebi turistul bazarze Semdegi niSnebiT xasiaTdeba:
teqnologiebis SecvliT, satransporto infrastruqturis modernizaciiT, saqmiani
aqtiurobis internacionalizaciiT, saerTaSoriso turizmis regulirebis meqa-
nizmis SeqmniT.
globalur ekonomikaSi did rols TamaSobs eleqtronuli komercia. tur-
biznesSi eleqtronulma vaWrobam SeiZleba radikalurad Secvalos turpro-
duqtebis warmoeba da gavrceleba, moTxovnilebis mocilebiT iseT damatebiT
struqturebSi, rogoricaa ganmanawilebeli qselebi, turoperatorebi _ biTumad
movaWreebi da turagentebi. telekomunikaciuri da informaciuli teqnologiebi
SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs, miviRoT informacia nebismieri manZilidan da drois
nebismier reJimSi, maT Soris online-Sic. swrafi tempebiT gaizrdeba turistebis
satransporto momsaxurebis industria.
globalur integraciul procesebSi aqtiur rols TamaSoben transnacio-
naluri kompaniebi. XX saukunis ukanaskneli meoTxedis saerTaSoriso korporaci-
ebi msoflio ekonomikisa da saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri damokidebulebebis
ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanes elementad iTvleba. bolo aTwleulSi maTi mZafri
ganviTareba asaxavs saerTaSoriso konkurenciis gamwvavebas, Sromis saerTaSoriso
ganawilebis gaRrmavebas.
90-iani wlebis bolosTvis msoflioSi 60 aTasamde saerTaSoriso kompania
funqcionirebda. isini TavianTi qveynebis sazRvrebs gareT 250 aTasamde Svilobil
sawarmos akontrolebdnen. TiTqmis yvela umsxvilesi transnacionaluri kor-
poracia erovnuli kuTvnilebis mixedviT “triadas” – sam ekonomikur centrs: aSS-
s, EC-is (wynari okeanis) qveynebs da iaponias miekuTvneba.
turistul transnacionalur kompaniebs SeuZliaT Secvalon mogzaurobebis
Siga bazris struqtura da turistuli produqtis warmoebis rentabeloba. jer
erTierTierTierTi, patara qveyanaSi, sadac turizmis bazris tevadoba ar aris sakmarisi
warmoebis masStabidan ekonomiis misaRebad, meoremeoremeoremeore, transnacionaluri kompaniebi
investiciebs mimarTaven im destinaciebSi, romlebic uzrunvelyofs zRvrulad
maRal Semosavlebs da amiT xels uwyobs turizmis erovnul industriaSi Cadebul
kapitalze saSualo Semosavlis zrdas. mesamemesamemesamemesame, nakadSi gasvliTi turizmis
produqtebis warmoebaSi CaSvebiT isini agdeben fasebis dones Siga bazarze.
336
meoTxemeoTxemeoTxemeoTxe, gasvliT turizmze daxelovnebuli transnacionaluri kompaniebi
bazirebis qveynis bazarze monopolistur sargeblobas iReben. Tuki mas aqvs
oligopoliuri struqtura, korporaciebi erTiandebian blokebSi TavianTi
sabazro poziciebis dasacavad. da, bolosbolosbolosbolos, transnacionaluri kompaniebi erovnul
ekonomikaze Sualedur zegavlenas axdenen turistuli nakadebis saSualebiT.
turizmi qveynis ekonomikis mniSvnelovani dargia da imarTeba ekonomikuri
kanonebiT. swored amitom, turizmma qveynis ekonomikur blokSi misi kuTvnili
prioritetuli adgili unda daikavos. saqarTvelos strategiuli kvlevebisa da
ganviTarebis centris mier ucxoel investorebsa da adgilobriv mewarmeTa Soris
Catarebulma gamokiTxvam, Tu romeli dargebi miaCniaT perspeqtiul dargebad
saqarTveloSi, romelTa ganviTarebac momgebiani iqneba qveynisaTvis da am sferoSi
dasaqmebuli mewarmeebisaTvis, _ daadastura turizmis prioritetuloba.
gamokiTxulTa 66%-ma yvelaze perspeqtiul dargad turizmi daasaxela.
bolo 50 welia msoflioSi turizmis ganviTarebis tempebi da masStabebi
ramdenjerme aWarbebs zogadad ekonomikis ganviTarebis tempebsa da masStabebs.
sainteresoa, rom analogiuri suraTia saqarTveloSic, miuxedavad imisa, rom
qveyana jer kidev turizmis ganviTarebis sawyis etapze imyofeba da jerovani
yuradReba dargis ganviTarebas jer kidev ar eniWeba, saqarTveloSic saerTo
ekonomikis zrdis tempebs (2000 wlidan dawyebuli) 2-3 jer aWarbebs turizmisa da
misi infrastruqturis ganviTarebis tempebi (amaze miuTiTebs ekonomikis
saministrosa da statistikis uwyebis oficialuri monacemebic).
saerTaSoriso turizmis, rogorc siRaribesTan brZolis instrumentis,
gamoyeneba perspeqtiulia ganviTarebadi bazrebisaTvis, sadac didia umuSevroba da
didi raodenobiTaa gadauWreli regionuli problemebi. rodesac sakiTxs
vixilavT turizmis ganviTarebisa da ekonomikaSi misi rolis Sesaxeb, ar SeiZleba
gverdi avuaroT regionebis ganviTarebis problemas, miT umetes iseTi qveynisaTvis,
rogoricaa saqarTvelo, romelic mravalferovani regionuli infrastruqturiT
xasiaTdeba da sadac didi turistuli resursuli potencialia gamoyenebuli.
saqarTvelos regionebis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove maRalkontrastuli diferen-
ciaciis pirobebSi metad aqtualuria saxelmwifos mizandasaxuli monawileoba da
aqtiuri saqmianoba qveynis teritoriuli ganviTarebis regulirebis procesSi.
kerZod, saqarTvelos regionebis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis strategiis
ZiriTadi prioritetis gamosavlenad, qveynis regionuli ganviTarebis SesaZlo
gamoTanabrebis kriteriumebis Camoyalibebisa da maTi realizaciis sameurneo
meqanizmebis asamoqmedeblad.
regionuli socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis problemebis kvlevis
msoflio gamocdileba adasturebs, rom dReisaTvis ar arsebobs regionuli
ganviTarebis romelime dominirebadi modeli. regionuli ekonomikuri sistemis
ganviTarebis Sesaxeb qarTul ekonomikur mecnierebaSi mravali sayuradRebo
Teoria da koncefcia arsebobs, magram, cxadia, rom regionuli socialur-
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis problemebis mogvareba globalizaciis pirobebSi marto
erovnul tradiciebze dayrdnobiT SeuZlebelia. Sesabamisad, obieqturi aucileb-
lobiT aris nakarnaxevi am mimarTulebiT mowinave ucxouri gamocdilebis
Seswavla da maTi gamoyeneba qveynis TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT.
XX saukuneSi ganviTarebuli integraciuli procesebis umniSvnelovanesi
miRweva iyo evrokavSiris warmoSoba da ganviTareba. misi evoluciis Seswavla
Zalian sasargebloa qveynis regionuli ekonomikis problemebis gagebisa da
337
regionuli ganviTarebis regulirebisaTvis. evrokavSiris regionuli politikis
ZiriTad formas warmoadgens programebi an erToblivi ganviTarebis gegmebi,
agreTve evrokavSiris sainiaciativo, anu sakuTari programebi.
turizmis ganviTareba saqarTvelos ekonomikis erT-erTi upirvelesi
gacxadebuli prioritetia. seqtori, romelsac udidesi Semosavlebis motana
SeuZlia da araerTi momijnave sferos ganviTarebisTvis seriozuli biZgis
mimcemic iqneba, dRes sakuTari potenciuri SesaZleblobebis minimaluri doziT
aris aTvisebuli. Tumca, bolo wlebis manZilze minimaluri zrda mainc
SeiniSneba. es ki, TavisTvad, xels uwyobs sistemis diversificirebas da sxvadasxva
tipis damsvenebelze orientirebuli sportuli, dasasvenebeli Tu gamajansaRebeli
kompleqsebis dagegmarebas da mSeneblobas.
Tanamedrove garemoSi turizms sul ufro meti da sapasuxismgeblo amocanebi
ekisreba, romelTagan gamovyofT turizmis, rogorc teritoriis imijis
formirebis faqtors. teritoriis dadebiTi saxe, anu misi imiji, brendi, yalibdeba
uamravi faqtoris zemoqmedebis Sedegad _ es aris ekonomikis ganviTarebis donec,
infrastruqturis, transportis, momsaxuris sferos ganviTarebis xarisxi,
rekreaciuli resursebis arseboba, teritoriis ekologiuri Sedgeniloba, aseve
misi saerTo investiciuri mimzidveloba. teritoriis dadebiTi imijis
formirebaze ufro met zegavlenas axdens ekonomikis zogadi mdgomareoba da
infrastruqturisa da momsaxurebis sferos ganviTarebis xarisxi.
gamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literatura
1. iakobiZe d. “saqarTvelo da msoflio finansuri krizisi” Tb., “komentari”,
2009.
2. kvaracxelia n. agroturizmi – saqarTvelos regionuli ekonomikis
ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi faqtori. Jurnali: “ekonomika”, #12, 2005.
3. margvelaSvili m. turizmis ganviTarebis marketinguli strategia
saqarTveloSi. sadisertacio naSromi. Tbilisi, 2002.
4. metreveli m. turizmis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba da misi ganviTarebis
perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi. sadisertacio naSromi, Tbilisi, 2001.
10. SublaZe v. saqarTveloSi turizmis ganviTarebis makroekonomikuri
regulirebis meqanizmi (siRaribis daZlevis konteqstSi). sadisertacio naSromi.
Tb., 2004.
11. CikvaiZe T. ekonomikuri globalizaciisa da integraciis axali paradigma:
arsi, problemebi, perspeqtivebi. J. “komersanti”, #2, 2007.
Bedoshvili Tamar
Patsinashvili Ketevan GLOBALIZATION PROCESSES IN WORLD TOURISM
SUMMARY
Tourism is one of the big economical, high income and very dynamical sphere, where are worked more than 260 million people. For its part comes 7% common volume of investments, 5% all income tax and third of commercial service. Tourism get influence on such junction sectors as are transport and communication, trade, building, rural economic, production public service’s goods at international tourism day – this is one sphere of social-economics, which will become fast development industry in many countries. Now world’s every seven working place comes at tourism business.
338
There are a lot of scientists’ works about problems of tourism development, which review deferent aspects of Georgia’s tourism resources. There are discussed scientific works of Georgian scientists: M. Metreveli, M. Margvelashvili, V. Shubladze, N. Kvaratskhelia and K. Arabuli, where is clearly shown modern world’s tourism demands and that real possibility, which Georgia has for integration at international tourism market.
natalia gverdwiTelinatalia gverdwiTelinatalia gverdwiTelinatalia gverdwiTeli mariam maTiaSvilimariam maTiaSvilimariam maTiaSvilimariam maTiaSvili
samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi, samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi, samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi, samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi,
rogorc inflaciisrogorc inflaciisrogorc inflaciisrogorc inflaciis gazomvis ZiriTadi instrumentigazomvis ZiriTadi instrumentigazomvis ZiriTadi instrumentigazomvis ZiriTadi instrumenti
sabazro urTierTobis pirobebSi fasebs gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
eniWeba ara marto sabazro procesebis normalurad warmarTvaSi, aramed misi
ganviTarebis (cvlilebebis) orientaciis gansazRvraSi. nebismieri saqmis
warmatebiT ganxorcieleba sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi SeuZlebelia fasebis
gonivruli politikis SemuSavebisa da praqtikuli ganxorcielebis gareSe.
statistikaSi fasebis doneTa cvlilebis (dinamikis) dasabuTebulad
Seswavla saindeqso meTodiT warmoebs. kerZod, angariSoben fasebis sxvadasxva
indeqss.
sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi xarisxobriv maCvenebelTa Soris gansakuT-
rebuli adgili ukavia samomxmareblo fasebis indeqss.
samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsis ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa samomxmareblo
saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze fasebis cvlilebis Sefaseba.
samomxmareblo fasebis saindeqso meTodi makroekonomikuri analizis erT-
erTi mniSvnelovani instrumentia. misi meSveobiT warmoebs inflaciis Sefaseba,
Semosavlebis indeqsacia, warmoebis mimdinare danaxarjebis donis, struqturisa
da dinamikis gansazRvra da sxva metad mniSvnelovani amocanebis gadawyveta.
fasebis indeqsi da inflaciis statistikuri gazomvafasebis indeqsi da inflaciis statistikuri gazomvafasebis indeqsi da inflaciis statistikuri gazomvafasebis indeqsi da inflaciis statistikuri gazomva
dReisaTvis samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi erTaderTi maCvenebelia, romlis
saSualebiTac izomeba qveyanaSi inflaciis done.
inflacia niSnavs fasebis saerTo donis amaRlebas, romelic ganpiro-
bebulia brunvaSi myofi fuladi masisa da misi saqonliT uzrunvelyofas Soris
wonasworobis darRveviT. disproporcia aRmocendeba sxvadasxva, erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebuli mizeziT, rogoricaa inflaciuri moTxovnis warmoSoba (fulis
emisia, romelic ar aris uzrunvelyofili saqonliT, mosaxleobis fuladi
Semosavlebis winmswrebi zrda warmoebis gadidebasTan SedarebiT da sxv.) da
danaxarjebis donis zrda (nedleulisa da masalebis fasebis zrda).
inflaciis adekvaturi Sefaseba SesaZlebelia mxolod maCvenebelTa efeqturi
sistemis gamoyenebiT. msoflio praqtikaSi inflaciis donis saerTo
daxasiaTebisaTvis gamoiyeneba ori maCvenebeli: samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi, samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi, samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi, samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi,
romelic saSualebas iZleva, Sefasdes inflaciis done samomxmareblo bazarze da
mTliani erovnuli produqtis deflatori (mTliani Sida produqtis dmTliani erovnuli produqtis deflatori (mTliani Sida produqtis dmTliani erovnuli produqtis deflatori (mTliani Sida produqtis dmTliani erovnuli produqtis deflatori (mTliani Sida produqtis deflatori eflatori eflatori eflatori
saqarTveloSi), saqarTveloSi), saqarTveloSi), saqarTveloSi), romelic afasebs inflaciis dones saxelmwifoSi warmoebuli da
339
moxmarebuli mTliani dovlaTis mixedviT. es maCvenebeli umetes qveynebSi
sistematurad cxaddeba (yovelTviurad, yovelkvartalurad an yovelwliurad).
samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi gaiangariSeba e. laspeiresis formulis
mixedviT. es formula wminda saxiT statistikaSi gamoiyeneba sacalo fasebis
indeqsis asagebad. am SemTxvevaSi inflaciis done nebismier periodTan SedarebiT
ganisazRvreba formuliT:
p1 aris saqonlis fasi mimdinare periodSi; p0 _ saqonlis fasi sabaziso
periodSi; q0 _ saqonlis moculoba sabaziso periodSi.
laspeiresis formula gviCvenebs axali fasebis (saangariSo periodis) da
Zveli fasebis (sabaziso periodis) Sefasebas sabaziso periodSi gayiduli
saqonlis masis mixedviT. e. laspeiresis indeqss dRes farTo gamoyeneba aqvs
samomxmareblo fasebis statistikur SeswavlaSi.
inflaciis dinamika (inflaciis tempi) ganisazRvreba inflaciis procentuli
normiT Semdegi formuliT:
sadac It aris samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi saangariSo periodSi;
It-1 – samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi sabaziso periodSi.
inflaciis norma uCvenebs, Tu ramdeni procentiT Seicvala inflaciis
done drois mocemul periodSi.
inflaciis gasazomad gamoiyeneba agreTve fuladi erTeulis
msyidvelobiTunarianobis indeqsi, romelic gviCvenebs, mocemul periodSi
ramdeniT gaufasurda an ganmtkicda fuladi erTeuli (erovnuli valuta). am dros
gamoiyeneba Sefaseba:
magaliTad, fasebis indeqsma 2006 wlis dekemberSi, 2005 wlis dekemberTan
SedarebiT, Seadgina 115.2 %. e. i. fasebi gaizarda 15.2%-iT. es ki imas niSnavs, rom
laris msyidvelobiTunarianoba Semcirda 13.2%-iT.
(1 - 0,868 ). 100 = 13,2%
q. TbilisSi inflaciis donisa da dinamikis Seswavlis mizniT, Cven
gavaanalizeT oficialuri statistikuri informacia. miRebulma Sedegebma naTeli
warmodgena Segviqmna bolo wlebSi q. TbilisSi mimdinare samomxmareblo fasebis
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340
cvlilebebsa da inflaciur procesebze. garda amisa, Cven CavatareT SedarebiTi
analizi Tbilisisa da saqarTvelos sxva didi qalaqebis mixedviT (quTaisi,
baTumi, gori da Telavi).
samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsis doneebi da inflaciis maCveneblebi qalaqebis
mixedviT mocemulia Semdeg cxrilSi:
samomxmareblo fasebis wliuri indeqsebi qalaqebis mixedviTsamomxmareblo fasebis wliuri indeqsebi qalaqebis mixedviTsamomxmareblo fasebis wliuri indeqsebi qalaqebis mixedviTsamomxmareblo fasebis wliuri indeqsebi qalaqebis mixedviT
((((dekemberi wina wlis dekemberTandekemberi wina wlis dekemberTandekemberi wina wlis dekemberTandekemberi wina wlis dekemberTan))))
aq sxvadasxva periodebTan mimarTebaSi ganvixilavT, qalaqebis mixedviT
gamoviTvliT da cxrilis saxiT warmovadgenT inflaciis tempis procentul
cvlilebas mocemul 5 qalaqSi:
inflaciis tempis proceinflaciis tempis proceinflaciis tempis proceinflaciis tempis procentuli cvlilebantuli cvlilebantuli cvlilebantuli cvlileba
samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsebis gaangariSebis Taviseburebani g. paaSes, e. samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsebis gaangariSebis Taviseburebani g. paaSes, e. samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsebis gaangariSebis Taviseburebani g. paaSes, e. samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsebis gaangariSebis Taviseburebani g. paaSes, e.
laspeiresisa da i. fiSeris indeqsebis gamoyenebiT laspeiresisa da i. fiSeris indeqsebis gamoyenebiT laspeiresisa da i. fiSeris indeqsebis gamoyenebiT laspeiresisa da i. fiSeris indeqsebis gamoyenebiT
XIX saukunis bolodan samomxmareblo fasebis statistikur kvlevaSi dRemde
warmatebiT gamoiyeneba mxolod ori formula: pirveli formula ekuTvnis
germanel statistikoss g. paaSes, xolo meore formulis avtoria misive Tana-
memamule e. laspeiresi.
wlebiwlebiwlebiwlebi TbilisiTbilisiTbilisiTbilisi quTaisiquTaisiquTaisiquTaisi baTumibaTumibaTumibaTumi gorigorigorigori TelaviTelaviTelaviTelavi 22000000 105,0 104,8 103,9 102,8 104,0
22000011 104,1 101,6 102,9 105,7 99,1
22000022 107,1 103,5 102,3 103,3 99,7
22000033 107,2 104,0 105,8 115,3 105,0 22000044 107,4 105,5 109,9 108,1 110,1
22000055 105,8 107,2 107,4 105,6 105,6
22000066 106,3 114,6 110,8 110,0 112,7
22000077 111,5 111,5 107,5 110,6 109,3
22000088 106 105,2 104,8 102,9 106,6
22000099 103,3 106,3 97,7 101,6 97,1
22001100 111,2 110,5 112,4 108,7 115,2
22001111 101,5 103,3 102,9 103,2 101,4
wlebiwlebiwlebiwlebi TbilisiTbilisiTbilisiTbilisi quTaisiquTaisiquTaisiquTaisi baTumibaTumibaTumibaTumi gorigorigorigori TelaviTelaviTelaviTelavi
22000044//22000000 1.5 1.1 2.5 2.9 2.5 22000055//22000000 1.2 1.5 1.9 2 1.4 22000066//22000000 1.3 3 2.8 3.6 3.2 22000055//22000044 0.8 1.3 0.7 0.7 0.6 22000066//22000055 1.08 2 1.5 1.8 2.3
341
samomxmareblo fasebis statistikur kvlevaSi, g. paaSesa da e. laspeiresis
indeqsebTan erTad, XX saukunis 20-iani wlebidan aseve gamoiyeneba amerikeli
ekonomistis i. fiSeris indeqsi. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom i. fiSeris indeqss
naklebi gamoyeneba aqvs, vidre e. laspeiresisa da g. paaSes indeqsebs.
g. paaSes, e. laspeiresisa da i. fiSeris indeqsebs gaaCnia gansxvavebuli
ekonomikuri Sinaarsi:
g. paaSes formula iZleva pasuxs kiTxvaze, Tu ramdenad Seicvala saqonelze
fasi sabaziso periodTan SedarebiT. anu paaSes formula gviCvenebs axali da
Zveli fasebis Sefardebas saangariSo periodSi gayiduli saqonlis masis mixedviT:
sadac p1 aris saqonlis fasi saangariSo periodSi (axali fasebi); p0 _
saqonlis fasi sabaziso periodSi; q1 – gayiduli saqonlis moculoba sabaziso
periodSi.
e. laspeiresis formula gviCvenebs axali fasebis (saangariSo periodis) da
Zveli fasebis (sabaziso periodis) Sefardebas sabaziso periodSi gayiduli
saqonlis masis mixedviT. e. laspeiresis indeqss dResac farTo gamoyeneba aqvs
samomxmareblo fasebis statistikuri Seswavlis msoflio praqtikaSi:
p1 aris saqonlis fasi
saangariSo periodSi; p0 _ saqonlis fasi sabaziso periodSi; q0 _ saqonlis
moculoba sabaziso periodSi.
i. fiSeris indeqsi warmoadgens kvadratul fesvs g. paaSesa da e. laspeiresis
indeqsebis namravlidan, e.i.:
anu
saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo statistikuri organoebi samomxmareblo fasebis
indeqss laspeiresis formulis safuZvelze iTvlian.
me-20 saukunis 90-iani wlebidan upiratesobas aniWebdnen paaSes samomxma-
reblo fasebis indeqss, magram 90-iani wlebis dasawyisidan laspeiresis indeqsi
poulobs met gamoyenebas inglisSi, germaniaSi, aSS-Si, ruseTsa da a.S.
sazRvargareTis Teoriasa da praqtikaSi inflaciis kvlevaSi saindeqso
meTodi jer kidev XIX saukunidan gamoiyeneba, Tumca maSin konkretuli indeqsebis
konstruqciebi SedarebiT mcire raodenobiT iyo. amJamad inflaciis SeswavlaSi
SesaZlebelia ukve mravali indeqsis modifikaciis gamoyeneba. maTgan farTod
gamoiyeneba germaneli mecnierebis _ paaSesa da laspeiresis mier sxvadasxva dros
Sedgenili agregatuli indeqsis formulebi. maTi gamoyenebis masStabebi sxvada-
∑∑=
10
11
qp
qpPI
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00
01
qp
qpPI
∑∑
∑∑ ×=
10
11
00
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qp
qp
qp
qpFI
Lp
ppFI Ι×Ι=
342
sxva qveyanaSi gansxvavebulia. magaliTad, saqarTveloSi oficialuri statisti-
kuri organoebi samomxmareblo fasebisa da inflaciis gasazomad umetesad
laspeiresis indeqss iyeneben. zogierT qveyanaSi, piriqiT, ufro farTo gamoyeneba
aqvs paaSes formulas. rac Seexeba fiSeris indeqss, misi praqtikaSi gamoyeneba
SezRudulia.
gamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literatura
1. gabiZaSvili b. statistika ekonomikaSi, biznessa da menejmentSi. me-4
Sevsebuli da gadamuSavebuli gamocema. “universali”, Tb., 2011.
2. fiSeri s., dornbuSi r., Smalenzi r. ekonomika IV tomi, Tb., 1998.
3. saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli. saqarTvelos statistikis
erovnuli samsaxuri. Tb., 2011.
4. Jurnali: “ekonomika da biznesi”, #6, 2011.
5. www.geostat.ge
6. www.nbg.gov.ge
7. www.presa.ge
Gverdtsiteli Natalia Matiashvili Mariam
CONSUMER PRICE INDEX, AS THE BASIC INSTRUMENT OF ME ASURING INFLATION SUMMARY
In the article we have discussed the percentage change of inflation according to the 5 basic cities in
Georgia (Tbilisi, Kutaisi, Batumi, Gori, Telavi). The ratio analysis has shown us that the highest percentage change of inflation is given in Kutaisi and the lowest one – in Telavi.
It is significant to study the inflation problem in each country. One of the basic instruments to solve this problem is statistical methods and among them – index methods. The official statistical organs in Georgia use the Laspeyres formula for measuring price index.
Завадская Юля РАЗВИТИЕ ОРГАНИЧЕСКОГО АГРОПРОИЗВОДСТВА В УСЛОВИЯХ ГЛОБАЛИЗАЦИИ
Развитие современной рыночной среды характеризуется усилением процессов глобализации,
без учета влияния которой построение конкурентоспособный бизнес практически не возможно. Начало изучения этого явления датируется 80-ми гг. прошлого века и носит весьма противоречивый характер. Переход к глобальному измерению построения экономических отношений стал возможен за счет достижений научно - технического прогресса и, как результат, прогрессивных общественных достижений, олицетворяет принципиально новые возможности решения насущных проблем человечества. Глобализация - явление неоднозначное, многоаспектное и наряду с проявлением положительных своих сторон привносит в международное экономическое пространство усиления негативных тенденций, существующих в нем. В частности, явление глобализации отождествляется с экспансией западноевропейскими странами мирового рынка, углублением поляризации мировой экономики, интенсификации техногенной нагрузки на окружающую среду и т.д. Так или иначе, глобализация является существенным внешним фактором определения вектора развития хозяйственной деятельности субъектами рыночной системы.
343
Параллельно с развитием процесса глобализации приобретает все большее распространение теория устойчивого развития. Эта теоретическая доктрина основывается на триедином подходе к развитию общества: экономической, социальной и экологической. Устойчивое развитие и глобализация носят противоречивый характер относительно друг друга. В основном, концепция устойчивого развития приобретает реализацию в рамках национальных экономик и дает возможность определенным образом нивелировать негативные проявления глобализационных процессов. В рамках парадигмы устойчивого развития развивается практика органического агропроизводства, что обеспечивает определенную возможность синхронизации развития обоих вышеуказанных процессов. В то же время, формирование рынка органической агропродовольственной продукции находится под существенным влиянием глобализации и выходит за пределы национальных экономик.
К проблематике развития органического производства все больше уделяется внимания. При этом, одни грани этого вопроса изучены в большей степени, другие – практически не затронуты. Определенные аспекты становления органического производства в условиях глобализации освещены в работах Е. Бойко, М. Кобеца, В. Артыш и др. Тем не менее, указанный вопрос изучен не в полной мере и нуждается в дальнейшем исследовании.
Целью исследования является изучение тенденций развития органического агропроизводства в условиях глобализации. Объектом исследования есть процесс развития рынка органической продукции в глобализированой экономической среде. Предметом исследования является совокупность теоретико-методологических и практических аспектов развития органического агропроизводства в условиях глобализации.
Теоретической и методологической основой исследования являются диалектический и системный методы познания процессов и явлений. Кроме того, в процессе исследования использовались такие общее и специальные методы как абстракции, обобщения и др.
Современная мировая экономика становится все более интегрированной, что обусловлено глобализацией. Это явление сопровождается повышением мобильности товаров, капитала, трудовых ресурсов и др. вне национальных рынков. Такие процессы приводят к интеграции национальных экономик, их взаимосвязи и взаимовлияния. По мнению некоторых ученых, сейчас происходит эволюция этих связей с учетом синергетического эффекта, что приводит к образованию нового качества функционирования экономической системы. Определяющим фактором явление глобализации является и при формировании рынков агропродольчих товаров. Не есть исключением рынок органической агропродовольственной продукции.
Органическое движение по своей сути нивелирует много отрицательных аспектов глобализации. Органическое сельское хозяйство выросло с фундаментальной критики промышленного способа производства продуктов питания, а именно из не учета промышленных методов хозяйствования экологической составляющей ввиду использования синтетических химических веществ, механизации, ирригации, стандартизации семян и др. Вследствие такого расхождения большинство организаций органического сельского хозяйства были вовлечены в движение антиглобалистов. Кроме того, явлению глобализация характерна способность крупных субъектов хозяйственной деятельности оказывать давление на малых производителей продукции относительно вопроса сокращения расходов, а не поиска направлений устойчивого улучшения качества. Эти тенденции отслеживаются и в органическом секторе [4].
Несмотря на существующие противоречия, рынок органической продукции также претерпевает глобальных изменений. Основанием к глобализации экономических явлений есть международное разделение труда за счет международной кооперации и специализации, позволяющие эффективно использовать имеющиеся ресурсы страны. Учитывая необходимость максимально удовлетворять спрос, всегда будет потребность импортировать и, соответственно, экспортировать органические продукты из-за сезонности и необходимости расширения ассортимента. Подтверждение этого факта дает сравнительная характеристика стран-лидеров по показателям спроса на органическую
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продукцию и количеству земель привлеченных под производство органической продукции в мире (табл. 1). Сейчас крупнейшие страны-потребители органической продукции практически не являются ее основными производителями.
Таблица 1 Страны-лидеры по показателям: спрос на органическую продукцию и количество земель
привлеченных под производством органической продукции в мире (на 01.01.2010)
Спрос на органическую продукцию Количество земель привлеченных под
производством органической продукции Страна млн. евро Страна млн. га
США 17835 Австралия 12,00 Германия 5800 Аргентина 4,40 Франция 3041 США 1,95 Великобритания 2065 Китай 1,85 Италия 1500 Бразилия 1,77 Канада 1284 Испания 1,33 Швейцария 1023 Индия 1,18 Япония 1000 Италия 1,11 Испания 905 Германия 0,95 Австрия 868 Уругвай 0,93
Источник: построено автором на основе [6]. Интегрированность органического сектора определенным образом осложняется наличием
регионального разграничения в системе стандартизации органической продукции. При этом, число стран, внедряющих национальные стандарты на органические продукты с целью протекционизма национальных производителей растет.
Способствует глобализации рынка органической продукции вхождение в указанную сферу известных транснациональных корпораций (ТНК) таких как Heinz, Danone, Pepsi Co. Большинство из этих компаний вошли в отрасль органической пищевой промышленности путем инвестирования в предприятия, занимающиеся производством органической продукции. Другим проявлением глобализации есть схожесть потребительского спроса. Хотя потребители покупают органические продукты под влиянием целого ряда причин, которые варьируются в зависимости от географических факторов региона, культуры и социально-экономических факторов, однако можно отметить некоторые общие характеристики в их поведении при выборе органических товаров. При этом, «глобальный» потребитель органической продукции проживает в городских районах, как правило, в большом городе, требователен к качеству, происхождению и методам производства продуктов питания, хорошо образован, имеет средний или высокий уровень дохода, который дает ему возможность платить за органические продукты [1].
Не все производители органической продукции смогут удержать свои позиции под давлением глобализации. Многие мелкие производители будут выбывать из этой сферы. Но те хозяйствующие субъекты, производство которых будет соответствовать стандартам, предъявляемым новыми условиям, получат большие возможности. Учитывая выше сказанное, предприятия, которые производят широкий ассортимент продукции целесообразно при таких обстоятельствах выбрать вектор на специализацию. Например, в Южном Тироле в Италии фермеры выращивали зерновые, абрикосы и многие продукты для собственного потребления. Сейчас на территории этой долины преобладают яблоневые сады. Некоторые из этих садов является органическими и каждое третье органическое яблоко, продаваемое в Европе происходит с Южного Тироля [3].
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Глобализация увеличивает возможности реализации органической продукции ее производителями на международном рынке. Рынок органической продукции, по состоянию на 2009 г. достигал 54,9 млрд. дол. США., При этом, отслеживается тенденция к дальнейшему его стремительному росту. Такая ситуация возникает в результате привлекательности органической продукции и для производителей и для потребителей за счет ряда своих специфических свойств.
Структура земель, привлеченных под производством органической продукции в мире за 2009 г. следующая: с 37,2 млн. га органических земель 23 млн. га составляют пастбища, 5,5 млн. га - пахотные земли (значительная доля используется для выращивания зерновых), 2,4 млн. га - многолетние культуры. Наиболее распространенные сельскохозяйственные органические культуры: кофе (0,54 млн. га), оливки (0,49 млн. га), какао (0,26 млн. га), орехи (0,2 млн. га) и виноград (0, 19 млн. га) [6]. Такая структура земель обусловлена и отражает структуру глобального спроса на органическую продукцию. В частности, это утверждение подтверждает распределение органических товаров в структуре потребления в странах ЕС, который сформирован следующим образом: 22% - молоко, молочные продукты и яйца, 17% - свежие фрукты и овощи, 11% - мясо, 11% - хлебопродукты, 10 % - вино, 5% - фруктовые и овощные соки, 3% - деликатесы, 1% - морепродукты, 1% - замороженные продукты, 19% - др. Структура рынка органических продуктов европейских стран, являющихся крупнейшими потребителями, приведена в табл. 2.
Таблица 2 Структура рынка органических продуктов европейских стран, 2009 г. (%)
Продукты Швейцария Германия Велико-британия
Франция Италия
Фрукты та овощи 18 36 32 27 29 Молочные продукты 9 17 24 16 21 Яйца 7 5 4 7 7 Мясо 8 14 9 9 7 Хлебобулочные изделия 16 15 9 16 8 Детское питание 8 9 15 10 18 Замороженные продукты 7 2 2 1 2 Другое 28 2 5 14 8
Источник: построено автором на основе [5; 6]. Датский исследовательский центр органических продуктов питания и сельского хозяйства
(DARCOF) инициировал проведение исследования потенциальной роли органического сельского хозяйства в глобальной перспективе. В результате, было обосновано принятие специальных правил торговли этой продукцией в рамках ВТО как один из методов содействия распространению органической продукции и упрощения доступа товаропроизводителей на различные рынки [2]. Такой подход позволит упростить развитие глобального рынка органической продукции. Однако, при осуществлении указанного предложения необходимо будет значительное внимание уделить вопросу гибкости и возможности адаптировать эти стандарты к разным условиям ведения хозяйственной деятельности.
Учитывая, что рынок органической продукции возник относительно недавно и находится на стадии своего становления, то очевидным является тот факт, что он содержит значительное количество незаполненных ниш. Конечно, выход в новую сферу бизнеса обусловлен значительной рискованностью ведения такой деятельности. Как отмечает Ю. Пахомов, страна, которая войдет в глобальное пространство «проложенной лыжней», может еще снять некоторые сливки и одновременно избежать потерь от рисков, неизбежных для первопроходцев [7]. Однако, несомненным является наличие многочисленных преимуществ позиции «первопроходца». Выход на рынок органической продукции субъектам хозяйствования предоставляет потенциальные
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возможности для приобретения доминирующего положения на нем и превращения в дальнейшем на влиятельных субъектов глобальной экономики.
Таким образом, развитие мировой экономической системы вышло на новый качественный этап формирования, обусловленный влиянием глобализационных процессов. Глобализация носит весьма противоречивый характер и вызывает ряд как положительных так и отрицательных сдвигов. Диспаритет условий жизни, углубления социального неравенства, ухудшение состояния окружающей среды вызвали появление и распространение теории устойчивого развития, и, в соответствии с ней, развитее ряда экологощадящих методов ведения хозяйственной деятельности. Одним из таких методов является производство органической продукции.
Рынок органической продукции находится под влиянием международных трансформаций и синхронизируется с процессами, происходящими в глобальном пространстве. Глобальное измерение рынка органической продукции дает возможность уравновешивать глобальный спрос и глобальную предложение на органические товары. Сейчас отслеживаются родственные характеристики потребителей органической продукции в мире, что дает основания утверждать о создании «глобального» потребителя. Ассортимент органической продукции, представленный на международном рынке, отличается в зависимости от региона. Дальнейшее развитие глобального рынка органической продукции осложняется отсутствием специальных унифицированных правил торговли, принятых в рамках международных организаций.
ЛИТЕРАТУРА
1. Globalisation of the Organic Food Industry [Электронний ресурс]. – Режим доступу до докум.: http://www.organicmonitor.com/r1407.htm
2. Global Development of Organic Agriculture: Challenges and Promises [Электронний ресурс]. – Режим доступу до докум.: http://orgprints.org/view/projects/DA3-GLOBALORG.html
3. Globalisation as a Challenge or Opportunity for Organic Farming [Электронний ресурс]. – Режим доступу до докум.: http://orgprints.org/view/projects/DA3-GLOBALORG.html
4. Organic Agriculture and Globalization [Электронний ресурс]. – Режим доступу до докум.: http://www.ifoam.org/organic_facts/politics/pdfs/OA_Globalization_ Background Paper.pdf
5. The Organic Market in Europe. [Электронний ресурс]. – Режим доступу до докум.: http://www.sippo.ch/internet/osec/en/home/import/publications/food.-ContentSlot-98296-ItemList-61735-File.File.pdf/SIPPO_Manual_18.04.2011_final.pdf
6. Willer, Helga and Lukas Kilcher (Eds.) (2011) The World of Organic Agriculture. Statistics and Emerging Trends 2011. FiBL-IFOAM Report. IFOAM, Bonn and FiBL, Frick].
7. Пахомов Ю. Україна і виклик глобалізації / Ю. Пахомов // День. – 2001. – №189 (07.08.01). – С. 2.
Zavadskaya Yuliya
ORGANIC AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION’S DEVELOPMENT UNDER GLOBALIZATION
SUMMARY
In this article conditions of organic production market’s formation under the influence of global processes are researched. We argued that the favourable factor of organic production market’s formation is the application of standardized demands of organic goods. The perspectiveness of organic tendency in global environment as a determining factor of durable progress of business system’s introduction was substantiated.
Key words: globalization, market, organic production.
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Керимов Фикрет Тариел оглы РЫНОЧНЫЙ МЕХАНИЗМ ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЯ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА И ПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ
В УСЛОВИЯХ ГЛОБАЛИЗАЦИИ Изучение реагирования рыночной экономики на глобальные вызовы и ее устойчивость в
современный период гораздо сложнее исследования стационарных процессов. Поэтому разработка проблем взаимодействия производства и потребления как составной части теории рыночной экономики не только необходимая, но и чрезвычайно сложная, многоплановая задача.
Развитие рыночных отношений делает крайне необходимым и чрезвычайно важным глубокое и всестороннее исследование системы законов общественного воспроизводства, механизма их взаимодействия и использования. Определяющим условием в решении этой задачи является обеспечение взаимодействия и взаимообусловленности производства и потребления, а также научное исследование сущности экономических категорий, раскрывающих наиболее эффективные формы их проявления.
Усиленное внимание к этим проблемам объясняется активным реагиреванием рыночной экономики на глобализационные проблемы. В период длительного господства административно-командной системы хозяйствования, базирующейся на догматическом убеждении о несовместимости рынка и экономики, в свое время привело к глубокой деформации системы экономических отношений. Результатом этого стали резкая несбалансированность производства и потребления, хроническая дефицитность товаров, непрерывно растущая инфляция, снижение уровня жизни народа. Несбалансированность потребительского рынка до сих пор остается одной из актуальных проблем современной экономики. Это обусловливает необходимость регулярного пересмотра действующей парадигмы отношений производства и потребления. Проявления их, как в дефицитной экономике, так, и в рыночной, а также разработки теоретической модели механизма их взаимодействия в условиях рыночного хозяйства глобального периода.
Важно подчеркнуть, что взаимосвязь: производство → потребление в экономической литературе нередко характеризуется как поверхностная связь и, по сути, поверхностное явление. В этом случае возникают закономерные вопросы о сути и образовании внутренней и поверхностной связи производства и потребления. Чтобы ответить на эти вопросы необходимо раскрыть механизм взаимодействия производства и потребления, являющегося составным элементом системы хозяйствования в целом.
Современный рынок представляет собой совокупность экономических отношений между покупателями и продавцами в процессе купли-продажи товаров и услуг, взаимодействующих как самонастраивающаяся система в рамках определенного государственного регулирования. Рынок не является чем-то застывшим и раз навсегда данным. Первоначально рынок возник стихийно, и представлял он из себя тогда самонастраивающуюся систему, в которой согласно теории Смита А. осуществлялась свободная игра рыночных сил (принцип «Laissez-faire» - невмешательства).59
Рыночный механизм обладает большими преимуществами. Он способен оперативно изменять объем и структуру производства, приспосабливая ее к потреблению (за счет изменений производства и цен); наладить целесообразное и рациональное распределение ресурсов; рыночный механизм устанавливает цены, соответствующие реальным затратам, вынуждает потребителя выбрать рациональную структуру потребления. Рынок выступает, таким образом, как определенный само-регулятор производства, приводит объем и структуру производства в соответствие с объемом и структурой потребления, стимулирует рост производительности труда, снижение издержек и повышение качества продукции, обусловливает структурные сдвиги в экономике и устанавливает новые пропорции в экономике. Рыночные отношения выступают тем механизмом, который
59 Смит А. Исследование о природе и причинах богатства народов. В 2-х т. Л.: Гос. Соц.-экон. изд-во, 1931.
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органично связывает производство с потреблением. Благодаря действию законов товарного производства, особенно закона спроса и предложения,
функционирующего посредством гибкой системы цен, отражающей индивидуальные предложения в соответствии с изменениями спроса, достигается сбалансированность рынка товаров и услуг. В рыночном хозяйстве стоимость товаров и услуг определяется не индивидуальными издержками товаропроизводителя и не их индивидуальными характеристиками качества товара. В процессе внутриотраслевой и межотраслевой конкуренции рынок, с одной стороны, постоянно выявляет средние издержки всей совокупности производителей данного товара, а с другой – определяет конечный спрос на товары. В результате и со стороны издержек производства, и со стороны структуры спроса определяется рыночная стоимость товара. На ее основе в зависимости от соотношения спроса и предложения формируются рыночные цены. Этот механизм вынуждает производителя подстраивать свое производство под постоянно меняющиеся условия рынка и принимать меры по снижению своих индивидуальных издержек или повышению качества и ассортимента продукции. Таким образом, рынок обеспечивает удовлетворение запросов потребителей. В нормальной рыночной экономике существует определенный избыток предложения над платежеспособным спросом, что является важнейшим условием конкуренции между производителями за потребителя. Причем, чем больше такое превышение, тем шире свобода выбора у потребителя. Следовательно, тем полнее учитываются производством структура и объем общественных потребностей.
Система рыночного саморегулирования без особых сбоев функционировала примерно около трех столетий. Но она выявила свою несостоятельность уже во время первого экономического кризиса перепроизводства в 1825 г. и особенно в период мирового экономического кризиса в 1929-1933 гг. Оказалось, что «свободный» рынок не всесилен, есть проблемы, которые рынок сам не в состоянии решить. К таким проблемам относятся: развитие социальной сферы, культуры, фундаментальной науки, экологии и т.п. Они исторически возникали перед рынком и под их действием рынок трансформировался. Повышение уровня обобществления производства и его взаимодействия с окружающей природой приводят к усилению экономической роли государства в жизни общества. В результате этого ни в одной развитой стране в современных условиях нет стихийного свободного рынка.
Имея в виду, производство и потребление, необходимо отметить, что как первое, так и второе – это не только непосредственно иное друг для друга, но и взаимосредство (при возникновении каждого из них, возникает и другое). Главной чертой взаимодействия производства и потребления, в современных условиях является усиление воздействия потребностей и потребления на производство. Отсюда возникает необходимость исследования этих связей. Если, в условиях перехода к рыночной экономике, взаимосвязь потребностей и производства существовала в слаборазвитых формах, то в условиях набирающей скорость развития рыночной экономики, производство ориентировано на прямое удовлетворение спроса потребителей.60
Удовлетворение потребностей всех классов и социально-профессиональных групп населения говорит о производственной зрелости и положительно влияет на дальнейшее развитие и совершенствование производства ради человека. Когда Азербайджан переходил от командной экономики к рыночной, он использовал положительный опыт развитых государств и рациональные положения о взаимосвязи производства и потребления, а именно:
- Об объективной обусловленности развития потребностей уровнем развития производительных сил, производительности труда, расширением производительных функций экономики;
- О расширенном воспроизводстве потребностей в потреблении;
60 Керимли И.А., Сулейманов Н.М. Основы национальной экономики. Баку, 2001, с.127.
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- О первичности «действительных потребностей», выразителем которых является состав и полезная масса продукции в натуральном выражении;
- О возрастании на высоких уровнях экономического развития роли потребительского производства (воспроизводства человека), связанного со всем спектром человеческих качеств, с развитием, как потребностей человека, так и его способностей;
- О сохранении независимо от формы общественного производства соотношений между жизненными потребностями общества и количеством конкретного труда, идущего на их удовлетворение, зависимости нормы их проявления от типа экономики (продукт в натуральном хозяйстве, меновая стоимость в товарном производстве).
Недооценку этого и даже отрицание, экономика уже наказала и может еще больше наказать в случае пренебрежения объективными законами функционирования взаимодействия потребностей и производства.
К изучению потребностей важно подходить с позиций системного подхода, то есть с выявления внутренних связей между потребностями и производством, а также, вытекающей из них потребности производства. Необходимо выяснение механизма формирования функциональных (материальных, физических) потребностей в предметные потребности, то есть, потребности в качественно определенных продуктах, благах и услугах. Объективной основой такой конкретизации служит то, что каждая обобщающая потребность может быть удовлетворена обширным набором конкретных предметов и услуг.
Актуальной задачей приспособления взаимодействия потребностей и производства в рыночной экономике, является соответствие натуральной позиции, в которой отражена продукция, удовлетворяющая, в основном, физические потребности населения, а также промежуточные и сырьевые потребности производства. Необходима увязка конечных потребностей населения с ресурсами производства и ресурсными возможностями. Подчеркивая этот момент, отметим, что потребности развиваются вместе со средствами их удовлетворения и в непосредственной зависимости от развития последних.
Надо признать, что такая объективная действительность не сразу нашла свое отражение в практике перехода Азербайджанской экономики к рыночным отношениям. В результате, экономике страны в период после 1991 г. до 2010 г. трудно было удовлетворять не только общественные потребности, но и даже повседневное потребление продуктов питания. Вполне закономерно то, что в становлении рыночных связей рациональная связь возможностей общественного производства с общественными потребностями выражается более концентрированно. Поэтому важнейшей функцией механизма взаимодействия производства и потребления в Азербайджане, является тесная и рациональная увязка производственных возможностей с потребностями. Это внутренний, объективный и материальный порядок для достижения более высокого уровня производства и потребления. Единственной и реальной основой достижения высокого уровня производства и потребления является повсеместное управление взаимообеспечением развития потребностей и средствами их удовлетворения. При этом главное внимание должно быть направлено на развитие средств удовлетворения потребностей с адекватными экономическими рычагами и хозяйственными инструментами для обеспечения успешной взаимообусловленности потребностей и средств их удовлетворения. В качестве конкретных инструментов экономического воздействия на процесс тесной и рациональной увязки производственных возможностей с потребностями населения выступают натурально-стоимостные межотраслевые балансы.61
Преимущества натурально-стоимостного межотраслевого баланса ведения рациональной
61 Недостатки, сложившиеся в прежней системе планирования, ее бюрократизация – не повод, чтобы обращаться к стихийности и отказываться от планирования. Рынок не приемлем директивного планирования, а индикативное (предпочтительное) должно развиваться в условиях рыночных отношений. Есть процессы и явления, которые сам рынок в принципе не может регулировать (например: фундаментальная наука, образование, культура, оборона, экология и т.п.).
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увязки производственных возможностей с потребностями народа не в бюрократической регламентации, а в научно-обоснованном, экономически целесообразном и социально-эффективном решении стратегических задач. В государственном регулировании можно и необходимо считать главным:
- формирование целостной структуры внутренних пропорций народного хозяйства; - развитие базовых отраслей сферы материального производства, сферы услуг и т.д.; - рациональные нормативы потребления различных благ и услуг, устанавливаемые исходя из
научных представлений о размерах потребностей в соответствующих благах и услугах; - различные меры и средства общественного воздействия на психологию людей, их вкусы,
потребительские привычки и т.д. Научно-технический прогресс также оказывает важное влияние и на эту, казалось бы, весьма
далекую от него область формирования потребностей. Создавая условия для роста производства отдельных товаров в размерах, необходимых для обеспечения рационального потребления, научно-технический прогресс, тем самым, способствует не только формированию, но и удовлетворению рациональных потребностей. Только на основе достижения научно-технического прогресса в производстве, можно создавать товары, наилучшим образом отвечающие качественным параметрам рационального потребления. Производство с помощью научно-технического прогресса «не только лежит у истоков» инициирования потребностей в новых товарах и услугах и стимулирует их рост, но и само испытывает на себе воздействие этого роста, постоянно углубляясь и совершенствуясь под влиянием потребностей.
Из вышеизложенного следует вывод о необходимости целостного перехода к рыночному механизму, увязки роста потребностей и производственных возможностей, а также выявления конкретных направлений создания форм и методов регулирования, производства и потребностей и обогащении содержания самого рыночного механизма взаимодействия производства и потребления. Весьма закономерно, что раскрытие потенциальных возможностей укреплению увязки роста потребностей и производственных возможностей содержит ответ на данный вопрос применительно к сегодняшнему дню. Причем, она открывает как качественные, так и количественные характеристики данных направлений.
Качественные моменты содержания рыночного механизма взаимодействия производства и потребления должны быть, во-первых, направлены на выявление внутренних связей между размерами реальных потребностей населения и ресурсными возможностями, а также вытекающих из них потребностей производства и, во-вторых, обеспечивать усиление социальной ориентации производства в соответствии с его действительной ролью в жизни общества. Этим должно обеспечиваться диалектическое единство роста потребностей и средств его удовлетворения и определение путей решения перспективных и текущих задач в данной области. Не случайно практика перехода к рыночной экономике показала исключительное значение решительного поворота к социальной сфере, в которой решаются многие сегодняшние и завтрашние проблемы. Здесь реализуются итоги экономической деятельности, затрагивающие жизненные интересы народа. Последние рассматриваются в органическом единстве с улучшением условий труда и повышением культуры. В этом единстве главным средством реализации итогов экономической деятельности выступает человек. Этому должна быть посвящена вся реформа общественного воспроизводства. В то же время, чтобы резко увеличить объем ресурсов, направляемых на удовлетворение потребностей народа, придать ему лучшее качество может только человек, работник, добросовестно, творчески и заинтересованно относящийся к делу. В практику же, по нашему мнению, целесообразно внедрить такой показатель, как ресурсы для потребления, который более точно, чем существующие показатели (фонд потребления, непроизводственные капитальные вложения), характеризует социальные аспекты воспроизводства, поскольку включает кроме потребительских ресурсов еще и ресурсы на развитие сферы труда и охрану окружающей среды.
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Вполне закономерным является то, что все возрастающее воздействие потребностей человека на производство достигается через повышение творческой активности масс, через включение на полную мощность всех присущих экономике мотиваций к труду.62 Это порождается самим современным производством, когда становятся правилом постоянные переговоры в техническом бизнесе, а вместе с тем и в функциях рабочих, и в общественных комбинациях процесса труда. Таким образом, включение на полную мощность всех присущих экономике мотиваций к труду невозможно достигнуть без соответствующего преобразования процесса производства. Дух смелости и новаторства, инициатива и предприимчивость неотделимы от задачи резкого увеличения объема и улучшения качества товаров-услуг, направляемых на удовлетворение потребностей народа. Это условие является не только важным, но и определяющим в рыночном механизме взаимодействия производства и потребления. Без этого невозможно достичь высшей производительности труда на основе его более полного использования возрастающей силы творческого труда. Отсюда необходимость не просто дальнейшего увеличения объемов потребления материальных благ и услуг, но такого изменения их структуры и структуры потребностей людей, которые обеспечили бы приоритет социального характера потребления товаров и услуг.
С этой точки зрения, при обосновании перспектив ресурсного обеспечения производства и потребительского сектора экономики, следует исходить из приоритета социальных процессов в рыночном механизме взаимодействия производства и потребления. Центр тяжести переносится с достижения целевых показателей сбалансированности производства и потребления на создание адекватных современному этапу социальных механизмов их взаимного обеспечения.
Kerimov Fikret MUTUAL MARKET MECHANISM OF THE PRODUCTION AND CONSU MPTION
UNDER GLOBALIZATION SUMMARY
The global processes implemented in the modern world quickly speed up the integration to world in
the national economy of the each country. Reaction of the market economy becomes stronger to the mutual influence of the both process. The inner structure of modern market economy and its development inclination are kept in the focus of attention. One of the most important blocs in the structure of market economy is the mutual influence of consumption and production.
mariam maTiaSvilimariam maTiaSvilimariam maTiaSvilimariam maTiaSvili natalia gverdwiTelinatalia gverdwiTelinatalia gverdwiTelinatalia gverdwiTeli
jandacvis mdgomareobis Tanamedrove tendenciebi saqarTveloSijandacvis mdgomareobis Tanamedrove tendenciebi saqarTveloSijandacvis mdgomareobis Tanamedrove tendenciebi saqarTveloSijandacvis mdgomareobis Tanamedrove tendenciebi saqarTveloSi
janmrTelobis dacvis sferos cvlilebebis analizisაTvis Cven movaxdineT
Sesabamisi oficialuri statistikuri monacemebis mopoveba da saTanado maCve-
neblebis gaangariSeba. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom saanalizo periodad avirCieT
uaxloesi aTi weli, anu 2000–2010 wlebi.
saqarTveloSi jandacvis sferoSi 2000_2010 wlebSi momxdari cvlilebebis
gamosavlenad gavaanalizoT janmrTelobis dacvis ZiriTadi maCveneblebi,
risTvisac gamoviyenoT Sesabamisi oficialuri statistikuri monacemebi (ix.
qvemoT moyvanili cxrili).
62 Яременко Ю.В. Приоритеты структурной политики и опыт реформ. В 3 кн., М.: Наука, 1999; и др.
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2000 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
1. eqimebis ricxovnoba sul, aTasi 21.1 21.4 20.3 20.6 20.0 20.3 20.6 21.2
2. saSualo samedicino personalis ricxovnoba sul, aTasi 26.2 21.6 21.1 20.2 19.3 19.6 18.6 19.3
3. saavadmyofoebis ricxvi, erTeuli 229 246 242 244 245 244 241 259
4. saavadmyofoebSi sawolebis ricxvi, aTasi 21.2 17.8 17.1 16.5 14.6 14.1 13.6 12.1
5. erTi avadmyofis saavadmyofoSi yofnis saSualo xangrZlivoba, dRe 10.1 8.6 7.7 7.4 7.3 6.8 6.2 6.4
6. ambulatoriul-poliklinikur dawesebulebaTa ricxvi, erTeuli* 1015 1113 1123 1124 1140 1090 1604 1691
7. ambulatoriul-poliklinikur dawesebulebaTa simZlavre (erT cvlaSi avadmyofTa miRebis saSualo ricxvi), aTasi 95.8 94.3 92.1 88.0 84.8 87.4 87.4 87.5
8. ambulatoriul-poliklinikur dawesebulebebSi eqimTan mimarTvebis ricxvi wlis ganmavlobaSi (maT Soris profilaqtikis CaTvliT), aTasi 5499 7583.9 7739 8081.7 6961.8 7530.1 7073.7 7623.3
qveyanaSi jandacvis mdgomareobis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia
eqimebis rogorc absoluturi, ise SefardebiTi ricxovnoba. maTi absoluturi
mniSvneloba 2010 wels 2000 welTan SedarebiT umniSvnelod gaizarda (21,1-dan 21,2
aTasamde) da zrdis tempma Seadgina 100.47%. aseve umniSvnelo cvlileba ganicada
misma SefardebiTma maCvenebelma: 2010 wels, iseve, rogorc 2000 wels, saSualod
yovel 1000 adamianze modioda daaxloebiT 5 eqimi (2010 - 4.757, 2000 - 4.778).
eqimebis ricxvis zrdis sapirispirod, 2000 _ 2010 wlebSi dafiqsirda
saSualo samedicino personalis ricxvis mniSvnelovani Semcireba da klebis
tempma Seadgina 73.8%. sainteresoa, aseve, eqimebisa da saSualo samedicino
personalis Tanafardoba: Tu 2000 wels saSualod 10 eqimze daaxloebiT 12
saSualo medpersonali modioda, 2010 wlisTvis analogiurma maCvenebelma Seadgina
9, rac miuTiTebs am maCveneblis 3 erTeuliT Semcirebaze.
jandacvis sferos daxasiaTebisas sainteresoa aseve, erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
maCveneblis _ saavadmyofoebis ricxvis cvlilebis ganxilva. 21-e saukunis pirvel
aT weliwadSi dafiqsirda am maCveneblis ricxviTi mniSvnelobis sagrZnobi zrda.
misi absoluturi mniSvnelobisTvis zrdis tempma 2010 wels, 2000 welTan
SedarebiT, Seadgina 113.1%. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom 2000_2010 wlebSi saavadmyo-
foebis ricxvis zrdis miuxedavad, saavadmyofoეbSi sawolebis ricxvis TiTqmis
ganaxevreba (klebis tempma Seadgina 56.86%) dafiqsirda. sainteresoa aseve Sefar-
debiTi maჩveneblebis Sedareba: Tu 2000 wels saSualod 1 saavadmyofoze modioda
daaxloebiT 93 sawoli, 2010 wels imave maCvenebelma Seadgina daaxloebiT 47
353
erTeuli (maSasadame, ganxilul periodSi moxda TiTqmis 2-jer Semcireba). aqve
sayuradReboa is faqtic, rom imave periodis ganmavlobaSi (2000_2010) saavadmyo-
foebSi sawolebis ricxvis stabilurad yovelwliuri Semcireba dafiqsirda.
qveyanaSi saavadmyofoebis raodenobis cvlilebis ganxilvis Semdeg
saintereso iqneba davakvirdeT ambulatoriul-poliklinikur dawesebulebaTa
ricxvis cvlilebas. 2000 wlidan 2010 wlamde moxda maTi ricxvis mniSvnelovani
zrda da zrdis tempma Seadgina 167%. Tu am maCvenebels dinamikaSi ganvixilavT,
SevniSnavT, rom 2009_2010 wlebSi dafiqsirda mkveTri zrda, rac ganpirobebulia
imiT, rom 2009 wlidan es maCvenebeli moicavs soflis ambulatoriebsac.
janmrTelobis dacvis ZiriTadi maCveneblebidan erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
maCvenebelia aseve erTi avadmyofis saavadmyofoSi yofnis saSualo xangrZlivoba
dReebSi. 2000-2010 wlebSi saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobis da socialuri
dacvis saministros monacemebis mixedviT dafiqsirda am maCveneblis mkveTri
Semcireba da klebis tempma Seadgina 63%. aRniSnuli maCveneblisTvis klebis aseTi
tempis gamomwvevi mizezebidan SeiZleba gamovyoT, magaliTad, saavadmyofoSi
ganTavsebisTvis saWiro gadasaxadebis zrda, aseve saavadmyofoebis aRWurva Tana-
medrove, maRalteqnologiuri danadgarebiT, samedicino personalis kvalifikaciis
amaRleba da Tanamedrove midgomebi, romelic, Tavis mxriv, iwvevs pacientis ufro
swraf gamojanmrTelebas da mis gaweras.
jandacvis sferoSi momxdari cvlilebebis dasaxasiaTeblad, sxva ZiriTad
maCveneblebTan erTad, SegviZlia aseve davakvirdeT ambulatoriul-poliklinikur
dawesebulbebebSi mosaxleobis mimarTvebis ricxvs wlis ganmavlobaSi. es
maCvenebeli 2010 wels 2000 welTan SedarebiT mniSvnelovnad gaizarda (zrdis
tempia 138.23%), rac, Cemi azriT, ganpirobebulia sadazRvevo sferos ganviTarebiT
rogorc korporatiul, aseve saxelmwifo proeqtebis mimarTulebiT (mag., siRa-
ribis zRvars qvemoT myofi mosaxleobis dazRveva, sajaro skolis pedagogebis
dazRveva), romlis farglebSic, mTavrobis saTanado dadgenilebebis Tanaxmad,
mosaxleobisTvis ambulatoriuli momsaxurebis miReba xdeba Sesabamisad ambu-
latoriul-poliklinikur dawesebulebebSi.
ganxiluli ZiriTadi maCveneblebis Semdeg, vfiqrobT, sainteresoa davakvir-
deT qveyanaSi eqimebis raodenobis struqturul cvlilebas da ganvixiloT
sxvadasxva specialobis eqimebis xvedriTi wili eqimebis mTlian raodenobaSi.
saanalizo periodSi, anu 2000_2010 wlebSi, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, dafiqsirda
eqimebis saerTo ricxovnobis umniSvnelo zrda (zrdis tempi 100.47%).
2000 wels eqimebis mTlian raodenobaSi wamyvani specialobebidan yvelaze
meti xvedriTi wiliT warmodgenilebi iyvnen: Terapevtebi (12.2%), pediatrebi (10.9%),
mean-ginekologebi (5.8%), stomatologebi (6.4%), qirurgebi (5.4%), yvelaze mcire
xvedriTi wiliT ki: samkurnalo fizkulturisa da sportis eqimebi (0.4%), fTi-
ziatrebi (0.9%), dermatovenerologebi (1.4%), otolaringologebi (1.7%).
2010 wels ki analogiuri dakvirvebisas viRebT Semdeg Sedegebs: yvelaze didi
xvedriTi wili aqvT Semdegi specialobis eqimebs: mean-ginekologebi (7.1%), Tera-
pevtebi (6%), pediatrebi (5.7%), qirurgebi (5.1%), stomatologebi (4.7%); yvelaze
mcire xvedriTi wili ki: samkurnalo fizkulturisa da sportis eqimebi (0.2%),
fTiziatrebi (0.7%), dermatovenevrologebi (1.2%), fsiqiatrebi da narkologebi
(1.5%). Tu am maCveneblebs davakvirdebiT, aRmoCndeba, rom eqimebis mTlian
354
raodenobaSi sxvadasxva specialobis mixedviT eqimebis xvedriTi wili umniSv-
nelod Seicvala.
2010 wels, 2000 welTan SedarebiT, eqimebis mTlian raodenobaSi maRali xved-
riTi wiliT warmodgenili specilobebisTvis dafiqsirda Semdegi klebis tempebi:
Terapevtebi – (49.47%), mean-ginekologebi – (91.55%), pediatrebi _ (52.64%). rac
Seexeba Terapevtebis ricxovnobis aseT mkveTr klebas, vfiqrob, es nawilobriv
ganpirobebulia imiT, rom am wlebis ganmavlobaSi zogadi profilis Terapevtebma
kvalifikacia gaiares sxvadasxva specialobebSi da, Sesabamisad, maTi gadanawileba
moxda sxva, ufro viwro specialobebis mixedviT.
aRniSnuli monacemebis ganxilviT Cven davaxasiaTeT qveyanaSi eqimebis saerTo
raodenobisTvis dafiqsirebuli cvlilebebi. axla ki saintereso iqneba analo-
giurad gavaanalizoT saSualo samedicino personalis ricxovnobis cvlileba
specialobebis mixedviT. saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobis da socialuri
dacvis saministros monacemebze dayrdnobiT, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, 2000_2010
wlebSi dafiqsirda saSualo samedicino personalis absoluturi mniSvnelobis
Semcireba (klebis tempi 73,8%). konkretulad 2000 wels mTlian ricxovnobaSi
saSualo medpersonali calkeuli specialobebis mixedviT warmodgenili iyo
Semdegnairad: ferSlebi - (9.99%), meddebi - (62.54%), meanebi - (5.44%), ferSal-
laborantebi - (7.06%), rentgeno-laborantebi - (1.68%). rogorc vxedavT, yvelaze
didi xvedriTi wiliT warmodgenili iyvnen meddebi, Semdeg ferSlebi, ferSal-
laborantebi, meanebi, rentgeno-laborantebi. igive situacia mcire procentuli
sxvaobiT dafiqsirda 2010 welsac: yvelaze maRali xvedri wiliT meddebi - (68.9%),
Semdeg ferSlebi - (8.13%), ferSal-laborantebi - (7.29%), meanebi - (3.8%), rentgeno-
laborantebi - (2.18%).
saanalizo periodSi (2000 – 2010 wlebi), saSualo samedicino personalisTvis
calkeuli mimarTulebebis mixedviT Semdegi struqturuli cvlilebebi dafiqsir-
da: ferSlebi - (klebis tempi 60%), meanebi - (klebis tempi 51.6%), meddebi - (klebis
tempi 81.3%), ferSal-laborantebi - (klebis tempi 76.2%), rentgeno-laborantebi -
(zrdis tempi 95.9%).
jandacvis sferoSi momxdari clilebebis gaanalizebisas mniSvnelovania,
yuradReba gavamaxviloT mosaxleobis avadobaze, ganvixiloT rogorc misi
absoluturi mniSvnelobebi, aseve struqturuli cvlilebebi daavadebaTa ZiriTadi
jgufebis mixedviT.
saqarTvelos masStabiT registrirebuli daavadebis ricxovnoba pirvelad
dadgenili diagnoziT, saanalizo periodSi (2000–2010) TiTqmis samjer gaizarda.
absoluturi mniSvnelobebi 2000 wels Seadgenda – (412.8), 2010 wels _ (1170.1), Sesa-
bamisad, zrdis tempia – 283.5%. absoluturi mniSvelobis msgavsad, Zalian mkveTri
zrda gamovlinda daavadebaTa TiToeuli jgufis mixedviT. oficialuri monace-
mebiT mxolod erTi jgufisTvis – fsiqikuri da qceviTi aSlilobebi _ dafiq-
sirda daregistrirebul avadmyofTa ricxvis Semcireba (klebis tempia 66.4%).
danarCeni jgufebiTvis ki, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, dafiqsirda ricxviTi mniSvne-
lobebis mkveTri zrda. davaxasiaToT daavadebaTa sxvadasxva jgufebis mixedviT
gamovlenili absoluturi mniSvnelobebis cvlilebebi: saWmlis momnelebeli
sistemis avadmyofobebi (542.3%), Sard-sasqeso sistemis avadmyofobebi (339.4%),
sunTqvis organoTa avadmyofobebi (291.7%), sisxlisa da sisxlmbadi organoebis
avadmyofobebi da imunuri meqanizmebis CarTviT mimdinare darRvevebi (255.6%),
zogierTi infeqciuri da parazituli avadmyofobebi (243.7%), travmebi, mowamvlebi
355
da gareSe mizezebis zemoqmedebis zogierTi sxva Sedegebi (239.9%), sisxlis
mimoqcevis sistemis avadmyofobebi (220.7%), simsivneebi (205%), Tandayolili
anomaliebi (203.6%), kanisa da kanqveSa qsovilis avadmyofobebi (185%), orsuloba,
mSobiaroba da loginobis xana (166.7%), endokrinuli sistemis, kvebisa da nivTie-
rebaTa cvlis darRveviT gamowveuli avadmyofobebi (135.7%).
monacemebis aseTi mkveTri zrda gamowveulia registraciis gazrdiT (gaum-
jobesebiT), jandacvis sistemaze xelmisawvdomobisa da mimarTvianobis gazrdiT,
aseve samedicino dazRvevis sistemis danergviT da gafarToebiT. amasTan, 2009 da
2010 wlebSi wina wlebTan SedarebiT monacemebis zrda aixsneba imiT, rom 2009
wlidan aRniSnuli moicavs soflis ambulatoriebSi registrirebul SemTxve-
vebsac. aseve SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom qveynis masStabiT sxvadasxva daavadebebis
ufro srulyofilad aRricxvisTvis 2006 wlidan saqarTveloSi daavadebaTa
saerTaSoriso klasifikatoris me-10 versiis mixedviT moxda nervuli sistemis da
grZnobaTa organoebis damoukidebel klasebad gamoyofa.
daavadebaTa aRniSnul jgufebTan erTad, sainteresoa ganvixiloT aiv-
infeqciis, Sidsis SemTxvevebis raodenoba. saanalizo periodSi dafiqsirda
rogorc mTlianad (yvela) registrirebuli SemTxvevis, aseve axali SemTxvevebis
mkveTri zrda. 2000 wels aiv-infeqciis 186 SemTxveva dafiqsirda, 2010 wels ki
imave maCvenebelma 2609 Seadgina. aqedan axali SemTxvevebi 2000 wels iyo 79, 2010
wels ki – 439. Sesabamisad, sul registrirebuli SemTxvevebisTvis dafiqsirda
zrdis tempi – 1402.7%, axali SemTxvevebisTvis ki zrdis tempi – 555,7%.
rogorc Cven mier Catarebulma statistikurma analizma gviCvena, saqarTve-
loSi jandacvis ganviTareba 2000 – 2010 wlebSi mniSvnelovani raodenobrivi da
xarisxobrivi cvlilebebiT xasiaTdeba. am cvlilebebis did umravlesobas da-
debiTi xasiaTi aqvs, Tumca zogierTi maCveneblis mixedviT SeiniSneba uaryofiTi
momentebic. magaliTad, mosaxleobis avadobis maCveneblebi daavadebaTa calkeuli
jgufebis mixedviT saanalizo periodSi gaizarda, maSin, rodesac sawolebis
ricxvi saavadmyofoebSi TiTqmis ganaxevrda. aqve gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos
iseTi daavadebis zrdaze, rogoricaa aiv-infeqcia, anu Sidsi: Tu 2000 wels
dafiqsirda 186 SemTxveva, 2010 wels man Seadgina 2609, anu es maCvenebeli gaizarda
daaxloebiT 14-jer. aRniSnuli problebis gadasawyvetad aucilebelia saTanado
socialuri politikis gatareba.
gamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literatura
1. gabiZaSvili b. statistika ekonomikaSi, biznessa da menejmentSi. me-4
Sevsebuli da gadamuSavebuli gamocema. gamomcemloba `universali~, Tb., 2011.
2. Jurnali `ekonomika da biznesi~ #2, Tb., 2011.
3. www.geostat.ge 4. www.presa.ge 5. www.moh.gov.ge
356
Matiashvili Mariam Gverdtsiteli Natalia
THE MODERN TENDENCIES OF HEALTHCARE IN GEORGIA SUMMARY
According to our statistical analysis, the development of healthcare in Georgia in 2000-2010 can be
characterised by important qualititive and quantitative changes. Although, the majority of these changes have positive characteristics, the reforms have some negative elements, as well. For instance, prevelances of many diseases have been increased during the research period, while the stationary capacity in hospitals has been reduced to almost half of what was before. In addition, special attention should be paid to the raised incidence of diseases such as HIV infection and AIDS; this index, being 186 in 2000, became 2609, around 14 times amplified, in 2010. Developing the appropriate social policy is essential to solve this crucial problem.
irakli makalaTiairakli makalaTiairakli makalaTiairakli makalaTia soflis meurneobis ekonomikis ganviTsoflis meurneobis ekonomikis ganviTsoflis meurneobis ekonomikis ganviTsoflis meurneobis ekonomikis ganviTarebisarebisarebisarebis perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSiperspeqtivebi saqarTveloSiperspeqtivebi saqarTveloSiperspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi
qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebisa da simdidris dagrovebaSi soflis
meurneobis prioritetad aRiarebis sakiTxi daisva XVII saukunis meore naxevarSi
fiziokratuli skolis mier. f. kene simdidris wyarod mxolod soflis
meurneobaSi gamoyenebul Sromas Tvlida. klasikuri politikuri ekonomiis
skolis warmomadgenelma uiliam petim yuradReba miaqcia simdidris or faqtors _
Sromasa da miwas. ,,vaWroba metad mniSvnelovania, magram mas ar SeuZlia simdidris
gamravleba, eris gamdidreba mxolod warmoebis gziT SeiZleba moxdes.’’
saqarTvelos, ekonomikis perspeqtiuli ganviTarebis aspeqtiT, soflis
meurneobas, rogorc ekonomikis erT-erTi maprofilebeli dargis ganviTarebas,
udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba. soflis meurneoba warmoadgens saqarTvelos
ekonomikis im prioritetul dargs, romlis aRorZinebac saSualebas iZleva, Cveni
qveynisTvis ekonomikuri dovlaTis momtani gaxdes.
saqarTvelos udidesi agraruli potenciali gaaCnia, romlis saTanadod
gamoyeneba ver xerxdeba. qveyanas realurad aqvs imis SesaZlebloba, rom
mniSvnelovnad gazardos sasoflo-sameurneo warmoeba, mTavaria moxdes im
potencialis realizacia, romelic SemdgomSi soflis meurneobis ganviTarebas
gamoiwvevs.
bolo wlebSi, saqarTvelos mosaxleobis ricxovnobis zrdasTan erTad,
izrdeba rogorc qalaqis, ise soflis mosaxleobis ricxovnoba. xolo, rac
Seexeba maT procentul Semadgenlobas mTliani mosaxleobis ricxovnobaSi, 2011
wlisaTvis qalaqis mcxovreblebi Seadgenda 53%-s, xolo soflis _ 47%-s.
oficialuri monacemebiT, saqarTvelos mosaxleobis TiTqmis naxevari soflad
cxovrobs, amasTan, es Tanafardoba bolo 20 wlis manZilze mniSvnelovnad arc
darRveula, rac kidev erTxel adasturebs imas, rom saqarTvelo tradiciulad
agrarul qveyanaTa jgufs miekuTvneba da am dargis ganviTarebis didi
potencialic gaaCnia. aqve isic unda aRiniSnos, rom sofelSi mcxovreblad
daregistrirebulTagan, Sromisunariani mamakacebis didi nawili samuSaod an
qalaqSia wasuli, an ucxoeTSi. soflis meurneobis waxalisebis SemTxvevaSi ki
SesaZlebelia ekonomikis am dargSi soflidan wasuli im samuSao Zalis ukan
357
dabruneba da dasaqmeba, romelic soflis meurneobis ganviTarebaSi umTavres
rols Seasrulebs.
soflis meurneobis wili mTlian Sida produqtSisoflis meurneobis wili mTlian Sida produqtSisoflis meurneobis wili mTlian Sida produqtSisoflis meurneobis wili mTlian Sida produqtSi63
(procentobiT)
diagrama #1diagrama #1diagrama #1diagrama #1
qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis maCvenebelia mTliani Sida produqti (mSp).
mSp-is zrdis miuxedavad, mSp-is struqturaSi soflis meurneobas mcire
procentuli wili uWiravs da, amasTan, isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom wlebis
ganmavlobaSi xasiaTdeba klebis tendenciiT, rac, ra Tqma unda, uaryofiTi
movlenaa qarTul ekonomikaSi. soflis meurneobaSi ar iwarmoeba im Rirebulebis
produqcia, romelic mniSvnelovani maCvenebeli gaxdeboda mSp-is formirebaSi. mSp-
is dargobriv struqturaSi 2011 wels yvelaze didi wiliT gamoirCeva
mrewvelobisa (17,3%) da vaWrobis (17,3%) dargebi, Semdgom poziciebs ikavebs
saxelmwifo mmarTveloba (11,7%), transporti da kavSirgabmuloba (10,6%) da
soflis meurneoba (9,3%).
soflis meurneobis produqciis gamoSvebaSi memcenareobasa da mecxoveleobas
wlebis ganmavlobaSi TiTqmis Tanabari xvedriTi wili uWiravT. mag., 2010 wlis
monacemebiT, memcenareobam mTlian gamoSvebaSi Seadgina 40%, xolo mecxoveleobam
_ 57%. es Tanafardoba imaze migvaniSnebs, rom qveynis mTavrobam soflis
meurneobis ganviTarebisaken mimarTuli ekonomikuri politika Tanabrad unda
gaataros rogorc memcenareobis, aseve mecxoveleobis dargis asaRorZineblad.
ganvixiloT saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis memcenareobisa da mecxoveleobis
dargebSi arsebuli viTareba.
soflis meurneobis kulturebis mTliani naTesi farTobebis Semcireba 1998
wlidan daiwyo da dRemde grZeldeba. 1998-2010 wlebis periodSi naTesi farTobebi
616,1 aTasi ha-dan 275,3 aTas ha-mde Semcirda. rac Seexeba 2003-2010 wlebis periods,
soflis meurneobis memcenareobis dargis ganviTarebisaken konkretuli nabijebi
63
ix. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministro statistikis departamenti. saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba 2010. Tbilisi 2011, gv. 17 da http://geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=118&lang=geo
358
ar gadamdgara. Sedegad naTesi farTobebi 2-jer da ufro metad aris Semcirebuli
da Sesabamisad Semcirebulia memcenareobis produqtebis warmoebac64.
xorblis naTesi farTobi xorblis naTesi farTobi xorblis naTesi farTobi xorblis naTesi farTobi mcirdeba 117,3 aT. ha-dan 50 aT. ha-mde, xolo misi
warmoeba 225,4 aT. tonidan 48,4 aT. tonamde. simindis naTesi farTobisimindis naTesi farTobisimindis naTesi farTobisimindis naTesi farTobi _ 197,6 aT. ha-
dan 108,6 aT. ha-mde, misi warmoeba ki _ 461,9 aT. tonidan 141,1 aT. tonamde. lobios lobios lobios lobios
naTesi farTobinaTesi farTobinaTesi farTobinaTesi farTobi _ 10,7 aT. ha-dan 7,2 aT. ha-mde, warmoeba ki 12,1 aT. tonidan 5,8 aT.
tonamde. kartofilis naTesi farTobikartofilis naTesi farTobikartofilis naTesi farTobikartofilis naTesi farTobi _ 37,6 aT. ha-dan 21,2 aT. ha-mde, warmoeba 425,2
aT. tonidan 228,8 tonamde. bostnebostnebostnebostneuli naTesi farTobiuli naTesi farTobiuli naTesi farTobiuli naTesi farTobi _ 40,4 aT. ha-dan 24,4 aT. ha-
mde, xolo misi warmoeba 430,1 aT. tonidan 175,7 aT. tonamde.
msgavsad memcenareobisa, arasaxarbielo suraTia mecxoveleobaSic. 2003-2010
wlebSi msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis raodenoba 1 242 500 sulidan 1 049 400
sulamde Semcirda, Roris _ 473 800 sulidan 110 100 sulamde, cxvrisa da Txis _
722 200 sulidan 653 900 sulamde. Sesabamisad, am periodSi xorcis warmoeba
Semcirda 1,9_jer, xolo rZis _ 1,3-jer. mocemul wlebSi Semcirebulia rogorc
kvercxis, aseve matylis warmoeba.
soflis meurneobis produqciis gayidvidan miRebuli Semosavlebis xvedriTi
wona qveynis mTlian fulad SemosavlebSi yovel wels mcirdeba, xolo 2003-2010
wlebSi 10,2%-dan Semcirda 6,7%-mde. amasTan, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom soflis
meurneobis produqciis gayidvidan miRebuli Semosavlebi mcire xvedriTi woniTaa
warmodgenili qveynis mTlian SemosavlebSi. rac Seexeba soflad, soflis
meurneobis produqciis gayidvidan miRebuli Semosavlebis xvedriTi wona fulad
SemosavlebSi 2010 wels Seadgenda 16,6%-s, maSin, roca pensiebisa da daxmarebebis
xvedriTma wonam 21,4% Seadgina. aseTi tendencia metyvelebs imaze, rom
saqarTvelo, romelic tradiciulad agrarul qveyanaTa ricxvs miekuTvneba da
xasiaTdeba xelsayreli bunebriv-klimaturi pirobebiT, ver axerxebs mis
saTanadod aTvisebasa da gamoyenebas, raTa materialuri dovlaTis momtani gaxdes
rogorc qveynisaTvis, aseve am dargSi dasaqmebulTaTvis.
umuSevrobis done qalaqSi ufro maRalia vidre sofelSi, Tumca es maCvenebeli
sulac ar mianiSnebs imaze, rom soflis mosaxleobisaTvis dasaqmebis problema ar
arsebobs. saqarTvelos regionebSi dasaqmebuli mosaxleobis (romlis umravle-
sobasac ZiriTadad soflis meurneobaSi saqmianobis SesaZlebloba aqvs) umetesoba
TviTdasaqmebulTa ricxovnobaSi iTvleba mxolod imis gamo, rom maT gaaCniaT 1
heqtari an meti farTobis miwis nakveTi. amdenad, TviTdasaqmebulTa es nawili
realurad dasaqmebulad ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos da amis gauTvaliswinebloba
saqarTveloSi umuSevrobisa da dasaqmebis Sesaxeb mdgomareobis Sefasebisas,
araswor suraTs iZleva. Sedegad miviReT, rom 2010 wels um2010 wels um2010 wels um2010 wels umuSevrobis donem uSevrobis donem uSevrobis donem uSevrobis donem
sofelSi Seadgina 7.9%, xolo dasaqmebis donem _ 65.5%sofelSi Seadgina 7.9%, xolo dasaqmebis donem _ 65.5%sofelSi Seadgina 7.9%, xolo dasaqmebis donem _ 65.5%sofelSi Seadgina 7.9%, xolo dasaqmebis donem _ 65.5%65. . . . sofelSi 1 097 100
samuSao Zalidan dasaqmebulia 1 010 900 kaci, magram mxedvelobidan ar unda magram mxedvelobidan ar unda magram mxedvelobidan ar unda magram mxedvelobidan ar unda
gamogvrCes, rom sofelSi dasaqmebul adamianebSi TviTdasaqmebulebis wili gamogvrCes, rom sofelSi dasaqmebul adamianebSi TviTdasaqmebulebis wili gamogvrCes, rom sofelSi dasaqmebul adamianebSi TviTdasaqmebulebis wili gamogvrCes, rom sofelSi dasaqmebul adamianebSi TviTdasaqmebulebis wili
Seadgens 82.5%Seadgens 82.5%Seadgens 82.5%Seadgens 82.5%----s,s,s,s, anu 815 700 dasaqmebulidan umetesoba ojaxSi usasyidlod
momuSave wevrebi arian.
sursaTis SeZenaze gaweuli xarjebi samomxmareblo fulad xarjebSi 2010 wels
Seadgenda 41,4%-s, rac sakmaod maRali maCvenebelia da imaze miuTiTebs, rom
mosaxloebis mier sursaTis SeZenaze sakmaod didi Tanxebi ixarjeba da am
64
ix. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministro statistikis departamenti. saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba 2010. Tbilisi 2011, gv. 35-40 65 http://geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=145&lang=geo
359
SemTxvevaSi sasursaTo produqtebze maRali fasebi uaryofiTad moqmedebs rogorc
momxmarebelTa qcevaze, aseve inflaciis maRali maCveneblis erT-erT ganmapi-
robebel faqtors warmoadgens.
SinameurneobebSi kvebis produqtebis SeZenaze gaweuli xarjebis absoluturi
mniSvnelobebi yovel wels izrdeba, maSin, roca amave SinameurneobebSi mcirdeba
iseTi kvebis produqtebis moxmareba, rogorebicaa; puri da purproduqtebi, xorci
da xorcis produqtebi, kvercxi, xili, yurZeni, bostneuli da kartofili, Saqari,
Tafli, Sokoladi da sakonditro nawarmi. kvebis produqtebis SeZenaze gaweuli
xarjebis zrda ki miRweulia TiToeul am produqtze fasebis zrdiT66.
wliuri inflaciis donis dinamikaSi ganxilvisas saintereso suraTs iZleva
samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsebi gamsxvilebuli jgufebis mixedviT. Cven ar
ganvixilavT inflaciis oficialuri maCveneblebis sandoobas, mxolod inflaciisa
da sasursaTo saqonelze fasebis zrdas Soris arsebuli korelaciuri kavSiris
tendenciebs vaCvenebT. mag., Tu 2011 wels inflaciis done Seadgenda 2%-s,
sasursaTo saqonelze fasebis zrdam 1% Seadgina67. tendencia TiTqmis ucvlelia
wina wlebSic. am or movlenas Soris arsebobs maRali korelaciuri kavSiri (0.919),
romlis mixedviTac, sasursaTo saqonelze fasebis 1%-iT zrda gamoiwvevs inf-
laciis 0.5%-iT zrdas. Sesabamisad, sasursaTo saqonelze dabalansebuli fasebi
inflaciaze brZolis erT-erT meqanizms warmoadgens.
imisaTvis, rom moxdes sasursaTo saqonelze fasebis kleba, saWiroa
ganviTardes adgilobrivi soflis meurneobis produqciis warmoeba. samamulo
warmoebiT miRebuli produqciis dabali fasebi importirebul saqonelTan
SedarebiT miRweuli iqnes am produqciaze dabali TviTRirebulebiT. aq ukve unda
moxdes saxelmwifos Careva, rom mTeli rigi saSualebebiT uzrunvelyos soflis
meurneobis produqciis SedarebiT dabali TviTRirebuleba.
sursaTis eqsporti da importi saqarTveloSisursaTis eqsporti da importi saqarTveloSisursaTis eqsporti da importi saqarTveloSisursaTis eqsporti da importi saqarTveloSi
(mln aSS dolari)
diagrama #2diagrama #2diagrama #2diagrama #2
74,4 99,7 137,4 111,6 148,6103,4 147,3 137,6 194,8
172,6335,7 387,8
513,3
714,6784,1
643,1785,6
986,5
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
eqsporti impoti
66
ix. saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri, saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba 2010, gv. 20 da saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri, saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli 2010, gv. 50. 67
saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri, saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli 2010, gv. 230.
360
ganvixiloT sursaTis eqsporti da importi saqarTveloSi (diagrama #2).
rogorc diagramidan Cans, sursaTis importi saqarTveloSi izrdeba wlebis
ganmavlobaSi, 2011 wels ki sursaTis importma 5-jer gadaaWarba eqsports. amasTan
isic aRsaniSnavia, rom mocemul wels, sursaTis importi qveynis mTlian importSi
Seadgenda 14,3%-s, maSin, roca sursaTis eqsportis wilma qveynis mTlian
eqsportSi 8,6% Seadgina.68
2003-2011 wlebSi xorblis importi 27,9 aT. tonidan gaizarda 325,1 aT. tonamde,
xolo kartofilis importi ki 0,8 aT. tonidan 21,8 aT. tonamde. Tavis mxriv,
xorcis importi gazrdilia 8-jer, bostneulis ki _ 23-jer.
soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebulebisaTvis bankebis mier SeTavazebuli dabal
saprocento ganakveTiani sesxebi, am adamianebs saSualebas miscems, gazardon
soflis meurneobaSi ganxorcielebuli xarjebi, amasTan erTad am dargSi
dasaqmebulTaTvis SeRavaTebis micema (saTesle masalis glexebisTvis ufasod
darigeba an SeRavaTian fasebSi miyidva, materialur-teqnikuri saSualebebiT
momsaxurebis xelmisawvdomoba da sxv.) warmoadgens dasaqmebulTa stimuls,
awarmoon meti produqcia vidre amas dRes akeTeben da Sesabamisad soflis
meurneobis produqciis gayidvidan meti Semosavali miiRon, rac momavalSi soflis
meurneobaSi dasaqmebulTa ricxovnobis zrdasac gamoiwvevs. zemoT aRniSnuli
ekonomikuri RonisZiebebis gatareba warmoebuli soflis meurneobis produqciis
TviTRirebulebasac Seamcirebs da glexs SesaZlebloba miecema, mis mier
warmoebuli produqcia qarTul bazarze ucxoeTidan importirebul produqtze
nakleb fasad gaitanos da mas konkurenciac gauwios, xolo erovnuli warmoebis
produqciis bazarze Warbi raodenobiT gamosvla ki gamoiwvevs sazRvargareTidan
Semotanili analogiuri produqciis Canacvlebas da misi eqsportirebis
SesaZleblobas. ucxoeTidan soflis meurneobis produqciis importis Semcireba
ki damatebiTi stimuli gaxdeba adgilobrivi mwarmoeblebisaTvis. cxadia,
Tavisufal sabazro pirobebSi amis miRweva Znelia, magram es nabiji unda
gadaidgas importirebul saqonelze xarisxis kontrolis gamkacrebiT, rac, erTi
mxriv, momxmarebels daicavs uxarisxo produqciisgan, xolo, meore mxriv,
adgilobriv mwarmoebels qarTul bazarze gasvlis met SesaZleblobas miscems.
dReisaTvis saqarTvelos bunebriv-klimaturi pirobebis saTanadod gamoyeneba
da soflis meurneobis aRorZineba qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebis winapirobas
warmoadgens, unda moxdes Cveni qveynis mdidari bunebrivi resursebis efeqturad
gamoyeneba, rac momavalSi xels Seuwyobs qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebasa da
mosaxleobis cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobesebas.
gamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literatura
1. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministro statistikis
departamenti. saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba 2010, Tb., 2011.
2. saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri, saqarTvelos statistikuri
weliwdeuli, Tb., 2010.
3. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministro statistikis
departamenti. saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli, Tb., 2007.
4. www.geostat.ge
68 http://geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=751&lang=geo
361
Makalatia Irakli PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ECONO MY IN GEORGIA
SUMMARY
The article ,,Prospects for the agricultural economy development in Georgia” discusses the modern situation of the agricultural economy in Georgia.
The situation in the fields of plant and livestock of the Georgia agriculture is described there. There are researched employment and unemployment problems in the village.
Food expenditure in the cash expenditure on consumption has been calculated. Correlation connection between inflation rates and increases in food prices have been revealed and have been made appropriate conclusions.
Also there have been observed the figures of export and import of food products in dynamics and the ways of rural development in Georgia have been presented.
Мамедова Натаван Расим
КОНКУРЕНТОСПОСОБНОСТЬ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ В УСЛОВИЯХ ГЛОБАЛЬНОГО ФИНАНСОВОГО КРИЗИСА
Конкурентоспособность на сегодняшний день является одним из актуальных вопросов во всем
мире. Это наиболее важний путь достижения экономического роста и устойчивого социального развития. Определение конкурентоспособности имеет достаточно широкие рамки охвата. Вокруг понятия конкурентоспособности до сих пор не существует консенсуса. Это вполне понятно для термина, являющегося пограничным между теорий и практикой, между экономическими исследованиями и экономической политикой. Единственная сфера согласия, которая появилась в последнее время, состоит в том, что конкурентоспособность – действительно ключевая концепция. Вряд ли найдется промышленно развитая страна, которая бы не пыталась проанализировать конкурентоспособность своей экономики. Для многих из них это даже стало ключевым приоритетом, и лучшим примером здесь является Европейский Союз, подход которого представлен в Лиссабонской стратегии.
Определяется конкурентоспособность, способностью страны при свободных и справедливых условиях рынка производить товары и услуги, которые проходят испытания международных рынков и одновременно поддерживают и расширяют реальные доходы населения в течении длительного времени. Мировой опыт показывает, что высокий уровень конкурентоспособности достигается в результате качественных национальных политик и институций, продвигающих более высокие жизненые стандарты и экономик, способных постоянно принимать наиболее выгодную позицию или нишу в быстроменяющейся рыночной среде.
Как отметил один из создателей конценции конкурентоспособности Майкл Портер: «Нет стран богатых и бедных, есть страны хорошо и плохо управляемые». Это стало верным недавно, когда конкурентоспособность и общественное богатство стали определяться не размерами страны, не ее природными богатствами и численностью населения, а эффективностью общественных институтов, от которых зависит поведение хозяйственных субъектов, их взаимное доверие, способность создавать и быстро осваивать нововведения. «Благополучие страны создается, а не наследуется. Оно не вырастает из природных богатств страны, ее трудового потенциала, процентных ставок или стоимости валюты, как настаивает классическая экономика»[1]. Поэтому, доказывает он, конкурентные - а не сравнительные – преимущества создают благосостояние.
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В последней четверти минувшего века интерес к исследованию категорий конкуренции, национальной конкурентоспособности и экономического роста начал особенно усиливаться. Это связано с ростом интернационализации хозяйственной жизни в усложнением взаимосвязей и взаимозависимостей фирм и компаний различных стран. Именно хозяйственная интернационализация, уходящая вглубь производственных процессов, а нередко и предварящая их в виде научных исследований и разработок, существенно усложнила взаимосвязи конкурирующих между собой компаний и особенно отдельных стран, что требует серьезного анализа новой ситуации и, прежде всего, проблем, связанных с раскрытием взаимосвязи понятий конкуренция, конкурентоспособность национальной экономики, экономический рост и глобализация.
Конкурентоспособность - не цель сама по себе. Поэтому ее следует считать не статичным понятием, которое просто дает картину состояния экономики, но инструментом, помогающим достижению цели, т.е. общего повышения благосостояния.
Возможно, самая новая, и, вместе с тем, важнейшая состовляюшая понятия конкуренто-способности – это роль знаний. Это также одно из связывающих звеньев между конценций конкурентоспособности и экономической политикой государства.
Когда политики говорят о конкурентоспособности, экономисты говорят об экономике, приводимой в движение знаниями. Ключевая идея здесь состоит в том, что информация и инновации сегодня являются центральными движущими силами развития мировой экономики. В докладе Всемирного Банка дано следующие определение этого феномена: «Для стран, идущих в авангарде мировой экономики, баланс между знаниями и ресурсами настолько сместился в пользу первых, что знания, возможно, превратились в важнейший фактор, определяющий уровень жизни». Сегодня наиболее технологически развитые экономики действительно основаны на знаниях [2].
Для Азербайджана проблема сохранения конкурентных позиций на мировом рынке стоит особенно остро, так ка в современных условиях взначительной степени утрачиваются те факторы, которые могли бы способствовать росту конкурентоспособности в будущем. Для полноправного участия в конкурентной борьбе на мировых рынках необходимо создание конкурентоспособного производства, способного обеспечить ускоренный качественный характер экономического роста.
Экономическое развитие Азербайджана на современном этапе характеризуется высоким динамичным темпом развития, практически по всем макроэкономическим показателям наша республика является среди лидеров стран с переходной экономикой. Экономические успехи нашли свое адекватное отражение в исследованиях авторитетных международных организаций, исследовательских институтов и групп. Так, по итоговому отчету о глобальной конкурентоспособности среди 133 стран Азербайджан занял 51-е место. По заключению МВФ и Европейского Банка Реконструкции и Развития, финансовая система Азербайджана была минимально затронута мировым кризисом ликвидности. МВФ включил Азербайджан в группу стран, экономика которых наиболее устойчива к кризису и наименее уязвима под воздействием внешних факторов.
Кризисы, в различных своих формах, почти 200-ти лет испытывают рыночную экономику на право существования.
И первый 1825 года и сегодняшний (2008-2009 г.г.) кризисы имеют финансовые корни происхождения. В экономической литературе приводятся примеры кризисов перепроизводства, недопроизводства. Да, причиной всех экономических кризисов являются перепроизводсто, но, перепроизводство (или недопроизводство) финансовых средств: денег, ценных бумаг, резервной валюты и.т.д. Финансовый кризис, в конечном итоге, приводит к нарушению равновесия между спросом и предложением на товары и услуги.
Особенностью кризиса 2008-2009 г.г. является то, что он приобретает глобальный характер. Если предыдущие кризисы каждой страной разрешались самостоятельно или во взаимодействии с кем-то, глобальность же, означает невозможность выхода из кризиса самостоятельно. Для этого потребуются усилия всего мирового сообщества, и первую очередь развитых стран. Между
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государствами обострились противоречия, связанные с неравномерностью развития в результате глаболизационных процессов, углубления разрыва между уровнями благосостояния стран. Ценности и модели развития стали предметом глобальной конкуренции.
На фоне мирового кризиса азербайджанская экономика выглядит наиболее устойчивой по сравнению со всеми соседями. Это связано с ее некоторыми особенностями.
Во – первых, основной экспортный продукт республики – нефть – не является конкурентным и поэтому всегда устойчиво востребован на мировом рынке. Продукция сельского хозяйства – вторая по значимости категория экспорта и также имеет устойчивый спрос даже во время кризиса, при существующей отложенной системе сбыта товаров на рынки соседей.
Во – вторых, экономика Азербайджана слабо вовлечена в мировую финансовую систему, крупнейшие предприятия не являются публичными и не торгуются на западных биржах, финансовая система и промышленность республики в основном обходятся без крупных заимствований у иностранных банков. Это в свою очередь означает, что удорожение кредитов и общее недоверие на глобальном финансовом рынке не должно существенно повлиять на дальнейшее развитие экономики республики.
Эксперты убеждены, что государственное регулирование экономики не может привязываться к определенным теоретическим моделям, а должно основываться на здравом смысле, на анализе затрат и выгод любого решения, на основательных прогнозах, включающих фактор неопределенности. Исходя из этого, можно констатировать, что сами по себе рыночные силы не приведут к формированию структуры экономики, способной обеспечить процветание страны: они скорей будут толкать к закреплению сырьевой ориентации. С другой стороны, традиционные варианты экономической политики (отраслевые приоритетыплюс государственные инвестиции плюс высокие налоги или масштабные льготы) не только будут увеличивать неэффективность и бюрократию, но они непригодны и в силу высокой изменчивости и неопределенности точек роста в постиндустриальной экономике. Концентрация ресурсов с помощью государства для достижения национальных целей, столь часто применявшаяся в разных странах в период индустриализации, сейчас теряет смысл: не успеешь сконцентрировать и потратить, а уже выясняется, что пора списы-вать в убыток.
В этих условиях целью государственного регулирования экономики должно стать достижение высокой конкурентоспособности. Это и масштабная национальная задача стратегического характера, решение которой поставило бы нашу страну по уровню благосостояния населения в ряд развитых стран, о обеспечило бы ей достойные позиции в мире. Это и отвечающая современным условиям структурная политика, которая в соответствии с поставленной целью позволит определять методы и средства ее достижения.
Подход к анализу государственного регулирования конкурентоспособности с позиций основного течения современной экономической теории имеет серьезные ограничения. Суть их сводится к известному противоречию между точностью и реалистичностью, которое особенноярко проявляется при попытках перенести выводы строгих академических моделей на практику государственного регулирования в условиях глобального финансового кризиса. Дело в том, что сама точность анализа достигается за счет введения жестких предположений относительно объекта и метода исследования. Рассмотрение проблемы, как правило, введется с точки зрения экономической теории благосостояния. Если действие рыночного механизма не способно обеспечить достижение оптимального распределения ресурсов, делается однозначный вывод о «провале рынка» и необходимости государственного вмешательства.
Часто, экономические модели оказываются малоадекватными: ведь они полностью игнорируют политический аспект проблемы, благодаря чему исследование, построенное на их основе, с неизбежностью оказывается односторонним. В свете сказанного очевидно, что рассмотрение вопросов государственного регулирования может быть плодотворными глубоким лишь
364
в том случае, если во внимание будут приняты как экономические, так и политические факторы. Иными словами, необходим переход от экономического к экономико-политическиму анализу проблемы.
Хотя традиция использования экономико-политических моделей еще достаточно молода, к настоящему времени они завоевали прочные позиции в сфере изучения широкого круга проблем. К ним относятся проблемы регулирования внешней торговли, налогообложения, денежно-кредитной политики, внешней задолжности, экономики переходного периода и т.д. Сюда следовало бы включить также государственного регулирование конкурентоспособности национальной экономики.
Вопрос о регулировании конкурентоспособности экономики Азербайджана особенно важно решать именно в данный момент, поскольку это определяется целым рядом условий, сформи-ровавшихся в последние несколько лет.
Во- первую очередь это определяется с тем, что на протяжении последних лет Азербайджан может говорить о достижении прочной макроэкономической стабилизации. Бюджет имеет незначительный дефицит, формально присутствует вполне допустимая инфляция для осуществления инвестиционных проектов, предсказуемый курс маната к доллару, страна имеет вполне достаточные на сегодняшний день золотовалютные ресурсы для поддержания стабильности маната.
Во- вторых, за последние годы произошло укрепление вертикали власти с ее направленностью в сторону продолжения либеральных реформ с местной госспецификой, затрагивающих все основы жизни общества – включая правовую, судебную реформы, реформу образования. Направленность этих усилий резко повысила предсказуемость властей для внешнего мира и собственного населения, создало довольно благоприятный климат для экономических преобразований в стране.
В последние годы республика выдвинулась в число наиболее динамичных и успешно развивающихся экономик, заняв ведущие места в соответствующих международных рейтингах. Это является результатом того, что Азербайджан обладает целым рядом фундаментальных конкурентных преимуществ: наличие богатых углевородных залежей, выгодное географическое местоположение, значительный экологический потенциал, и главное, квалифицированная и сравнительно недорогая рабочая сила.
Установление внутри страны общественно-политической стабильности, рост имиджа республики на международной арене и признание мировым сообществом Азербайджана как ци-вильного государства стали залогом присвоения республике суверенных кредитных рейтингов. Суверенные рейтинги, охватывают долговые обязательства в соответствии с условиями их выпуска. Сейчас, как никогда ранее, большое значение для Азербайджана приобретают текущие суверенные рейтинги, их содержание и критерии, в соответствии с которыми они присваиваются. Получение страной инвестиционного кредитного рейтинга переводит ее на принципиально новый уровень в вопросе привлечения зарубежных капиталов, что практически автоматически обеспечивает рост инвестиций.
Таким образом, суммируя слабые и сильные стороны экономики Азербайджана, можно утверждать, что во многом потери от кризиса будут зависеть от его продолжительности и глубины в основных экономиках мира, а также от эффективности макроэкономической политики по регулированию конкурентоспособности экономики.
ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА
1. М. Портер «Конкуренция». Москва, Вильямс, 2000, с. 123 2. World Bank, 1998 3. www.azstat.org 4. www.economy.gov.az
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Mamedova Natavan COMPETITIVENESS OF NATIONAL ECONOMY IN THE GLOBAL F INANCIAL CRISIS
SUMMARY
The article attempts to determine the competitiveness applicable to the Azerbaijani economy, which would help implement the comprehensive analysis of the current level of competitiveness and to understand what tools can be used for this purpose. The main focus of the article is on the position of Azerbaijan in the ranking of countries’ competitiveness, strengths and weaknesses of the economy, improve competitiveness and opportunities amplification position of Azerbaijan in the context of the global financial crisis.
Temur miminoSviliTemur miminoSviliTemur miminoSviliTemur miminoSvili saxelmwifos roli konkurentuli biznesgaremossaxelmwifos roli konkurentuli biznesgaremossaxelmwifos roli konkurentuli biznesgaremossaxelmwifos roli konkurentuli biznesgaremos formirebaSiformirebaSiformirebaSiformirebaSi
sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi konkurencia resursebis efeqtiani gamoyenebisa
da danaxarjebis minimizaciis saSualebaa, rac erovnuli simdidris zrdis
mniSvnelovan winapirobas warmoadgens. klasikosi mecnierebis ganmartebiT,
konkurencia dinamiuri procesia da umniSvnelovanes rols asrulebs biznesis
ganviTarebaSi.
samarTliani konkurenciisaTvis gadamwyvetia konkurentuli biznesgaremos
formireba, raSic mniSvnelovani rolis Sesruleba SeuZlia saxelmwifos.
saxelmwifom samarTlebrivi da ekonomikuri berketebiT unda uzrunvelyos, erTi
mxriv, maRali efeqtianobis mqone msxvilmasStabiani ekonomikis upiratesobebis
gamoyeneba, meore mxriv, SeZlos konkurenciis ganviTarebaze misi SesaZlo nega-
tiuri zegavlenis ganeitraleba. saxelmwifos ZiriTadi funqcia unda iyos
konkurenciis stimulireba da konkurenciuli garemosaTvis xelsayreli pirobebis
Seqmna, antimonopoliuri regulireba da momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacva.
,,konkurencia da jansaRi konkurenciuli garemo kerZo sakuTrebasTan erTad war-
moadgens sabazro ekonomikuri urTierTobebis ,,xerxemals” da mTavar
mastimulirebel Zalas”69.
liberalur da mastimulirebel Rirebulebebze dafuZnebuli konkurentuli
garemo Semdeg ZiriTad mimarTulebebze unda iyos orientirebuli:
• ekonomikuri zrdis maRali tempebis SenarCuneba;
• adgilobrivi warmoebis interesebis dacva;
• ekonomikisa da biznesurTierTobebis optimaluri saxelmwifo regulireba;
• saxelmwifos gazrdili sakonsultacio da saganmanaTleblo funqciebis
SeTavseba;
• saxelmwifosa da bizness Soris partnioruli da korporatiuli Tanam-
Sromlobis principebis danergva da sxv.
konkurentuli biznesgaremos formirebaSi gasaTvaliswinebelia sami institu-
ciuri sistemis Tanaarsebobis ganxilva: 1. saxelmwifo; 2. sazogadoeba: 3. biznesi.
aRniSnuli sistemidan saxelmwifos roli ekonomikis regulirebasa da sti-
mulirebaSi unda mdgomareobdes; biznesis ganviTarebis done ki mniSvnelovnad
69
S. gogiaSvili, konkurenciis ekonomikuri politika da sakanonmdeblo praqtika saqarTveloSi, gamomcemloba ,,inovacia”, Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 9.
366
unda gansazRvravdes Zlieri saxelmwifosa da, maSasadame, sazogadoebis ekono-
mikuri interesebis formirebas.
konkurentuli biznesgaremos CamoyalibebaSi mniSvnelovania aRniSnul
institutebs Soris proporciebis formireba. jansaRi konkurentuli garemos
SeqmnaSi gadamwyvetia saxelmwifo sakuTrebis optimaluri masStabebis gansazRvra.
biznesis mzardi masStabebis pirobebSi aucilebeli iqneba sazogadoebis rolis
gaZlierebac, rac, sabolood xels Seuwyobs saxelmwifosa da bizness Soris
optimaluri urTierTobebis damyarebasa da mosaxleobis keTildReobis amaRlebas. Tanamedrove ekonomikuri modelebis ZiriTadi gansxvavebebi biznesgaremos
formirebaSi saxelmwifos adgiliTa da roliT aris ganpirobebuli. magaliTad,
anglo-saqsuri modelisaTvis konkurenciis principebis dacva liberaluri bazris
koncefciis safuZvelze, romlis Tanaxmadac, sabazro meqanizmi maqsimalurad aris
gaTavisuflebuli saxelmwifo Carevisagan, udavo upiratesobaa. Tumca, es ar
niSnavs saxelmwifos mxridan ZiriTadi, maT Soris ekonomikuri Sinaarsis
funqciebis Sesrulebaze uaris Tqmas da ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi TviTreguli-
rebis meqanizmisaTvis meti ndobis gamocxadebas; germanul-Sveduri, anu socia-
lurad orientirebuli modelis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo axdens sabazro meqanizmis
negatiuri Sedegebis koreqtirebas sazogadoebis sxvadasxva fenis interesebis
(ZiriTadad socialuris) mixedviT70. mocemul SemTxvevaSic gaTvaliswinebulia
sabazro ekonomikis mTavari mastimulirebeli berketis – konkurenciis mniSv-
nelobis roli.
biznesgaremos formirebaSi saxelmwifos roli gansakuTrebulia ekonomi-
kuri krizisebisa da depresiebis periodebSi. ekonomikuri zrdis dros sasurvelia
ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos maqsimaluri Caurevlobis principis dacva, amgvar
pirobebSi konkurentuli garemos TviTregulacia da bazarze SeRwevis pirobebis
analizi71.
saqarTveloSi sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis periodSi konkurentuli
biznesgaremos formirebis procesi Tavdapirvelad socialurad orientirebuli
modelis princips eyrdnoboda, xolo mogvianebiT, ekonomikis liberalizaciisa da
deregulirebis mimarTulebiT gatarebuli radikaluri reformebis safuZvelze,
upiratesoba liberaluri sabazro modelis moTxovnebs mieniWa.
saxelmwifos mxridan konkurenciis mxardaWera monopoliis ganviTarebisaTvis
saSiS winapirobebs qmnis. aRniSnulis Sesaxeb jer kidev ekonomikuri Teoriis
klasikosebi miuTiTebdnen. maTi SexedulebiT monopoliis niSnebiT trestebis
umravlesoba damoukidebel sawarmoTa SeerTebis gziT iqmneboda. aqedan gamom-
dinare, aucilebelia, rom saxelmwifom ara marto xeli Seuwyos samarTlian kon-
kurencias, aramed aRkveTos iseTi ekonomikuri saqmianobac, romelic mimarTulia
monopoliisa da arakeTilsindisieri konkurenciisaken.
konkurentuli garemos uzrunvelyofa qveyanaSi biznesis ganviTarebis
orientiri unda iyos. amisaTvis aucilebelia Semdegi pirobebis dakmayofileba:
• saxelmwifos minimaluri Careva ekonomikur da biznessaqmianobaSi;
• saxelmwifos saqmianobis mxolod ekonomikuri da biznespolitikis
SemuSavebiTa da am urTierTobebis SezRuduli, zrdasa da ganviTarebaze
orientirebuli saxelmwifoebrivi regulaciiT Semofargvla;
70 Хайек Ф. Погубная самодеятелнность, 1992, gv. 38. 71 Портер М. Конкуренция, 2002, gv. 97-100.
367
• administrirebis meqanizmebisa da biznesSi saqmis warmoebis standartebis
gamartiveba;
• gadasaxadebisa da sabuRaltro aRricxva-angariSgebis formebis maqsima-
lurad srulyofa;
• biznesis diversificireba misi ganviTarebisa da potencialis masStabebis
mixedviT;
• saxelmwifosaTvis ekonomikuri da sxva saxis biznessaqmianobebis SezRudva;
• sakanonmdeblo doneze saxelmwifosa da biznesis funqciebis gamijvna da
sxv.
samarTliani konkurentuli garemos Camoyalibeba gansakuTrebiTY mniSvnelo-
vania mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebisaTvis. aseTi konkurencia maqsima-
lurad gamoricxavs monopoliuri struqturebis formirebasa da karteluri
garigebebis safrTxeebs.
konkurentuli garemos formirebaSi mniSvnelovania sakanonmdeblo regu-
laciebis optimizacia da Sesabamisi saxelmwifo struqturebis samianobis aqti-
vizacia. dRes saqarTvelos kanoniT ,,Tavisufali vaWrobisa da konkurenciis
Sesaxeb”, konkurenciis saagentoebs (saministroebs, komitetebs, komisiebs,
departamentebs, sammarTveloebs) gaaCniaT kanonmdeblobiT miniWebuli Sesabamisi
zemoqmedebis berketebi. Tumca, aRniSnuli kanoni ar iTvaliswinebs romelime
ekonomikuri agentis mxridan konkurenciis SezRudvis SesaZleblobas. mosalod-
nelia, rom aRniSnuli uaryofiTad imoqmedebs jansaRi biznesgaremos formirebaze.
es, sabolood, gamoiwvevs biznesis ganviTarebis Seferxebas saqarTveloSi da
Seamcirebs siRaribis daZlevisa da sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis zrdis
SesaZleblobebs. ,,konkurenciuli upiratesobis gareSe, globalizaciisa da
saerTaSoriso konkurenciis Tanamedrove etapze nebismieri qveyana ganwirulia
imisaTvis, rom saerTaSoriso bazarze mas ekavos mudmivad mxolod ,,momxmareblis
niSa”, xolo misi mosaxleoba Tavisi moxmarebis moculobiTa da struqturiT iyos
aseve mudmivad ,,RaribTa” kategoriaSi. swored amitom sul ufro met mniSvnelobas
iZenen Teoriuli gamokvlevebi da praqtikuli xasiaTis damuSavebebi konkuren-
ciuli upiratesobis miRwevis strategiisa da taqtikis sferoSi. ... sayovelTaod
aRiarebul sakonkurencio normebze dayrdnobili antimonopoliuri kanonmdeb-
lobisa da misi aRmasrulebeli Sesabamisi uflebamosilebebiT aRWurvili
institutis efeqturi muSaobis gareSe SeuZlebelia am miznis miRweva”72.
optimaluri konkurentuli garemos formirebisaTvis sakanonmdeblo bazis
srulyofa uzrunvelyofs qveyanaSi instituciuri reformebis ganxorcielebas,
siRaribesTan warmatebul brZolas, saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mimarT
saqarTvelos valdebulebebis Sesrulebas konkurenciis sferoSi kanonmdeblobis
srulyofisa da harmonizaciis sakiTxebze da sxv. realurad unda amoqmeddes
kanoni ,,saxelmwifo antimonopoliuri regulirebis Sesaxeb~. am kanoniT saxelm-
wifo mmarTvelobis aparati aRiWurveba im uflebrivi mdgomareobiT, rac uzrun-
velyofs bazarze Tavisufali da jansaRi konkurentuli urTierTobebis Camoya-
libebasa da ganviTarebas. evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis bankis
daskvniT, `tranziciis procesSi myofi qveynebis ekonomikuri gamocdileba
gviCvenebs, rom efeqtiani privatizacia saWiroebs Tanmdev reformebs, romlebic
72 gogiaSvili S. konkurenciis ekonomikuri politika da sakanonmdeblo praqtika saqarTveloSi. gamomcemloba ,,inovacia”, Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 60.
368
xels Seuwyobs imgvari institutebis ganviTarebas, rogoricaa konkurenciis
maregulirebeli organoebi, agreTve gonivrul wesebsa da kanonebs~73.
dRes qveynis winaSe aqtualurad dgas saerTaSoriso bazrebze, gansakuTrebiT
evropul bazrebze integraciis sakiTxi. saerTaSoriso bazrebze qarTuli biznesis
warmatebiT gasvlisaTvis saWiroa saerTaSoriso bazrebze arsebuli ekonomikuri
usafrTxoebis efeqturi sistemis monacemebis dakmayofileba. am mxriv metad
mniSvnelovania evrokavSiris struqturebis mier saqarTvelosaTvis rekomendebuli
moTxovnebis dakmayofileba, romelTagan prioritetulia: antimonopoliuri
regulireba, rogorc nebismieri qveynis biznesaqtivobis zrdisa da realuri
ekonomikis seqtoris ganviTarebis aucilebeli winapiroba; sursaTis uvnebloba _
jansaRi da konkurentuli agrosasursaTo produqtebis warmoebiT bazarze Sesvla;
Sromis kanonmdeblobis liberalizacia – kvalificiuri, jansaRi da konkuren-
tunariani SromiTi resursisa da potencialis Seqmnisa da ganviTarebis safuZveli.
am pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT SesaZlebeli iqneba qveynis SigniT biznesis
ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi garemos Seqmna da ekonomikuri zrdis uzrunvelyofa.
amrigad, saxelmwifos, rogorc ekonomikis `racionaluri maregulirebelis~,
roli umniSvnelovanesia biznesis konkurentuli garemos formirebaSi. auci-
lebelia saxelmwifo regulirebis formebisa da xarisxis optimaluri donis
gansazRvra, rac qveynis tradiciebis, ganviTarebis donis, politikuri klimatisa
da socialur-ekonomikuri pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT unda gadawydes. konkuren-
ciis kanonmdeblobis Secvla evropuli praqtikis Sesabamisad unda warimarTos,
raTa xelsayreli biznesgaremos formireba im sferoebSic ganxorcieldes,
sadac seqtoruli regulireba ar vrceldeba.
gamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literatura
1. gogiaSvili S. konkurencia da kanonmdebloba, Jurnali ,,biznesi da
kanonmdebloba“, yovelTviuri damateba - biznes-macne, #1, 2008.
2. gogiaSvili S. saxelmwifos roli qveyanaSi xelsayreli biznes-garemos
formirebis saqmeSi, Jurnali ,,ekonomika da biznesi”, #3, 2008.
3. gogiaSvili S. konkurenciis ekonomikuri politika da sakanonmdeblo
praqtika saqarTveloSi gamomcemloba ,,inovacia”, Tbilisi, 2009.
4. saqarTvelos kanoni ,,Tavisufali vaWrobisa da konkurenciis Sesaxeb~, 3
ivnisi, 2005.
5. saqarTvelos kanoni ,,monopoliuri saqmianobisa da konkurenciis Sesaxeb~,
25 ivnisi 1996.
6. fetelava s. konkurenciis Teoria da antimonopoliuri regulireba
saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, ,,loi~, 2007.
7. EBRD `konkurenciis gziT gardaqmnis xelSewyoba~,
www.ebrd.com/pubs/legal/lit041g.pdf 8. Портер М. Конкуренция, 2002. 9. Хайек Ф. Погубная самодеятелнность, 1992. 10. www.transparency.ge 11. www.oft.gov.uk/shared_oft/speeches/spe0503.pdf 12. www.unctad.org/sections/wcmu/docs/c2clp_ige9p12DeborahHealey_en.PDF
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EBRD `konkurenciis gziT gardaqmnis xelSewyoba~, http://www.ebrd.com/pubs/legal/lit041g.pdf
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Miminoshvili Temur THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN FORMATION OF COMPETITIVE BUSINESS CLIMATE
SUMMARY
The role and meaning of the government in terms of formation of proper competitive business climate are discussed in the article. Business regulating legislation is analyzed, relevant gaps and failures are identified. Formation of competitive business climate is evaluated based on three institutional systems: 1. Government; 2. Society; 3. Business. The optimal proportions among these institutions are offered, that positive impact on competitive business climate.
The role of government has special importance in formation of business climate during the period of economic crisis and depressions. As for the period of economic growth, it is preferable to follow the principal of maximal level of non-intervention from the government.
It is concluded that, the governmental decisions in regard of the business climate formation should be made considering the followings: traditions of the country, the level of development, political climate and socio-economic conditions.
In addition, it is needed to make certain legislative changes in accordance to European practices. Mentioned will contribute to formation of favorable business climate.
Рзаев Анар Яшар оглы ГЕОЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ СИТУАЦИЯ ЧЕРНОМОРСКО-КАСПИЙСКОГО РЕГИОНА И ЕГО
ВЛИЯНИЯ НА ТРАНСПОРТНУЮ ПОЛИТИКУ АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНА
На сегодняшний день уже в меньшей степени в механизмах формирования и регулирования внешнеэкономической политики многих стран фигурируют отдельные страны. Сегодня в большей степени главным вектором определяющим «правила игры» на геоэкономическом пространстве выступают группы стран, объединенных в блоки противостояния друг к другу или же по отношению к крупным странам. В данной ситуации на наш взгляд было бы приемлемо, если мы рассмотрим перспективное полноправное участие Азербайджана в международных транспортных отношениях, через призму отдельного региона коим является Черноморско-Каспийский регион [1].
Конструктивность данного подхода складывается с точки зрения самого вклада экономики республики в мировой экономический продукт. Так, вклад Азербайджана в формирование мировой экономики незначителен и судя по имеющим данным в мировой торговле товарами и услугами доля Азербайджана составляет чуть более 0,051 % и обуславливается ориентацией его на экспорт сырой нефти и нефтепродуктов. Одновременно имеется тенденция в структуре экспортной продукции сок-ращения доли готовых изделий. Удельный вес Азербайджана в импорте капитала приравнивается к 0,1%.
Следует отметить, что Азербайджан как страна, обладающая большими запасами минеральных ресурсов, уже давно оказалась в центре внимания мировой общественности. Страна привлекла к себе внимание ведущих мировых держав, в первую очередь, стран дальнего зарубежья – США, Великобритании, Германии, Франции, Италии, Японии, Китая, а также соседних стран – России, Турции и Ирана, являющихся традиционными соперниками в Черноморско-Каспийском регионе.
Стремясь укрепить свои позиции в регионе и путем диверсификации развивать торгово-экономические отношения и транспортное сообщение со странами СНГ, Европы и Азии Азербайджан присоединился к Международному Транспортному Коридору (МТК) «Восток – Запад» и «Север –Юг», идущий из четырех сторон и связывающий восток, юг, запад и север Каспийского моря. В то же время, все еще актуальной остается проблема участия Азербайджана в других
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немаловажных международных транспортных проектах, будучи равноправным участником в повышении и использованию экономического потенциала Каспийского региона, а также в перспективе сотрудничества со странами Черноморско-Каспийского региона.
Актуальность выстраивания внешнеполитических отношений в рамках данного региона связана со многими геополитическими аспектами, тогда как главным геоэкономическим фактором является оторванность Южно-Кавказского региона от мировых рынков товаров и услуг, что приводит к определенным негативным отзывам о включении южно-кавказских стран в международную транспортную систему [5].
Надо ли говорить о том, что перспективы эскалации перманентного межнационального конфликта в регионе делают его совершенно бесперспективным для долгосрочных инвестиций в национальные экономики стран, входящих в него. Более того, существование всех действующих сегодня и планируемых в ближайшей перспективе транспортных артерий из-за перманентных вооруженных конфликтов между противоборствующими сторонами находится под большим вопросом, поскольку все они располагаются в зоне повышенного риска. Между тем известно, что технический сбой или намеренное повреждение нефтегазовых магистралей может привести не только к срыву графиков поставок энергоносителей к рынкам их реализации (что само по себе чревато значительными и невосполнимыми потерями для экономики), но и к масштабным техногенным катастрофам, способным нанести природе и жизни населения региона непоправимый ущерб. Уже одно это обстоятельство обязывает многие страны уделять предельное внимание тем процессам, которые развиваются в Черноморско-Каспийском регионе, где появились, новые акторы, которые по-настоящему разворачивают свою деятельность, это обретшие независимость Азербайджан, Туркмения, Казахстан, которые в тесном сотрудничестве с Украиной и Грузией стали являться очень сильным стимулирующим фактором в разворачивании более независимой международной роли [2].
Азербайджан, Украина и Грузия действуют через ГУАМ развитие, которого в общих чертах можно охарактеризовать как выход из военного сотрудничества в зону более широких коммерческих контактов. На сегодняшний день ясно проглядывается картина коммерциализации и демилитаризации Черноморско-Каспийского региона. Есть основания предполагать, что если этот регион будет и дальше так развиваться, то он станет для прилегающих стран главным инструментом осуществления сотрудничества и входа в Европейское сообщество.
В Черноморско-Каспийском пространстве соперничают четверо - США, Россия, Китай и Европейский союз. ЕС сейчас вырабатывает свою собственную внешнюю политику, а также политику по вопросам безопасности, в чем-то отличающуюся от американской. Отличия, скорее всего, связаны с разными подходами в механизмах формирования внешнеэкономической политики, которые находят свое место в социально-экономических моделях развития, где для США четко определен индивидуалистский подход и высокий уровень независимости ТНК, а для Европы, прежде всего, главенство системы социально-рыночного хозяйства и подход солидарного решения многообразных и разновекторных проблем стран-членов ЕС в основе которого стоят вопросы постепенного и долговременного кооперирования внутри группы и за пределами. Конечно, Черноморско-Каспийский регион все еще подвержен потенциальным конфликтам, грозящими в любой момент разрастись в серьезные локальные войны. Во-первых, еще не произошел окончательный раздел Каспийского моря. Здесь остается много спорных вопросов, за которыми в Европе следят очень внимательно, особенно за территориальными спорами [3].
Наиболее сложные вопросы, касаются транспортных путей. Потому, как страны, которые включены в эти коридоры, будут богатеть и наращивать капитал, в них будут вкладываться западные инвестиции. Но есть и другие страны, не лежащие на этих транспортных путях. Туда эти инвестиции не пойдут, транзит пойдет вокруг этих стран, что опять же может привести к серьезнейшим конфликтам в Черноморско-Каспийском регионе.
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Как один из главных «игроков», Китай начинает усиливать свои позиции в Черноморско-Каспийском, особенно в Каспийском регионе. Китай становится важнейшим партнером для Европы и для Европейского союза в создании будущего Шелкового пути, соединяющего Европу и Азию. В то же время Россия имеет вполне эффективные механизмы, ослабляющие сдерживающие факторы не только со стороны США, но и других факторов современного мира. Россия, используя геополитику «слоёного пирога», суть которой заключается в создании за пределами непосредственного страны-сдерживателя «пояса союзничества» и в нужный момент компенсирует нестабильные отношения с государствами непосредственного окружения. Например, страны Старой Европы, дружественные балканские страны балансируют русофобскую Восточную Европу, а дружественный Иран — оказывает сдерживающее воздействие на Закавказье и Среднюю Азию. Особо значимыми регионами для потенциального удаленного союзничества по такой логике становятся «сдерживающие» области основных геополитических конкурентов России: Латинская Америка рядом с США, Северная Африка рядом с Европой, Индокитай рядом с КНР [4].
Наибольший интерес вызывает стратегия Европейского союза, который заинтересован в партнерстве с Россией, а также в сильном, действительно важном партнерстве с Украиной - не в ущерб, разумеется, ни России, ни Украине. Здесь следует выделить роль Германии, которая, с финансовой точки зрения стала на сторону именно этого партнерства, защищает и отстраивает его и с Россией, и параллельно с Украиной. В Германии, которая на 35% зависит от российского газа, как и в Центральной Европе, понимают, что от российского газа и нефти в большой степени зависят страны Центральной Европы. Партнерство с Россией жизненно необходимо и Европейскому союзу, и его новым членам и партнерам в Центральной Европе.
Безусловно, в такой сложной геополитической ситуации, Азербайджан несмотря на положение стыка двух континентов, вынужден опираться на свои региональные преимущества и выстраивать свои отношения по признаку приверженности к крупному и стратегическому региону коим является ЧКР (Черноморско-Каспийский регион).
Наверное, именно с этой плоскости, на наш взгляд, в Азербайджане чувствуется практическая поддержка и практическое сотрудничество с Европой именно в рамках Черноморско-Каспийского нефтегазового сотрудничества. В данном направлении чувствуется интерес ЕС по отношению к Азербайджану как стране имеющий потенциал выполнения роли связующего моста, который способен объединить не только культуры и цивилизации, но и основные концепции развития экономики Европы и Азии. В данной ситуации понятна сама идеология правительства, которая основывается на достижении полноценного экономического лидерства на Южном Кавказе.
Как видно, Европейский Союз все же не оперирует в данных взаимоотношениях чисто прагматическими интересами. Здесь подразумевается, что именно транспортные пути должны стать потоком демократии. Не случайно Совет Европы, одна из крупнейших организаций современной Европы, обозначила границы будущей Европы – границы ХХІ века включив в свои ряды Азербайджан, Грузию и Армению. В данный момент данные регионы поддерживаются экономии-чески. Европа полностью поддерживает рыночные реформы в этих странах через свою программу TACIS, через Иногейт, через TRACECA. При помощи, которой будет создана общая система ценностей, которая объединяла бы и Европу, и Азию, и Черноморско-Каспийский регион [2].
Как известно, одним из важнейших условий устойчивого развития экономики является социально-политическая стабильность страны. Это же условие можно интерпретировать контрадикторным положением, в соответствии с которым следует, что условием стабильности гражданского мира и социального согласия в той или иной стране является сбалансированный уровень функционирования ее экономики, обеспечивающий для ее граждан приемлемые условия существования.
С этой точки зрения можно сказать, что за счет реализации комплекса «модернизаторских» решений, стало возможным трансформировать Азербайджан из социума со слабой и регрессирующей
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экономической системой, упадочным политическим институциональным строем, маргинализованным общественным сознанием в пространство новых поведенческих норм и стереотипов, устойчивой политической системы и поэтапно формирующихся демократических институтов, характерной для рыночной системы экономической структуры [1].
На сегодняшний день интенсификация разработки Каспийского нефтегазового шельфа проходит нарастающими темпами. Столь же интенсивно идет прокладка трубопроводных магистралей и строительство причерноморских терминалов для транспортировки углеводородов на мировые рынки энергоносителей. Сегодня более трех десятков ведущих нефте- и газодобывающих компаний всего мира вкладывают сюда значительные средства, рассчитывая на твердые дивиденды от своей деятельности в регионе. Наиболее авторитетные из них, такие, к примеру, как BP/Amoco, Exxon, Mobil, Shevron, ARCO Unokal, считают Черноморско-Каспийский регион зоной своих стратегических интересов. Они углубляют процесс своего проникновения в экономику региона посредством долгосрочных инвестиционных вложений.
Что же касается диверсификации маршрутов транспортировки энергоносителей за пределы региона, где до последнего времени существовало множество проблем, связанных с монопольным владением транспортными магистралями одной лишь Россией, то здесь также наметился многообещающий прорыв, имеющий для судьбы региона стратегическое значение. На сегодня уже завершена прокладка первой очереди формирующейся в регионе системы новых нефтегазовых трубопроводов – нефтепровод Баку-Супса, глобальный проект ОЭТ Баку-Тбилиси-Джейхан, газовый трубопровод Баку-Тбилиси-Эрзерум благодаря которому открывается благоприятная возможность для многократного увеличения объемов добычи углеводородного сырья, а также для его транспортировки через территорию Грузии и черноморские терминалы этой страны в Европу. Кроме того, находит свое материальное воплощение коллективная политическая воля руководства стран-участниц транснационального регионального проекта по материальному обеспечению, технологическому усовершенствованию эксплуатации и надежной транспортировки энерго-носителей. С этими целями была создана программа ТRАСЕCА, на основе которой возникла межгосударственная экономическая интеграция стран, вошедших в коалицию ГУУАМ74 (Грузия, Украина, Узбекистан, Азербайджан, Молдова), деятельность которой ориентируется на консолидацию коллективных усилий ее членов в процессе реализации перспективного проекта, могущего радикально изменить ситуацию в направлении прогрессивного развития ситуации [2].
Само по себе развитие транспортных коридоров будет играть роль успешного использования механизмов создания макростабильности в регионе и в каждой стране в отдельности. Ведь известно, что политическая стабильность в любой стране находится в прямой зависимости от благоприятного социального и материального положения ее граждан.
Однако, как показывают события в регионе, восприятие климата политического мира и гражданского согласия, в силу местных традиций, представляются набором признаков, достаточно субъективно воспринимаемых в той или иной отдельно взятой стране. Кроме того, существуют собственные национально-государственные интересы, не всегда совпадающие с коллективными интересами всех стран-участников межнациональной коалиции. Это правило действует с тем большей долей вероятности, когда выгоды, благодаря совместной эксплуатации и транспортировки энергоносителей на зарубежные рынки, дают чрезвычайно быстрый материальный эффект. Именно этим обстоятельством диктуется необходимость выработки некоей системы универсальных требований, которым обязаны подчиняться законодательные системы стран, объединенных межнациональной экономической коалицией ГУАМ. Причем эта система должна воплощать в себе не только создание и эффективное функционирование единых и приемлемых для всех его субъектов объективных критериев при анализе и юридической квалификации возможных спорных вопросов, но
74 ГУАМ- Узбекистан вышел из объединения
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также для судебных вердиктов, выносимых арбитражными судами при их разрешении. К этому же ряду проблем относится и необходимость выработки приемлемой для всех участников межгосударственной коалиции унифицированной таможенной и налоговой политики, а также и система природоохранных норм по защите территорий, непосредственно примыкающих к эксплуатируемым транспортно-коммуникационным коридорам.
В разделении функций в области международного взаимодействия по проблеме создания и расширения сети транспортных коммуникаций в регионе Каспийского моря Азербайджан должен занимать объективное место, адекватное возможностям его географического расположения и имеющегося технологического потенциала.
Поэтому транспортные коммуникации в регионе должны иметь адекватную степень безопасности. В частности, транспортировка энергоносителей и других потребительских товаров должна быть обеспечена системой безопасности транспортных коммуникаций, состоящей из следующих четырех компонентов:
• системы обеспечения военной безопасности; • системы обеспечения экологической безопасности; • системы обеспечения технологической и навигационной безопасности; • ремонтной базы. Современная ситуация в данном регионе развивается очень быстрыми темпами и поэтому, на
наш взгляд, требуется правильно определить интересы Азербайджана по всем касательным сферам. В данный момент наиболее целесообразным представляется инициирование создания системы безопасности именно Азербайджаном, поскольку как мы уже говорили выше, опасность возгорания Нагорно-Карабахского конфликта может опрокинуть политику сдерживания в данном регионе. Думается, что такой шаг вполне будет понятен партнерам на Западе и Востоке. Для создания подобной системы Азербайджан обладает необходимым экономическим потенциалом.
Реализация программы дала бы Азербайджану значительные дивиденды, существенно улучшающие его региональную и международную роль, равно как и дающие толчок экономическому развитию страны.
В сфере экономики Азербайджан получает функциональную нишу в системе международных транспортных коммуникаций, не зависящую от его участия или не участия в непосредственных энерго перевозках. Азербайджан привлекает значительные безвозвратные средства для создания вышеприведенных компонентов системы безопасности, а также открывает для приграничных регионов новые возможности, способные привлечь имеющийся в регионе технологический и интеллектуальный потенциал.
В сфере внутренней политики решает проблему занятости и дает перспективу экономического развития большому своему региону, а в сфере внешней политики представляется оптимальным, усиление позиций Азербайджана в геоэкономической структуре региона и тем самым создать условия не только для решения сложных территориальных задач, но и получать основные дивиденды непосредственно на транзите.
Известно, что функционирующие транспортные потоки, в силу их инерционности, довольно сложно переориентировать на новые направления. Попытки же устраниться от активной экономической политики в регионе приведут к тому, что место Азербайджана займет одно из соседних недружественных и враждебных государств, или же транснациональные корпорации. Как писал известный американский ученый Рассел Акофф: “Планируйте. Иначе спланируют вас”.
Данная ситуация свидетельствует о том, что будучи потенциально богатейшей страной региона, страна все больше может попасть в зависимость от воздействия внешних факторов. В этих условиях ей все сложнее будет проводить самостоятельную экономическую политику и, прежде
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всего, во внешнеэкономической сфере. В этой связи особую роль приобретает позиция Азербайджана по выработке собственной стратегии в развитии транспортных сетей региона.
ЛИТЕРАТУРА
1. Рамиз Мехтиев. Определяя стратегию будущего: курс на модернизацию, Баку «Шярг-Гярб», 2008. С.148
2. Гаджиев Ш.Г. Азербайджан на пути к мировому сообществу: стратегия внешнеэкономического развития. Киев Експрес-об’ява 2000.
3. Рзаев И.Б. Внешнеэкономические аспекты национальной безопасности Азербайджана. Автореферат диссертации на соискание ученой степени кандидата экономических наук. г. Москва – 2006
4. В.А. Гусейнов. Центральная Азия на пороге эпохи глобализации Литературная газета. 2002. № 27.
5. Т.В.Юрьева. Политика НАТО в отношении Центральной Азии и Закавказья http://window.edu.ru/resource/987/46987/files/mion-ino-center10.pdf
Rzaev Anar
GEOECONOMIC SITUATION OF BLACK AND CASPIAN SEA REGI ON AND ITS INFLUENCE ON TRANSPORT POLICY OF AZERBAIJAN
SUMMARY
In given article questions of geopolitics The Black sea-Caspian region are considered. Mutual relations and economic interests of the countries of region are analyzed, and also geopolitical interests of the main countries of the world, such USA are investigated, Russia, Iran Is etc. considered a policy of EU in relation to the given region. Necessity of development of transport communications between the region countries is proved. Ways of inclusion of Azerbaijan to system of the international transport highways are defined.
Rukhaia Nino SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING – OPPORTUNITY FOR GEORGIAN E XPORTERS
No one will refuse the importance of export for countries economic stability and I think all Georgian
economists are worried by increasing difference between export-import which you can see on the chart. We must say that export is increasing also, but import is rising faster.
Figure 1.Export-import dynamic in Georgia 1995-2011
Source: www.geostat.ge
In my opinion in global economy, Georgia can produce competitive product for global market, for example, in agricultural field. The geographical location gives a good environment for plant growing and livestock. But Georgian farmers can use this opportunity only with correct politics.
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It needs a lot of money to introduce the companies, brands or products to the foreign market and as a rule, Georgian companies and farmers have no enough money for promoting proper marketing campaign.
Today I want to talk about social networking and Social Media Marketing, as an opportunity for Georgian companies on the way to global market.
During the last few years social media has become one of the most exciting topics to talk about. It is “a way of life and a means of survival in today’s Internet lifestyle” (Weinberg, 2009, p. xv). According to the latest social media statistics, 845 million users are registered on Facebook (Facebook, 2012), YouTube generates more than 90 billion page views per month, Twitter handles 1.6 billion queries per day and Wikipedia hosts 17 million articles nowadays (Bullas, 2011).
As an example here is given the chart below showing the significant growth of the number of users in US during the 2005-2011 years:
Figure 2. US Internet users who use social networks sites by age, in percentage of each group
Source: Search Engine Journal, 2011
One of the famous examples of successful usage of social media by companies is Mountain Dew’s Facebook and Twitter platforms with 7 billion fans and 60,000 followers on them. The campaign of Mountain Dew, “Flavor Nations”, which took place in 2010 and where company created a new flavor with customers the social media way, was very successful. As a result, this campaign built natural buzz around the new flavors with social media exposure and Mountain Dew gained high level of loyalty by mobilizing its customers to help grow the brand (Sniderman, 2010).
U.S. President Barack Obama is another good example of power of social media. He has been called the first social media president (Zarrella, 2009, p.5). His campaign was presented on almost all social media platforms. His supporters could create profiles and connect with each other on these platforms. “A major success factor for Obama’s victory was how Obama’s campaign used social media and technology as an integral part of its strategy, to raise money, and more importantly, to develop a groundswell of empowered volunteers who felt they could make a difference” (Aaker/Victoria, n/a date).
The big idea behind social media marketing is that companies are focusing on communications (Weinberg, 2009, p. xv).The ways companies communicate with their target audiences, are changed. Today, as applied online, new forms of media have given the possibilities not only to communicate to others, but allow the recipients of messages to interact with the senders. “In the face of the Internet revolution, marketing communications today increasingly occur as a kind of personal dialogue between the company and its customers”(Kotler/Keller, 2012, p.557). The new way of communications with an audience in a digital environment which allows companies to create new connections with them instead of sending messages to people, is directly linked to social media marketing. Social media marketing is a form of online marketing which seeks to achieve branding and marketing communication goals through the participation in various social media networks (Rognerud, 2008).
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Social media allows marketers to establish a public voice and presence on the Web and reinforce other communication activities. It’s a way for customers to share text, images, audio, video information with each other and with companies and vice versa (Kotler/Keller, 2012, p.568).
Within the general definition of social media there are different categories of social media platforms but there is no systematic way to categorize them.
Kaplan and Haenlein (2010) created a classification scheme based on the set of theories in the field of two key elements of social media: media research (social presence, media richness) on the one hand and social processes (self-presentation, self-disclosure) on the other hand (Kaplan/Haenlein, 2010, p.61) as it are visualized in chart 2 below:
Figure 3. Classification of Social Media by presence/media richness and self-presentation/self-disclosure
Source: Kaplan/Haenlein, 2010, p.62
There are a lot of opportunities, why the companies must use social media, in their marketing activities and in my opinion, these opportunities are most important for Georgian companies in real time.
As it was mentioned, because of its rapidly growing popularity social media is the top of the agenda for the management of many companies nowadays. There are different lists of chances social media offers to businesses available in different studies.
Social media costs almost nothing and at the same time it works for branding as soon as company gets its name in front of the right people. Social media gives possibility to build relationships with consumers, detect and correct customer problems or complains, get customer feedback and input on new product designs or changes. Social media sells products and services when opportunities arise and cast a wide net to catch the target market (Zimmerman/Sahlin, 2010, p.15-20).
Social media gives benefits to the different areas of the company: internal communications, customer relationship, public relationship and sales (Thomas/Barlow, 2011, p.133-175).
Brown (2010) mentions that companies can acquire new customers, gather feedback from the customers or communities, raise awareness of the community efforts and connections, build own community network. “The beauty of social media is that the benefits can apply to you no matter who you are or what your business is – independent practitioner, librarian, government agency, corporation or non-profit” (Brown, 2010, p.49).
So it is a good possibility for Georgian companies, establish and increase their brand names online and they will became well-known in many counties.
Success of the social media campaign depends on correct usage and control (as it is possible) the behavior of participants of social media. There are many social media participants which have different level of engagement in social media.
Bernoff and Li (2007) introduced The Social Technographics Ladder, a report explaining the classification of people according to how they use social technologies. Authors divided them in different groups as it is in the figure below.It is The Social Techno graphics Ladder which shows what the different groups of participants do:(Brooke, 2010).
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Figure3. Social Media Ladder
Source: Forrester Research, 2010
According to this ladder companies can examine how they are represented in any subgroups and determine which types of strategies to use to reach their customers. There are different overviews about how to build successful social media of the company available in different sources. Most of the theories have mentioned the same preconditions of successful social media engagement.
According to Kreutzer (2012) there are several main steps in order to build successful and efficient social media of the company. For a better understanding of these steps, he proposes “Social-Media-House” (chart 4):
Figure 4. Social-Media-House
Source: How to use social media effectively and efficiently: The social media house, Kreutzer, 2012
In the beginning company should analyze the status quo of the social media usage which means the identification of the characteristics and expectations of own target groups, evaluation of third parties regarding the company’s activities and evaluation of relevant social media activities of the competitors’. After analyzing the current usage of social media companies should develop a social media concept. It means identification of the targets company wants to achieve with social media engagement, strategies and instruments they want to use for it, responsibilities, budget and guidelines for social media and ways to control it. The third step is choosing the appropriate social media platforms and integration of all measurements taken offline and online into the social media employed. The final important step for social media engagement is social media monitoring.
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In Georgia social media is a new field, but it becomes more and more popular. Companies in Georgia are presented on social media but there are many rooms of improvement. The companies working in B2B industry don’t see the usage of social media. Companies which are from B2C industry use almost all social media platforms, but there is lack of measurement and monitoring system. Also all companies, even which are exporting the products abroad, are using social media only for Georgian customers.
The main problem is that there is lack of information and not enough number of experts in Georgia. Most companies have no responsible persons of social media.
David Birmann, Social media expert in Georgia, in his interview, which was published in Commersant Magazine in January 2012, mentioned, that last year was “social media discovery year” for Georgian companies. But he sees many mistakes in there campaigns. Companies do not think about the targets they want to achieve with social media. Another problem he mentioned is lack of social media professionals and information in this area. (Commersant, 2012).
I hope that our companies will study, how they can use this possibility affectively and this field will became major platform for introduce Georgian product to the Global market.
Rukhaia Nino
SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING – OPPORTUNITY FOR GEORGIAN E XPORTERS SUMMARY
No one will refuse the importance of export for countries economic stability and I think all Georgian
economists are worried by increasing difference between export-import. In my opinion in global economy, Georgia can produce competitive product for global market, for example, in agricultural field. But it needs a lot of money to introduce the companies, brands or products to the foreign market and as a rule, Georgian companies and farmers have no enough money for promoting proper marketing campaign. In this topic, I want to talk about social networking and Social Media Marketing, as an opportunity for Georgian companies on the way to global market. Here you can see the major platforms of social media, the advantages of using social media marketing and also analyze of situation in Georgia in this field.
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problemad. swored amitom, socialuri pasuxismgeblobis mqone xelisufleba
mizanmimarTulad zrunavs sakuTari moqalaqeebis dasaqmebaze, ebrZvis umuSevrobas.
dasaqmeba da umuSevroba aucileblad dakavSirebulia qveynis ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis donesTan. cxadia, ekonomikuri zrda mTlianobaSi xels uwyobs axali
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Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis kriteriumebs Soris erT-erTi mniSvne-
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15 da meti wlis asakis adamianebi, romlebic dasaqmebulia an umuSevaria.
dasaqmebulad ki iTvleba 15 da meti wlis mosaxleoba, romlebic dakavebulia
ekonomikuri saqmianobiT.
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ganmavlobaSi asrulebda gansazRvrul samuSaos xelfasis an sxva saxis anaz-
Raurebis miRebis mizniT, agreTve piri, romelsac aqvs samuSao adgili, magram
droebiT ar muSaobs SvebulebaSi yofnis, avadmyofobis, samuSaodan droebiT
daTxovnis an msgavsi mizezebis gamo.
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mogebis an ojaxuri Semosavlis miReba, agreTve ojaxur sawarmoSi usasyidlod
momuSave piri.
Sromis statistikaSi gamoiyeneba ori maCvenebeli:
• umuSevrobis done;
• umuSevrobis saSualo xangrZlivoba.
umuSevrobis donis maCnevebeliumuSevrobis donis maCnevebeliumuSevrobis donis maCnevebeliumuSevrobis donis maCnevebeli gamoiyeneba umuSevrobis masStabebis
Sesafaseblad da gaiangariSeba rogorc oficialurad daregistrirebul umuSe-
varTa wili mTlianad dasaqmebulTa ricxovnobaSi.
umuSevrobis saSualo xangrZlivobaumuSevrobis saSualo xangrZlivobaumuSevrobis saSualo xangrZlivobaumuSevrobis saSualo xangrZlivoba axasiaTebs muSaobaSi wyvetilobis
saSualo dros.
politikurma arastabilurobam, ekonomikis dargobrivma krizisma da
mouwyobelma sagareo urTierTobebma eqstremaluri viTareba Seqmna saqarTveloSi
da Zalze gaamwvava socialur-ekonomikuri problemebi, gansakuTrebiT regionebSi.
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warmoiSva regionuli da genderuli disproporciebi, gaizarda umuSevroba.
gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebidan dawyebuli, saqarTvelos yvela xelisufleba
dRis wesrigSi ayenebda umuSevrobis aRmofxvrasa da siRaribis damarcxebas.
amJamad, miuxedavad reformebisa, umuSevroba da siRaribe kvlav rCeba Cveni qveynis
erT-erT gadaulaxav problemad.
mTeli mosaxleobis ricxovnoba Cvens qveyanaSi 2010 wels saqstatis
monacemebiT iyo 4436,4 aTasi adamiani. aqedan qalaqad mcxovrebTa raodenoba iyo _
2350,5 aTasi adamiani, xolo soflad mcxovrebTa raodenoba ki _ 2085,9 aTasi.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, ekonomikurad aqtiur mosaxleobad iTvleba 15 da meti
wlis mosaxleoba, romelic dasaqmebulia ekonomikuri saqmianobiT da umuSevrebi
(nax. 1).
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mosaxleoba Semcirda 79 aTasi adamianiT. es gamowveulia ori garemoebiT: jer
erTi, Sromisunariani asakis kontingenti yovelwliurad iklebs mosaxleobis
bunebrivi matebis TandaTanobiTi Semcirebis gamo, rac ramdenime aTwleulia
mimdinareobs; meorec, gare migraciaSi monawileobs swored ekonomikurad aqtiuri
mosaxleoba.
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nax. 1.nax. 1.nax. 1.nax. 1. sul ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba (aTasi kaci)
2010 wels dasaqmebulebis ricxovnoba 2005 welTan SedarebiT 116,5 aTasi
kaciT Semcirda (ix nax. 2). samuSao adgilebis umetesi wili kerZo seqtorze
modis.
nax. 2.nax. 2.nax. 2.nax. 2. dasaqmebuli mosaxleobis dinamika wlebis mixedviT (aTasi kaci).
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TviTdasaqmebulTa ricxvi ki Semcirda 136,2 aTasi kaciT (nax.3). amasTanave unda
aRiniSnos isic, rom kerZod axali samuSao adgilebi iqmneba, magram maTi
SenarCuneba yovelTvis ver xerxdeba.
Nnax. 3.Nnax. 3.Nnax. 3.Nnax. 3. dasaqmebulebidan daqiravebulebi da TviTdasaqmebulebi (aTasi kaci)
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nax. 3-dan Cans, rom 2010 wlis mdgomareobiT, mTlianad dasaqmebulebSi
TviTdasaqmebulTa raodenoba TiTqmis orjer aRemateba daqiravebulTa raodeno-
bas. aseTi movlena dadebiTad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, Tu es xdeba mesakuTreTa
xvedriTi wilis gazrdis xarjze.
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dafiqsirda 2009 wels. Nnax. 4-dan Cans, rom 2010 wels, 2009 welTan SedarebiT,
ramdenadme Semcirda, Tumca am maCveneblebis mixedviT rTulia cvlilebebis
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2007 welTan SedarebiT, 55,9 aTasiT gaizarda.
umuSevari mosaxleobis dinamika (aTasi kaci) (nax. 4)(nax. 4)(nax. 4)(nax. 4)
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umuSevrobis done regionul WrilSi (procentebSi) (nax. 5)(nax. 5)(nax. 5)(nax. 5)
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom ojaxis usasyidlod momuSave wevrebi, romlebic
TviTdasaqmebulTa umravlesobas warmoadgenen, ar arian realurad dasaqmebulebi.
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farTobis miwis nakveTi. amdenad, TviTdasaqmebulTa es nawili realurad
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saqarTveloSi miiRo. 2007 wlis monacemebiT, umuSevrobis donem 13,3% Seadgina,
xolo 2010 wels igi 17%-mde gaizarda.
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SefasebiT TiTqmis milionamde adamiani), romlebic, rogorc saqarTvelos
moqalaqeebi, SromiT saqmianobas ewevian ucxoeTis qveynebSi (ZiriTadad aralega-
lurad) da saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mier evrokavSirTan dadebuli aralega-
lurad mcxovrebTa readmisiis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, maTi didi
nawili, SesaZlebelia, ukan, saqarTveloSi daabrunon rac gamoiwvevs dasaqmebis
problemis kidev ufro gamwvavebas.
Cveni azriT, RonisZiebaTa kompleqsi, romelic unda ganxorcieldes am etapze
umuSevrobis problemis daZlevis mimarTulebiT, SeiZleba mokled Semdegnairad
Camoyalibdes:
• ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis dasaqmebis doniskveTrad amaRlebis
mizniT saWiroa SemuSavdes qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis grZelvadiani
programa.
• saWiroa dazustdes umuSevarTa ricxovnoba. am mizniT unda SemuSavdes
umuSevarTa raodenobisa da donis mecnierulad argumentirebuli meTodika,
romlis mixedviT gaTvlebic safuZvlad unda daedos dasaqmebis grZelvadiani
programis SemuSavebas.
• mizanSewonilia gadaixedos da Sesabamisi koreqtivebi iqnes Setanili qvey-
nis makroekonomikur politikaSi im kuTxiT, rom wina polanze wamoiwios
Sromisunariani mosaxleobis dasaqmebis problemam.
• radikalurad unda Seicvalos umaRlesi da saSualo specialuri ganaT-
lebis kadrebis momzadebis dagegmvis teqnologia. igi unda daefuZnos Sromis
bazris moTxovnilebaTa prognozul parametrebs.
• qveynis sagadasaxado sistema maqsimalurad unda iqnes orientirebuli ara
mxolod sabiujeto Semosavlebis zrdaze, aramed ekonomikurad aqtiuri
mosaxleobis dasaqmebaze.
• unda SemuSavdes da amoqmeddes axali SromiTi kanonmdebloba, romelic
Tanabrad daicavs damsaqmeblisa da dasaqmebulTa interesebs, saerTaSoriso
standartebis Sesabamisad gansazRvravs daqiravebul muSakTa socialur
garantiebs.
• unda SemuSavdes samewarmeo saqmianobis ganviTarebis, biznesis sferoSi
monopolizaciis aRkveTis specialuri programebi. mTavrobis struqturaSi unda
Seiqmnas Sesabamisi antimonopolisturi samsaxuri.
• unda SemuSavdes RonisZiebaTa gegma, romelic xels Seuwyobs saqarTveloSi
ekonomikis dasaqmebadtevad dargebSi investiciebis mozidvas.
383
• unda aRdges da ganviTardes umuSevarTa dasaqmebis institutebi. samuSaos
gareSe myof adamianebs kanonmdeblobiT unda ganesazRvros maTi arsebobisa da
Semdgomi reabilitaciisaTvis sakmarisi socialuri garantiebi.
amrigad, perspeqtivaSi, dasaqmebisa da umuSevrobis problemis gadawyveta
mniSvnelovanwilad iqneba damokidebuli ekonomikuri ganviTarebis tempebze, mcire
mewarmeobisa da biznesis ganviTarebaze, sainvesticio klimatis gaumjobesebaze da
samuSao Zalis xarisxisa da konkurentunarianobis amaRlebaze.
Samchkuashvili Nino PROBLEMS OF EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT
AND ITS SOLVING WAYS IN GEORGIA SUMMARY
In the article is considered present situation employment and unemployment in Georgia. Nowadays in
spite of reforms unemployment and poorness still is one of the insuperable problem in our country. So we give some recommendation how to solve these problems. It is analyzed active population (labor force), employed and unemployed persons, and unemployment rate.
In perspectives to solve the problems of employment and unemployment will be significantly dependent of rate of independent economical development, business development, investment climate growth, employment quality and competition increase.
konstakonstakonstakonstantine sulamaniZentine sulamaniZentine sulamaniZentine sulamaniZe riskebis marTva sabanko finansurriskebis marTva sabanko finansurriskebis marTva sabanko finansurriskebis marTva sabanko finansur----analitikur saqmianobaSianalitikur saqmianobaSianalitikur saqmianobaSianalitikur saqmianobaSi
sabanko saqmianobis riskebis marTva kompleqsuri procesia, romlis drosac
bankis menejmentma unda ganaxorcielos yvela im riskis prognozi, romelTa
warmoSoba dakavSirebulia bankis yoveldRiur saqmianobasTan. msxvil universa-
lur bankebSi, sadac sabanko produqtebis farTo speqtria warmodgenili, riskis
marTva rTulia da bankis menejmentisagan Zalisxmevas moiTxovs. am SemTxvevaSi
menejmentma TiToeuli transaqciis doneze da bankis saqmianobis yvela mimar-
Tulebis Seswavlisa da Rrma analizis safuZvelze unda moaxdinos riskis
drouli identificireba yvela sabazro faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom sabanko saqmianobas Tan sdevs mravali saxis riski,
bankebi mainc mowodebuli arian, SeinarCunon saimedooba da mdgradoba.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, riskebis marTva warmoadgens bankis strategiuli
marTvis erT-erT mTavar funqcias. igi gulisxmobs: jer erTi, sabanko saqmianobaSi
riskebis ZiriTadi saxeebis gansazRvras; meore, riskebis zemoqmedebis analizs
mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi; mesame, riskebis marTvaSi
umniSvnelovanesi midgomebis analizs; meoTxe, riskebis marTvis Tanamedrove
sistemebis da meTodikis Camoyalibebas; da, bolos, mexuTe, riskebis marTvaze
kontrolis dawesebis sakiTxebis Seswavlas, riskis Sefasebasa da masze
monitoringis ganxorcielebas; aRniSnuli sakiTxebis meTodur-logikuri Tanmim-
devroba daedo safuZvlad Cven mier sabanko saqmianobaSi riskebis marTvis prob-
lemebis Seswavlas. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, upirveles yovlisa, ganvixiloT
sabanko finansur-analitikur saqmianobaSi riskebis ZiriTadi saxeebi da Semdeg –
TanmimdevrobiT zemoT aRniSnuli sakiTxebi.
384
sabanko saqmianobis praqtika gviCvenebs rom, miuxedavad imisa, rom termini
riski Zalian xSirad gamoiyeneba, TviT riskis cnebis mravalmxrivobis gamo, igi
SeiZleba sxvadasxvanairad ganvmartoT, yvelaze ufro farTo gagebiT, risks
uwodeben ama Tu im movlenis momavalSi moaxloebis gaurkvevlobas.
rac Seexeba riskis ufro konkretul gansazRvras, masze moqmedebs ekonomikis
dargis mdgomareoba, romelic am risks warmoSobs. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare,
sabanko saqmianobaSi riski niSnavs imis albaTobas, rom SeiZleba warmoiSvas iseTi
movlena, romelic arasasurvelad imoqmedebs mogebaze an kapitalis moculobaze.
nobelis premiis laureati mertoni risks ganmartavs, rogorc albaTobas
danakargebis zrdis da ara Semosavlebis Semcirebis75, rasac Cven savsebiT
veTanxmebiT Semdegi garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebis safuZvelze: 1. mosalodneli
riskebis diversifikaciisaTvis iqmneba sarezervo fondebi; 2. riskebi uSualod
kapitalis investiciebTan aris dakavSirebuli da ara Semosavlebis miRebasTan; 3.
gaweuli kapitaldabandebebidan aravis ar SeuZlia winaswar gansazRvros
mosalodneli Semosavlis miRebis sidide. 4. gaweuli xarjebis moculoba SeiZleba
winaswar gansazRvro, xolo riskebis winaswar gaTvaliswinebiT Semosavlebis
miRebis SesaZleblobebis gansazRvra SeuZlebelia. aqve unda SevniSnoT, riskebis
marTvis funqcia moicavs da amasTanave gulisxmobs sabanko saqmianobis yvela
mimarTulebis analizs da ara mxolod erT mimarTulebaze yuradRebis
gamaxvilebas. mTeli rigi finansuri riskebi dakavSirebulia aqtiur operaciebTan,
upirveles yovlisa bankis sakredito da sainvesticio saqmianobasTan, Senatanebis
mozidvasTan, depozitebTan, fasian qaRaldebTan. saangariSsworebo da mimdinare
angariSebze naSTebi aseve dakavSirebulia mraval riskTan, magaliTad, amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebis federaluri sarezervo sistema gansazRvravs eqvs ZiriTad
sabanko risks: 1. sakredito; 2. likvidobis; 3. sabazro; 4. saoperacio; 5.
reputaciuli; 6. sakanonmdeblo. yuradRebidan ar unda gamogvrCes is faqti, rom
banki axorcielebs erTdroulad aqtiur da pasiur operaciebs, misi zegavlenis
SezRudvisaTvis gansakuTrebuli midgomis aucileblobis uzrunvelyofasac. aseve
gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac, rom calkeul SemTxvevaSi riskis warmoSoba
dakavSirebulia arsebobis pirobebTan saxelmwifos regulirebis SeusabamobasTan.
swored amitom aRvniSnavT, rom bankis strategiul amocanebs Soris riskebis
marTva mTavar amocanas warmoadgens. sabanko praqtikaSi riskebis uamravi
sxvadasxva klasifikacia arsebobs. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, migvaCnia, maTgan
sami mTavari kategoria gamovyoT: finansuri, funqcionaluri da bankisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli sxvadasxva garegani riskebi. finansuri riskebi dakavSirebulia
gauTvaliswinebel cvlilebebTan, kerZod igi gulisxmobs sabanko saqmianobis
moculobaSi, SemosavlebSi, RirebulebebSi, aqtivebis da pasivebis struqturaSi
cvlilebebs. funqcionaluri riskebi ki warmoiSoba, rodesac SeuZlebelia
drouli da sruli moculobiT bankis safinanso-sameurneo procesis
gakontroleba, movagrovoT da gavaanalizoT Sesabamisi informaciebi.
funqcionaluri riskebi aranakleb saSiSia, vidre finansuri riskebi, magram
funqcionaluri riskebis Sefaseba raodenobrivad faqtobrivad Zalian Znelia.
saboloo jamSi, funqcionalur riskebs aseve mivyavarT finansuri danakargebis
gawevamde. yuradRebas imsaxurebs imis aRniSvnac, rom finansuri da
funqcionaluri riskebi Tavis mxriv iyofa qvesistemebad, qvekategoriebad.
75 Зви Боди, Роберт Л. Мертон. Финансы. «Вильямс». М., 2000, срт 328-329.
385
ase magaliTad, finansuri riskebi iyofa: sakredito riskad, likvidobis
riskad, miznobriv riskebad, saprocento ganakveTebis riskad, sabaziso riskad,
savaluto riskad, sabazro riskad, inflaciis riskad, gadaxdisuunarobis riskad.
ganvixiloT TiToeuli cal-calke da gavaanalizoT maT Soris urTierTkavSiri.
aRniSnuli sakiTxis naTlad warmodgenisaTvis ixileT sqema #1.
sqema #1. finansuri riskebsqema #1. finansuri riskebsqema #1. finansuri riskebsqema #1. finansuri riskebis struqturais struqturais struqturais struqtura
sakredito riskisakredito riskisakredito riskisakredito riski farTo gagebiT niSnavs SesaZlebeli finansuri danakargebis
miRebas, romelic warmoebs kontragentebis, upirveles yovlisa msesxebelTa
mxridan valdebulebaTa Seusruleblobebis gamo. sakredito riskis mniSvnelovani
Semadgeneli nawilia dargobrivi riski, romelic uSualod dakavSirebulia
msesxeblis dargis ganviTarebasa da msesxeblis qveynis mdgomareobasTan.
sakredito riski naTlad Cans fasiani qaRaldebis portfelis dakreditebis,
bankTaSorisi operaciebis, savaluto operaciebis, grantis safuZvelze muSaobisas,
nawarmoebi fasiani qaRaldebis da dilerebis saqmianobaSi.
likvidobis riskilikvidobis riskilikvidobis riskilikvidobis riski ewodeba mis unars, daakmayofilos Tavis droze Tavisi
meanabreebis da sxva kreditorebis moTxovnebi. likvidobis riski ganpirobebulia
imiT, rom banki SeiZleba iyos arasakmarisad likviduri, an piriqiT, metad
likviduri. arasakmarisad likviduri riski – es aris riski imis gamo, rom banks
ar SeuZlia droulad Seasrulos Tavisi valdebulebebi an amisaTvis banki
386
iZulebulia, aramomgebian pirobebSi gayidos Tavisi calkeuli aqtivebi. rac
Seexeba metad likvidur risks, es aris bankis Semosavlebis danakargebis riski,
romelic ganpirobebulia maRallikviduri aqtivebis naWarbiT da rogorc Sedegi
dabali Semosavlidan aqtivebis dafinansebiT. likvidobis sakiTxs Tu praqtiku-
lad mivudgebiT, davinaxavT, rom yovelgvari sabanko operacia moqmedebs
likvidurobaze, magram mTavaria SevniSnoT isic, rom arsebobs bankis likvidobaze
ganmsazRvreli mravali faqtori, romlebic arsebobs bankis kontrolis farglebs
gareT da masze zemoqmedebis gansazRvra SeuZlebelia.
likvidoba sawarmoebis, maT Soris bankis likvidoba nawarmoebia aqtivebis
likvidobis terminisagan. termini likvidoba niSnavs fulad saSualebebSi
aqtivebis mokle droSi gardaqmnis SesaZleblobebs. aRniSnuli, Tavis mxriv,
ganisazRvreba ori faqtoriT: aqtivebis naRd fulad gardaqmnis siCqariT da maTi
fulad gadaqcevis iZulebiT procesSi aqtivebis realuri Rirebulebis
SenarCunebiT. aqve gvinda yuradReba mieqces imasac, rom bankis SesaZleblobebi,
unary, droulad Seasrulos Tavisi valdebulebebi, mniSvnelovnad ganisazRvreba
misi aqtivebis likvidurobiT, magram cneba – bankis SesaZleblobebi ufro
rTulia, vidre aqtivebis likvidoba. bankis SesaZleblobebs gansazRvravs sami
faqtori: aqtivebis likvidoba, pasivebis mdgomareoba da fuladi saSualebebis
moZraoba. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, saboloo jamSi, arasakmaris likvidobas
gadaxdisuunarobamde da sakredito organizaciis kraxamde mivyavarT. Tu sakre-
dito organizacia droulad ver asrulebs Tavis valdebulebebs rogorc
meanabreebis, aseve sxva kreditorebis mimarT da es mdgomareoba cnobili xdeba, am
SemTxvevaSi warmoiSoba e.w. “Tovlis komis efeqti”, anu depozitebis Semcirebisa
da saangariSsworebo angariSebze naSTebis gadinebis zvaviseburi procesi,
romelsac ukve srul gadaxdisuunarobamde mivyavarT.
bankis likvidurobis riski rom ganvsazRvroT, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, es
xSirad SeuZlebelia, vinaidan likvidobis riskze moqmedebs mravali faqtori,
romelic bankis saqmianobis farglebs gareT imyofeba da bankis mxridan
gakontrolebas ar eqvemdebareba. sabanko praqtikaSi likvidobis riskis Sesafa-
seblad mravali maCvenebeli gamoiyeneba, romelic mTlianad bankis likvidobas ki
ar afasebs, aramed axasiaTebs bankis likvidobis erT-erT moments, mis Semadgenel
erT-erT mxares, nawils.
am mimarTulebiT likvidobis yvelaze cnobil maCvenebelTa jgufs
miekuTvneba balansis likvidobis koeficientebi. yvelaze martiv koeficients,
romelic axasiaTebs mxolod aqtivebis likvidobis xarisxs, warmoadgens likvi-
duri aqtivebis Sefaseba sakredito organizaciis aqtivebis jamTan. imisaTvis, rom
gaviangariSoT pasivebis mudmivoba, gamoiyeneba koeficientebi, romlebic
gamoxataven likviduri aqtivebis Sefasebas yvelaze ufro aramudmiv pasivebTan.
sxva maCveneblebi, romlebic naklebad asruleben likvidobas, es aris Tanafar-
doba naklebad likvidur aqtivebsa da yvelaze ufro mudmiv pasivebs Soris, aseve
kreditebsa da depozitebs Soris Tanafardobis maCvenebeli da sxv. aqve unda
SevniSnoT, rom likvidobis koeficientebis gaangariSebis dros principuli
mniSvneloba aqvs gavarkvioT da vupasuxoT kiTxvas, romeli aqtivebi CavTvaloT
likvidurad? pasuxi iqneba araerTgvarovani. bankis mimarT am kiTxvaze pasuxis
gacemis dros warmoiSoba erTi ZiriTadi problema, SeiZleba ganvixiloT Tu ara
likvidurad sakredito dabandebebi, romlebic daifareba drois uaxloes
periodSi, magram am drois moaxloebamde mas nulovani brunva axasiaTebs.
387
centraluri bankis midgomidan gamomdinare, likviduri aqtivebi iyofa:
maRallikvidur aqtivebad (romelSic ar SeaqvT uaxloes sakredito dabandebebi,
romelTa dafarva uaxloes periodSi moxdeba) da ubralod likvidur aqtivebad
(romelTa dafarva gaTvaliswinebulia uaxloes 30 dReSi). aRniSnuli maCveneblebi
gamoiyeneba ara zedamxedvelobis TvalsazrisiT, aramed riskze Sidakontrolis
gansaxorcieleblad da, aqedan gamomdinare, 30 dRe aqtivebis likvidobis
mikuTvnebisaTvis, Cveni azriT, moiTxovs dazustebas, igi metad momatebulia drois
mixedviT da mizanSewonilia misi 2,5 - 3-jer Semcireba. yuradRebas imsaxurebs imis
aRniSvnac, rom sabanko praqtikaSi balansis likvidobis maCveneblebma farTo
ganviTareba miiRos misi gamoyenebis simartivis gamo, magram maT, Cveni azriT,
erTi principuli naklovaneba aqvT. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs is garemoeba, rom aseTi
midgomis dros banki ganixileba ara rogorc funqcionaluri organizacia, aramed,
rogorc aqtivebis da pasivebis portfelis xarisxis mixedviT, romelic mzad aris
likvidobisaTvis. aseTi daSvebebi savsebiT misaRebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos ara
sazedamxedvelo an investorebis mxridan bankis garegani analizisaTvis, magram
absoluturad miuRebelia bankis Sida mmarTvelobiTi miznis ganxorcielebisaTvis.
aRniSnulis gamosasworeblad aucilebelia balansis likvidobis analizi Seivsos
da mas daematos fuladi saSualebebis moZraobis Sefaseba, romlis centraluri
elementia fuladi saSualebebis moZraobis Sesaxeb angariSis Sedgena. fuladi
saSualebebis moZraobis angariSis Sedgenis dros gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos
fuladi saSualebebis modineba da gadineba da maT Soris sxvaoba.
sabanko sistemis ZiriTad saxeebs Soris gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsa-
xurebs finansuri riskebi. aRniSnuli termini gamoxatavs imas, rom sabanko
riskebis mTeli jgufi, sakredito da likvidobis riskTan erTad, warmoadgens
finansuri riskebis ganmsazRvrel safuZvels. fasobrivi riskebi dakavSirebulia
aqtivebis Semosavlebis da Rirebulebis, aseve bankis valdebulebaTa gauTvalis-
winebel SesaZlebel cvlilebebTan. fasobrivi riskebis am jgufidan gamoiyofa
sami mTavari gansazRvruli riski: saprocento ganakveTebis cvlilebebis riski,
sabazro riski da savaluto riski 76-77.
saprocento ganakveTebis cvlilebebis riski exeba sakredito dabandebebs da
aseve valdebulebebs. sabazro riski ewodeba aqtivebis Rirebulebis bazarze
cvlilebebs, xolo savaluto risks adgili aqvs maSin, rodesac saqme gvaqvs
aqtivebsa da pasivebze, aseve ucxour valutaSi denominirebis procesSi fasebis
cvlilebebTan. aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom savaluto riskis da saprocento
ganakveTebis riskis cvlilebas sabanko saqmianobaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
gaaCnia da am mizeziT maT calke gamoyofen. rac Seexeba danarCenebs, kerZod
fasiani qaRaldebis fasebis cvlilebis risks, fasobriv riskebs miakuTvneben. aq
mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs ara fasobrivi riskebis jgufi, aramed fasobrivi riskis
erTeuli; msgavsad SeiZleba ganvixiloT calke fasiani qaRaldebis fasebis
cvlilebebis riskTan erTad, aseve sabazro riski.
saprocento ganakveTis cvlilebebis riski – es aris riski imisa, rom bankis
mogebis sidideze uaryofiTad moqmedebs saprocento ganakveTis gauTvalis-
winebeli saerTo donis cvlileba. saprocento ganakveTis cvlilebebis riski
76
i. kovzanaZe. saqarTvelos komerciuli bankebis funqcionirebis problemebi Tanamedrove etapze. Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba. Tbilisi? 2001. gv. 127 – 128. 77 Ковзанадзе И.К. Тенденции и перспективы развития экономики и банковского сектора трансформированных стран. М., «Финансы и статистика», 2005, с. 232-235.
388
warmoiSoba, rogorc sabazro ekonomikaSi saprocento ganakveTebis aramyarobis
Sedegi.
aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom pasiuri da aqtiuri operaciebis mixedviT,
miuxedavad am operaciebs Soris urTierTkavSirisa da urTierTdamokidebulebisa,
procentis ganakveTebi erTimeorisgan gansxvavdeba, magram aseve arsebobs am
operaciebisaTvis saprocento ganakveTebis saerTo struqtura. mxedvelobaSi
gvaqvs is, rom rodesac depozitebis saprocento ganakveTebs aqvT Semcirebis
tendencia, Sesabamisad ecema pirdapiri msesxeblebis dakreditebis ganakveTebic.
Tu saprocento ganakveTebi mcirdeba, am SemTxvevaSi banks eZleva saSualeba, iafad
moizidos fondebi, magram, amasTanave, Tavisi saSualebebis ganTavsebiT iRebs
nakleb Semosavals. roca adgili aqvs sawinaaRmdego tendencias, maSin aqtiuri
operaciebidan Semosavlebi izrdeba da Sesabamisad izrdeba mozidul resursebze
gadaxdebis moculobac. amrigad, likvidobis riskis msgavsi yoveli banki ganicdis
saprocento ganakveTebis cvlilebebis riskis gavlenas78. aqve unda SevniSnoT,
yvela SemTxvevaSi banks SeuZlia saprocento ganakveTis cvlilebebis riskis
nawili gadaitanos klientebze. magram aseTi politikis mizanSewonilobis Sesaxeb,
romelsac “agresiuls” uwodeben, saWiroa ori mosazrebis gaTvaliswineba:
pirvelipirvelipirvelipirveli, metad trivialuria da exeba adgilobriv bazarze konkurenciis
intensivobas. ra gvaqvs mxedvelobaSi? Tu klientisaTvis bankis Secvla Znelia,
maSin saprocento ganakveTis dacemis molodinSi kreditze, saswrafo Senatanebsa
da depozitebze wesdeba fiqsirebuli saprocento ganakveTebi; meormeormeormeoreeee, mosazreba
mdgomareobs imaSi, rom saprocento ganakveTebis strategiuli marTvis gegma ar
aris naTeli, kerZod, banks gadaaqvs ra riskis mniSvnelovani nawilis cvlileba
msesxebelze, am SemTxvevaSi banki midis riskze, rom gamoiwvios misi gadauxdeloba
da Sesabamisad dakargavs ufro mets, vidre normaluri gadaxdis SemTxvevaSi.
sabanko saqmianobaSi aseve saWiroa gamoiyos sabaziso riski. sabaziso riski,
romelic sawinaaRmdegoa saprocento ganakveTis Secvlis riskTan, igi dakavSi-
rebulia ara saprocento ganakveTebis saerTo donis cvlilebebTan, aramed
saprocento ganakveTebis struqturaSi ZvrebTan, sxva sityvebiT, igi ukavSirdeba
calkeuli saprocento ganakveTebis asimetriul moZraobas. magaliTad, banks
SeuZlia gaataros yvela RonisZieba, rom miaRwios aqtivebis da pasivebis
dafarvisas droSi dafarvis Seusabamobas, magram unda gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom
saprocento ganakveTebis cvlilebebis riski ar iqneba likviduri, Tu saprocento
ganakveTebi kreditebis mixedviT ganisazRvreba bankTaSorisi bazris ganakveTebis
safuZvelze, xolo depozitebis mixedviT ganakveTebi pirdapir am bazarze ar aris
mibmuli. nebismierma Seusabamobam sabazro ganakveTebis moZraobaSi, romelic
gansazRvravs aqtivebis da pasivebis Semosavlebs, SeiZleba gamoiwvios Semosav-
lebis an danakargebis miReba da, aqedan gamomdinare, Sesabamisad, saprocento
ganakveTebis cvlileba, rac yovelTvis Tan sdevs sabanko saqmianobas.
savaluto riski warmoiqmneba maSin, rodesac xdeba aqtivebis da moziduli
saxsrebis wyaroebis ucxouri qveynis valutaSi gamoyeneba. sakredito riski
ganpirobebulia mTeli rigi faqtorebiT, romelTa Soris mxolod nawili
eqvemdebareba normaluri swori sabazro Zalebis moqmedebas.
78
g. caava, T. abramia, d. caava. finansuri da sabanko sakredito riskebis menejmenti. gamomcemloba afxazeTis mecnierebaTa akademia, Tb., 2007. gv. 77 – 79, gv. 87 – 88.
389
savaluto riskze, qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis tendenciebTan erTad,
mniSvnelovnad moqmedebs politikuri situacia, savaluto regulirebis politikis
cvlileba da socialuri daZabulobis xarisxi79. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba
gamovyoT savaluto riskis sami mTavari Semadgeneli nawili: pirvelipirvelipirvelipirveli es aris
gacvliTi kursis cvlileba, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs ucxour valutaSi dabandebebis
procesSi gacvliTi kursis gauTvaliswinebeli cvlileba; meoremeoremeoremeore gulisxmobs
konvertaciis risks, romelic dakavSirebulia gacvliTi operaciebis SezRud-
vasTan da mesamemesamemesamemesame, warmodgenilia Ria sakredito poziciiT, romelic warmoiSoba im
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac arsebobs bankis ucxouri valutebis moculobis da ucxour
valutaSi valdebulebebis ganxorcielebebTan Seusabamoba.
sakredito riskis gegmaSi savaluto riskma SeiZleba gamoiwvios likvidobis
krizisi an gaxdes msesxeblis mxridan sakredito riskis warmoSobis faqtori.
savaluto riski arsebobs yvela sabanko operaciaSi, romelic xorcieldeba
ucxouri valutiT. am SemTxvevaSi savaluto organizacias riskebis faqtorebze
mxolod umniSvnelo zemoqmedeba SeuZlia da, aqedan gamomdinare, misTvis mTavaria
daicvas Tavisi interesebi riskebis droulad gansazRvris meSveobiT da amiT
nawilobriv mainc SezRudos maTi SesaZlebeli uaryofiTi Sedegebi.
rac Seexeba sabazro risks, igi ganpirobebulia sabazro faqtorebis
SesaZlebeli zemoqmedebiT. ekonomikur literaturaSi xSirad termin sabazro
risks aigiveben fasobriv riskTan. aRniSnuli im SemTxvevaSi xdeba, rodesac
fasobrivi riskis jgufidan gamoyofen savaluto risks da saprocento
ganakveTebis cvlilebebis risks. am SemTxvevaSi fasobrivi riskis jgufis
Semadgenel nawils warmoadgens sabazro riski; klasifikaciisadmi aseTi midgomis
dros terminebi “sabazro riski” da “fasobrivi riski” sinonimur cnebebad
gvevlineba. im mosazrebebis momxreebi, romlebic Tvlian praqtikaSi yoveldRiuri
aqtivebis Sefasebas sabazro RirebulebiT, emyareba imas, rom aseTi midgoma
sworad asaxavs bankis finansur mdgomareobas. maTi azriT, aseTi midgomiT
sabazro Rirebuleba im wuTSive aisaxeba aqtivebsa da pasivebze. yvelaze ufro
mkacr Sefasebas gulisxmobs dRis bolos aqtivebis Sefaseba yvelaze dabali
sabazro fasiT.
dasavleTis qveynebis mniSvnelovani nawilisaTvis aseTi midgoma, sabanko
balansis muxlebis Sefasebis TvalsazrisiT, jer kidev msjelobis sagnad aris
gadaqceuli da daniis msgavsad mxolod patara qveynebi iyeneben am midgomas.
yuradsaRebia imis aRniSvnac, rom Tanamedrove pirobebSi bankebi
iTvaliswineben sabazro riskebs ori mTavari mizezis gamo. pirvelipirvelipirvelipirveli, is aris, rom,
balansis muxlebiT, riskebis moculoba upirvelesad aqtivebis cvlilebis dros
icvleba da, aqedan gamomdinare, fasiani qaRaldebis portfelis Sedgenilobac,
misi struqtura Sesabamisad ganicdis cvalebadobas. meoremeoremeoremeore mizezia is, rom riskis
mizezi dakavSirebulia aqtivebis sabazro RirebulebiT SefasebasTan da
gulisxmobs ZiriTadi kapitalis Rirebulebis gansazRvrasac.
Tanamedrove pirobebSi sabazro riskis Sefaseba Rebulobs gansakuTrebul
aqtualur mniSvnelobas iZens. amaze metyvelebs 1996 wlis ianvarSi sabanko
zedamxedveloba bazelis komitetis mier miRebuli Sesworeba riskis gaTvalis-
winebiT sabanko kapitalis sakmarisobis Sesaxeb procedurasTan dakavSirebiT. am
79
l. qoqiauri sabanko saqmianobis safuZvlebi, tomi II. Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
gamomcemloba, 2005. გვ 379–380.
390
Sesworebidan gamomdinare, sakredito organizaciebs moeTxovebaT daamuSaon
Tavisi Sida sabanko modeli sabazro riskis Sefasebis gaTvaliswinebiT
kapitalis sakmarisobis gansazRvrisaTvis.
aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom kapitalis adekvaturobis risks arc federaluri
sarezervo sistema da savaluto sazedamxedvelo saagento cal-calke ar
ganixilaven. is moicavs yvela zemoT CamoTvlil risks, vinaidan nebismieri riskiT
gamowveuli zaralis dafarva advilad aris SesaZlebeli kapitaluri rezervebiT.
Sesabamisad, kapitalis adekvaturoba bankis mdgomareobis da saimedoobis erT-
erTi umniSvnelovanesi maCvenebelia da amitom, vfiqrob, rom kapitalis adekva-
turobis risks saqarTvelos pirobebSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces
saqarTvelos komerciuli bankebis funqcionirebis specifikidan gamomdinare.
bankis saqmianobaze araerTgvarovnad moqmedebs inflaciis riski80. gansakuT-
rebiT naTeli xdeba inflaciis uaryofiTi zemoqmedeba bankis aqtivebis
gaufasurebaze, romlebic fulad saSualebebsa da finansur dabandebebs Seadgenen.
banki gascems kredits da is gansazRvrul droSi ubrundeba gaufasebul
mdgomareobaSi. aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom maRali inflaciis donem calkeuli
momentisaTvis SeiZleba mniSvnelovnad gazardos sabanko operaciebidan
Semosavlebi, magram sabanko saqmianobis realurad gaumjobesebis mdgomareobaze
ar imoqmedos.
meore faqtori, romelzec dadebiTad moqmedebs inflacia, es aris bankis
Semosavlebis moculobis zrda msesxeblebis gadaxdisunarianobis amaRlebis
meSveobiT, magram, rogorc sabanko praqtika gviCvenebs, riskis es faqtori
arsebiTad dagvianebiT moqmedebs.
gadaxdis uunarobis riski yvela sxva danarCeni riskebidan aris nawarmoebi.
igi dakavSirebulia im saSiSroebasTan, rom banki ver SeZlebs Seasrulos Tavisi
valdebulebebi imitom, rom bankis dagrovili danakargebis moculoba aWarbebs
sakuTari kapitalis moculobas. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, argadaxdebis
likvidobas mivyavarT pirvel rigSi bankis mxolod droebiT teqnikur gadax-
disuunarobamde, rac gamoixateba centraluri bankis sakorespondento angariSze
sadebeto saldos warmoSobaSi, realuri gadaxdisuunaroba ki vlindeba pirdapiri
gakotrebis cnebasTan kavSirSi. sakuTari kapitalis uaryofiTi mdgomareoba,
arasakmarisoba gviCvenebs, rom bankis mier yvela aqtivebis realizaciis
SemTxvevaSic, mas ar yofnis saSualebebi, gaasworos angariSebi kreditorebTan. am
SemTxvevaSi xdeba bankis likvidacia an mesakuTris Secvla, sabanko operaciebze
licenziis gamoTxova. magram licenziis gamoTxova gviCvenebs, rom banki ver
gaumklavda likvidobis minimalur moTxovnebs, xolo bankis saqmianobis arsebobis
Sewyveta niSnavs misi, rogorc sawarmos likvidacias.
riskebis ganxilvis logikidan gamomdinare, gavaanalizeT finansuri riskebis
saxeebi, maT Soris erTianoba, Tavisebureba da mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri, axla
ganvixiloT riskebis meore kategoria – funqcionaluri riskebi.
funqcionaluri riskebi, finansuri riskebidan gansxvavebiT, warmoiSoba,
subieqtur da obieqtur mizezebTan erTad, sistemuri CavardnebiT. funqcionalur
riskebs adgili aqvs calkeuli specialuri situaciebis dros da amitom,
finansuri riskebisgan gansxvavebiT, Znelia maTi fuladi erTeulis sazomiT
gamoxatva. rogorc wesi, sakredito organizaciebi cdiloben TavianT saqmianobaSi
80
g. gogoxia. sabanko saqme (leqciebis kursi). gamomcemloba “inovacia”, Tb., 2006. gv. 270 – 271.
391
funqcionaluri riskebis minimizacia. Sidaauditis, dokumentebis brunvis,
calkeuli operaciebis Sida meTodikis, teqnikur-ekonomikuri dasabuTebiT da,
saerTo jamSi, materialur-teqnikuri da sakadro uzrunvelyofiT moaxdinon.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, funqcionaluri riskebis klasifikacia moicavs:
strategiul risks, teqnologiis risks, operaciul risks, axali produqtebis da
teqnologiebis danergvis risks. sabanko saqmianobaSi maTi rolis naTlad
dasanaxad aucileblad migvaCnia gavaanalizoT TiToeuli cal-calke da avxsnaT
maTi marTvis mniSvneloba sabanko saqmianobaSi, saimedoobis da mdgradobis
uzrunvelyofaSi.
strategiuli riski gamoxatavs Secdomebs strategiul marTvaSi. igi
damokidebulia: jer erTijer erTijer erTijer erTi, sabanko organizaciis miznis araswor gansazRvraze;
meoremeoremeoremeore, misi ganxorcielebis araswor resursul uzrunvelyofaze; da mesamemesamemesamemesame, mTlianad sabanko saqmeSi riskebis marTvis araswor midgomebTan.
kadrebis da finansuri resursebis araswori uzrunvelyofis pirobebSi
ambiciurma miznebma SeiZleba, danakargebTan erTad, reputaciis daqveiTeba
gamoiwvios. aRniSnulis klasikur magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT dausabuTebeli
msxvilmasStabiani investiciebis ganxorcieleba uZrav qonebaSi an gaumarTlebeli
gasvla axal regionul bazrebze.
strategiuli Secdomebis sxva magaliTia nawarmoebi finansuri instrumen-
tebiT ganxorcielebuli sarisko operaciebis Seufasebloba, rac gamoixateba
ganviTarebis mocemuli mimarTulebisaTvis riskebis marTvis Sesabami sistemis
ararsebobaSi.
teqnologiuri riski dakavSirebulia sabanko saqmianobaSi sxvadasxva teqnikis
da teqnologiebis gamoyenebasTan da amitomac uwodeben mas teqnologiur risks.
aRniSnuli riskis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom mowyobilobebis muSaobaSi
naklovanebebis gamosasworeblad saWiroa damatebiTi xarjebis gaweva, aseve am
riskis arsSi igulisxmeba arasanqcirebuli Sida sabanko informaciaze
xelmisawvdomobis daSveba. marTalia, teqnologiuri riski damaxasiaTebelia
nebismieri sawarmoebis muSaobisaTvis, magram sabanko saqmianobaSi mas gansakuT-
rebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba.
funqcionaluri riskis Semadgenel nawils, strategiul da teqnologiur
riskTan erTad warmoadgens, operaciuli, anu araefeqturi riski. aRniSnuli
riskis araefeqturoba dakavSirebulia saSiSroebasTan, romelic warmoiSoba
bankis mier Tavis operaciebsa da maT Sedegianobas Soris Seusabamobis gamo. aqve
unda SevniSnoT, rom, bankSi, sxva sawarmoebTan SedarebiT, ufro rTulia
ganvsazRvroT da vmarToT operaciuli xarjebi, Tu rogor moqmedeben isini
sabanko mogebis ZiriTadi Semadgeneli nawilis wminda saprocento Semosavalze
sabanko arasaprocento xarjebze. aucilebelia aRiniSnos isic, rom operaciuli
xarjebis arsma dRemde ver SeZlo ekonomikuri terminologiis brunvaSi gamagreba.
ase magaliTad, sabuRalto aRricxvis gaangariSebis gegmaSi operaciuli xarjebi
Sedis bankis saprocento xarjebSi, magram ekonomikuri logikis mixedviT igi
ewinaaRmdegeba saprocento xarjebs. es ukanaskneli emsaxureba sakredito
resursebze bankis gadaxdebs, xolo operaciuli xarjebi, Tavis mxriv, warmoadgens
xarjebs, romelic dakavSirebulia sabanko operaciebis ganxorcielebasTan.
operaciuli xarjebis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes nawils warmoadgens xelfasi.
amasTanave unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos bankebis muSakTa personalis
xelfasi, romlebic uSualod monawileoben operaciis srulyofaSi, Sedis
392
administraciul xarjebSi, amitom banki seriozulad axorcielebs riskebis
marTvas da mTel rig SemTxvevebSi iyeneben Semosavlebis, xarjebis da sabanko
balansis buRaltruli klasifikaciisagan gansxvavebul midgomebs. aqve unda
SevniSnoT, rom sabanko saqmeSi operaciuli xarjebis riski mWidrod aris
dakavSirebuli axali produqtebis da teqnologiebis danergvis riskTan. aqve
minda gavamaxvilo yuradReba imazec, rom banki, Tavisi arsiT, bazarze axali
produqtis warmodgeniT, ar gansxvavdeba sxva sawarmosagan. amitom fuladi
saSualebebis mobilizeba da ganTavseba, klientebisaTvis brZolasTan erTad,
bankisaTvis xelsayreli pirobebis miRwevas gulisxmobs.
sabanko saqmianobis efeqtianad warmarTvaSi, finansuri da funqcionaluri
riskebis marTvasTan erTad, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba gaaCnia aseve sxvadasxva
gare riskebis regulirebas.
sxvadasxva gare riskebis jgufs miekuTvneba arafinansuri riskebi, romlebic,
funqcionaluri riskebisagan gansxvavebiT, warmoadgenen bankisaTvis garedan
zemoqmedebis movlenas. sxvadasxva gare riskebis zegavlena sabanko saqmianobaSi
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, vinaidan bankis saqmianobis kontrolis farglebs
gareT gadis da bankis kontrols ar eqvemdebareba. banki am SemTxvevaSi pasiur
mdgomareobaSia am riskebis marTvis TvalsazrisiT. es mdgomareoba rom
gadailaxos saWiroa, bankma gansakuTrebuli xelovneba gamoiCinos am jgufis
riskebis marTvaSi.
sxvadasxva gare riskebidan saWiroa, maT Soris gamovyoT mTavari, kerZod
Seusabamobis riski, Seusabamobis riski, anu saxelmwifo regulirebis pirobebTan
riskis Seusabamoba. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, amis mizezi, saxelmwifo regu-
lirebaSi gaumarTlebeli cvlilebebTan erTad, SeiZleba iyos aseve saqmianobis
gaumarTavi moqmedeba, saerTod, bankis saqmianobis problemebi. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs
Semdegi: jer erTijer erTijer erTijer erTi, riskis Sedegad danakargebis Seusabamoba SeiZleba warmoSvas
zedamxedvelobis daregulirebis organoebis mier sanqciis dawesebis gamo; meoremeoremeoremeore, bankis reputacia SeiZleba dazaraldes (reputaciis dakargvis riski); mesamemesamemesamemesame, danakargebi SeiZleba warmoiSvas sabanko saqmianobis speqtris SezRudvis an
operaciebidan Semosavlebis Semcirebis gamo, aseve xelsayreli situaciis
gamouyeneblobis Sedegad. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom bankis SeuZleblobis
unarma, Tavisi saqmianoba moiyvanos moqmed normatiul aqtebTan SesabamisobaSi, am
riskis saxidan damatebiT danakargebsac iwvevs.
bankis reputaciis dakargvis riski vlindeba im SemTxvevaSi, roca banki ver
asrulebs sando saqmiani partnioris valdebulebebs. aRniSnuli uaryofiTad
moqmedebs fuladi resursebis mozidvaze, fuladi saxsrebis bankidan gadinebasTan
erTad, aCqarebs gadaxdisuunarobas. reputaciis dakargvis riskze kontroli
SesaZlebelia likvidobis dacviT, anu angariSsworebis mkacri dacviT, saeWvo
operaciebis, kerZod fulis gasesxebis operaciebis akrZalviT, sxvadasxva saxis
regionul proeqtebSi monawileobiT da a.S.
sakredito riskis analizi unda daemyaros Semdegi Sefasebis kriteriumebs:
kreditis miznis gansazRvrasa da Sefasebas, sesxis dafarvis wyaroebis, msesxeb-
lis fuladi nakadebis da sakredito portfelis analizs. aqve unda SevniSnoT,
rom TiToeul komerciul banks aRniSnuli kriteriumebis gaTvaliswinebiT unda
hqondes damuSavebuli sakredito politika, romelSic aisaxeba komerciuli bankis
arsebuli done da perspeqtivebi, komerciuli bankis sakredito politikis
TaviseburebebTan erTad, maTi ganxorcielebis meqanizmebi. krediti aris ara
393
fulis ubralo gacema, aramed igi fuladi kapitalis moZraobis formaa, romlis
drosac kreditoris kapitali gadaiqceva msesxeblis sasesxo kapitalad. aRniSnul
ganmartebas Cven xazs vusvamT imitom, rom sakredito urTierToba, upirveles
yovlisa, kreditorsa da msesxebels Soris finansuri urTierTobaa, romlis
mizania kapitalis wrebrunvis saSualebiT kapitalis moculobis zrda. aRniSnul
ganmartebaSi Cven vaerTianeT krediti, rogorc ekonomikuri kategoria, misi mizani
da am miznis miRwevis saSualeba, rac, sabanko procesis dakreditebis procesTan
erTad, aucilebelia sabanko riskis marTvis gagebisaTvis. sanam banki klientze
kredits gascems, unda gansazRvros riskis xarisxi, romelsac iRebs Tavis Tavze
da kreditis sidide, romlis gacemasac apirebs. aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom am
mimarTulebiT dakreditebis pirobebis analizis dros aucilebelia, komerciulma
bankma Seiswavlos klientis mdgomareobis ganmsazRvreli Semdegi sakiTxebi: jer jer jer jer erTierTierTierTi, msesxeblis soliduroba, romelic vlindeba adre miRebuli kreditebis
Tavisdroul gadaxdaSi; meoremeoremeoremeore, msesxeblis SesaZleblobebi, awarmoos konkuren-
ciuli produqcia; mesamemesamemesamemesame, klientis mier Semosavlebis miRebis mdgomareoba.
mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs msesxeblis konkretuli xarjebis Sesabamisobis garkveva
bankis saSualo Semosavlianobaze, misi mogebis Sefasebaze, aseve, dakreditebis
dros gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes bankis Semosavlebis done riskis xarisxTan;
meoTxemeoTxemeoTxemeoTxe, klientis mier sakredito resursebis gamoyenebis mizani; mexuTemexuTemexuTemexuTe, klientis
likvidobis balansSi sakuTri da moziduli saxsrebis Tanafardobidan gamomdi-
nare, kreditis Tanxis sididis gansazRvra, misi droulad dafarvis uzrunvelyofa
da, bolos, meeqvsemeeqvsemeeqvsemeeqvse, krediti unda ganvixiloT, rogorc fulis ganvadebiT yidva;
kreditis gadaxdis principi niSnavs, rom fuli sesxad gacemuli gamodis, rogorc
saqoneli da amitom misi miRebisaTvis unda gadaixados misi fasi. ase rom,
kreditis procenti aris kreditis fasi. aqedan gamomdinare, rodesac kredits
Rebuloben dabali saprocento ganakveTiT, igi gamodis “iaf fulad”, xolo,
rodesac kredits Rebuloben maRali saprocento ganakveTiT, ekonomikur
literaturaSi mas “Zvir fuls” uwodeben.
riskebis, gansakuTrebiT ki sakredito riskis, diversifikacia warmoadgens
sabanko saqmianobis erT-erT ZiriTad princips. swored is bankebi, sadac
sakredito riskebis didi koncentracia SeimCneva, xSir SemTxvevaSi seriozuli
finansuri problemebis matareblebi xdebian. amitomac, sazedamxedvelo Tval-
sazrisiT, Zalze mniSvnelovania iseTi prudenciuli normebis gansazRvra da
daweseba, romlebic moaxdens riskebis SezRudvas. am standartebis Sesabamisad
banks uwesdeba limiti, romlis meSveobiT ganisazRvreba erT msesxebelze, mses-
xebelTa jgufs an dakavSirebul mxareebze maqsimalurad dasaSvebi riskis
moculoba.
amasTanave, riskebis matarebeli SeiZleba iyos bankis valdebulebebis
struqturac. am SemTxvevaSi banki damokidebuli xdeba msxvili depozitarebisa da
sxva kreditorebis resursebze, anu banki SeiZleba dafinansebis SezRudvis riskis
winaSe aRmoCndes. amasTan dakavSirebiT, bevr qveyanaSi arsebobs specialuri
limitebi, romlebic gansazRvravs koncentraciebs bankis valdebulebebis struq-
turaSi. limitebis aseTi sistema saSualebas iZleva, SeizRudos bankis damo-
kidebuleba erT romelime jgufze, rogorc resursebis mozidvis, aseve maTi gan-
Tavsebis mimarTulebiT. wesis mixedviT, es limitebi meryeobs mTliani valde-
bulebebis 15%-dan 20%-mde. koncentrirebuli valdebulebebis sakiTxi gansakuT-
rebiT aqtualuria qarTuli bankebisaTvis, romlebic ar gamoirCevian aqtivebis
394
sididiTa da kapitalizaciis maRali doniT da, rogorc wesi, damokidebuli arian
kreditorTa erT jgufze. magaliTad, saqarTveloSi moqmedebs specialuri
normativi, romelic gansazRvravs bankis umsxvilesi kreditoris limits mTliani
valdebulebebis 20%-is farglebSi. amitom am mimarTulebiT SeiZleba arsebuli
normativis etapobrivi liberalizaciis ganxorcieleba. kerZod, limitis gauqmeba
sasurveli iqneboda mxolod ucxoeTis safinanso-sakredito institutebidan
mozidul nasesxeb saxsrebze, romelic, Tvis mxriv, investiciebis mozidvis
stimulirebas aamaRlebda da paralelurad riskebis marTvis axali meTodikis da
sistemis danergvis process daaCqarebda.
gamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literatura
1. Зви Боди, Роберт Л. Мертон. Финансы. «Вильямс». М., 2000. 2. Ковзанадзе И.К. Тенденции и перспективы развития экономики и банковского сектора
трансформированных стран. М., «Финансы и статистика», 2005. 3. kovzanaZe i. saqarTvelos komerciuli bankebis funqcionirebis principebi
Tanamedrove etapze. Tsu gamomcemloba, Tb., 2001.
4. caava g., abramia T., caava d. finansuri da sabanko sakredito riskebis
menejmenti, gamomcemloba afxazeTis mecnierebaTa akademia, Tb., 2007.
5. qoqiauri l. sabanko saqmianobis safuZvlebi, tomi II. Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba, 2005.
6. gogoxia m. sabanko saqme (leqciebis kursi). gamomcemloba “inovacia”, Tb.,
2006.
Sulamanidze Konstantine RISKS MANAGEMENT IN FINANCIAL-ANALYTICAL WORK AT BA NKS
SUMMARY
In a presented work risks management in financial-analytical work is discussed as a complex process, which is one of the main function of bank’s stable management; the characterization of banking risks are presented, analysis of banking risks are discussed during the decision making process, also the major approaches of risk management are discussed, modern systems of risk management and their evaluation methods are overviewed, fine-tuning of risk management supervision, risk evaluation and the necessity of their supervision is highlighted in the work, analysis of external factors affecting banking risks are presented in the work, also the connections of different type of risks per each-other are discussed in the work.
Taralashvili Tamar TECHNICAL BARRIERS TO TRADE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION A ND
GEORGIA’S FURTHER RAPPROACHEMENT WITH THE EU
Since the development of international trade theory trade barriers have minimized or mostly eliminated, because trade liberalization promotes global prosperity and economic development but still there are different types of trade restrictions. Removing trade barriers and achieving trade openness is a cornerstone of the EU's relationships with third countries and very important component of the EU trade policy. Trade is characterized as the EU’s “oldest and most successfully integrated common policy” (Meunier 2005:8).
395
The EU trade policy is one of the most dynamic fields of the EU external trade relations, with aim to promote economic and social development of developing countries. After entry into force of the ECC Treaty (1958) the Common Commercial Policy has changed several times to build better international trade and economic relations and encourage the integration of all countries in the world economy, embrace developing countries into a system of trade preferences to make it easier accessing the EU single market, by setting new trade related laws, standards and regulations.
The EU has developed complex trade policy system by setting trade agreements and regulation, designed to restrict trade along with its support. Trade tariffs barriers in the EU are mostly eliminated or reduced, but there are widely used regulatory instruments like strict rules of origin, technical and non-tariff barriers, anti dumping, anti subsidy and safeguard measures, sanitary and phytosanitary standards.
Standards and regulations have quite important functions. They establish cooperation between buyers and sellers by introducing them common trading language, promoting convergence of rules, standards, testing and certification practices, ensuring public safety by the protection of the environment and health of society. And because trade does not stimulate growth in economies with excessive regulation, it’s important to make afford towards minimizing unnecessary regulation costs.
Since the EU single market was established, free movement of goods has been facilitated not only by removing border formalities (Customs Union in 1960s), but also by the technical harmonization of national legislation in each member country. The reason of single market creation was existence of many barriers to trade especially non-tariff barriers such as the technical barriers to trade, continued to impede inter European trade.
The term "technical barriers to trade" (TBT) refers to mandatory technical regulations and voluntary standards that define specific characteristics that a product should have, such as its size, shape, design, labeling, marking, packaging, functionality or performance. The specific procedures used to check whether a product is in compliance with these requirements are also covered by the definition of TBT. These so-called "conformity assessment procedures" can include, for example, product testing, inspection and certification activities.81
Because the fact that trade barriers have been minimized or mostly eliminated the role of technical barriers has increased over the past years and third countries collide strict regulations entering the EU single market. Now setting technical barriers on export from third countries is tool, used to protect health, safety or other environmental concerns in the EU countries. (The Directive 2001/95/EC impose general safety requirements. The Directive 1999/34/EC establishes the principle of liability for defective products). Technical regulations and standards are important, but having too many different standards raises many difficulties for exporters.
Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade set by WTO is the main international instrument, adopted in the field of technical regulations. This agreement aims to prevent discriminative behaviors passed by countries in international trade and minimize negative impact of technical barriers on trade.
According this agreement, “members shall ensure that technical regulations are not prepared, adopted or applied with a view to or with the effect of creating unnecessary obstacles to international trade. For this purpose, technical regulations shall not be more trade-restrictive than necessary to fulfill a legitimate objective, taking account of the risks non-fulfillment would create. Such legitimate objectives are, inter alia: national security requirements; the prevention of deceptive practices; protection of human health or safety, animal or plant life or health, or the environment. In assessing such risks, relevant elements of consideration are, inter alia: available scientific and technical information related processing technology or intended end-uses of products”.82
81 http://ec.europa.eu/trade/creating-opportunities/trade-topics/european-competitiveness/non-tariff-barriers/ 82 http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/17-tbt.pdf
396
To overcome the EU non-tariff barriers is also complicated because these barriers are approved by the result of synthesis of legislative acts of the EU institutions and national legislation of the EU member states and in addition this synthetic legislation framework is always updating.
Products imported to the EU market must correspond to the EU as a whole union and to each member state trade laws. For the majority of products, EU countries have adopted the principle of mutual recognition of national rules. Any product legally manufactured and sold in one member state must be allowed to be placed on the market in all others. The EU policy related to standards, testing and certification requirements currently is based on enforcement of the Mutual Recognition Principle and harmonization of technical standards in each member country.
The World Bank has completed a database on technical barriers to trade and standards, based on a survey of 689 firms in 17 countries. According this survey we can see importance of technical regulations by type and export market. Comparing the importance by the five leading export markets for each category of foreign technical regulations it’s clear that the technical regulations in the EU market are considered to be important by the largest share of firms in the sample. The share varies from 48 percent for health/environmental standards to 61 percent for product quality standards. While in the USA regulations share of the firms varies from 27 to 37 percent and in Australia, Canada and Japan technical regulations don’t play such an important role.
Factor Response Australia Canada EU Japan USA
1. Performance
Not Important 1 0 4 1 2
Important 14 16 59 14 35
NA 85 84 37 85 63
Performance Total 100 100 100 100 100
2. Product Quality
Not Important 1 1 3 0 2
Important 14 15 61 15 37
NA 85 84 36 85 61
Product Quality Total 100 100 100 100 100
3. Testing/Certification
Not Important 2 1 7 1 4
Important 13 15 57 14 35
NA 85 84 36 85 61
Testing/Certification Total 100 100 100 100 100
4. Consumer Safety
Not Important 3 2 9 2 5
Important 11 14 50 12 30
NA 86 84 41 86 65
Consumer Safety Total 100 100 100 100 100
5. Labeling
Not Important 4 2 10 2 8
Important 10 14 49 11 27
NA 86 84 41 87 65
Labeling Total 100 100 100 100 100
6. Health/Environment
Not Important 4 3 10 2 7
Important 10 12 48 11 27
NA 86 85 42 87 66
Health/Environment Total 100 100 100 100 100
All above mentioned says that the EU has high standards and regulations for imported products, and
these non-tariff barriers are of particular concern to developing countries, which may bear additional costs in meeting such mandatory standards. For Georgia, as for other not developed countries, despite somewhat
397
favorable trade conditions with Europe (a number of positive preconditions for achieving better results are already in place, namely, GSP+ etc.) is very hard to satisfy with all above mentioned requirements and access the EU single market, because of not applicable technical regulation system.
The EU is the second largest trade partner of Georgia after CIS countries. Georgia’s trade with the EU countries rises from year to year. But in comparison with CIS countries Georgia’s share of trade with the EU is still small; it takes 24% of total trade, when CIS countries take 38%. But despite this fact that Georgia’s 70% of trade is with non-EU countries the EU is an will be an important market for Georgia’s exports and its importance has been growing over time. To ensure Georgia’s continuous economic growth and development, diversification of its export markets is essential. This implies expansion of its export volume to strategically important European markets.
Soviet type of quality infrastructure had been operational in Georgia up to 2005, when the substantial regulatory as well as institutional reform of national quality infrastructure took place. And as a result the Law on Standardization, the Law on Certification of Products and Services and the Law on Uniformity of Measurements – were completely revised. “General legal framework of the national system of technical regulation was laid down in the Law on Certification of Products and Services. The basic principles of the Law have been brought in line with WTO as well as EU requirements. The definition and the criteria for introduction of technical regulations (TR) have been transposed form WTO TBT agreement. The Law defined the rules on general product safety reflecting the principles of EU Directive on General Product Safety. The framework provisions on conformity assessment and market surveillance have been aligned with the principles of EU law.”83
But despite above mentioned challenges there are lots of steps that must be taken for further convergence of Georgian TR regulatory and institutional framework with that of the EU. The appropriate system can’t be established overnight, it requires time and substantial and costly reforms. It is essential to ensure compliance with the EU requirements and on the other hand make sure that new regulation is introduced in acceptable way for Georgian producers.
Georgia is in the way of setting DCFTA with the union, what will open up the EU market for Georgian producers by further more complete elimination of barriers to trade especially non-tariff ones and will build environment where intellectual property rights and fair competition will be protected. The Government of Georgia has adopted the strategies on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), Competition and Food Safety (SPS). The strategies are the key documents in the framework of the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement's (DCFTA) preparation, which is currently ongoing between Georgia and the European Union. Georgia has achieved sufficient progress with the necessary reforms and has fulfilled a set of conditions to be able to proceed further in gradual economic integration with the EU internal market”- said Commissioner for Enlargement and European Neighborhood Policy Stefan Fule. But, to reach Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement with the EU, Georgia should become closer to the EU regulations and product safety standards, implement new laws in areas like competition policy and intellectual property rights.
Openness to trade is a key element of successful growth and development strategies. Removal of technical barriers to trade (TBT) promotes trade efficiency and serves to strengthen competition by undermining the fragmentation of the EU market. So, reduction of technical barriers, lowering differences between the technical regulation and conformity assessment procedures adopted by the EU member countries, which can result creation of impediment to international trade and facilitation of Georgia’s integration into international trade and standardized technical regulatory system, through increased quality and safety standards of the products produced in Georgia is the right direction that should be taken.
83 http://www.geplac.ge/newfiles/EU-Georgia%20important%20Refferences/Chokheli(1).pdf
398
REFERENCES 1. http://ec.europa.eu/trade/creating-opportunities/trade-topics/european-competitiveness/non-tariff-
barriers/ 2. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:1999:141:0020:0021:en:PDF 3. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2002:011:0004:0017:en:PDF 4. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTRANETTRADE/Resources/Topics/Services/TBT_Data_Des
cription.pdf 5. http://www.case-research.eu/sites/default/files/publications/21136629_rc79_0.pdf 6. http://www.geplac.ge/newfiles/EU-Georgia%20important%20Refferences/Chokheli(1).pdf 7. http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/17-tbt.pdf 8. Pelkmans, J (1987) ‘The New Approach to Technical Harmonization and Standardization’ Journal
of Common Market Studies, 25, pp. 249-269.
TaTia udesianiTaTia udesianiTaTia udesianiTaTia udesiani sesili sesili sesili sesili tabataZetabataZetabataZetabataZe
nino demetraZenino demetraZenino demetraZenino demetraZe
mTliani Sida produqtis analizi saqarTveloSimTliani Sida produqtis analizi saqarTveloSimTliani Sida produqtis analizi saqarTveloSimTliani Sida produqtis analizi saqarTveloSi
msoflioSi uamravi meTodi da midgoma arsebobs ekonomikuri keTildReobisa
Tu zrdis gasazomad da Sesafaseblad, magram maTgan realuri da yvelaze xSirad
gamoyenebadi indikatori mTliani Sida produqtia.
msoflios yvela qveyanaSi mTliani Sida produqti (mSp) erovnul angariSTa
sistemis erT-erTi ZiriTadi maCvenebelia, radgan mSp pirdapir gansazRvravs
qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dones.
mTliani Sida produqti qveynis teritoriis SigniT warmoebul, mTliani
saboloo produqciisa da momsaxurebis sabazro fasebSi gamoxatul saerTo
Rirebulebas warmoadgens. saqarTvelos parlamentis sabiujeto ofisis ganmar-
tebiT ki igi Semdegnairad ganisazRvreba: “mTliani Sida produqti (mSp) _ drois
garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi qveyanaSi warmoebuli saboloo saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis Rirebulebaa”.
mSp erovnuli Semosavlebisa da warmoebis zomis gamoTvlis erT-erTi meTo-
dia. sazogadod miRebulia, rom mSp-s zrdisas izrdeba cxovrebis standartebi
grZelvadian periodSi. amdenad, is SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes, rogorc qveynis
cxovrebis standartis mniSvnelovani indikatori.
saqarTveloSi, bolo monacemebiT, mTliani Sida produqtis maCveneblis
monacemebi Semdegnairad gamoiyureba:
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 I 11* II 11* III 11* IV 11* 2011*
mSp mimdinare fasebSi, mln
Llari 11620.9 13789.9 16993.8 19074.9 17986.0 20743.4 5210.1 5908.6 6203.0 6907.4 24229.1
mSp mudmiv 2003 wlis
fasebSi, mln lari
9935.6 10868.0 12208.8 12491.4 12019.7 12771.3 2905.2 3362.2 3562.7 3839.6 13659.4
399
mSp-is realuri zrda,
procenti
9.6 9.4 12.3 2.3 -3.8 6.3 6.1 4.9 7.5 8.8 7.0
mSp deflatori, procenti
7.9 8.5 9.7 9.7 -2.0 8.5 13.6 11.0 7.7 6.0 9.2
mSp erT sulze
(mimdinare fasebSi), lari
2689.1 3133.1 3866.9 4352.9 4101.3 4675.7 1165.8 1322.1 1387.9 1545.6 5421.4
mSp erT sulze
(mimdinare fasebSi) aSS
dolari
1483.5 1763.5 2314.6 2921.1 2455.2 2623.0 662.0 793.8 836.4 931.2 3215.4
mSp mimdinare fasebSi, mln aSS dolari
6411.0 7761.7 10171.9 12800.5 10767.1 11636.5 2958.8 3547.8 3738.0 4161.6 14370.4
saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris (saqstati) winaswari
SefasebiT, saqarTveloSi 2012 wlis ianvarSi mTliani Sida produqtis realurma
zrdam wina wlis maCvenebelTan SedarebiT 5% Seadgina.
saqstatis monacemebis mixedviT, mTliani Sida produqti erT sul mosaxleze
wlebis mixedviT ase gamoiyureba: 2005w. _ 1483.5 aSS dolari, 2006w. _ 1763.5 aSS
dolari, 2007w. _ 2314.6 aSS dolari, 2008w. _ 2921.1 aSS dolari, 2009w. _ 2455.2 aSS
dolari, 2010w. _ 2623.0 aSS dolari, 2011w. _ 3215.4 aSS dolari.
mTliani Sida produqtis realuri zrdis maCvenebeli ki Sesabamisad, 2005w-
9.6%, 2006w- 9.4%, 2007w- 12.3%, 2008w- 2.3%, 2009w- -3.8%, 2010w- 6.3%, 2011w- 7.0% iyo.
2011 wlis 6 Tvis monacemebiT saqarTvelos nominaluri mTliani Sida
produqti Semdegnairad ganisazRvra:
rac Seexeba seqtorebis mixedviT gamosaxul mTlian Sida produqts,
Semdegnairad gamoiyureba:
400
XX saukunis dasawyisSi politikis sagani gaxda ekonomikuri zrdis
waxaliseba. am politikis efeqtianobis Sesafaseblad ki aucilebeli gaxda misi
gazomva, anu Sesabamisi gazomvadi sidideebis SemoReba. swored aman ganapiroba
ekonometrikis mniSvnelobis gazrda. indikatorebi, rogorebicaa “umuSevrobis
done”, “mTliani Sida produqti” da “inflaciis done”, warmoadgens cvlilebebis
sazoms ekonomikaSi.
saqarTveloSi mTliani Sida produqtis analizis sruli saxiT warmod-
genisTvis gamoviyenebT ekonomikur gamoTvlebs, romelic dagvexmareba, ganvsazR-
vroT masze moqmedi mniSvnelovani da aramniSvnelovani faqtorebi. misi daxmarebiT
Cven aseve SevZlebT saimedo ekonomikuri daskvnebis gakeTebas.
Cveni mizania, regresiis modeliT SevafasoT cvlileba nominalur mTlian
Sida produqtSi. amisaTvis gamoviyenebT Semdeg amxsnel cvladebs: samomxmareblo
fasebis indeqsi, pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi, samTavrobo xarjebi, nominaluri
gacvliTi kursi. amasTan, Cven saWirod CavTvaleT Semogvetana fiqtiuri sagnebi, is
aris regresiis modelSi xelovnurad SemoRebuli cvladi, romlis mniSvneloba
pirobiTad aris gansazRvruli, iqidan gamomdinare, Tu ra SesaZlo mdgomareobebi
SeiZleba gaaCndes Tvisebriv cvlads. fiqtiuri cvladis koeficienti
Sinaarsobrivad gamosaxavs Sedegobrivi cvladis, anu nominaluri mSp-s saSualo
mniSvnelobis cvlilebas erTi Tvisebrivi formidan meoreze gadasvlisas sxva
Tanabar pirobebSi. Cvens modelSi fiqtiuri cvladi gansazRvrulia Semdegnairad:
D= 1, msoflio finansuri krizisis wina periodi,
0, msoflio finansuri krizisis Semdgomi periodi.
ekonomikaSi damokidebulebaTa mniSvnelovan nawils arawrfivi xasiaTi gaaCnia
da zogierTi maTganis wrfivi regresiis gantolebiT modelirebisas
aradamakmayofilebeli Sedegi miiReba, amitom, Cvens SemTxvevaSic saWiro iyo
arawrfivi mravlobiTi regresiis modelis ageba. mas aqvs Semdegi saxe:
GDP=β0*(CPI) β1*(FDI) β2*(GovExp)β3*(EXR) β4*∂D*U sadac, GDP mTliani Sida produqtia,
CPI – samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi,
FDI – pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi,
GovExp – samTavrobo xarjebi,
EXR – nominaluri gacvliTi kursi.
401
mocemuli regresiis modelis analizi dagvexmareba imis dadgenaSi, Tu ra
damokidebulebaSia mocemuli cvladebi nominalur mSp-sTan. misi Sefaseba rom
movaxdinoT, aucilebelia gavawrfivoT galogariTmebis gziT da SevafasoT
mravlobiTi regresiis modeli. mas eqneba saxe:
GDP = e1.522289*(CPI) 0.4665514*(FDI) 0.0923078*(GovExp)0.27113466*(EXR) 0.3864858*e0.0133086D
rogorc vxedavT, Sefasebuli regresiis modelSi gvaqvs oTxi mniSvnelovani
damoukidebeli cvladi, anu TiToeuli maTgani erTmaneTTan ar imyofeba wrfiv
damokidebulebaSi. es cvladebia: Ln(CPI), Ln(FDI), Ln(Govexp), Ln(EXR). ekonometrikuli modelis umniSvnelovanesi etapia modelis verifikacia, anu
imis dadgena, ramdenad vargisia Cven mier agebuli regresiis modeli da SeiZleba
Tu ara mis safuZvelze raime daskvnebis gakeTeba Sesaswavli sakiTxis Sesaxeb. am
problemis gadasawyvetad Cven gamoviyeneT regresiis koeficientebis
mniSvnelovnebis Sefaseba, es movaxdineT t-statistikebis SedarebiT t-kritikulTan.
isini eqvemdebarebian stiudentis ganawilebas da TiToeuli meti aRmoCnda t-
kritikulze, kritikulis mniSvneloba vnaxeT stiudentis ganawilebis cxrilSi.
aqedan gamomdinare gavakeTeT daskvna, rom oTxive cvladi mniSvnelovania,Aanu
samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi, pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi, samTavrobo
xarjebi da nominaluri gacvliTi kursi mniSvnelovnad zemoqmedebs mSp-ze.
modelidan gamomdinare SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom erTi procentiT samomxma-
reblo fasebis indeqsis cvlileba iwvevs mTliani Sida produqtis 0,4665514 procentiT cvlilebas, erTi procentiT pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis
cvlileba iwvevs 0,0923078 procentiT mSp-is cvlilebas, erTi procentiT
samTavrobo xarjebis cvlileba – 0, 27113466 procentiT cvlilebas, xolo erTi
procentiT nominaluri gacvliTi kursis cvlileba – 0,3864858 procentiT mSp-s
cvlilebas.
Cven aseve SevamowmeT aRniSnuli koeficientebis statistikuri mniSvnelovneba
koeficientebis ndobis intervalebis agebis saSualebiT, romlis gamoyenebiTac
miviReT analogiuri Sedegi. ndobis intervalis ageba gulisxmobs, rom
ganvsazRvreT koeficientebis ndobis Sualedebi. magaliTad, Cveni modelidan
aviRoDCPI-is koeficienti da avagoT misi ndobis intervali 0,2040652 < β1 < 0,7290376,
β1-is nebismieri mniSvneloba, romelic akmayofilebs am utolobas, avtomaturad
Tavsebadia samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsisTvisac.
rodesac vaxdenT mravlobiTi regresiis modelis Sefasebas, aucilebelia
koeficientebis statistikuri mniSvnelovnebis Semowmebis paralelurad SevafasoT
TviTon regresiis modelis mniSvnelovneba. unda dadgindes Seesabameba Tu ara
mTlianobaSi miRebuli maTematikuri modeli dakvirvebis monacemebs da sakmarisia
Tu ara modelSi CarTuli amxsneli cvladebi (CPI, FDI, Govexp, EXR) Sedegobrivi
cvladis (GDP-is) aRwerisTvis. amisTvis viyenebT F- teststeststeststests, romelic warmoadgens
fiSeris ganawilebis SemTxveviT sidides. fiSeris ganawilebis cxrilidan
vpoulobT F kritikul mniSvnelobas.
F(5, 45)=710.24 Fkrkrkrkr=2.41 F > Fkrkrkrkr, anu Cven mier Sefasebuli regresiis modeli mniSvnelovania.
Sefasebul modelSi fiqtiuri cvladi gvaqvs aramniSvnelovani. es
SesaZlebelia ganpirobebuli iyos imiT, rom agvistos movlenebis dros
sazRvargareTidan Semovida didi raodenobiT daxmareba da amitom mniSvnelovani
cvlileba ar SeiniSneboda mTlian Sida produqtSi.
402
aRniSnuli garemoebidan gamomdinare daviwyeT Zebna, hqonda Tu ara adgili
modelSi multikolinearulobas. multikolinearulobis problemis arseboba
imaze miuTiTebs, rom regresiis modelSi CarTuli amxsneli cvladebidan ori an
ramdenime erTmaneTTan wrfivi funqcionaluri an Zlieri korelaciuri kavSirebiT
arian dakavSirebuli. mis gamosavlenad gamoviyeneT korelaciuri matrica da VIF
meTodi. SevadgineT korelaciuri matrica, Semdeg misi gafarToebuli matrica da
gamovTvaleT TiToeuli faqtoris determinaciis koeficienti, romelic saWiroa
dispersiis zrdis faqtoris (VIF-is) gamosaTvlelad.
rodesac regresiuli modeli ekonomikuri analizis instrumentad ganixileba
da mkvlevari cdilobs, mis safuZvelze gamoavlinos da Seafasos Sedegobriv
cvladze TiToeuli faqtoris zemoqmedebis xarisxi, maSin multikolinealuroba
seriozul problemad gvevlineba, radganac misi arseboba xels uSlis regresiis
koeficientebis damakmayofilebeli Sefasebis miRebas da Sedegobriv cvladze
faqtorebis zemoqmedebis erTmaneTisgan gamijvnas. aseT dros aucilebelia
multikolinearobis aRmofxvra.
aRmovaCineT, rom gvaqvs multikolinearuloba. igi aRmovfxveriT bijobrivi
meTodis gamoyenebiT da miviReT arawrfivi regresiuli modeli:
GDP = e1.522289 * (CPI) 0.4665514 * (FDI) 0.0923078 * (GovExp)0.27113466 * (EXR) 0.3864858 * e mTlian Sida produqtze zegavlenas axdens bevri faqtori, romelTagan Cven
damoukidebel cvladebad aviReT: fasebis indeqsi, pirdapiri ucxouri investi-
ciebi, samTavrobo xarjebi, nominaluri gacvliTi kursi da fiqtiuri cvladi
(krizisis periodi da krizisis Semgomi periodi). Tavdapirvelad, roca modelSi
CarTuli gvqonda fiqtiuri cvladi, is iwvevda multikolinealurobas da, garda
amisa, es cvladi iyo aramniSvnelovani. Cveni modeli gavaTavisufleT multi-
kolinearulobisagan. Semdeg miRebul regresiis modelSi yvela koeficienti
mniSvnelovania da TviTon regresiis modelis xarisxis miSvnelovnebac gaizarda.
anu Cven mier aRebuli damoukidebeli cvladebi mniSvnelovnad zemoqmedebs
mTlian Sida produqtze.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom iseTi mniSvnelovani
maCvenebeli da indikatori, rogoricaa mTliani Sida produqti, damokidebulia
Semdeg faqtorebze: samomxmareblo fasebi indeqsze, pirdapir ucxour
investiciebze, samTavrobo xarjebsa da nominalur gacvliT kursze.
Cven mier Catarebulma ekonometrikulma kvlevam cxadyo, rom TiToeuli
aRniSnuli faqtori mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs mTliani Sida produqtis sidides
da Sesabamisad pirdapir zemoqmedebas axdens qveynis ganviTarebis doneze.
miRebuli Sedegebi saSualebas gvaZlevs, rom Cveni qveynis winsvlisaTvis
aucilebel faqtorad TiToeuli mocemuli indeqsis gaumjobeseba miviCnioT.
gamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literatura
1. http://www.economy.ge- saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis saministro (mTliani Sida produqti, oqtomberi, 2011).
2. http://www.geostat.ge/- saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri. 3. i. ananiaSvili. ekonometrika, Tbilisi, 2008. 4. http://www.pbo.parliament.ge- parlamentis sabiujeto ofisi.
5. eka gegeSiZe. “mTliani Sida produqti da ekonomikuri zrda”, Tbilisi, 2010.
403
Udesiani Tatia Tabatadze Sesili
Demetradze Nino ANALYSIS OF THE GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT IN GEORGIA
SUMMARY
In the above mentioned article is given information about Georgian GDP, which gives opportunity to measure country’s economic condition and accordingly level of life quality. According to the final data, there are considered and evaluated major factors that effect GDP, and their importance are approved by the econometric calculations for given index. Finally, on the basis of the obtained results, report displays that, along with GDP it is essential to support some indicators growth, such as CPI (Consumer Price Index), foreign direct investments, government spending and nominal exchange rate to provide high level of country’s development.
lia Zebisaurilia Zebisaurilia Zebisaurilia Zebisauri
statistika saqarTvelos ekonomikisstatistika saqarTvelos ekonomikisstatistika saqarTvelos ekonomikisstatistika saqarTvelos ekonomikis globalizaciis kvaldakvalglobalizaciis kvaldakvalglobalizaciis kvaldakvalglobalizaciis kvaldakval
msoflio ekonomikis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove tempebi da gansakuTrebiT
erovnuli ekonomikebis aqtiuri swrafva globalizaciisaken, romelic aZlierebs
sxvadasxva qveynebis ekonomikis urTierTdamokidebulebas, aCqarebs globaluri
sasaqonlo da safinanso bazrebis formirebas, gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs
sagareo ekonomikuri urTierTobebis, kerZod ki sagareo vaWrobisa da ucxouri
investiciebis Seswavlisadmi.
sagareo vaWroba globalur ekonomikur sistemaSi aerTianebs sxvadasxva
qveynebis mwarmoeblebs da momxmareblebs. ucxouri kapitalis koncentrireba
nebismieri saxelmwifos bazarze, zrdis qveynis CarTulobas saerTaSoriso
ekonomikur procesebSi. aqedan gamomdinare, aRniSnuli sferos Sesaxeb drouli da
xarisxiani statistikuri informaciis arseboba aucilebeli pirobaa warmoebis,
moxmarebis, dasaqmebis, Semosavlebisa da mTlianad ekonomikuri da socialuri
keTildReobis mravalmxrivi analizisaTvis rogorc qveynis, ise globalur
makrodoneze.
ekonomikuri globalizacia aris tendencia, romelic mimarTulia saqonlis,
momsaxurebis, teqnologiis, informaciis, Sromisa da kapitalis saerTaSoriso
integraciisken. globalizacia amaRlebs qveynis mwarmoeblurobas uaxlesi
teqnologiebis gamoyenebisa da profesiuli codnis donis gaumjobesebis gziT,
zrdis momxmarebelTa arCevanis diapazons.
qveynis globalur sistemaSi integrirebis sakiTxebis Seswavlisas gamoiyeneba
maCveneblebi, romlebic calsaxad gamoxatavs konkretul sferoSi qveynis danarCen
msofliosTan damokidebulebis xarisxs. bolo wlebSi SemuSavda globalizaciis
kompleqsuri indikatori, romelic moicavs ekonomikur, socialur da politikur
maCveneblebs. aRniSnul indikatorze dayrdnobiT SesaZlebelia qveynis globali-
zaciis donis dadgena da misi potencialis Sefaseba.
ekonomikur globalizacias axasiaTebs saqonlis, kapitalis, momsaxurebisa da
informaciuli nakadebis Sor manZilze gadatana. misi erT-erTi mxarea realuri
ekonomikuri nakadebis moculoba, iseTebi, rogoric aris vaWrobisa da pirdapiri
ucxouri investiciebis sidide.
404
ekonomikuri globalizaciis umTavres maCveneblebs miekuTvneba sagareo
vaWrobis pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis wili mTlian Sida produqtSi.
dReisaTvis, rodesac ase aqtiurad mimdinareobs da ufro metad Rrmavdeba
msoflio ekonomikur sistemaSi saqarTvelos ekonomikis integraciis procesi,
globalizacia yoveldRiuri politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialur-kulturuli
cxovrebis mizanswrafvis obieqti xdeba. aseT dros sagareo ekonomikuri
urTierTobebis statistikur Seswavlas gansakuTrebuli roli da mniSvneloba
eniWeba rogorc sagareo savaWro movlenebisa da procesebis, ucxouri daban-
debebis donis, dinamikisa da ganviTarebis tendenciebis dadgenaSi, ise arsebuli
mdgomareobis analizisa da Sefasebis sakiTxSi.
globalizaciis procesebSi aqtiuri CarTva iTvaliswinebs erovnuli
statistikuri uwyebis aqtiur integracias saerTaSoriso statistikur sistemaSi
da moiTxovs saerTaSoriso standartebTan maqsimalur harmonizacias. misi
saSualebiT SesaZlebelia maRali donis statistikis warmoeba, rac globaluri
integraciuli procesebis realurad daxasiaTebis saSualebas mogvcems.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, ekonomikuri gaxsnilobis maCveneblebs miekuTvneba
eqsportisa da importis procentuli wili mSp-Si, anu eqsportisa da importis
kvotebi. aseve, pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis (pui) wili mSp-Si. ekonomikis
eqspertebi miiCneven, rom gaxsnilobis xarisxi CaiTvalos misaRebad, Tu eqsportis
kvota udris 10 procents. imisaTvis, rom realurad SevafasoT aRniSnul sferoSi
arsebuli tendencia, oficialuri statistikuri monacemebis safuZvelze
gaviangariSoT globalizaciis yvelaze mniSvnelovani indikatorebi, gavaanalizoT
xangrZlivi periodis dinamikuri mwkrivi (cxrili #1cxrili #1cxrili #1cxrili #1) da SevafasoT saqarTvelos
integraciis dReisaTvis arsebuli done.
cxrili #1. eqsportisa da importis kvotebi saqarTveloSicxrili #1. eqsportisa da importis kvotebi saqarTveloSicxrili #1. eqsportisa da importis kvotebi saqarTveloSicxrili #1. eqsportisa da importis kvotebi saqarTveloSi
mSp (mln aSS dolari)
eqsporti (mln aSS dolari)
eqsportis kvota (%)
importi (mln aSS dolari)
importis kvota (%)
pui (mln aSS dolari)
pui-is wili mSp-Si (%)
1997 3,510.7 244.2 7.0 995.4 28.4 242.6 6.9
1998 3,606.9 191.3 5.3 882.6 24.5 265.3 7.4
1999 2,814.1 238.0 8.5 689.6 24.5 82.2 2.9
2000 3,059.1 323.9 10.6 709.5 23.2 131.2 4.3
2001 3,221.0 317.2 9.8 752.0 23.3 109.8 3.4
2002 3,397.8 345.7 10.2 794.7 23.4 160.2 4.7
2003 3,990.8 461.3 11.6 1,139.0 28.5 334.6 8.4
2004 5,124.7 646.9 12.6 1,844.3 36.0 492.3 9.6
2005 6,411.0 865.5 13.5 2,487.5 38.8 449.8 7.0
2006 7,761.7 936.4 12.1 3,674.8 47.3 1,190.4 15.3
2007 10,171.9 1,232.1 12.1 5,212.2 51.2 2,014.8 19.8
2008 12,800.5 1,495.3 11.7 6,301.5 49.2 1,564.0 12.2
2009 10,767.1 1,133.6 10.5 4,500.2 41.8 658.4 6.1
2010 11,636.5 1,677.5 14.4 5,257.1 45.2 814.5 7.0
2011* 14,370.4 2,189.1 15.2 7,057.8 49.1 980.6 6.8
* winaswari monacemebi wyaro:wyaro:wyaro:wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri
405
rogorc cxrilidan Cans, 1996-1999 wlebSi da aseve 2001 wels, eqsportis mxriv,
saqarTvelos ekonomikuri integraciis done misaRebze dabali iyo. magram 2011
wels eqsportis kvotam 15.2 procenti Seadgina. saimporto nakadebis mimarTulebiT
ufro meti gaaqtiureba SeimCneva 2006 wlidan da SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 2008 wlis
agvistos movlenebisa da msoflio ekonomikuri krizisis gavlenis miuxedavad,
bolo periodSi zrdis tendenciiT xasiaTdeba. rac Seexeba pirdapiri ucxouri
investiciebis wils mSp-Si, es maCvenebeli jer kidev sakmaod dabalia. masze
damangreveli zegavlena iqonia 2008 wlis omma Crdiloel mezobelTan.
saqarTvelo, kapitalizmis relsebze axladSemdgari ekonomikiT, 2008 wlis
dasawyisSi pirispir Seejaxa globalur ekonomikur kriziss. msoflio ekonomikur
sistemaSi aqtiuri integraciis fonze, bunebrivia, qveyana gverds ver auvlida
krizisis damangrevel Zalas. Tumca, Cveni ekonomikis masStabebidan da globaluri
ekonomikuri da safinanso sistemis funqcionirebaSi misi umniSvnelo rolidan
gamomdinare, ganviTarebul qveynebTan SedarebiT recesia naklebad Seexo
saqarTvelos, Tumca es mxolod dasawyisSi.
ssf-is prognoziT, 2009 wels ganviTarebul ekonomikebSi globaluri recesia
gardauvali iyo. 2009 wlis meore naxevridan unda dawyebuliyo finansuri
krizisis Serbileba da Sesabamisad, ekonomikis umniSvnelo zrda. Tu wina
periodebSi ekonomikuri zrdis maRali tempebi 2009 wels uaryofiTi niSniT
Seicvala da – 3.8 % Seadgina, msoflio ekonomikis SedarebiTi gajansaRebis fonze
2010 wlidan saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri zrdis sakmaod myari tendencia SeiniSneba
da 2011 wlis winaswari monacemebiT 7.0 procents Seadgens (diagrama #1diagrama #1diagrama #1diagrama #1):
diagrama #1. diagrama #1. diagrama #1. diagrama #1. mSpmSpmSpmSp----is realuri zrda saqarTveloSi is realuri zrda saqarTveloSi is realuri zrda saqarTveloSi is realuri zrda saqarTveloSi (%)
* winaswari monacemebi.
am periodSi garTulda mdgomareoba saerTaSoriso bazrebzec erovnuli
warmoebis produqciis gatanisa da savaWro kreditebis gadaxdis sakiTxSi.
mkveTrad Semcirda rogorc eqsportis, ise importis moculoba. gauaresda sagareo
vaWrobis sasaqonlo struqturac.
ucxouri sainvesticio nakadebis ganuxrelad mzardi tendencia am periodSi
radikalurad Seicvala. 2008 wlis mesame kvartalSi pirdapiri ucxouri
investiciebis moculobam 2005 wlis Semdeg yvelaze dabal niSnuls miaRwia da 135
mln aSS dolari Seadgina (diagrama #2). amave wlis meoTxe kvartalSi
investiciebis 286 mln aSS dolaramde gazrda ZiriTadad ucxoeli investorebis
mxridan pirdapiri investirebis sawarmoebze gacemuli didi odenobiT sesxebis
xarjze moxda. Semdgom periodebSi pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis moculoba
406
saqarTveloSi sagrZnoblad Semcirda. maRali riskis sainvesticio garemom da
arastabilurma politikurma mdgomareobam gamoiwvia is faqti, rom ucxoelma
investorebma masiurad daiwyes dividendebis aReba da sawarmoTa sul ufro mcire
raodenoba axorcielebda sakuTari saqmianobidan miRebuli mogebis xelaxal
reinvestirebas sawarmoSi.
diagrama #2. diagrama #2. diagrama #2. diagrama #2. pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi saqarTveloSipirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi saqarTveloSipirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi saqarTveloSipirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi saqarTveloSi
* winaswari monacemebi.
am mxriv aSkara gaumjobeseba mxolod 2011 wels gaxda SesamCnevi, roca, mTe-
li wlis mzardi tendenciis fonze, meoTxe kvartalSi pirdapiri ucxouri inves-
ticiebis moculobam saqarTveloSi 337.5 mln aSS dolari Seadgina. globaluri
krizisisa da politikuri arastabilurobis dawyebis Semdeg es yvelaze maRali
maCvenebelia da imedis momcemi im mxriv, rom ucxoeli investorebis daintereseba
saqarTvelos mimarT kvlav gaizrdeba. es tendencia, erTi mxriv, erovnuli war-
moebis ganviTarebisa da produqciis konkurentunarianobis amaRlebis winapirobaa
da, meore mxriv, ekonomikuri zrdis mZlavri mastimulirebeli faqtoria.
indikatorebi, romlebic erovnuli ekonomikis globalizaciis yvelaze rea-
luri sazomia, dinamikaSi mzard tendencias aCveneben (diagrama #3), rac msoflio
ekonomikur sistemaSi saqarTvelos integraciis momavali gaRrmavebis myari
safuZvelia:
diagrama #3. diagrama #3. diagrama #3. diagrama #3. globalizaciis indikatorebi saqarTveloSiglobalizaciis indikatorebi saqarTveloSiglobalizaciis indikatorebi saqarTveloSiglobalizaciis indikatorebi saqarTveloSi
* winaswari monacemebi. globalizaciis donis gaRrmavebis tendenciaze metyvelebs is faqtic, rom
2000 wels pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi saqarTveloSi 18 qveynidan
407
ganxorcielda, 2005 wels es maCvenebeli 38-mde gaizarda, xolo 2011 wels 63
qveyana dafiqsirda.
zogadad, rogorc praqtika aCvenebs, globalizacia mimzidveli da momgebiania
mcire qveynebisTvis, Tu isini mis dadebiT efeqtebs Tavis sasargeblod
gonivrulad gamoiyeneben. am procesebSi ki statistikas istoriuli mniSvnelobis
roli eniWeba. operatiuli da sando statistikuri monacemebi saSualebas iZleva,
realurad Sefasdes mimdinare procesebi da saxelisuflo organoebis mxridan
SemuSavdes qveynis ekonomikis globalizaciisaken mimarTuli optimaluri
politika.
Dzebisauri Lia STATISTICS TO FOLLOW THE GLOBALIZATION OF GEORGIAN ECONOMY
SUMMARY In the current globalized world, users’ needs go beyond the borders and possibilities of national
statistical systems, the significance of international cooperation to develop integrated methodologies increase, and investment in statistics becomes more needed.
Very active integration process of Georgian economy in the world’s global economic system requires behaving more intensively in the process of globalization by broadening geographic area for external trade flows and increasing foreign direct investments.
Main incentives for the changes include new expectations in the current reality. One of the key matters under these changing conditions is to maintain confidence in official statistics, which is facing new challenges. This requires, among other things, further input of statistical system. Due to globalization, international organizations have to play a major role in the development of official statistics. It is the most important source to inform policymakers about the current tendencies of economic development and help them in making optimal decisions for rapid growth of national economy and ensuring intensive cooperation in global integration process.
boris WiWinaZeboris WiWinaZeboris WiWinaZeboris WiWinaZe regionuli ekonomikuri politikisregionuli ekonomikuri politikisregionuli ekonomikuri politikisregionuli ekonomikuri politikis strategiuli prioritetebistrategiuli prioritetebistrategiuli prioritetebistrategiuli prioritetebi
Tanamedrove pirobebSi, maSin, roca metad mwvaved dgas sakiTxi ama Tu im
qveynis winaSe, Tu rogor ekonomikur models airCevs qveyana misi Semdgomi
ganviTarebisaTvis, uaRresad didi mniSvneloba eniWeba iseTi regionaluri eko-
nomikuri politikis warmoebas, romelic mniSvnelovnad Seuwyobs xels adgi-
lobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebis ekonomikur ganviTarebas. regionuli ekonomika ki
TavisTavad warmoadgens qveynis mTliani ekonomikis ganuyofel nawils. Tana-
medrove msoflioSi warmoqmnili ekonomikuri recesiebis pirobebSi ganviTarebuli
da ganviTarebadi qveynebis mTavrobebis winaSe gadaxedvas daeqvemdebara dRemde
arsebuli sxvadasxva ekonomikuri doqtrinebi, romlebic Camoyalibebuli iyo
sxvadasxva mecnier-ekonomistebis mier da wlebis ganmavlobaSi ama Tu im qveynis
mTavar dasayrdens warmoadgenda ekonomikuri politikis warmarTvis saqmeSi.
qveynis ekonomikuri politikis normalur warmarTvazea ZiriTadad damo-
kidebuli regionuli politikis warmoebac, radganac, rac ar unda kargi regi-
onuli politika arsebobdes, Tu is ar jdeba qveynis mTliani ekonomikuri
politikis strategiaSi, misi ganxorcieleba warmoudgenelia. metad saintereso
408
iqneba Tu Rrmad gavaanalizebT Tanamedrove saqarTvelos regionuli politikis
dadebiT da uaryofiT mxareebs da samomavlod regionuli ekonomikuri politikis
strategiul prioritetebs davsaxavT.
dReisaTvis adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebi muSaoben `adgilobrivi TviT-
mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos organuli kanonis Sesabamisad. aRniSnuli ka-
noni warmoadgens TviTmmarTvelobebis ZiriTad samoqmedo kanons. aRniSnuli ka-
noniT regulirdeba adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveli erTeulebis funqciebi, gansaz-
Rvrulia maTi uflebebi da movaleobebi. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebis sa-
biujeto mowyoba ki regulirdeba saqarTvelos kanoniT, romelic `sabiujeto
kodeqsis~ saxeliTaa cnobili. swored es ori kanoni aris ZiriTadi adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvelobebisaTvis, ra Tqma unda, sxva mniSvnelovan sakanonmdeblo
aqtebTan erTad.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, saqarTvelos organuli kanoni `adgilobrivi TviT-
mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb~ aregulirebs TviTmmarTvelobebis muSaobas, aRniSnuli ka-
nonis me-16 muxlis Tanaxmad, adgilobriv TviTmmarTvel organoebs gaaCniaT
sakuTari uflebamosilebebi, esenia; a) adgilobrivi gadasaxadebis da mosakreb-
lebis SemoReba da gauqmeba; b) adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis tyis da wylis resur-
sebis marTva; g) adgilobrivi samgzavro gadazidvebis regulireba saqarTvelos
kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT, mosaxleobis municipaluri transportiT mom-
saxurebisa da adgilobrivi gadazidvebis wesebis, transportis marSrutebisa da
grafikebis gansazRvra da Sesabamisi nebarTvebis gacema; d) gare vaWrobis,
bazrebisa da bazrobebis regulireba. e) gare reklamis ganTavsebis regulireba
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT; v) sayofacxovrebo narCenebisa da
utilizaciis samuSaoTa warmoebis dagegmva da ganxorcieleba an maT gan-
xorcielebaze municipaluri Sesyidvebis organizeba, sasaflaoebis patronoba; z)
TviTmmarTveli erTeulis sivrciT-teritoriuli dagegmva da TviTmmarTveli
erTeulis sivrciT-teritoriuli dagegmvis normebisa da wesebis gansazRvra,
miwaTsargeblobis generaluri gegmis, ganaSenianebis regulirebis gegmis, da-
saxlebaTa teritoriebis gamoyenebisa da ganaSenianebis regulirebis wesebis
damtkiceba, TviTmmarTveli erTeulis teritoriis keTilmowyobisa da sainJinro
infrastruqturis ganviTarebis programebis damtkiceba; T) municipaluri arqivis
Seqmna da saarqivo momsaxurebis tarifebis dadgena saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT
dadgenili wesiT; i) TviTmmarTveli erTeulis municipaluri programebis da
gegmebis SemuSaveba da damtkiceba; k) TviTmmarTveli erTeulis teritoriaze janm-
rTelobisa da socialuri dacvis sferoSi municipaluri resursebis mobilizeba,
Sesabamisi RonisZiebebis (adamianis janmrTelobisaTvis usafrTxo garemos Seqmna,
cxovrebis jansaRi wesis damkvidreba, janmrTelobis riskfaqtorebis identi-
ficireba) SemuSaveba, ganxorcieleba da amis Taobaze mosaxleobis informireba.
rogorc saqarTvelos adgilobrivi municipalitetebis saqmianobis moni-
toringma gviCvena, TviTmmarTvelobebis absolutur umravlesobaSi (TiTqmis 90%-
Si) ar xorcieldeba adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebis zemoaRniSnuli sakuTari
uflebamosilebani, es gamowveulia rogorc obieqturi, aseve subieqturi
mizezebiT. xSir SemTxvevaSi am sakuTari uflebamosilebebis Seusrulebloba
gamowveulia imiT, rom centrsa da TviTmmarTvelobebs Soris ar aris ufleba-
mosilebebi mkafiod gamijnuli, adgilebze SeiniSneba sakuTari sabiujeto Semo-
savlebis qronikuli ukmarisoba da, rac mTavaria, umravlesi municipalitetebi
ganicdian kvalificiuri sajaro moxeleebis deficits.
409
kritikas ver uZlebs saqarTvelos kanoni `sabiujeto kodeqsis Sesaxeb~, aR-
niSnuli kanonis 65-e muxlSi aRniSnulia, rom TiToeul adgilobriv TviTmmarT-
vel erTeuls aqvs sakuTari damoukidebeli biujeti, rom es biujeti damoukide-
belia rogorc sxva TviTmmarTveli erTeulis biujetisgan, aseve saxelmwifo bi-
ujetisa da avtonomiuri respublikebis biujetisgan. zemoaRniSnuli sakuTari
uflebamisilebebis gansaxorcieleblad adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobebs eZlevaT
gaTanabrebiTi transferi. gaTanabrebiTi transferis gamoangariSebis wesi
ganisazRvreba finansTa ministris Sesabamisi brZanebiT. gaTanabrebiTi transferi
ver uzrunvelyofs TviTmmarTvelobebis sakuTari uflebamosilebebis Sesrulebas
da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebis sabiujeto damoukideblobas kiTxvis niSnis
qveS ayenebs. arasakmarisi adgilobrivi sabiujeto Semosavlebi ki, saerTo jamSi,
TviTmmarTvelobebis muSaobaze negatiurad aisaxeba. gamomdinare aqedan, veRar
umjobesdeba regionebis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTve-
lobebi centrze (Tbilisi) damokidebulni xdebian.
regionebis socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisaTvis auci-
lebelia teritoriuli da dargTaSorisi ganviTarebis srulyofa saxelmwifo da
adgilobrivi municipalitetebis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ramdenadac swored
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebis ekonomikur ganviTarebazea damokidebuli
adgilebze socialuri problemebis sworad gadawyveta. aseve adgilobrivi
mosaxleobis dasaqmeba, municipallitetebis sainvenvesticio mimzidvelobis zrda
da, saerTo jamSi, regionebis konkurentunarianobis amaRleba, yovelive zemoT aR-
niSnuli SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes mxolod `codnaze damyarebuli ekonomi-
kuri~ kanonebis cxovrebaSi gatarebiT, romlis gareSec faqtobrivad warmoudgene-
lia adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebis ekonomikuri ganviTareba, ekonomikuri gan-
viTarebis gareSe ki zedmetia saubari erTiani regionuli produqtis warmoebis
zrdaze. swored miRebulma kanonebma unda uzrunvelyos adgilobrivi TviTmmar-
Tvelobebis CarTuloba warmoebuli regionuli produqtis dadgenis saqmeSi,
radganac regionSi warmoebuli produqtiT (maT Soris momsaxurebiT) SeiZleba
swori analizis gakeTeba samomavlod adgilebze gasatarebeli ekonomikuri
reformebis kuTxiT. dRes ki absoluturad sapirispiro movlenasaTan gvaqvs saqme,
moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad, adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobebs aranairi
berketi ar gaaCniaT maT samoqmedo teritoriaze moqmedi sawarmoebis mier
warmoebuli produqciis raodenobis dasadgenad, aseve Sesabamisi municipali-
tetebis teritoriaze gaweuli momsaxurebis odenobis gasarkvevad. adgilebze
moqmedi sawarmoebis mier gamoSvebuli produqciisa da momsaxurebis Sesaxeb
informaciis ararseboba, Tavis mxriv, ZiriTad Semaferxebel faqtors warmoadgens
adgilobrivi biujetebis dagegmvis dros. adgilobrivi biujetebi igegmeba
spontanurad adgilebze yovelnairi sabiujeto gadasaxadebis Sesaxeb informaciis
ararsebobis pirobebSi. aqve aRsaniSnavia isic, rom `sabiujeto kodeqsis~ Sesaxeb
saqarTvelos kanoniT adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebis erTaderT Semosavals
dRes moqmedi gadasaxadebidan warmoadgens mxolod qonebis gadasaxadi, qonebis
gadasaxadi Tavis TavSi moicavs rogorc fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebis
balansze ricxuli qonebis gadasaxads, aseve sasoflo da arasasoflo-sameurneo
daniSnulebis miwaze qonebis gadasaxads, swored qonebis gadasaxadidan amosaRebi
Tanxebi warmoadgens adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebis sabiujeto Semosavlebis
daaxloebiT 20%-s. saqarTvelos adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebis warmomad-
genlobiTi organoebis (sakrebuloebi) mier miRebulma adgilobrivi biujetebis
410
analizma gviCvena, rom adgilobrivi biujetebis saSemosavlo nawilis dam-
tkicebisas TiTqmis ar xdeba qonebis gadasaxadis gegmiT gaTvaliswinebul
nawilSi imis gaSifvra, Tu romeli sawarmoebidan elian adgilobrivi TviTmmar-
Tvelobebi biujetSi gaTvaliswinebuli qonebis gadasaxads (maT Soris miwis
gadasaxads), es ki qonebis gadasaxadis dagegmvisas did uzustobas iwvevs. swo-
red es aris imis gamomwvevi mizezi, rom saqarTvelos zogierT TviTmmarTvelobas
qonebis gadasaxadis kuTxiT gegma aqvs Sesrulebuli 200%-iT, zogs ki 40%-iT, es
swored qonebis gadasaxadis arasworad dagegmviT aris gamowveuli. kidev ufro
rTulad dgas saqme erT-erTi adgilobrivi mosakreblis _ bunebrivi resursebiT
sargeblobis mosakreblis dagegmvis dros, aRniSnuli mosakreblidan amoRebuli
Tanxebi 100%-iT iricxeba Sesabamisi TviTmmarTveli erTeulis biujetebSi.
aRniSnuli mosakreblidan misaReb Tanxebs adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebi
gegmaven wina wlebSi faqtobrivad miRebuli Semosavlebidan gamomdinare, am
SemTxvevaSi faqtobrivad ar xdeba konsultaciebis miReba im saxelmwifo
uwyebebTan, rogoricaa saqarTvelos bunebrivi resursebisa da energetikis
saministro, aseve ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis saministrosTan, imasTan
dakavSirebiT Tu romel fizikur da iuridiul pirebze gasces zemoaRniSnulma
uwyebebma Sesabamisi licenzia bunebrivi resursebiT sargeblobis kuTxiT
municipalitetebis mixedviT, aseTi urTierTdamokidebuleba iwvevs swored
bunebrivi resursebis mosakreblebis kuTxiT adgilobrivi biujetebis saSemosavlo
nawilis dagegmvis araefeqturobas. rogorc zemoT aRniSnuliT, es xSirad
gamowveulia imiT, rom umravlesi adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebis doneze ar
aris miRebuli `codnaze damyarebuli~ ekonomikuri kanonebi, rac, saerTo jamSi,
adgilobrivi biujetebis gamWvirvalobaze negatiurad aisaxeba. Mmdgomareobas
arTulebs isic, rom, rogorc saqarTvelos municipalitetebis adgilobrivi
biujetebis analizma gviCvena, TiTqmis umravlesi municipalitetis adgilobriv
biujetSi Zalian mizeruli Tanxebia gaTvaliswinebuli adgilobriv sajaro
moxeleTa kvalifikaciis amaRlebisaTvis. biujetiT gaTvaliswinebuli Tanxebi ara
Tu kvalifikaciis amaRlebas, aramed adgilobriv sajaro moxeleTa gadamzadebis
centrTan misvlasac ki ver uzrunvelyofs, ris Ggamoc, adgilobriv sajaro
moxeleTa codnis done yovelwliurad klebulobs, rac iwvevs profesiuli
kadrebis municipalitetebidan gadinebas da TviTmmarTvelobebs arakonkurent-
unarins xdis. gamomdinare aqedan, saWiroa, centraluri xelisuflebis mier
adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobebs ufro meti damoukidebloba mieceT aRniSnuli
kuTxiT.
problemurad dgas sakiTxi aseve imis Sesaxeb, rom Aadgilobriv TviTmmarTve-
lobebs ar gaaCniaT monacemebi maT samoqmedo teritoriaze Semosuli da gasuli
adgilobrivi Tu ucxouri invensticiebis moZraobis Sesaxeb, radganac dRes
moqmedi aranairi kanoni Tu kanonqvemdebare normatiuli aqti Sesabamis saxelm-
wifo organoebs ar avaldebulebs Semosuli da gasuli invensticiebis Sesaxeb
saqmis kursSi Caayenos adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebi. maSin, roca moziduli
invensticiebi warmoadgens swored erT-erT makroekonomikur parametrs ama Tu im
regionis socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Seswavlis saqmeSi. saWiroa am mxriv
iseTi kanonebi iqnes miRebuli, romlebic adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebis
muSaobas am kuTxiT ufro efeqturs gaxdis da maT samoqmedo teritoriaze
ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas Seuwyobs xels.
411
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis efeqtur
ganviTarebaze mniSvnelovnad moqmedebs Semdegi maCveneblebi:
1. adgilobrivi ganaTlebis done;
2. adgilobrivi mosaxleobis fizikuri janmrTelobis mdgomareoba;
3. adgilobrivi mosaxleobis sicocxlis xangrZlivoba;
4. adgilobrivi mosaxleobis xelmisawvdomoba jandacvis momsaxurebaze;
5. dgilobrivi mosaxleobis bednierebis xarisxi;
6. adgilobrivi mcxovreblebis Semosavali erT sul mosaxleze;
7. adgilobrivi mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTareba;
8. adgilobriv doneebze biznesis sxvadasxva saxeobebis mozidva;
ra unda gakeTdes imisaTvis, rom adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobebs mieniWoT
iseTi uflebamosilebani, romelic uzrunvelyofs maTi sabiujeto damoukide-
blobis zrdas da centrze (Tbilisi) damokidebulebis xarisxs mniSvnelovnad
Seamcirebs? aRniSnuli sakiTxi metad aqtualuria, radganac Zlieri da damouki-
debeli regionuli ekonomikis gareSe faqtobrivad warmoudgenelia qveynis
mTliani ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba.
saWiroa gamovyoT ramdenime forma saqarTvelos regionuli ekonomikis
ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze. Eesenia:
1. klasikuri regionuli ekonomikuri sistema.
2. makro-regionuli ekonomikuri sistema.
3. sub-regionuli ekonomikuri sistema.
4. mikro-regionuli ekonomikuri sistema.
aRniSnuli ekonomikuri sistemebi sxvadasxva TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba,
mTlianobaSi isini regionuli ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Seswavlas uzrunvel-
yofen, aRniSnuli ekonomikuri sistemebis ganxilviT mivalT im kondiciamde, rom
saqarTvelos regionuli ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad saWiroa: a)
adgilobrivi resursuli bazis gafarToeba da unarCeno Tanamedrove teqnolo-
giebis danergva. b) adgilobrivi teritoriuli biznessaqmianobis diversifikacia,
raTa masze msoflio ekonomikuri krizisebis Sedegad gamowveuli mavne zemoqme-
debis miuxedavad, gaizardos maTi mdgradoba. g) adamianuri kapitalis wilis
zrda regionul mTlian kapitalSi.Dd) finansuri da realuri seqtorebis Tanabar-
zomierad ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofa, romelic aucilebel faqtors warmoadgens
safinaso-sainvensticio mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis saqmeSi. Y
yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, aucilebelia: a) saxelmwifosa da
kerZo adgilobrivi biznesis urTierTqmedebis efeqturobis gazrda. Bb) adgilob-
rivi bunebrivi da adamianuri resursebis gamoyenebis efeqturobis zrda. g)
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebis sainvensticio mimzidvelobis zrda. d) adgilob-
rivi TviTmmarTvelobebis konkurentunarianobis zrda Tanamedrove evropuli
moTxovnebis Sesabamisad. e) adgilobrivi mosaxleobis CarTulobis zrda adgilob-
rivi mniSvnelobis kanonebis ganxilvisa da miRebisas. v) adgilobrivi sabiujeto
Semosavlebis diversifikaciis mizniT adgilobrivi sajaro moxeleebis kvalifi-
kaciis amaRleba da, rac mTavaria, adgilobrivi adamianuri resursebis efeqianad
gamoyeneba.A
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebis doneze aseve saWiroa ganxorcieldes: a)
adgilebze venCuruli sawarmoebis dafuZneba. Bb) adgilobrivi sawarmoebis dabal-
procentiani da grZelvadiani sesxebiT uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi TviTmmarTve-
lobebis Tanamonawileoba.Gg) adgilobrivi sawarmoebis ipoTekuri kreditebiT
412
uzrunvelyofa. Dd) adgilobrivi sawarmoebis lizinguri momsaxurebiT uzrunvel-
yofa. Ee) erToblivi sawarmoebis dafuZneba adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebis Ta-
namonawileobiT. v) adgilobriv umaRles sajaro moxeleTa sistematuri mona-
wileoba TviTmmarTvelobebis teritoriaze Seqmnil amxanagobebis wevrebTan
adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis sakiTxebis gadawyvetis saqmeSi. z) adgilobrivi
arasamTavrobo organizaciebis gaaqtiureba adgilobrivi saWirboroto sakiTxebis
efeqturad gadawyvetis saqmeSi. aRniSnuli erToblivi RonisZiebebis gatarebis
Semdeg adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebis muSaoba ufro efeqturi gaxdeba, rac
uzrunvelyofs adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebis mmarTvelobiTi politikis
miaxloebas evropis ganviTarebuli qveynebis adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobebTan.
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, saWiroa kidev erTxel CamovayaliboT Tu ra
aris is ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, romlis gadawyvetac ase aucilebelia adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvelobebisaTvis:
1. adgilobrivi mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis zrda;
2. adgilobrivi biznesis maqsimalurad ganviTareba;
3. adgilobrivi ganaTlebis donis amaRleba;
4. adgilobrivi mosaxleobis saSualo Semosavlis done;
5. adgilobrivi mosaxleobis xelmisawvdomoba saxelmwifo da adgilobriv
servismomsaxurebebze;
6. adgilobrivi mosaxleobis maqsimalurad uzrunvelyofa infrastruqtu-
ruli momsaxurebiT (deni, wyali, telefoni, interneti, transporti da sxva)
7. adgilobrivi ekologiuri garemos mdgomareobis sistematurad gaumjo-
beseba da ekogaremoze mkacri monitoringis daweseba.
8. adgilobrivi sabiujeto Semosavlebis diversifikacia.
9. adgilobrivi mosaxleobis maqsimalurad CarTuloba adgilobrivi
mniSvnelobis sakiTxebis gadawyvetaSi.
10. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebis sajaro moxeleTa kvalifikaciis
sistematuri amaRleba Sesabamis saswavlo da kvleviT centrebSi, rogorc
saqarTveloSi, aseve ucxoeTSi;
11. adgilobrivi biujetiT gaTvaliswinebuli xarjviTi nawilis gamWvirva-
loba;
12. adgilobrivi bunebrivi resursebis (tye, mdinare, sasargelo wiaRiseuli
da sxva) marTvaSi TviTmmarTvelobis maqsimalurad CarTuloba;
13. adgilobrivi statistikuri samsaxurebis muSaobis efeqturoba;
14. adgilobrivi turistuli potencialis maqsimalurad gamoyeneba.
mxolod maSin iqneba adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebi damoukidebelni da
Sedegze orientirebulni, roca maqsimalurad iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli
zemoaRniSnuli prioritetebi da centralur Tu adgilobriv doneze miRebuli
iqneba iseTi kanonebi, romlebic xels Seuwyobs aRniSnuli prioritetebis
realizebas, rac, saboloo jamSi, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebis finansur
damoukideblobas uzrunvelyofs,Ffinansurad uzrunvelyofili adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvelobebi ki qveynis mTliani ekonomikis aRmavlobis sawindaria.
Ggamoyenebuli literaturaGgamoyenebuli literaturaGgamoyenebuli literaturaGgamoyenebuli literatura
1. Kkanoni `adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis Sesaxeb~
2. kanoni `sabiujeto kodeqsis Sesaxeb~
3. saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi.
413
4. WiWinaZe b.WiWinaZe b.WiWinaZe b.WiWinaZe b. TviTmmarTveli erTeulis biujetis finansuri damoukideb-
lobis problemebi. saerTaSoriso samecniero-praqtikuli konferencia, quTaisi, 16-
17 maisi, 2009 weli (Tema: globalizacia, msoflio krizisi da samxreT kavkasia).
Chichinadze Boris THE STRATEGIC PRIORITIES OF REGIONAL ECONOMIC POLI СY
SUMMARY
In the conditions of the global financial economic crisis it is important, what budgetary-tax policy the central self-management conducts, whether the laws passed by them help to increase the independent budget of Local government and that it is necessary to do to increase degree of independent local government considerably, and also to improve the transport policy operating in Georgia.
In the article the attention also is paid to the questions that disturbs to the local self-government’s development, why there is a few foreign and local investments what is necessary to do considerably to reduce the level of unemployment.
The above-stated article will tell about these questions and the ways of their decision. In that way the self-government institutions have to find out the real priorities to provide the regional
economic development.
Sorena xubunaiaSorena xubunaiaSorena xubunaiaSorena xubunaia sasursaTo bazris formireba, sasursaTo bazris formireba, sasursaTo bazris formireba, sasursaTo bazris formireba,
rogorc qveynis sasursaTo usafrTxoebis garantirogorc qveynis sasursaTo usafrTxoebis garantirogorc qveynis sasursaTo usafrTxoebis garantirogorc qveynis sasursaTo usafrTxoebis garanti
qveyanaSi mimdinare ekonomikuri gardaqmnebi, romlebic mimarTulia ekono-
mikuri ganviTarebis sabazro modelis formirebaze, aqtualobas aniWebs sasur-
saTo bazris formirebis mimarTulebebisa da meTodebis gansazRvrisa da
dasabuTebis aucileblobas. es unda emyarebodes sabazro meurneobis funqcio-
nirebis Teorias da im pirobaTa Seqmnaze saerTo orientacias, romlebic uzrun-
velyofen mosaxleobis moTxovnilebaTa efeqtian dakmayofilebas sasursaTo
saqonelze.
mimdinare saukunis dasawyisisTvis saqarTveloSi sasursaTo usafrTxoebis
miRweuli done ukiduresad arasaxarbieloa. warsuli ganviTarebis araopti-
malurma da xelovnurad Seqmnilma pirobebma, gardamavali etapis sistemurma
krizisebma mniSvnelovnad Seamcira srulfasovani sursaTisadmi mosaxleobis
xelmisawvdomoba. gauaresda sasursaTo usafrTxoebis maCveneblebi. sursaTis
moxmarebis struqturaSi adgilobriv warmoebas TandaTan importi Caenacvla.
saqarTvelos sagareo vaWrobis deficitis mniSvnelovan nawils, swored sursaTis
importi qmnis. importze damokidebulebis zrda mcdari agraruli politikis
Sedegad unda iqnes miCneuli. dasanania adgilobriv bazarze poziciebis daTmoba,
CvenTvis tradiciul iseT produqtebzec ki, rogoricaa xili, bostneuli,
baRCeuli, kartofili. moxmarebuli xorcis saerTo rodenobaSi naxevarze meti
importulia. Semcirda kartofiliTa da xorciT TviTuzrunvelyofis maCvenebeli.
yvelaze seriozuli problemebi ki qveyanas marcvlovani kulturebiTa da
mcenareuli zeTiT TviTuzrunvelyofis TvalsazrisiT gaaCnia.
saqarTveloSi saSualo ojaxi Semosavlebis 50-60%-s sursaTze xarjavs
(SedarebisTvis, evrokavSiris qveynebSi analogiuri maCvenebeli saSualod 20%-s ar
414
aRemateba). ojaxis biujetSi sasursaTo xarjebis maRali wilis miuxedavad,
sakvebis deficiti mainc mniSvnelovan problemad rCeba. TandaTan gauaresda kvebis
produqtebis moxmarebis maCveneblebi. saqarTvelos mosaxleoba, erT sulze
gaangariSebiT, 2010 wels moixmarda ufro nakleb purs, xorcsa da xorcis
produqtebs, rZesa da rZis nawarms, kvercxs, xils, bostneuls, Tafls, Sokolads
da kvebis sxva produqtebs, vidre 2003 wels. 2010 wels mosaxleoba saSualod
dRiurad 2790 kilokalorias moixmarda, rac 2004 wlis maCvenebelTan SedarebiT
6,3%-iT naklebia. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis TiTqmis naxevari dReSi moixmars
saerTaSoriso standartebiT (msoflio sasursaTo programa – W) saqarTvelosTvis
rekomendirebul minimalur 2100 kilokaloriaze naklebs, xolo dRiurad 1600
kilokaloriaze naklebs, rac mniSvnelovnad CamorCeba absolutur minimums – 1800
kilokalorias [7]. amasTan, rekomendebuli normebisgan mkveTrad gansxvavdeba
kvebis struqturac. msoflioSi arsebuli sasursaTo krizisis pirobebSi
TiToeuli qveyana miznad isaxavs SeZlebisdagvarad aamaRlos erovnuli sasur-
saTo usafrTxoebis done, risTvisac pirvel rigSi, adgilobrivi potencialis
srulad gamoyenebas cdilobs.
sasursaTo usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofisTvis kvlavac gansakuTrebul
aqtualur sakiTxebad rCeba: soflis meurneobis araoptimaluri dargobrivi
struqtura, misi maRali wili mSp-Si; soflis meurneobaSi Sromis mwarmoeb-
lurobis dabali done; adgilobrivi produqciis dabalkonkurentunarianoba da
sagareo bazarze SeRwevis sirTule; importirebuli sasursaTo produqciis
ekologiurobis dabali xarisxi; sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis teqnikuri aRWurvis
dabali done; qveynis damokidebuleba strategiuli sursaTis importze [1], [3].
qveyanaSi unda SemuSavdes realurad ganxorcielebadi gegma, romelic
uzrunvelyofs saqarTveloSi sursaTisadmi xelmisawvdomobisa da sakmarisobis,
ekologiurobis xarisxisa da TviTuzrunvelyofis mixedviT optimaluri
sicocxlisunarianobis pirobebis formirebas. iseTi strategiuli amocanebis
gadawyvetas, rogoricaa: soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis kvalobaze krizisis
daZleva, soflisTvis qveynis ekonomikuri, kulturuli da istoriuli funqciis
dabruneba. umniSvnelovanes amocanebad unda iqnes miCneuli:
• soflis meurneobis optimaluri dargobrivi struqturis formirebisadmi
xelSewyoba;
• sasursaTo produqciis warmoebis forsirebuli zrdis kvalobaze mSp-Si
misi xvedriTi wonis Semcireba;
• soflis meurneobaSi Sromis mwarmoeblurobis amaRleba;
• sasursaTo produqciis importis wilis Semcireba da eqsportis wilis
mkveTri zrda;
• strategiuli sursaTiT uzrunvelyofis sakmarisi donis miRweva.
saqarTveloSi ganviTarebulma ekonomikurma situaciam arsebiTi gavlena
moaxdina sawarmoTa SesaZleblobebze da aramdgradi gaxda maTi saqmianoba.
kvlevam gviCvena, rom arsebul garemoSi ZiriTadi sasursaTo produqtebis
sakuTari warmoebis moculobebi dinamikaSi arastabiluria, ris gamoc mosax-
leobis uzrunvelyofis maCveneblebic dabalia fiziologiur normebTan
SedarebiT da Semcirebis tendenciiT xasiaTdeba.
mniSvnelovania, rom sistemuri krizisis xangrZliv da mtkivneul gzaze
agrarul seqtorSi arsebuli resursebis didi nawili araefeqtianad ixarjeba.
amasTan, garkveuli rezervebi, krizisis daZlevis Sigadargobrivi faqtorebi
415
kvlavac arsebobs. iseve, rogorc mTlianad ekonomikaSi, agrarul seqtorSic,
warmoebis zrda moklevadian periodSi moiTxovs stimulirebasa da racionalur
savaWro-satarifo politikas, xolo grZelvadian periodSi sam prioritets:
investiciebs, eqsportsa da mcire bizness unda daeyrdnos, saxelmwifos
ekonomikuri politika agrarul seqtorSi swored am mimarTulebebis ganviTarebas
uzrunvelyofs.
sasursaTo usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis safuZveli warmoebis faqtorTa
(miwa, Sroma, kapitali, samewarmeo unari, samTavrobo regulireba) gamoyenebis
efeqtianobis mniSvnelovani amaRleba da am ekonomikur berketTa amoqmedebis
safuZvelze sasursaTo produqciis warmoebis gazrdaa.
sasursaTo usafrTxoebis da masze moqmedi faqtorebis kvleva Tanamedrove
msoflios ekonomikuri mecnierebis yuradRebis centrSia. igi gansakuTrebuli
interesis sagania saqarTvelosTvis, sadac mimdinareobs sabazro ekonomikis
adaptireba da radikaluri agraruli gardaqmnebi. am problemebis aqtualobas
kidev ufro aZlierebs Tanamedrove msoflios sasursaTo bazarze Camoyalibebuli
tendenciebi da sursaTze fasebis zrdis tendencia, aqedan gamomdinare, cxovrebis
donis Semcirebis mwvave socialur-ekonomikuri pirobebic. qveynis sasursaTo
usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa da siRaribis daZleva praqtikulad SeuZlebelia
erovnuli agraruli ekonomikis sabazo urTierTobebTan adaptirebis, agraruli
seqtoris intensiuri, mdgradi da usafrTxo ganviTarebis gareSe.
am sakiTxebis gadaWris aucilebeli pirobaa Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo bazis
Seqmna, agraruli seqtoris ganviTarebis saerTo saxelmwifo programebi da qveynis
swori sabaJo da sagadasaxado politika.
roca vmsjelobT mosaxlebis sursaTiT uzrunvelyofis problemebze,
sakmarisi ar aris sursaTis warmoebisa da misi mosaxleobisaTvis miwodebis
procesis mTliani jaWvis pirvel rgolze yuradRebis koncentrireba, Tumca am
jaWvis umniSvnelovanesi rgoli `soflis meurneobis warmoebaa~, rogorc es
ganviTarebul qveynebSia damkvidrebuli. soflis meurneobaSi warmoebuli
produqciis mosaxleobisaTvis (momxmareblebisaTvis) miwodebis civilizebuli
sistemis formireba unda efuZnebodes koncefciaskoncefciaskoncefciaskoncefcias, romelic gulisxmobs sursaTis
warmoebis pirveli blokidan (sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmo) momxmareblamde
miwodebis erTian jaWvSi moqcevas. Sedegad Seiqmneba mTeli rigi upiratesobebi:
miwodebis ryevis nivelireba, xarisxis kontrolis maRali done, fasebis donis
ukontrolo zrdis Tavidan acileba, sursaTis realizaciidan miRebuli Semo-
savlebis legalizacia, sursaTis miwodebis stabilurobis da xelmisawvdomobis
ryevis Tanamdevi socialuri daZabulobis Tavidan acileba da a.S. aq saubaria
erovnuli sabiTumo sasursaTo bazris sistemis formirebaze, romelic qveynis
masStabiT moicavs analogiuri bazrebis qvesistemebs. sursaTis erovnuli
sabiTumo bazari gulisxmobs soflis meurneobis produqciis uSualo mwarmoebls,
Semsyidvels, gadamაmuSavebეls, sabiTumo, sacalo vaWrobas da momxmarebels Soris
sasaqonlo-fulad urTierTobebs. qveyanaSi mosaxleobis sursaTiT uzrunvelyofis
gegmuri meurneobriobis periodSi arsebuli sistema moiSala da misi adgili
daikava stiqiurma, araorganizebulma, soflis meurneobis warmoebis produqtebis
saboloo momxmareblisaken winwawevis formirebebma. bunebrivia, rom aRniSnuli
situacia xels uSlis mosaxleobisTvis maRalxarisxiani da xelmisawvdomi
produqciiT momaragebas.
416
sasursaTo bazris formirebis upirvelesi da mTavari problema aris qveynis
soflis meurneobis warmoebis aRorZineba. am mimarTulebiT ekonomikur
literaturaSi, presasa da informaciis eleqtronul wyaroebSi farTod gani-
xileba soflis meurneobis aRorZinebis sakiTxebi, amavdroulad umetes maTgans
gaaCnia populisturi xasiaTi. pirvel rigSi gvinda aRvniSnoT finansuri da
fasismieri berketebis fetiSizacia da organizaciuli problemebis ugule-
belyofa.
imis gamo, rom saqarTveloSi Zalian dabali tempiT viTardeba kanoniT
aRiarebuli sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmoebi, ojaxur (fermerul) meurneobebze
produqciis saxeebis mixedviT modis produqciis 97-dan 100%-mde (sasoflo
warmoebis umetesi produqtebis mixedviT) [7]. Aaqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom qveyanaSi
Camoyalibda aseTi saxis meurneobriobis formis xvedriTi wilis wlidan wlamde
sul ufro zrdis tendencia. es situacia mTlianobaSi ganviTarebul qveynebSi
mimdinare analogiuri procesebis sawinaaRmdegoa.
Cveni xedviT, is Zalisxmeva, romelsac qarTuli saxelmwifo avlens
miznobrivi programebis saxiT, soflis meurneobis aRwarmoebis aRorZinebisaTvis,
ZiriTadad asaxavs agraruli politikis swor veqtorebs. Tumca dargis arsebuli
mdgomareobis analizidan Cans rom problema, romelic warmoadgens qarTuli
agraruli warmoebis aRorZinebis safuZvelTa safuZvels, ratomRac rCeba
yuradRebis miRma. saubaria agrarul warmoebaSi farTod gavrcelebul
kooperatiul da integraciul-organizaciul formebze, romelTa efeqtianobis
xarisxi arc erT qveyanaSi ar badebs eWvs, razec mowmobs is, rom dRes
ganviTarebul qveynebSi problema ara sursaTis bazris gajereba da sasursaTo
usafrTxoebaa, aramed, xSir SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifos CareviT maTi Warbwarmoebis
Tavidan acileba, rac metyvelebs dasaxelebuli organizaciuli formebis maRal
efeqtianobaze.
gamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literatura
1. p. koRuaSvili. saqarTvelos sasursaTo usafrTxoeba: realoba da
prognozebi. Tbilisi, 2009.
2. n. modebaZe, z. garayaniZe. sasursaTo usafrTxoebis zogierTi problema
saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi, 1998.
3. sasursaTo usafrTxoebis mdgomareoba saqarTveloSi. ssdi. 2002 wlis
noemberi.
4. saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwleuli 2005-2010. saqarTvelos ekonomi-
kuri ganviTarebis saministro, statistikis departamenti
5. salome asaTiani – sasursaTo usafrTxoebis politika da regulireba
saqarTveloSi, disertacia, 2010 weli.
6. beSkenaZe z., gewaZe a. - quTaisis saswavlo universiteti, SromaTa krebuli,
statia, 2010 weli.
7. http://geonutrition.ge/news/2007-12-20-4
417
Khubunaia Shorena FOOD MARKET FORMATION, AS GUARANTEE OF COUNTRY FOOD SAFETY
SUMMARY
Food market is a difficult system of economical relation, on the one hand between purchasers and sellers, and on the other hand – between producers and demanders. Food market can be defined as the kind of economic activity related with production and realization of food products.
Market of agriculture products is characterized by several peculiarities. In the first place, this is the influence of natural conditions on the volume and quantity of supply that is beyond the producer’s control. Agriculture is basically represented by the economy of simple village agrarian people, which cannot be monopolized. Import is basic source to fill Georgian food market. Local production is unable to compete with imported product, as this latest is much cheaper and production of local goods is much expensive.
Georgia, in the first place, is agrarian country. Besides difficulties, which have emerged during these last years, agriculture of Georgia and related industrial fields have the potential of producing one-third of Georgian economy and it is able to form basic part of export of the country, to fight food deficit, that exists almost in every region of Georgia. Besides large potential, there are many problems and challenges in front of Georgian food and agriculture.
418
konferenciis monawileebikonferenciis monawileebikonferenciis monawileebikonferenciis monawileebi
1. abesaZe ramazabesaZe ramazabesaZe ramazabesaZe ramaz _ ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori, Tsu paata gu-guSvilis ekonomikis institutis direqtori
2. abesaZe nino abesaZe nino abesaZe nino abesaZe nino –––– ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, Tsu asocirebuli profesori 3. АББАСОВ ЭМИНЬ ОКТАЙ ОГЛЫ – Докторант Института Экономики Национальной
Академии Наук Азербайджанской Республики (Азербайджан) 4. abulaZe rati abulaZe rati abulaZe rati abulaZe rati –––– ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori 5. ananiaSvili iuriananiaSvili iuriananiaSvili iuriananiaSvili iuri – ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, Tsu sruli
profesori 6. anguriZe oTaanguriZe oTaanguriZe oTaanguriZe oTar r r r –––– magistranti 7. arevaZe nanuliarevaZe nanuliarevaZe nanuliarevaZe nanuli _ ekonomikur mecnierebaTa kandidati, Tsu paata guguSvilis
ekonomikis institutis ganyofilebis gamge 8. arnaniaarnaniaarnaniaarnania----kepulaZe Tamila kepulaZe Tamila kepulaZe Tamila kepulaZe Tamila –––– akaki wereTlis quTaisis saxelmwifo
universitetis sruli profesori (saqarTvelo); tomas batas universitetis sruli profesori (CexeTi)
9. asaTiani rozeta asaTiani rozeta asaTiani rozeta asaTiani rozeta –––– ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis sruli profesori
10. aslaniSvili daviTaslaniSvili daviTaslaniSvili daviTaslaniSvili daviT – saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wminda andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis qarTuli universitetis doqtoranti
11. aCuaCuaCuaCuaSvili nunu aSvili nunu aSvili nunu aSvili nunu –––– saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis doqtoranti 12. axvlediani nona _ axvlediani nona _ axvlediani nona _ axvlediani nona _ ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, akaki wereTlis
quTaisis saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori 13. БАБЕНКО АРСЕНИЙ ИГОРЕВИЧ – студент бакалавриата Кубанского Государственного
Университета (Российская Федерация) 14. baliaSvili elisabedbaliaSvili elisabedbaliaSvili elisabedbaliaSvili elisabed –––– ekonomikur mecnierebaTa kandidati 15. BARANOVSKAYA MARINA – PhD in Economics, Associated Professor of International Economic
Relationships Department of Odessa National Economic University (Ukraine) 16. baCiaSvili Tamar baCiaSvili Tamar baCiaSvili Tamar baCiaSvili Tamar –––– ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori 17. bedoSvili Tamar bedoSvili Tamar bedoSvili Tamar bedoSvili Tamar –––– goris saswavlo universitetis studenti 18. BELINSKAJA LARISA – Doctor, Associated Professor of International Business School of Vilnius
University (Lithuania) 19. benaSvili ciala benaSvili ciala benaSvili ciala benaSvili ciala –––– ekonomikur mecnirebaTa kandidati, Tsu asocirebuli
profesori 20. beriSvili xaTuna beriSvili xaTuna beriSvili xaTuna beriSvili xaTuna –––– ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo
universitetis asocirebuli profesori 21. berulava giorgiberulava giorgiberulava giorgiberulava giorgi _ ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori, Tsu paata
guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis ganyofilebis gamge 22. bibilaSvili nana _bibilaSvili nana _bibilaSvili nana _bibilaSvili nana _ ekonomikur mecnierebaTa kandidati, Tsu paata
guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis ganyofilebis gamge 23. biZinaSvilibiZinaSvilibiZinaSvilibiZinaSvili daviT daviT daviT daviT –––– ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, goris saswavlo
universitetis sruli profesori 24. biWikaSvili TamabiWikaSvili TamabiWikaSvili TamabiWikaSvili Tamar r r r –––– seu saswavlo universitetis asocirebuli profesori 25. БОБРИВНЫК ЛЕОНИД – Профессор Национального Университета Пищевых Технологий
(Киев, Украина) 26. bregvaZebregvaZebregvaZebregvaZe giorgigiorgigiorgigiorgi – ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, Tsu paata guguSvilis
ekonomikis institutis mecnieri TanamSromeli 27. БРИТЧЕНКО ИГОРЬ ГЕННАДИЕВИЧ – доктор экономических наук, профессор, Академик
Академии экономических наук Украины, директор Межотраслевого института повышения квалификации и переподготовки специалистов Полтавского университета экономики и торговли (Украина)
28. burduli vaxtang burduli vaxtang burduli vaxtang burduli vaxtang _ ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, Tsu paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis ganyofilebis gamge
419
29. ГАДЖИЕВ ФАЗИЛЬ – кандидат экономических наук, доцент кафедры «Экономический анализ и аудит» Азербайджанского Государственного Экономического Университета (Азербайджан)
30. gamsaxurdia Tamagamsaxurdia Tamagamsaxurdia Tamagamsaxurdia Tamaz _ z _ z _ z _ akaki wereTlis quTaisis saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori
31. ГАСАНОВА НАЗРИН – студент Факультета Международных Экономических Отношений Азербайджанского Государственного Экономического Университета (Азербайджан)
32. gelaSvili simon _ gelaSvili simon _ gelaSvili simon _ gelaSvili simon _ Tsu sruli profesori 33. ГЕЛАШВИЛИ МАДОНА – доктор экономики, ассоцированный профессор, заместитель
декана экономического факультета Сухумского Государственного Университета 34. geCbaia badrigeCbaia badrigeCbaia badrigeCbaia badri – ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, baTumis SoTa rusTavelis
saxelmwifo universitetis asistent-profesori 35. gvaramia nazigvaramia nazigvaramia nazigvaramia nazi – soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori 36. gverdwiTeli gverdwiTeli gverdwiTeli gverdwiTeli nnnnataliaataliaataliaatalia –––– Tsu studenti 37. gogiaSvili Salva gogiaSvili Salva gogiaSvili Salva gogiaSvili Salva –––– ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, Tsu asocirebuli
profesori 38. gogoxia revaz gogoxia revaz gogoxia revaz gogoxia revaz –––– ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori 39. grigalaSvili levan grigalaSvili levan grigalaSvili levan grigalaSvili levan –––– ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori 40. ГРУЩИНСКАЯ НАТАЛИЯ НИКОЛАЕВНА – кандидат экономических наук, доцент
Института мировой экономики и международных отношений НАН Украины 41. ГУБА АННА ВИКТОРОВНА – младший научный сотрудник Института мировой экономики
и международных отношений НАН Украины 42. davlaSedavlaSedavlaSedavlaSeriZe natariZe natariZe natariZe nata _ ekonomikur mecnierebaTa kandidati, Tsu paata
guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis mecnieri TanamSromeli 43. ДАВЫДЮК НАТАЛЬЯ АЛЕКСАНДРОВНА – кандидат экономических наук, доцент
Кубанского Государственного Университета (Российская Федерация) 44. daTunaSvidaTunaSvidaTunaSvidaTunaSvili linali linali linali lina _ ekonomikur mecnierebaTa kandidati, docenti, Tsu paata
guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis ufrosi mecnieri TanamSromeli 45. devaZe anzordevaZe anzordevaZe anzordevaZe anzor – ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, baTumis SoTa rusTavelis
saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori 46. demetraZe demetraZe demetraZe demetraZe nino nino nino nino –––– Tsu studenti 47. dvaliSvili lia _ dvaliSvili lia _ dvaliSvili lia _ dvaliSvili lia _ Tsu p. guguSvelis ekonomikis institutis mecnieri
TanamSromeli 48. dixaminjia irma dixaminjia irma dixaminjia irma dixaminjia irma –––– soxumis saxelmwifo univetrsitetis asocirebuli
profesori 49. dudauri Tamar dudauri Tamar dudauri Tamar dudauri Tamar –––– ekonomokis akademiuri doqtori, kavkasiis saerTaSoriso
universitetis asocirebuli profesori 50. elgendaraSvili cira elgendaraSvili cira elgendaraSvili cira elgendaraSvili cira –––– ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, saqarTvelos
teqnikuri universitetis profesori 51. ЕЛЬШИНА ВЕРА ВИКТОРОВНА – кандидат экономических наук, доцент кафедры мировой
и региональной экономики Пермского Государственного Национального Исследовательского Университета (г. Пермь, Российская Федерация)
52. erqomaiSvili gulnaz erqomaiSvili gulnaz erqomaiSvili gulnaz erqomaiSvili gulnaz –––– ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, Tsu asocirebuli profesori
53. veSaguriveSaguriveSaguriveSaguri maiamaiamaiamaia –––– ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, Tsu profesori 54. ВИТАС АРТУРАС – Лектор кафедры Экономической политики, Экономический факультет,
Вильнюсский Университет (Литва) 55. ЗАВАДСКАЯ ЮЛЯ – аспирант Житомирского Национального Агроэкологического
Университета (Украина) 56. zubiaSvili mzia zubiaSvili mzia zubiaSvili mzia zubiaSvili mzia –––– saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis asistent-
profesori 57. TaflaZe TamarTaflaZe TamarTaflaZe TamarTaflaZe Tamar _ _ _ _ Tsu paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis mecnieri
TanamSromeli
420
58. TeTrauli cicino _ TeTrauli cicino _ TeTrauli cicino _ TeTrauli cicino _ Tsu paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis mecnieri TanamSromeli
59. Todua nugzar _ Todua nugzar _ Todua nugzar _ Todua nugzar _ ekonomikis mecnierebaTa doqtori, Tsu sruli profesori 60. ToTlaZe lia ToTlaZe lia ToTlaZe lia ToTlaZe lia –––– ekonomikis mecnierebaTa kandidati 61. ЯЦЕНКО ОЛЬГА НИКОЛАЕВНА – кандидат экономических наук, доцент Житомирского
Национального Агроэкологического Университета (Украина) 62. ИБРАГИМОВ МУСЛИМ АЗАД ОГЛЫ – кандидат экономических наук, доцент
Азербайджанского Государственного экономического Университета (Азербайджан) 63. kakulia eTer kakulia eTer kakulia eTer kakulia eTer –––– ekonomikur mecnierebaTa kandidati, Tsu paata guguSvilis
ekonomikis institutis ufrosi mecnieri TanamSromeli, Tbilisis Ria saswavlo universitetis sruli profesori
64. kapanaZe mariam kapanaZe mariam kapanaZe mariam kapanaZe mariam –––– saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis doqtoranti 65. KASNAUSKIENE GINDRA – Doctor, Professor of International Business School of Vilnius
University (Lithuania) 66. kacitaZe nanakacitaZe nanakacitaZe nanakacitaZe nana –––– profesori 67. kvaracxelia demnakvaracxelia demnakvaracxelia demnakvaracxelia demna – ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori 68. kvaracxelia murman kvaracxelia murman kvaracxelia murman kvaracxelia murman _ ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori, Tsu
paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis ufrosi mecnieri TanamSromeli 69. kvataSiZekvataSiZekvataSiZekvataSiZe nadeJdanadeJdanadeJdanadeJda – ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, Tsu asocirebuli
profesori 70. КЕРИМЛИ ИРШАД АБДУЛ ОГЛЫ – доктор экономических наук, профессор кафедры
Международных экономических отношений Азербайджанского Государственного Экономического Университета (Азербайджан)
71. КЕРИМОВ ФИКРЕТ ТАРИЕЛ ОГЛЫ – Диссертант Азербайджанского Государственного Экономического Университета (Азербайджан)
72. КЕРИМОВА ДЖАМИЛЯ – аспирант кафедры «Банковское дело» Азербайджанского Государственного Экономического Университета (Азербайджан)
73. kvinikaZe giorgikvinikaZe giorgikvinikaZe giorgikvinikaZe giorgi – Tsu asistent-profesori 74. kilaZe Tamar kilaZe Tamar kilaZe Tamar kilaZe Tamar –––– saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis sruli profesori 75. КИЛЬНИЦКАЯ ЕЛЕНА – Кандидат экономических наук, Житомирский Национальный
Агроэкологический Университет (Украина) 76. kiwmariSvili qeTevan kiwmariSvili qeTevan kiwmariSvili qeTevan kiwmariSvili qeTevan –––– ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, saqarTvelos
teqnikuri universitetis u/maswavlebeli 77. KOZAK YURIY – Doctor of Economics, Professor, Head of International Economic Relationships
Department of Odessa National Economic University (Ukraine) 78. kokaia qeTevankokaia qeTevankokaia qeTevankokaia qeTevan – soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis asistent-profesori 79. konjaria elgujakonjaria elgujakonjaria elgujakonjaria elguja –––– akaki wereTlis quTaisis saxelmwifo universitetis
asocirebuli profesori 80. КОСТЮКОВА ИНЕССА НИКОЛАЕВНА – кандидат экономических наук, доцент кафедры
бухгалтерского учета и аудита Кубанского государственного университета (Российская Федерация)
81. koRuaSvilikoRuaSvilikoRuaSvilikoRuaSvili paata paata paata paata –––– saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis mecnierebaTa akademiis wevri
82. KUBINIY N. – PhD, Professor of Uzhgorod National University, Director of Business Support Center (Ukraine)
83. kurataSvili alfredkurataSvili alfredkurataSvili alfredkurataSvili alfred _ ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori, Tsu paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis ganyofilebis gamge
84. kuxalaSvili daviT kuxalaSvili daviT kuxalaSvili daviT kuxalaSvili daviT _ istoriis doqtori 85. kuxalaSvili Tea kuxalaSvili Tea kuxalaSvili Tea kuxalaSvili Tea –––– Tsu studenti 86. kuxalaSvilikuxalaSvilikuxalaSvilikuxalaSvili----guruli mzevinar guruli mzevinar guruli mzevinar guruli mzevinar –––– soflis meurneobis doqtori 87. КУЧЕР ОЛЬГА СЕРГЕЕВНА – аспирант и младший научный сотрудник Института
экономико-правовых исследований Национальной академии наук Украины (г. Донецк, Украина)
421
88. lazaraSvili TealazaraSvili TealazaraSvili TealazaraSvili Tea _ ekonomikur mecnirebaTa kandidati, Tsu paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis ganyofilebis gamge
89. laWyebiani dianalaWyebiani dianalaWyebiani dianalaWyebiani diana – saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis doqtoranti 90. ЛУГОВСКОЙ ДЕНИС ВЛАДИМИРОВИЧ – кандидат экономических наук, доцент кафедры
бухгалтерского учета и аудита Кубанского государственного университета (Российская Федерация)
91. magmagmagmagraqveliZe dali raqveliZe dali raqveliZe dali raqveliZe dali – saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa saswavlo universitetis asistent-profesori
92. maTiaSvili mariammaTiaSvili mariammaTiaSvili mariammaTiaSvili mariam –––– Tsu studenti 93. maisuraZemaisuraZemaisuraZemaisuraZe marina marina marina marina –––– Tsu asocirebuli profesori 94. makalaTia iraklimakalaTia iraklimakalaTia iraklimakalaTia irakli – Tsu doqtoranti 95. malania elisabed _ malania elisabed _ malania elisabed _ malania elisabed _ Tsu asocirebuli profesori, kavkasiis saerTaSoriso
universitetis asocirebuli profesori 96. МАМЕДОВА НАТАВАН – диссертант Азербайджанского Государственного Экономического
Университета (Азербайджан) 97. margvelaSvili gogola margvelaSvili gogola margvelaSvili gogola margvelaSvili gogola –––– saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis mecnierebaTa
akademiis wevri 98. МАРКОСЯН АШОТ – Доктор экономических наук, профессор Ереванского государственного
университета архитектуры и строительства (Армения) 99. МАРТИРОСЯН ТИГРАН – Кандидат экономических наук, доцент Ереванского
государственного университета архитектуры и строительства (Армения) 100. masuraSvili ioseb masuraSvili ioseb masuraSvili ioseb masuraSvili ioseb –––– ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, Tsu profesori,
`inovaciuri menejmentis centris~ xelmZRvaneli 101. maRlakeliZe ekaterine _ maRlakeliZe ekaterine _ maRlakeliZe ekaterine _ maRlakeliZe ekaterine _ Tsu asocirebuli profesori, kavkasiis
saerTaSoriso universitetis asocirebuli profesori 102. melaSvili medea _ melaSvili medea _ melaSvili medea _ melaSvili medea _ Tsu paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis mecnieri
TanamSromeli 103. metreveli marina _ metreveli marina _ metreveli marina _ metreveli marina _ ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, profesori,
saqarTvelos parlamentis dargobrivi ekonomikisa da ekonomikuri politikis wamyvani specialisti
104. meqvabiSvilimeqvabiSvilimeqvabiSvilimeqvabiSvili elgujaelgujaelgujaelguja –––– ekonomikur mecnirebaTa doqtori, Tsu sruli profesori
105. meyanwiSvilimeyanwiSvilimeyanwiSvilimeyanwiSvili ekaterineekaterineekaterineekaterine _ Tsu asistent-profesori 106. MIKLOVDA V. – Doctor of Science, Member-Correspondent of the National Ukrainian Academy,
the Dean of Economical Faculty of the Uzhgorod National University, Chief of the Department of Economics, Management and Marketing (Ukraine)
107. mmmmiminoSvili TemuriminoSvili TemuriminoSvili TemuriminoSvili Temur – saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wminda andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis qarTuli universitetis doqtoranti
108. МИРЗОЕВ АСАД МАЗАХИМ ОГЛЫ – Доцент Азербайджанского Государственного Экономического Университета (Азербайджан)
109. miqiaSvilimiqiaSvilimiqiaSvilimiqiaSvili ninoninoninonino –––– ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, Tsu profesori 110. muCiaSvili marina _ muCiaSvili marina _ muCiaSvili marina _ muCiaSvili marina _ Tsu asocirebuli profesori 111. naTelauri iza naTelauri iza naTelauri iza naTelauri iza _ ekonomikur mecnierebaTa kandidati, Tsu paata guguSvilis
ekonomikis institutis ganyofilebis gamge, Tsu asocirebuli profesori 112. namiWeiSvili ramaznamiWeiSvili ramaznamiWeiSvili ramaznamiWeiSvili ramaz – ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, profesori,
samecniero sazogadoeba “niko nikolaZis” prezidenti 113. narimaniSvilinarimaniSvilinarimaniSvilinarimaniSvili eTereTereTereTer –––– ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori 114. narsia laSanarsia laSanarsia laSanarsia laSa – zugdidis saswavlo universitetis sruli profesori 115. nozaZe zurabnozaZe zurabnozaZe zurabnozaZe zurab _ Tsu paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis mecnieri
TanamSromli 116. OLSHANTSEVA T. – Deputy Director of the Interdisciplinary Institute for Training and Retraining
Specialists of Poltava University of Economics and Trade (Ukraine) 117. oniani iulia _ oniani iulia _ oniani iulia _ oniani iulia _ akaki wereTlis quTaisis saxelmwifo universitetis
asocirebuli profesori
422
118. ОРЛОВА ВАЛЕНТИНА – Кандидат экономических наук, Донецкий национальный университет экономики и торговли имени Михаила Туган-Барановского (Украина)
119. pavliaSvili akakipavliaSvili akakipavliaSvili akakipavliaSvili akaki –––– goris saswavlo universitetis asocirebuli profesori
120. pavliaSvili solomon _ pavliaSvili solomon _ pavliaSvili solomon _ pavliaSvili solomon _ ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, sruli profesori, Tbilisis saswavlo universitetis reqtori
121. paiWaZe nugzar paiWaZe nugzar paiWaZe nugzar paiWaZe nugzar –––– ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, Tsu asocirebuli profesori
122. papava vladimer _ papava vladimer _ papava vladimer _ papava vladimer _ ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori, Tsu paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis mTavari mecnieri TanamSromeli, saqarTve-los mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis wevr-korespondenti
123. papaskiri rusudan _ papaskiri rusudan _ papaskiri rusudan _ papaskiri rusudan _ soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis asistent-profesori 124. РАД НАТАЛИЯ – PhD, старший преподаватель Донецкого Национального Университета
экономики и торговли имени Михаила Туган-Барановского (Украина) 125. РЗАЕВ АНАР ЯШАР ОГЛЫ – Диссертант Азербайджанского Государственного
Экономического Университета (Азербайджан) 126. revirevirevireviSvili zurabSvili zurabSvili zurabSvili zurab _ ekonomikur mecnierebaTa kandidati, Tsu paata
guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis ufrosi mecnieri TanamSromeli 127. rostiaSvilirostiaSvilirostiaSvilirostiaSvili TamarTamarTamarTamar – ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori 128. ruxaia nino ruxaia nino ruxaia nino ruxaia nino –––– Tsu doqtoranti 129. samWkuaSvili ninosamWkuaSvili ninosamWkuaSvili ninosamWkuaSvili nino –––– saqarTvelos agraruli universitetis doqtoranti 130. sarCimelia roland sarCimelia roland sarCimelia roland sarCimelia roland _ ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori, Tsu
paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis ufrosi mecnieri TanamSromeli 131. seTuri maia seTuri maia seTuri maia seTuri maia – ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, guram TavarTqilaZis
saswavlo universitetis asocirebuli profesori 132. sesaZe validasesaZe validasesaZe validasesaZe valida – saqarTelos teqnikuri universitetis sruli profesori 133. svirava gelasvirava gelasvirava gelasvirava gela – ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, SoTa mesxias zugdidis
saxelmwifo saswavlo universitetis sruli profesori 134. silagaZe avTandil silagaZe avTandil silagaZe avTandil silagaZe avTandil _ ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori,
saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis wevr-korespondenti 135. sulaberiZesulaberiZesulaberiZesulaberiZe avTandilavTandilavTandilavTandil – ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori 136. sulamaniZe konstantine sulamaniZe konstantine sulamaniZe konstantine sulamaniZe konstantine –––– saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis
doqtoranti 137. СИМОНЯН АРМИНЕ – Доктор технических наук Ереванского государственного
университета архитектуры и строительства (Армения) 138. sirbilaZesirbilaZesirbilaZesirbilaZe rusudanrusudanrusudanrusudan – ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, Tsu turizmis
saerTaSoriso skolis saswavlo procesis marTvis centris ufrosi 139. soloRaSvisoloRaSvisoloRaSvisoloRaSvili dali li dali li dali li dali – akaki wereTlis quTaisis saxelmwifo universitetis
sruli profesori 140. soselia maiasoselia maiasoselia maiasoselia maia _ _ _ _ ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori 141. soselia badrisoselia badrisoselia badrisoselia badri –––– saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis doqtoranti 142. СЯБРО ОКСАНА – магистр менеджмента внешнеэкономической деятельности, соискатель
Дипломатической Академии МИД Украины, Заместитель Главы Представительства ТПП Грузии в Украине
143. tabataZe sesili tabataZe sesili tabataZe sesili tabataZe sesili –––– Tsu studenti 144. TARALASHVILI TAMAR – PhD student of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University 145. tikiSvili mziatikiSvili mziatikiSvili mziatikiSvili mzia –––– ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, Tsu profesori 146. ТОКМАДЖЯН СОФИА – Кандидат экономических наук, доцент Ереванского
Государственного Университета архитектуры и строительства (Армения) 147. tyeSelaSvili goderZi tyeSelaSvili goderZi tyeSelaSvili goderZi tyeSelaSvili goderZi –––– saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis sruli
profesori 148. udesiani TaTia udesiani TaTia udesiani TaTia udesiani TaTia –––– Tsu studenti 149. udesiani Tea udesiani Tea udesiani Tea udesiani Tea –––– akaki wereTlis quTaisis saxelmwifo universitetis
doqtoranti
423
150. УСТИМЕНКО ВЛАДИМИР АНАТОЛЬЕВИЧ – доктор юридических наук, профессор, заместитель директора Института экономико-правовых исследований Национальной академии наук Украины (г. Донецк, Украина)
151. faresaSvili ninofaresaSvili ninofaresaSvili ninofaresaSvili nino – ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, Tsu asistent profesori
152. faCulia olRa faCulia olRa faCulia olRa faCulia olRa –––– soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori
153. facinaSvilifacinaSvilifacinaSvilifacinaSvili qeTevanqeTevanqeTevanqeTevan –––– goris saswavlo universitetis studenti 154. festveniZe Teimuraz _ festveniZe Teimuraz _ festveniZe Teimuraz _ festveniZe Teimuraz _ akaki wereTlis quTaisis saxelmwifo universitetis
asocirebuli profesori 155. fetelava slavafetelava slavafetelava slavafetelava slava – grigol robaqiZis saxelobis universitetis asocirebuli
profesori 156. fircxelava nana fircxelava nana fircxelava nana fircxelava nana – ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori 157. fuTkaraZe ramazfuTkaraZe ramazfuTkaraZe ramazfuTkaraZe ramaz – ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, Tsu asocirebuli
profesori 158. qavTaraZe Tengiz qavTaraZe Tengiz qavTaraZe Tengiz qavTaraZe Tengiz _ ekonomikur mecnierebaTa kandidati, Tsu paata
guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis ufrosi mecnieri TanamSromeli 159. qavTaraZe mzia _ qavTaraZe mzia _ qavTaraZe mzia _ qavTaraZe mzia _ asocirebuli profesori, rusTavis kolejis reqtori 160. qamxaZe Tamar qamxaZe Tamar qamxaZe Tamar qamxaZe Tamar –––– ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, saqarTvelos teqnikuri
universitetis profesori 161. qvelaZe qeTevan _ qvelaZe qeTevan _ qvelaZe qeTevan _ qvelaZe qeTevan _ ekonomikur mecnierebaTa kandidati, Tsu paata guguSvilis
ekonomikis institutis ufrosi mecnieri TanamSromeli 162. qeSelaSvili giuli _ qeSelaSvili giuli _ qeSelaSvili giuli _ qeSelaSvili giuli _ ekonomikur mecnierebaTa kandidati, Tsu mowveuli
profesori 163. qecbaia nino qecbaia nino qecbaia nino qecbaia nino –––– soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis asistent-profesori 164. qistauri nunuqistauri nunuqistauri nunuqistauri nunu – ekonomikur mecnierebaTa kandidati, Tsu paata guguSvilis
ekonomikis institutis mecnieri TanamSromeli 165. qoblianiZeqoblianiZeqoblianiZeqoblianiZe TamarTamarTamarTamar –––– ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, kavkasiis
saerTaSoriso universitetis sruli profesori 166. qurdaZe TinaTin _ qurdaZe TinaTin _ qurdaZe TinaTin _ qurdaZe TinaTin _ ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, Tsu paata guguSvilis
ekonomikis institutis mecnieri TanamSromeli 167. RvedaSvili naira RvedaSvili naira RvedaSvili naira RvedaSvili naira – ekonomikur mecnierebaTa kandidati, saqarTvelos SoTa
rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori
168. Rvinjilia naTia Rvinjilia naTia Rvinjilia naTia Rvinjilia naTia – Tsu studenti 169. RuduSauri zairaRuduSauri zairaRuduSauri zairaRuduSauri zaira –––– ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori 170. yorRanaSviliyorRanaSviliyorRanaSviliyorRanaSvili larisa larisa larisa larisa –––– ekonomikis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori, Tsu
turizmis saerTaSoriso skolis xarisxis uzrunvelyofisa da samecniero kvlevebis centris ufrosi
171. yufaraZe giorgi yufaraZe giorgi yufaraZe giorgi yufaraZe giorgi –––– Tsu p. guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis mecnier TanamSromeli
172. SalamberiZe xaTuna SalamberiZe xaTuna SalamberiZe xaTuna SalamberiZe xaTuna –––– ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, akaki wereTlis quTaisis saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori
173. SarabiZe nana SarabiZe nana SarabiZe nana SarabiZe nana –––– ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori 174. Sengelia Teimuraz Sengelia Teimuraz Sengelia Teimuraz Sengelia Teimuraz _ _ _ _ ekonomikis mecnierebaTa doqtori, Tsu sruli
profesori, „saerTaSoriso biznesis~ kaTedris xelmZRvaneli 175. Sengelia fati Sengelia fati Sengelia fati Sengelia fati _ _ _ _ ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, zugdidis saswavlo
universitetis sruli profesori 176. Ciqovani elCiqovani elCiqovani elCiqovani elene _ene _ene _ene _ ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, saqarTvelos
saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa universitetis sruli profesori 177. Coxeli ekaterine _ Coxeli ekaterine _ Coxeli ekaterine _ Coxeli ekaterine _ ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, Tsu asocirebuli
profesori 178. CxeiZe TinaTinCxeiZe TinaTinCxeiZe TinaTinCxeiZe TinaTin _ soflis meurnebis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori, Tsu
paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis samecniero sabWos Tavmjdomare
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179. cucqiriZe marinecucqiriZe marinecucqiriZe marinecucqiriZe marine _ ekonomikur mecnierebaTa kandidati, Tsu paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis mecnieri TanamSromeli
180. Zebisauri liaZebisauri liaZebisauri liaZebisauri lia –––– Tsu doqtoranti 181. Wania maiaWania maiaWania maiaWania maia – ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo
universiteti asistent-profesori 182. WiWinaZe boris _ WiWinaZe boris _ WiWinaZe boris _ WiWinaZe boris _ akaki wereTlis quTaisis saxelmwifo universitetis
doqtoranti 183. xaduri nodarxaduri nodarxaduri nodarxaduri nodar – ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, Tsu sruli profesori 184. xaraiSvili eTerxaraiSvili eTerxaraiSvili eTerxaraiSvili eTer – ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, Tsu sruli
profesori 185. xaritonaSvilixaritonaSvilixaritonaSvilixaritonaSvili jemaljemaljemaljemal – ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, Tsu asocirebuli
profesori 186. xizaniSvili vasil _ xizaniSvili vasil _ xizaniSvili vasil _ xizaniSvili vasil _ ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, iakob gogebaSvilis
saxelobis Telavis saxelmwifo universitetis asistent-profesori 187. xubunaia Sorxubunaia Sorxubunaia Sorxubunaia Sorenaenaenaena – soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis doqtoranti 188. xuskivaZe mamukaxuskivaZe mamukaxuskivaZe mamukaxuskivaZe mamuka _ ekonomikur mecnierebaTa kandidati, Tsu paata guguSvilis
ekonomikis institutis ganyofilebis gamge 189. javaxiSvili revazjavaxiSvili revazjavaxiSvili revazjavaxiSvili revaz – ekonomikur mecnierebaTa kandidati, Tsu paata guguS-
vilis ekonomikis institutis ufrosi mecnieri TanamSromeli 190. jRarkavajRarkavajRarkavajRarkava nananananananana – axalcixis saxelmwifo saswavlo universitetis
asocirebuli profesori 191. julayiZe emzar julayiZe emzar julayiZe emzar julayiZe emzar –––– ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, akaki wereTlis quTaisis
saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori 192. julayiZe mjulayiZe mjulayiZe mjulayiZe merab erab erab erab – ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, saqarTvelos parlamentis
ekonomikuri politikis komiteti
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CONFERENCE PARTICIPANTS
1. ABESADZE RAMAZ – Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor, Director of P. Gugushvili Institute of Economics of TSU
2. ABULADZE RATI – Academic Doctor of Economics 3. ABBASOV EMIN OKTAI OGLI – PhD Student of Institute of Economics of National Academy of
Scienses of Azerbaijan Republic (Azerbaijan) 4. ABESADZE NINO – Academic Doctor of Economics, Associated Professor of Ivane Javakhishvili
Tbilisi State University 5. ACHUASHVILI NUNU – PhD Student of Georgian Technical University 6. AKHVLEDIANI NONA – Doctor of Economic Sciences, Associated Professor of Akaki Tsereteli
Kutaisi State University 7. ANANIASHVILI IURI – Doctor of Economic Sciences, Full Professor of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi
State University 8. ANGURIDZE OTAR – Postgraduate Student 9. AREVADZE NANULI – Candidate of Economic Sciences, Chief of department of P. Gugushvili
Institute of Economics of TSU 10. ARNANIA-KEPULADZE TAMILA – Full Professor of Akaki Tsereteli Kutaisi State University
(Georgia), Full Professor of Thomas Bata University (Czech Republic) 11. ASATIANI ROZETA – Doctor of Economic Sciences, Full Professor of Georgian Technical
University 12. ASLANISHVILI DAVID – PhD Student of Saint Andrew the First-Called Georgian University of
the Patriarchat of Georgia 13. BABENKO ARSENIY – Undergraduate Student of Kuban State University (Russian) 14. BACHIASHVILI TAMAR – Academic Doctor of Economics 15. BALIASHVILI ELISABED – Candidate of Economic Sciences 16. BARANOVSKAYA MARINA – PhD in Economics, Associated Professor of International Economic
Relationships Department of Odessa National Economic University (Ukraine) 17. BEDOSHVILI TAMAR – Undegraduate Student of Gori Teaching University 18. BELINSKAJA LARISA – Doctor, Associated Professor of International Business School of Vilnius
University (Lithuania) 19. BENASHVILI TSIALA – Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associated Professor of Ivane
Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University 20. BERISHVILI KHATUNA – Academic Doctor of Economics, Associated Professor of Sokhumi
State University 21. BERULAVA GIORGI – Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor, Chief of department of P.
Gugushvili Institute of Economics of TSU 22. BIBILASHVILI NANA – Candidate of Economic Sciences, Chief of department of P. Gugushvili
Institute of Economics of TSU 23. BICHIKASHVILI TAMAR – Associated Professor of SEU Teaching University 24. BIDZINASHVILI DAVID – Academic Doctor of Economics, Full Professor of Gori Teaching
University 25. BOBRIVNYK LEONID – Professor of National University of Food Technologies (Kiev, Ukraine) 26. BREGVADZE GEORGE – Academic Doctor of Economics, Researcher of P. Gugushvili Institute of
Economics of TSU 27. BRITCHENKO IGOR – Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor, Academician of the National
Ukrainian Academy, Director of the Interdisciplinary Institute for Training and Retraining Specialists of Poltava University of Economics and Trade (Ukraine)
28. BURDULI VAKHTANG – Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor, Chief of department of P. Gugushvili Institute of Economics of TSU
29. CHANIA MAIA – Academic Doctor of Economics, Assistant Professor of Sokhumi State University 30. CHICHINADZE BORIS – PhD Student of Akaki Tsereteli Kutaisi State University 31. CHIKOVANI ELENE – Academic Doctor of Economics, Full Professor of the Georgian University
of International Relations
426
32. CHKHEIDZE TINATIN – Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor, Chairman of Scientific Council of P. Gugushvili Institute of Economics of TSU
33. CHOKHELI EKATERINE – Academic Doctor of Economics, Associated Professor of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
34. DATUNASHVILI LINA – Candidate of Economic Sciences, Docent, Senior Researcher of P. Gugushvili Institute of Economics of TSU
35. DAVYDYUK NATALIYA – Candidate of Economic Sciences, Docent of Kuban State University (Russian)
36. DAVLASHERIDZE NATA – Candidate of Economic Sciences, Researcher of P. Gugushvili Institute of Economics of TSU
37. DEMETRADZE NINO – Undergraduate Student of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University 38. DEVADZE ANZOR – Academic Doctor of Economics, Associated Professor of Batumi Shota
Rustaveli State University 39. DIKHAMINJIA IRMA – Associated Professor of Sokhumi State University 40. DUDAURI TAMAR – Academic Doctor of Economics, Associated Professor of Caucasus
International University 41. DVALISHVILI LIA – Researcher of P. Gugushvili Institute of Economics of TSU 42. DZEBISAURI LIA – PhD Student of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University) 43. ELGENDARASHVILI TSIRA – Academic Doctor of Economics, Professor of Georgian Technical
University 44. ELSHINA VERA – Candidate of Economic Sciences, Docent of Perm State National Research
University (Perm, Russia) 45. ERKOMAISHVILI GULNAZI – Academic Doctor of Economics, Associated Professor of Ivane
Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University 46. GAMSAKHURDIA TAMAZ – Associated Professor of Akaki Tsereteli Kutaisi State University 47. GECHBAIA BADRI – Academic Doctor of Economics, Assistant Professor of Batumi Shota
Rustaveli State University 48. GELASHVILI MADONA – Academic Doctor of Economics, Associated Professor, Deputy Dean of
Faculty of Economics and Business of Sokhumi State University 49. GELASHVILI SIMON – Full Professor of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University 50. GHVEDASHVILI NAIRA – Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associated Professor of Shota
Rustaveli Theatre and Film State University 51. GHVINJILIA NATIA – Undergraduate Student of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University 52. GOGIASHVILI SHALVA – Academic Doctor of Economics, Associated Professor of Ivane
Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University 53. GOGOKHIA REVAZ – Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor 54. GRIGALASHVILI LEVAN – Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor 55. GRUSCHINSKAYA NATALIYA – Candidate of Economic Sciences, Docent of Institute of World
Economy and International Relations of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Ukraine) 56. GUBA ANNA – Junior Researcher of Institute of World Economy and International Relations of
National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Ukraine) 57. GUDUSHAURI ZAIRA – Academic Doctor of Economics 58. GVARAMIA NAZI – Associated Professor of Sokhumi State University 59. GVERDTSITELI NATALIA – Undergraduate Student of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State
University 60. HACIYEV FAZIL – Candidate of Economic Sciences, Docent of Azerbaijan State Economic
University (Azerbaijan) 61. HASANOVA NAZRIN – Undergraduate Student of International Economic Relations Faculty of
Azerbaijan State Economic University (Azerbaijan) 62. IBRAGIMOV MUSLIM AZAD OGLI – Candidate of Economic Sciences, Docent of Azerbaijan
State Economic University (Azerbaijan) 63. JAVAKHISHVILI REVAZ – Candidate of Economic Sciences, Senior Researcher of P. Gugushvili
Institute of Economics of TSU 64. JGHARKAVA NANA – Associated Professor of Akhaltsikhe State Teaching University
427
65. JULAKIDZE EMZAR – Academic Doctor of Economics, Associated Professor of Akaki Tsereteli Kutaisi State University
66. JULAKIDZE MERAB – Doctor of Econometrics, The Committee of Economic Policy, Parliament of Georgia
67. KAKULIA ETER – Candidate of Economic Sciences, Senior Researcher of P. Gugushvili Institute of Economics of TSU, Full Professor of Tbilisi Open Teaching Universitety
68. KAMKHADZE TAMAR – Academic Doctor of Economics, Professor of Georgian Technical University
69. KAPANADZE MARIAM – PhD Student of Georgian Technical University 70. KASNAUSKIENE GINDRA – Doctor, Professor of International Business School of Vilnius
University (Lithuania) 71. KATSITADZE NANA – Professor 72. KAVTARADZE MZIA – Associated Professor, Rector of Rustavi College 73. KAVTARADZE TENGIZ – Candidate of Economic Sciences, Senior Researcher of P. Gugushvili
Institute of Economics of TSU 74. KERIMLI IRSHAD ABDUL OGLI – Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor of Department of
International Economic Relations of Azerbaijan State Economic University (Azerbaijan) 75. KERIMOV FIKRET TARIEL OGLI – Postgraduate Student of Azerbaijan State Economic
University (Azerbaijan) 76. KERIMOVA CAMILA – Postgraduate Student of “Banking” department of Azerbaijan State
Economic University (Azerbaijan) 77. KESHELASHVILI GIULI _ _ _ _ Candidate of Economic Sciences, Professor of Ivane Javakhishvili
Tbilisi State University 78. KETSBAIA NINO – Assistant Professor of Sokhumi State University 79. KHADURI NODAR – Academic Doctor of Economics, Full Professor of TSU 80. KHARAISHVILI ETER – Doctor of Economic Sciences, Full Professor of Ivane Javakhishvili
Tbilisi State University 81. KHARITONASHVILI JEMAL – Academic Doctor of Economics, Associated Professor of Ivane
Javakhishvilis Tbilisi State University 82. KHIZANISHVILI VASIL – Academic Doctor of Economics, Assistant Professor of Iakob
Gogebashvili Telavi State University 83. KHUBUNAIA SHORENA – PhD Student of Sokhumi State University 84. KHUSKIVADZE MAMUKA – Candidate of Economic Sciences, Chief of department of P.
Gugushvili Institute of Economics of TSU 85. KILADZE TAMAR –––– Full Professor of Georgian Technical University 86. KILNITSKAYA ELENA – Candidate of Economic Sciences, Zhytomyr National Agro-Ecological
University (Ukraine) 87. KISTAURI NUNU – Candidate of Economic Sciences, Researcher of P. Gugushvili Institute of
Economics of TSU 88. KITSMARISHVILI KETEVAN – Academic Doctor of Economics, Senior Lecturer of Georgian
Technical University 89. KOBLIANIDZE TAMAR – Academic Doctor of Economics, Full Professor of Caucasus
International University 90. KOGUASHVILI PAATA – Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor, Corresponding Member of the
Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Georgia 91. KOKAIA KETEVAN – Assistant Professor of Sokhumi State University 92. KONJARIA ELGUJA – Associated Professor of Akaki Tsereteli Kutaisi State University 93. KORGANASHVILI LARISA – Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor, Head of the Center of
Quality Assurance and Scientific of the International School of Tourism of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
94. KOSTYUKOVA INESSA – Candidate of Economic Sciences, Docent of Kuban State University (Russia)
95. KOZAK YURIY – Doctor of Economics, Professor, Head of International economic relationships department of Odessa National Economic University (Ukraine)
428
96. KUBINIY N. – PhD, Professor of Uzhgorod National University, Director of Business Support Center (Ukraine)
97. KUCHER OLGA – Postgraduate Student, Junior Researcher of Institute of Economics and Legal Research of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Donetsk, Ukraine)
98. KUPARADZE GIORGI – Researcher of P. Gugushvili Institute of Economics of TSU 99. KURATASHVILI ALFRED – Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor, Chief of department of P.
Gugushvili Institute of Economics of TSU 100. KURDADZE TINATIN – Academic Doctor of Economics, Researcher of P. Gugushvili Institute of
Economics of TSU 101. KVARATSKHELIA DEMNA – Academic Doctor of Economics 102. KVARATSKHELIA MURMAN – Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor, Senior Researcher of P.
Gugushvili Institute of Economics of TSU 103. KVATASHIDZE NADEZHDA – Academic Doctor of Economics, Associated Professor of Ivane
Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University) 104. KVELADZE KETEVAN – Candidate of Economic Sciences, Senior Researcher of P. Gugushvili
Institute of Economics of TSU 105. KVINIKADZE GIORGI – Assistant Professor of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University 106. KUKHALASHVILI DAVID –Doctor of History 107. KUKHALASHVILI-GURULI MZEVINAR – Doctor of Agriculture 108. KUKHALASHVILI TEA – Undergraduate Student of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University 109. LACHKEBIANI DIANA – PhD Student of Georgian Technical University 110. LAZARASHVILI TEA – Candidate of Economic Sciences, Chief of department of P. Gugushvili
Institute of Economics of TSU 111. LUGOVSKOY DENIS – Candidate of Economic Sciences, Docent of Kuban State University
(Russia) 112. MAGLAKELIDZE EKATERINE – Associated Professor of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State
University, Associated Professor of Caucasus International University 113. MAGRAKVELIDZE DALI – Assistant Professor of Teaching University of International Relations
of Georgia 114. MAISURADZE MARINA – Academic Doctor of Economics, Associated Professor of Ivane
Javakhishvili Tbilisi State of University 115. MAKALATIA IRAKLI – PhD Student of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University 116. MALANIA ELISABED – Associated Professor of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University,
Associated Professor of Caucasus International University 117. MAMEDOVA NATAVAN – Postgraduate Student of Azerbaijan State Economic University
(Azerbaijan) 118. MARKOSYAN ASHOT – Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor of Yerevan State University of
Architecture and Construction (Armenia) 119. MARGVELASHVILI GOGOLA – Corresponding Member of the Academy of Agricultural
Sciences of Georgia 120. MARTIROSYAN TIGRAN – Candidate of Economic Sciences, Docent of Yerevan State University
of Architecture and Construction (Armenia) 121. MASURASHVILI IOSEB – Academic Doctor of Economics, Professor, Head of “Innovation
Management Center” of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University 122. MATIASHVILI MARIAM – Student of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University 123. MEKANTSISHVILI EKATERINE – Assistant Professor of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State
University 124. MEKVABISHVILI ELGUJA – Doctor of Economic Sciences, Full Professor of Ivane Javakhishvili
Tbilisi State University 125. MELASHVILI MEDEA – Researcher of P. Gugushvili Institute of Economics of TSU 126. METREVELI MARINA – Academic Doctor of Economics, Professor, Leading Specialist of Sector
Economy and Economic Policy Committee of Parliament of Georgia 127. MIKIASHVILI NINO – Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State
University
429
128. MIKLOVDA V. – Doctor of Science, Member-Correspondent of the National Ukrainian Academy, the Dean of Economical Faculty of the Uzhgorod National University, Chief of the Department of Economics, Management and Marketing (Ukraine)
129. MIMINOSHVILI TEMUR – PhD Student of Saint Andrew the First-Called Georgian University of the Patriarchat of Georgia
130. MIRZOEV ASAD MAZAKHIM OGLI – Docent of Azerbaijan State Economic University (Azerbaijan)
131. MUCHIASHVILI MARINA – Associated Professor of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University 132. NAMICHEISHVILI RAMAZ – Academic Doctor of Economics, Professor, President of Scientific
Society “Niko Nikoladze” 133. NARIMANISHVILI ETER – Academic Doctor of Economics 134. NARSIA LASHA – Full Professor of Zugdidi Teaching University 135. NATELAURI IZA – Candidate of Economic Sciences, Chief of department of P. Gugushvili Institute
of Economics of TSU, Associated Professor of TSU 136. NOZADZE ZURAB – Researcher of P. Gugushvili Institute of Economics of TSU 137. OLSHANTSEVA T. – Deputy Director of the Interdisciplinary Institute for Training and Retraining
Specialists of Poltava University of Economics and Trade (Ukraine) 138. ONIANI IULIA – Associated Professor of Akaki Tsereteli Kutaisi State University 139. ORLOVA VALENTYNA – Candidate of Economic Sciences, Donetsk National University of
Economics and Trade after M. Tugan-Baranovsky (Ukraine) 140. PACHULIA OLGA – Associated Professor of Sokhumi State University 141. PAICHADZE NUGZAR – Doctor of Economic Sciences, Associated Professor of Ivane
Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University 142. PAPASKIRI RUSUDAN – Assistant Professor of Sokhumi State University 143. PAPAVA VLADIMER – Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor, Principal Research Fellow of P.
Gugushvili Institute of Economics of TSU, Corresponding Member of National Academy of Sciences of Georgia
144. PARESASHVILI NINO – Academic Doctor of Economics, Assistant Professor of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
145. PATSINASHVILI KETEVAN – Undergraduate Student of Gori Teaching University 146. PAVLIASHVILI AKAKI – Associated Professor of Gori Teaching University 147. PAVLIASHVILI SOLOMON – Doctor of Economic Sciences, Full Professor, Rector of Tbilisi
Educational University 148. PESTVENIDZE TEIMURAZ – Associated Professor of Akaki Tsereteli Kutaisi State University 149. PETELAVA SLAVA – Associated Professor of Grigol Robakidze University 150. PIRTSKHELAVA NANA – Academic Doctor of Economics 151. PUTKARADZE RAMAZ – Academic Doctor of Economics, Associated Professor of Ivane
Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University 152. RAD NATALIYA – PhD, Senior Lecturer of Donetsk National University of Economics and Trade
after M. Tugan-Baranovsky (Ukraine) 153. RUKHAIA NINO – Doctorant of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University 154. RZAEV ANAR IASHAR OGLY – Postgraduate Student of Azerbaijan State Economic University
(Azerbaijan) 155. REVISHVILI ZURAB – Candidate of Economic Sciences, Senior Researcher of P. Gugushvili
Institute of Economics of TSU 156. ROSTIASHVILI TAMAR – Academic Doctor of Economics 157. SAMCHKUASHVILI NINO – PhD student of Georgian Agrarian University 158. SARCHIMELIA ROLAND – Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor, Senior Rsearcher of P.
Gugushvili Institute of Economics of TSU 159. SESADZE VALIDA – Full Professor of Georgian Technical University 160. SETURI MAIA – Academic Doctor of Economics, Associated Professor of Guram Tavartkiladze
Teaching University 161. SHALAMBERIDZE KHATUNA – Academic Doctor of Economics, Associated Professor of Akaki
Tsereteli Kutaisi State University 162. SHARABIDZE NANA – Academic Doctor of Economics
430
163. SHENGELIA FATI – Academic Doctor of Economics, Full Professor of Zugdidi Teaching University
164. SHENGELIA TEIMURAZ – Doctor of Economic Sciences, Full Professor, Chief of „International Business“ Chair of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
165. SIABRO OKSANA – Master of Foreign Economic Activity Management, Postgraduate Student of Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine, Deputy Head of the Representative Office of Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Georgia in Ukraine
166. SILAGADZE AVTANDIL – Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor, Corresponding Member of National Academy of Sciences of Georgia
167. SIMONYAN ARMINE – Doctor of Teсhnical Sciences of Yerevan State University of Architecture and Construction (Armenia)
168. SIRBILADZE RUSUDAN – Academic Doctor of Economics (Tourizm International school of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State of University)
169. SOLOGHASHVILI DALI – Full Professor of Akaki Tsereteli Kutaisi State University 170. SOSELIA BADRI – PhD Student of Georgian Technical University 171. SOSELIA MAIA – Academic Doctor of Economics 172. SULABERIDZE AVTANDIL – Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor 173. SULAMANIDZE KONSTANTINE – PhD Student of Georgian Technical University 174. SVIRAVA GELA – Academic Doctor of Economics, Full Professor of Shota Meskhia Zugdidi State
Teaching University 175. TABATADZE SESILI – Undergraduate Student of Ivane Javakhishvili State University 176. TAPLADZE TAMAR – Researcher of P. Gugushvili Institute of Economics of TSU 177. TARALASHVILI TAMAR – PhD student of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University 178. TETRAULI TSITSINO – Researcher of P. Gugushvili Institute of Economics of TSU 179. TIKISHVILI MZIA – Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State
University 180. TKESHELASHVILI GODERDZI –––– Full Professor of Georgian Technical University 181. TODUA NUGZAR – Full Professor of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University 182. TOKMAJYAN SOFIA – Candidate of Economic Sciences, Docent of Yerevan State University of
Architecture and Construction (Armenia) 183. TOTLADZE LIA – Candidate of Economic Sciences 184. TSUTSKIRIDZE MARINA – Candidate of Economic Sciences, Researcher of P. Gugushvili
Institute of Economics of TSU 185. UDESIANI TATIA – Undergraduate Student of Ivane Javakhishvili State University 186. UDESIANI TEA – PhD Student of Akaki Tsereteli Kutaisi State University 187. USTIMENKO VLADIMIR – Doctor of Law, Professor, Deputy Director of Institute of Economics
and Legal Research of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Donetsk, Ukraine) 188. VESHAGURI MAIA – Academic Doctor of Economics, Professor of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi
State University 189. VITAS ARTURAS – Lecturer of Economic Policy Chair of Economics Faculty of Vilnius University
(Lithuania) 190. YATSENKO OLGA – Candidate of Economic Sciences, Docent of Zhytomyr National Agro-
Ecological University (Ukraine) 191. ZAVADSKAYA YULIYA – Postgraduate Student of Zhytomyr National Agro-Ecological University
(Ukraine) 192. ZUBIASHVILI MZIA – Assistant Professor of Georgian Technical University
431
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ramaz abesaZramaz abesaZramaz abesaZramaz abesaZeeee globalizacia da misi erovnul ekonomikaze gavlenis zogierTi aspeqtiglobalizacia da misi erovnul ekonomikaze gavlenis zogierTi aspeqtiglobalizacia da misi erovnul ekonomikaze gavlenis zogierTi aspeqtiglobalizacia da misi erovnul ekonomikaze gavlenis zogierTi aspeqti
3333
iuri ananiaSviliiuri ananiaSviliiuri ananiaSviliiuri ananiaSvili oukenis parametris Sefasebis ekonometrikuli problemebi oukenis parametris Sefasebis ekonometrikuli problemebi oukenis parametris Sefasebis ekonometrikuli problemebi oukenis parametris Sefasebis ekonometrikuli problemebi
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rozeta asaTianirozeta asaTianirozeta asaTianirozeta asaTiani saxelmwifo rogorc ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da erovnuli Tanxmobis saxelmwifo rogorc ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da erovnuli Tanxmobis saxelmwifo rogorc ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da erovnuli Tanxmobis saxelmwifo rogorc ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da erovnuli Tanxmobis garantigarantigarantigaranti
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Baranovskaya Marina, Kozak Yuriy THE EU COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT: INNOVATIVE COMPONENT
23232323
Belinskaja Larisa, Kasnauskien÷ Gindra THE PENSION SYSTEM REFORM IN LITHUANIA VIA AGEING P OPULATION
26262626
Бурдули Вахтанг О СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИИ СИСТЕМЫ ОЦЕНОК ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ РАЗВИТИЯ ОТРАСЛЕВОЙ СТРУКТУРЫ ЭКОНОМИКИ
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Витас Артурас
ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ СТРУКТУРЫ ЭКСПОРТА В ЛИТВЕ: МАКРОЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ОЦЕНКА
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Гасанова Назрин ГЛОБАЛИЗАЦИЯ – ЗА И ПРОТИВ, ВЛИЯНИЕ НА СТРАНЫ СНГ
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Яценко Ольга Николаевна ФАКТОРЫ И ДЕТЕРМИНАНТЫ ФЕНОМЕНА ГЛОБАЛИЗАЦИИ
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elguja meqvabiSvilielguja meqvabiSvilielguja meqvabiSvilielguja meqvabiSvili sistemuri riskebis roli Tanamedrove ekonomikaSisistemuri riskebis roli Tanamedrove ekonomikaSisistemuri riskebis roli Tanamedrove ekonomikaSisistemuri riskebis roli Tanamedrove ekonomikaSi
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vladimer papavavladimer papavavladimer papavavladimer papava savaluto krizisis pirobebSi “savaluto faris” qmediToba holandiuri savaluto krizisis pirobebSi “savaluto faris” qmediToba holandiuri savaluto krizisis pirobebSi “savaluto faris” qmediToba holandiuri savaluto krizisis pirobebSi “savaluto faris” qmediToba holandiuri daavadebiT inficirebul ekonomikadaavadebiT inficirebul ekonomikadaavadebiT inficirebul ekonomikadaavadebiT inficirebul ekonomikaSi (saqarTvelos magaliTze)Si (saqarTvelos magaliTze)Si (saqarTvelos magaliTze)Si (saqarTvelos magaliTze)
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goderZi tyeSelaSvili, Tamar kilaZegoderZi tyeSelaSvili, Tamar kilaZegoderZi tyeSelaSvili, Tamar kilaZegoderZi tyeSelaSvili, Tamar kilaZe saqarTvelo, globaluri ekonomikuri procesebi da portebisaqarTvelo, globaluri ekonomikuri procesebi da portebisaqarTvelo, globaluri ekonomikuri procesebi da portebisaqarTvelo, globaluri ekonomikuri procesebi da portebi
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giuli qeSelaSviligiuli qeSelaSviligiuli qeSelaSviligiuli qeSelaSvili organizaciuli ganviTarebis ekonomikuri aspeqtebiorganizaciuli ganviTarebis ekonomikuri aspeqtebiorganizaciuli ganviTarebis ekonomikuri aspeqtebiorganizaciuli ganviTarebis ekonomikuri aspeqtebi
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revaz javaxiSvilirevaz javaxiSvilirevaz javaxiSvilirevaz javaxiSvili globaglobaglobaglobalizaciis istoriuli winamZRvrebilizaciis istoriuli winamZRvrebilizaciis istoriuli winamZRvrebilizaciis istoriuli winamZRvrebi
191919195555
makroekonomikis seqciamakroekonomikis seqciamakroekonomikis seqciamakroekonomikis seqcia
rati abulaZerati abulaZerati abulaZerati abulaZe eleqtronuli mTavroba da globalizaciaeleqtronuli mTavroba da globalizaciaeleqtronuli mTavroba da globalizaciaeleqtronuli mTavroba da globalizacia
199199199199
nanuli arevaZenanuli arevaZenanuli arevaZenanuli arevaZe globalizaciis gavlena makroekonomikur maCveneblebze postkomunistur globalizaciis gavlena makroekonomikur maCveneblebze postkomunistur globalizaciis gavlena makroekonomikur maCveneblebze postkomunistur globalizaciis gavlena makroekonomikur maCveneblebze postkomunistur qveynebSiqveynebSiqveynebSiqveynebSi
204204204204
Arnania-Kepuladze Tamila GENDER DISPARITY IN EMPLOYMENT: GEORGIAN-CZECH CONT EXT
209209209209
Нана Бибилашвили, Етер Какулия БЕЗРАБОТИЦА В УСЛОВИЯХ ГЛОБАЛИЗАЦИИ
215215215215
Гелашвили Мадона ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЕ ПРЯМЫХ ЗАРУБЕЖНЫХ ИНВЕСТИЦИЙ
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badribadribadribadri geCbaiageCbaiageCbaiageCbaia, anzor devaZe, anzor devaZe, anzor devaZe, anzor devaZe saqarTvelos globalurisaqarTvelos globalurisaqarTvelos globalurisaqarTvelos globaluri konkukonkukonkukonkurenrenrenrentunarianobatunarianobatunarianobatunarianoba Tanamedrove pirobebSiTanamedrove pirobebSiTanamedrove pirobebSiTanamedrove pirobebSi
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Salva gogiaSvili, slava fetelavaSalva gogiaSvili, slava fetelavaSalva gogiaSvili, slava fetelavaSalva gogiaSvili, slava fetelava demonopolizacia da konkurenciis ekonomikuri politikademonopolizacia da konkurenciis ekonomikuri politikademonopolizacia da konkurenciis ekonomikuri politikademonopolizacia da konkurenciis ekonomikuri politika
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Грущинская Наталия Николаевна ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ СОСТАВЛЯЮЩАЯ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ КАК ОСНОВА ЕЕ КОНКУРЕНТОСПОСОБНОСТИ
232323233333
dvaliSvili lia dvaliSvili lia dvaliSvili lia dvaliSvili lia globaluri ekonomikuri problemebi da maTi gavlena mdgrad globaluri ekonomikuri problemebi da maTi gavlena mdgrad globaluri ekonomikuri problemebi da maTi gavlena mdgrad globaluri ekonomikuri problemebi da maTi gavlena mdgrad ekonomikur ganviTarebazeekonomikur ganviTarebazeekonomikur ganviTarebazeekonomikur ganviTarebaze
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Ельшина Вера Викторовна ГРАЖДАНСКОЕ ОБЩЕСТВО И АДЕКВАТНАЯ ИНСТИТУЦИОНАЛЬНАЯ СРЕДА ТРУДОВОЙ ЗАНЯТОСТИ В РОССИИ – ОСНОВА ЕЕ ДОЛГОСРОЧНОГО ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО РОСТА
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demnademnademnademna kvaracxeliakvaracxeliakvaracxeliakvaracxelia msofliosmsofliosmsofliosmsoflios ganviTarebulganviTarebulganviTarebulganviTarebul qveynebSiqveynebSiqveynebSiqveynebSi ekonomikuriekonomikuriekonomikuriekonomikuri zrdiszrdiszrdiszrdis tempebistempebistempebistempebis cvlilebiscvlilebiscvlilebiscvlilebis mizezebimizezebimizezebimizezebi
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murman kvaracxeliamurman kvaracxeliamurman kvaracxeliamurman kvaracxelia globalizaciaglobalizaciaglobalizaciaglobalizacia dadadada erovnulierovnulierovnulierovnuli ekonomikis problemebi saqarTveloSiekonomikis problemebi saqarTveloSiekonomikis problemebi saqarTveloSiekonomikis problemebi saqarTveloSi
252525256666
Tea lazaraSviliTea lazaraSviliTea lazaraSviliTea lazaraSvili saxelmwifo seqtoris ganviTarebaze globsaxelmwifo seqtoris ganviTarebaze globsaxelmwifo seqtoris ganviTarebaze globsaxelmwifo seqtoris ganviTarebaze globalizaciis gavlenis alizaciis gavlenis alizaciis gavlenis alizaciis gavlenis Teoriuli aspeqtebiTeoriuli aspeqtebiTeoriuli aspeqtebiTeoriuli aspeqtebi
262626261111
dali magraqveliZedali magraqveliZedali magraqveliZedali magraqveliZe sainvesticio proeqtis realizacis riskis analizis mniSvneloba sainvesticio proeqtis realizacis riskis analizis mniSvneloba sainvesticio proeqtis realizacis riskis analizis mniSvneloba sainvesticio proeqtis realizacis riskis analizis mniSvneloba
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ioseb masuraSviliioseb masuraSviliioseb masuraSviliioseb masuraSvili saxelmwifos roli inovaciebis menejmentSisaxelmwifos roli inovaciebis menejmentSisaxelmwifos roli inovaciebis menejmentSisaxelmwifos roli inovaciebis menejmentSi
272727270000
ekaterine meyanwiSvili, Tamar rostiaSvili, maia soseliaekaterine meyanwiSvili, Tamar rostiaSvili, maia soseliaekaterine meyanwiSvili, Tamar rostiaSvili, maia soseliaekaterine meyanwiSvili, Tamar rostiaSvili, maia soselia gloglogloglobalizacia da saxelmwifos roli ekonomikis regulirebaSibalizacia da saxelmwifos roli ekonomikis regulirebaSibalizacia da saxelmwifos roli ekonomikis regulirebaSibalizacia da saxelmwifos roli ekonomikis regulirebaSi
272727275555
Мирзоев Асад Мазахим оглы ЛОГИСТИЧЕСКИЙ ПОДХОД ПРИ ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИИ ТЕНДЕНЦИИ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО РОСТА
282828280000
marina muCiaSvili marina muCiaSvili marina muCiaSvili marina muCiaSvili biujetis saSualovadiani dagegmvis reformebi saqarTveloSi biujetis saSualovadiani dagegmvis reformebi saqarTveloSi biujetis saSualovadiani dagegmvis reformebi saqarTveloSi biujetis saSualovadiani dagegmvis reformebi saqarTveloSi
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marina muCiaSvilimarina muCiaSvilimarina muCiaSvilimarina muCiaSvili saxelmwifo biujetis xarjebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi sasaxelmwifo biujetis xarjebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi sasaxelmwifo biujetis xarjebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi sasaxelmwifo biujetis xarjebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi saqarTveloSiqarTveloSiqarTveloSiqarTveloSi
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laSalaSalaSalaSa narsianarsianarsianarsia saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis ekonomikuri aspeqtebisaqarTvelos usafrTxoebis ekonomikuri aspeqtebisaqarTvelos usafrTxoebis ekonomikuri aspeqtebisaqarTvelos usafrTxoebis ekonomikuri aspeqtebi
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akaki pavliaSviliakaki pavliaSviliakaki pavliaSviliakaki pavliaSvili samrewvelo gadatrialebis Sedegebi saqarTveloSisamrewvelo gadatrialebis Sedegebi saqarTveloSisamrewvelo gadatrialebis Sedegebi saqarTveloSisamrewvelo gadatrialebis Sedegebi saqarTveloSi
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roland sarCimelia, Tamar TaflaZeroland sarCimelia, Tamar TaflaZeroland sarCimelia, Tamar TaflaZeroland sarCimelia, Tamar TaflaZe sagareo valis riski globalizaciis pirobebSisagareo valis riski globalizaciis pirobebSisagareo valis riski globalizaciis pirobebSisagareo valis riski globalizaciis pirobebSi
313131311111
435
mzia tikiSvili, mzia tikiSvili, mzia tikiSvili, mzia tikiSvili, ninininino miqiaSvilino miqiaSvilino miqiaSvilino miqiaSvili informatizacia, rogorc ekonomikuri globalizaciis aucilebeli informatizacia, rogorc ekonomikuri globalizaciis aucilebeli informatizacia, rogorc ekonomikuri globalizaciis aucilebeli informatizacia, rogorc ekonomikuri globalizaciis aucilebeli pirobapirobapirobapiroba
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nunu qistaurinunu qistaurinunu qistaurinunu qistauri sagadamxdelo balansze globalizaciis gavlenis Taviseburebebis sagadamxdelo balansze globalizaciis gavlenis Taviseburebebis sagadamxdelo balansze globalizaciis gavlenis Taviseburebebis sagadamxdelo balansze globalizaciis gavlenis Taviseburebebis gansazRvragansazRvragansazRvragansazRvra
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323232324444
zaira RuduSauri, elisabed baliaSvili, nana kacitaZezaira RuduSauri, elisabed baliaSvili, nana kacitaZezaira RuduSauri, elisabed baliaSvili, nana kacitaZezaira RuduSauri, elisabed baliaSvili, nana kacitaZe globalizacia da saqarTvelos konkurentunarianoba, anu rogori globalizacia da saqarTvelos konkurentunarianoba, anu rogori globalizacia da saqarTvelos konkurentunarianoba, anu rogori globalizacia da saqarTvelos konkurentunarianoba, anu rogori politika unda avirCioT samomavlodpolitika unda avirCioT samomavlodpolitika unda avirCioT samomavlodpolitika unda avirCioT samomavlod
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giorgi yufaraZegiorgi yufaraZegiorgi yufaraZegiorgi yufaraZe sagasaxado politikisa da investiciebis urTierTkavSiri axali sagasaxado politikisa da investiciebis urTierTkavSiri axali sagasaxado politikisa da investiciebis urTierTkavSiri axali sagasaxado politikisa da investiciebis urTierTkavSiri axali ekonomikuri geografiis mekonomikuri geografiis mekonomikuri geografiis mekonomikuri geografiis modelebis mixedviTodelebis mixedviTodelebis mixedviTodelebis mixedviT
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fatifatifatifati SengeliaSengeliaSengeliaSengelia globalizacia da inteleqtualuri kapitaliglobalizacia da inteleqtualuri kapitaliglobalizacia da inteleqtualuri kapitaliglobalizacia da inteleqtualuri kapitali
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konferenciis monawileebikonferenciis monawileebikonferenciis monawileebikonferenciis monawileebi 363636368888
tomi 2tomi 2tomi 2tomi 2
finansebis, saerTaSoriso ekonomikis seqciafinansebis, saerTaSoriso ekonomikis seqciafinansebis, saerTaSoriso ekonomikis seqciafinansebis, saerTaSoriso ekonomikis seqcia
daviT biZinadaviT biZinadaviT biZinadaviT biZinaSviliSviliSviliSvili alkoholuri sasmelebis eqsportis zrdis tempebi saqarTveloSialkoholuri sasmelebis eqsportis zrdis tempebi saqarTveloSialkoholuri sasmelebis eqsportis zrdis tempebi saqarTveloSialkoholuri sasmelebis eqsportis zrdis tempebi saqarTveloSi
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nazi gvaramia nazi gvaramia nazi gvaramia nazi gvaramia saerTaSoriso gamocdileba da auditis regulireba saqarTveloSisaerTaSoriso gamocdileba da auditis regulireba saqarTveloSisaerTaSoriso gamocdileba da auditis regulireba saqarTveloSisaerTaSoriso gamocdileba da auditis regulireba saqarTveloSi
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levan grigalaSvililevan grigalaSvililevan grigalaSvililevan grigalaSvili sabuRaltro aRricxvasabuRaltro aRricxvasabuRaltro aRricxvasabuRaltro aRricxva----angariSgebis srulyofis zogierTi aspeqtiangariSgebis srulyofis zogierTi aspeqtiangariSgebis srulyofis zogierTi aspeqtiangariSgebis srulyofis zogierTi aspeqti soflis meurneobis sawarmoTa msoflis meurneobis sawarmoTa msoflis meurneobis sawarmoTa msoflis meurneobis sawarmoTa magaliTzeagaliTzeagaliTzeagaliTze
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nadeJda kvataSiZenadeJda kvataSiZenadeJda kvataSiZenadeJda kvataSiZe finansuri instrumentebis Sefaseba finansuri instrumentebis Sefaseba finansuri instrumentebis Sefaseba finansuri instrumentebis Sefaseba
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Керимова Джамиля ВЛИЯНИЕ ГЛОБАЛИЗАЦИИ НА СФЕРУ БАНКОВСКИХ УСЛУГ
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dalidalidalidali soloRaSvili, TeasoloRaSvili, TeasoloRaSvili, TeasoloRaSvili, Tea udesianiudesianiudesianiudesiani programuli biujetiprogramuli biujetiprogramuli biujetiprogramuli biujeti _ _ _ _ efeqtianobis auditisefeqtianobis auditisefeqtianobis auditisefeqtianobis auditis safuZvelisafuZvelisafuZvelisafuZveli
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larisa yorRanaSvili larisa yorRanaSvili larisa yorRanaSvili larisa yorRanaSvili globalizaciis procesebi saerTaSoriso turizmSiglobalizaciis procesebi saerTaSoriso turizmSiglobalizaciis procesebi saerTaSoriso turizmSiglobalizaciis procesebi saerTaSoriso turizmSi
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vasil xizaniSvili vasil xizaniSvili vasil xizaniSvili vasil xizaniSvili msoflio finansurmsoflio finansurmsoflio finansurmsoflio finansur----ekonomikuri krizekonomikuri krizekonomikuri krizekonomikuri krizisebis eTikuri dimensiaisebis eTikuri dimensiaisebis eTikuri dimensiaisebis eTikuri dimensia
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gulnaz erqomaiSviligulnaz erqomaiSviligulnaz erqomaiSviligulnaz erqomaiSvili mcire mewarmeoba da misi ganviTarebis ekonomikuri politika mcire mewarmeoba da misi ganviTarebis ekonomikuri politika mcire mewarmeoba da misi ganviTarebis ekonomikuri politika mcire mewarmeoba da misi ganviTarebis ekonomikuri politika saqarTveloSisaqarTveloSisaqarTveloSisaqarTveloSi
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eTer kakulia, nana bibilaSvilieTer kakulia, nana bibilaSvilieTer kakulia, nana bibilaSvilieTer kakulia, nana bibilaSvili globalizacia: mcire da saSualo biznesis roli umuSevrobis globalizacia: mcire da saSualo biznesis roli umuSevrobis globalizacia: mcire da saSualo biznesis roli umuSevrobis globalizacia: mcire da saSualo biznesis roli umuSevrobis
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ekaterine maRlakeliZe, elisabed malaniaekaterine maRlakeliZe, elisabed malaniaekaterine maRlakeliZe, elisabed malaniaekaterine maRlakeliZe, elisabed malania marketinguli SesaZlebloba Tu safrTxe energokompaniebisaTvis?marketinguli SesaZlebloba Tu safrTxe energokompaniebisaTvis?marketinguli SesaZlebloba Tu safrTxe energokompaniebisaTvis?marketinguli SesaZlebloba Tu safrTxe energokompaniebisaTvis?
121212121111
medea melaSvilimedea melaSvilimedea melaSvilimedea melaSvili globalizaciis gavlena saxelmwifo sawarmoebis funqcionirebazeglobalizaciis gavlena saxelmwifo sawarmoebis funqcionirebazeglobalizaciis gavlena saxelmwifo sawarmoebis funqcionirebazeglobalizaciis gavlena saxelmwifo sawarmoebis funqcionirebaze
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Орлова Валентина ПРОБЛЕМЫ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ КРЕДИТОВАНИЯ СУБЪЕКТОВ МАЛОГО И СРЕДНЕГО БИЗНЕСА
131313130000
nugzar paiWaZenugzar paiWaZenugzar paiWaZenugzar paiWaZe TanamSromlebTan ukonfliqtod muSaobis xelovnebaTanamSromlebTan ukonfliqtod muSaobis xelovnebaTanamSromlebTan ukonfliqtod muSaobis xelovnebaTanamSromlebTan ukonfliqtod muSaobis xelovneba
131313133333
roland sarCimeliaroland sarCimeliaroland sarCimeliaroland sarCimelia riski da misi ganmartebis Taviseburebebiriski da misi ganmartebis Taviseburebebiriski da misi ganmartebis Taviseburebebiriski da misi ganmartebis Taviseburebebi
131313138888
maia seTurimaia seTurimaia seTurimaia seTuri brendis marTvbrendis marTvbrendis marTvbrendis marTvis procesis Sesaxebis procesis Sesaxebis procesis Sesaxebis procesis Sesaxeb
141414145555
gela svirava, gela svirava, gela svirava, gela svirava, maia Waniamaia Waniamaia Waniamaia Wania biznesis konkurentunarianobis zrdisaTvis klasterebisbiznesis konkurentunarianobis zrdisaTvis klasterebisbiznesis konkurentunarianobis zrdisaTvis klasterebisbiznesis konkurentunarianobis zrdisaTvis klasterebis Seqmnisa da Seqmnisa da Seqmnisa da Seqmnisa da ganviTarebis aucileblobaganviTarebis aucileblobaganviTarebis aucileblobaganviTarebis aucilebloba
151515150000
avTandil silagaZe avTandil silagaZe avTandil silagaZe avTandil silagaZe saqarTveloSi biznesis registraciis gamartiveba da realobasaqarTveloSi biznesis registraciis gamartiveba da realobasaqarTveloSi biznesis registraciis gamartiveba da realobasaqarTveloSi biznesis registraciis gamartiveba da realoba
151515154444
olRa faCuliaolRa faCuliaolRa faCuliaolRa faCulia inovacia, roginovacia, roginovacia, roginovacia, rogorc kompaniis warmatebis mTavari faqtoriorc kompaniis warmatebis mTavari faqtoriorc kompaniis warmatebis mTavari faqtoriorc kompaniis warmatebis mTavari faqtori
151515155555
Tamar qamxaZe, cira elgendaraSvili, nunu aCuaSviliTamar qamxaZe, cira elgendaraSvili, nunu aCuaSviliTamar qamxaZe, cira elgendaraSvili, nunu aCuaSviliTamar qamxaZe, cira elgendaraSvili, nunu aCuaSvili aviakompaniebis marTvis da funqcionirebis problemebi globalizaciis aviakompaniebis marTvis da funqcionirebis problemebi globalizaciis aviakompaniebis marTvis da funqcionirebis problemebi globalizaciis aviakompaniebis marTvis da funqcionirebis problemebi globalizaciis pirobebSipirobebSipirobebSipirobebSi
111159595959
438
nino qecbaia nino qecbaia nino qecbaia nino qecbaia fasi, rogorc marketinguli faqtorifasi, rogorc marketinguli faqtorifasi, rogorc marketinguli faqtorifasi, rogorc marketinguli faqtori
161616162222
marine cucqiriZemarine cucqiriZemarine cucqiriZemarine cucqiriZe bbbbiznesisiznesisiznesisiznesis diversifikaciaze diversifikaciaze diversifikaciaze diversifikaciaze globalizaciisglobalizaciisglobalizaciisglobalizaciis gavlenisgavlenisgavlenisgavlenis TaviseburebebiTaviseburebebiTaviseburebebiTaviseburebebi
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ekaterine Coxeliekaterine Coxeliekaterine Coxeliekaterine Coxeli adamianuri resursebis marTvis strategiis SemuSavebis Taviseburebebi adamianuri resursebis marTvis strategiis SemuSavebis Taviseburebebi adamianuri resursebis marTvis strategiis SemuSavebis Taviseburebebi adamianuri resursebis marTvis strategiis SemuSavebis Taviseburebebi mcire kompaniebSi mcire kompaniebSi mcire kompaniebSi mcire kompaniebSi
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nana jRarkavanana jRarkavanana jRarkavanana jRarkava ekonomikis inteleqtualizaciis roli biznesis ganviTarebaSiekonomikis inteleqtualizaciis roli biznesis ganviTarebaSiekonomikis inteleqtualizaciis roli biznesis ganviTarebaSiekonomikis inteleqtualizaciis roli biznesis ganviTarebaSi
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seqtoruli da seqtoruli da seqtoruli da seqtoruli da regionuli regionuli regionuli regionuli ekonomikis seqciaekonomikis seqciaekonomikis seqciaekonomikis seqcia
nino abesaZenino abesaZenino abesaZenino abesaZe klasifikaciebi da dajgufebani turizmis statistikaSiklasifikaciebi da dajgufebani turizmis statistikaSiklasifikaciebi da dajgufebani turizmis statistikaSiklasifikaciebi da dajgufebani turizmis statistikaSi
171717178888
nonanonanonanona axvledianiaxvledianiaxvledianiaxvlediani SerCeviTi dakvirveba (gamokvleva) soflisSerCeviTi dakvirveba (gamokvleva) soflisSerCeviTi dakvirveba (gamokvleva) soflisSerCeviTi dakvirveba (gamokvleva) soflis meurneobaTa sistemaSimeurneobaTa sistemaSimeurneobaTa sistemaSimeurneobaTa sistemaSi
181818180000
Bobrivnyk Leonid CARE FOR MAN’S HEALTH - AN IMPORTANT FACTOR OF ECON OMIES GROWTH IN NATIONS OF THE WORLD
181818187777
giorgi giorgi giorgi giorgi bregvaZe bregvaZe bregvaZe bregvaZe samSeneblo seqtoris struqturuli ganviTarebis problemebi samSeneblo seqtoris struqturuli ganviTarebis problemebi samSeneblo seqtoris struqturuli ganviTarebis problemebi samSeneblo seqtoris struqturuli ganviTarebis problemebi globalizaciis pirobebSiglobalizaciis pirobebSiglobalizaciis pirobebSiglobalizaciis pirobebSi
191919191111
Tamaz Tamaz Tamaz Tamaz gamsaxurdiagamsaxurdiagamsaxurdiagamsaxurdia, Teimuraz , Teimuraz , Teimuraz , Teimuraz festveniZefestveniZefestveniZefestveniZe Txilis biznesis ganviTareba da misi roli erovnul ekonomikaTxilis biznesis ganviTareba da misi roli erovnul ekonomikaTxilis biznesis ganviTareba da misi roli erovnul ekonomikaTxilis biznesis ganviTareba da misi roli erovnul ekonomikaSiSiSiSi
191919194444
lina daTunaSvililina daTunaSvililina daTunaSvililina daTunaSvili globalizaciis gavlena soflis meurneobis dargobrivi struqturis globalizaciis gavlena soflis meurneobis dargobrivi struqturis globalizaciis gavlena soflis meurneobis dargobrivi struqturis globalizaciis gavlena soflis meurneobis dargobrivi struqturis srulyofazesrulyofazesrulyofazesrulyofaze
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nugzar Toduanugzar Toduanugzar Toduanugzar Todua saqarTvelos agrosasursaTo bazris ganviTarebis tendenciebisaqarTvelos agrosasursaTo bazris ganviTarebis tendenciebisaqarTvelos agrosasursaTo bazris ganviTarebis tendenciebisaqarTvelos agrosasursaTo bazris ganviTarebis tendenciebi socialuri marketingis gamoyenebis safuZvelzesocialuri marketingis gamoyenebis safuZvelzesocialuri marketingis gamoyenebis safuZvelzesocialuri marketingis gamoyenebis safuZvelze
202020205555
Кильницкая Елена ВЛИЯНИЕ ЦЕН НА РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЙ УКРАИНЫ ВО ВРЕМЯ КРИЗИСА
212121211111
paata koRuaSvili, gogola margvelaSvilipaata koRuaSvili, gogola margvelaSvilipaata koRuaSvili, gogola margvelaSvilipaata koRuaSvili, gogola margvelaSvili agraruli warmoeba mecnierebaze dafuZnebuli industriaa _ ase miaCniaT agraruli warmoeba mecnierebaze dafuZnebuli industriaa _ ase miaCniaT agraruli warmoeba mecnierebaze dafuZnebuli industriaa _ ase miaCniaT agraruli warmoeba mecnierebaze dafuZnebuli industriaa _ ase miaCniaT evropaSi, saqarTveloSi?evropaSi, saqarTveloSi?evropaSi, saqarTveloSi?evropaSi, saqarTveloSi?
212121217777
daviTdaviTdaviTdaviT kuxalaSvilikuxalaSvilikuxalaSvilikuxalaSvili, , , , mzevinarmzevinarmzevinarmzevinar kuxalaSvilikuxalaSvilikuxalaSvilikuxalaSvili----guruliguruliguruliguruli, , , , TeaTeaTeaTea kuxalaSvilikuxalaSvilikuxalaSvilikuxalaSvili konfliqtebi da maTi zegavlena navTobis da gazis maragebzekonfliqtebi da maTi zegavlena navTobis da gazis maragebzekonfliqtebi da maTi zegavlena navTobis da gazis maragebzekonfliqtebi da maTi zegavlena navTobis da gazis maragebze
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Маркосян Ашот, Мартиросян Тигран, Симонян Армине ГЛОБАЛИЗАЦИЯ И МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЕ ВОДНЫЕ ОТНОШЕНИЯ
232323230000
439
marina metrevelimarina metrevelimarina metrevelimarina metreveli erovnuerovnuerovnuerovnuli turizmis saxelmwifo politika da globalizaciali turizmis saxelmwifo politika da globalizaciali turizmis saxelmwifo politika da globalizaciali turizmis saxelmwifo politika da globalizacia
232323235555
eTer narimaniSvilieTer narimaniSvilieTer narimaniSvilieTer narimaniSvili miwebis gamoyenebisa da dacvis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebimiwebis gamoyenebisa da dacvis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebimiwebis gamoyenebisa da dacvis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebimiwebis gamoyenebisa da dacvis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi
242424240000
eTer narimaniSvilieTer narimaniSvilieTer narimaniSvilieTer narimaniSvili mexileobis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba da ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi mexileobis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba da ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi mexileobis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba da ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi mexileobis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba da ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSisaqarTveloSisaqarTveloSisaqarTveloSi
242424244444
zurab nozaZezurab nozaZezurab nozaZezurab nozaZe saxelsaxelsaxelsaxelmwifo bunebrivi erovnuli parkebis da saxelmwifo aRkveTili mwifo bunebrivi erovnuli parkebis da saxelmwifo aRkveTili mwifo bunebrivi erovnuli parkebis da saxelmwifo aRkveTili mwifo bunebrivi erovnuli parkebis da saxelmwifo aRkveTili teritoriebis gamoyenebis da dacvis sakiTxebiteritoriebis gamoyenebis da dacvis sakiTxebiteritoriebis gamoyenebis da dacvis sakiTxebiteritoriebis gamoyenebis da dacvis sakiTxebi
242424247777
Rad Nataliya DEVELOPMENT OF PENSION SYSTEMS OF UKRAINE AND GEORG IA IN CONDITIONS OF MODERN CHALLENGES
252525250000
zurab reviSvilizurab reviSvilizurab reviSvilizurab reviSvili saqarTvelos agraruli posaqarTvelos agraruli posaqarTvelos agraruli posaqarTvelos agraruli politikis modelisa da strategiis dadgenisa da litikis modelisa da strategiis dadgenisa da litikis modelisa da strategiis dadgenisa da litikis modelisa da strategiis dadgenisa da ganxorcielebis aqtualuri sakiTxebi ganxorcielebis aqtualuri sakiTxebi ganxorcielebis aqtualuri sakiTxebi ganxorcielebis aqtualuri sakiTxebi
252525256666
rusudan sirbilaZerusudan sirbilaZerusudan sirbilaZerusudan sirbilaZe ekonomikis globalizacia da turizmis ganviTarebaekonomikis globalizacia da turizmis ganviTarebaekonomikis globalizacia da turizmis ganviTarebaekonomikis globalizacia da turizmis ganviTareba
262626262222
badri soselia, mzia zubiaSvili badri soselia, mzia zubiaSvili badri soselia, mzia zubiaSvili badri soselia, mzia zubiaSvili sazogadoebrivi trasnporti da socialursazogadoebrivi trasnporti da socialursazogadoebrivi trasnporti da socialursazogadoebrivi trasnporti da socialur----ekonomikuri globalizaciaekonomikuri globalizaciaekonomikuri globalizaciaekonomikuri globalizacia
262626266666
Tengiz qavTaraZe, mzia qavTaraZeTengiz qavTaraZe, mzia qavTaraZeTengiz qavTaraZe, mzia qavTaraZeTengiz qavTaraZe, mzia qavTaraZe agraruli urTierTobebis ganviTarebaze globalizaciis gavlenis agraruli urTierTobebis ganviTarebaze globalizaciis gavlenis agraruli urTierTobebis ganviTarebaze globalizaciis gavlenis agraruli urTierTobebis ganviTarebaze globalizaciis gavlenis Teoriuli problemebiTeoriuli problemebiTeoriuli problemebiTeoriuli problemebi
272727270000
qeTevan qvelaZe qeTevan qvelaZe qeTevan qvelaZe qeTevan qvelaZe biomravalferovnebis mniSvneloba saqarTveloSi turizmis struqturuli biomravalferovnebis mniSvneloba saqarTveloSi turizmis struqturuli biomravalferovnebis mniSvneloba saqarTveloSi turizmis struqturuli biomravalferovnebis mniSvneloba saqarTveloSi turizmis struqturuli srulyofisaTvis globalizaciis pirobebSisrulyofisaTvis globalizaciis pirobebSisrulyofisaTvis globalizaciis pirobebSisrulyofisaTvis globalizaciis pirobebSi
272727275555
nananananananana SarabiZeSarabiZeSarabiZeSarabiZe quTaisis turistuli mimzidvelobis analiziquTaisis turistuli mimzidvelobis analiziquTaisis turistuli mimzidvelobis analiziquTaisis turistuli mimzidvelobis analizi
282828280000
TinaTin CxeiZeTinaTin CxeiZeTinaTin CxeiZeTinaTin CxeiZe umuSevroba soflad, mizezebi da perspeqtivebiumuSevroba soflad, mizezebi da perspeqtivebiumuSevroba soflad, mizezebi da perspeqtivebiumuSevroba soflad, mizezebi da perspeqtivebi
282828284444
eTer xaraiSvilieTer xaraiSvilieTer xaraiSvilieTer xaraiSvili inovaciuriinovaciuriinovaciuriinovaciuri ganviTarebis problemebiganviTarebis problemebiganviTarebis problemebiganviTarebis problemebi saqarTvelos fermerulsaqarTvelos fermerulsaqarTvelos fermerulsaqarTvelos fermerul meurneobebSimeurneobebSimeurneobebSimeurneobebSi
282828288888
mamuka xuskivaZemamuka xuskivaZemamuka xuskivaZemamuka xuskivaZe degradirebuli miwebis redegradirebuli miwebis redegradirebuli miwebis redegradirebuli miwebis rekultivaciis efeqtianobis gaangariSebis kultivaciis efeqtianobis gaangariSebis kultivaciis efeqtianobis gaangariSebis kultivaciis efeqtianobis gaangariSebis meTodikis srulyofis zogierTi sakiTximeTodikis srulyofis zogierTi sakiTximeTodikis srulyofis zogierTi sakiTximeTodikis srulyofis zogierTi sakiTxi
292929291111
Tamar biWikaSviliTamar biWikaSviliTamar biWikaSviliTamar biWikaSvili adamianuri resursebis menejmenti globalizaciis pirobebSiadamianuri resursebis menejmenti globalizaciis pirobebSiadamianuri resursebis menejmenti globalizaciis pirobebSiadamianuri resursebis menejmenti globalizaciis pirobebSi
292929296666
TamarTamarTamarTamar qoblianiZe, maiaqoblianiZe, maiaqoblianiZe, maiaqoblianiZe, maia veSaguriveSaguriveSaguriveSaguri teritoriis brendingis Teoriuli aspeqtebi da misi roli turizmSteritoriis brendingis Teoriuli aspeqtebi da misi roli turizmSteritoriis brendingis Teoriuli aspeqtebi da misi roli turizmSteritoriis brendingis Teoriuli aspeqtebi da misi roli turizmSiiii
299299299299
440
naira RvedaSvilinaira RvedaSvilinaira RvedaSvilinaira RvedaSvili komunikaciuri procesi da marTvis efeqtianoba socialurkomunikaciuri procesi da marTvis efeqtianoba socialurkomunikaciuri procesi da marTvis efeqtianoba socialurkomunikaciuri procesi da marTvis efeqtianoba socialur----kulturuli kulturuli kulturuli kulturuli servisisa da turizmis sferoSiservisisa da turizmis sferoSiservisisa da turizmis sferoSiservisisa da turizmis sferoSi
303030304444
elene Ciqovanielene Ciqovanielene Ciqovanielene Ciqovani regionuli socialuri politikis formirebis problemebi regionuli socialuri politikis formirebis problemebi regionuli socialuri politikis formirebis problemebi regionuli socialuri politikis formirebis problemebi globalizaciis pirobebSiglobalizaciis pirobebSiglobalizaciis pirobebSiglobalizaciis pirobebSi
313131310000
emzar julayiZeemzar julayiZeemzar julayiZeemzar julayiZe organizaciorganizaciorganizaciorganizaciis is is is gundurgundurgundurgunduri muSaobi muSaobi muSaobi muSaobisisisis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebiganmsazRvreli faqtorebiganmsazRvreli faqtorebiganmsazRvreli faqtorebi
313131312222
doqtorantebis, magistrantebisa da bakalavrdoqtorantebis, magistrantebisa da bakalavrdoqtorantebis, magistrantebisa da bakalavrdoqtorantebis, magistrantebisa da bakalavriatis studentebisiatis studentebisiatis studentebisiatis studentebis moxsenebebimoxsenebebimoxsenebebimoxsenebebi
Аббасов Эминь Октай оглы ТЕХНИКО-ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ НЕЗАВИСИМОСТЬ КАК ФАКТОР ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ СТРАНЫ
313131316666
oTar anguriZeoTar anguriZeoTar anguriZeoTar anguriZe globalizaciis pirobebSi fiskaluri stabilurobis mniSvnelobaglobalizaciis pirobebSi fiskaluri stabilurobis mniSvnelobaglobalizaciis pirobebSi fiskaluri stabilurobis mniSvnelobaglobalizaciis pirobebSi fiskaluri stabilurobis mniSvneloba
323232321111
daviT aslaniSvilidaviT aslaniSvilidaviT aslaniSvilidaviT aslaniSvili saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo fasiani qaRaldebissaqarTveloSi saxelmwifo fasiani qaRaldebissaqarTveloSi saxelmwifo fasiani qaRaldebissaqarTveloSi saxelmwifo fasiani qaRaldebis bazris funqcionirebis bazris funqcionirebis bazris funqcionirebis bazris funqcionirebis istoria da gakveTilebi (1997 istoria da gakveTilebi (1997 istoria da gakveTilebi (1997 istoria da gakveTilebi (1997 –––– 2012)2012)2012)2012)
328328328328
Tamar bedoSviliTamar bedoSviliTamar bedoSviliTamar bedoSvili, , , , qeTevan facinaSviliqeTevan facinaSviliqeTevan facinaSviliqeTevan facinaSvili globalizaciis procesebi msoflio turizmSiglobalizaciis procesebi msoflio turizmSiglobalizaciis procesebi msoflio turizmSiglobalizaciis procesebi msoflio turizmSi
335335335335
natalia gverdwiTelinatalia gverdwiTelinatalia gverdwiTelinatalia gverdwiTeli, mariam maTiaSvili, mariam maTiaSvili, mariam maTiaSvili, mariam maTiaSvili samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi, rogorc inflaciissamomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi, rogorc inflaciissamomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi, rogorc inflaciissamomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi, rogorc inflaciis gazomvis ZiriTadi gazomvis ZiriTadi gazomvis ZiriTadi gazomvis ZiriTadi instrumentiinstrumentiinstrumentiinstrumenti
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Завадская Юля РАЗВИТИЕ ОРГАНИЧЕСКОГО АГРОПРОИЗВОДСТВА В УСЛОВИЯХ ГЛОБАЛИЗАЦИИ
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Керимов Фикрет Тариел оглы РЫНОЧНЫЙ МЕХАНИЗМ ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЯ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА И ПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ В УСЛОВИЯХ ГЛОБАЛИЗАЦИИ
347347347347
mariam maTiaSvili, natalia gverdwiTelimariam maTiaSvili, natalia gverdwiTelimariam maTiaSvili, natalia gverdwiTelimariam maTiaSvili, natalia gverdwiTeli jandacvis mdgomareobis Tanamedrove tendenciebi saqarTveljandacvis mdgomareobis Tanamedrove tendenciebi saqarTveljandacvis mdgomareobis Tanamedrove tendenciebi saqarTveljandacvis mdgomareobis Tanamedrove tendenciebi saqarTveloSioSioSioSi
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irakli makalaTiairakli makalaTiairakli makalaTiairakli makalaTia soflis meurneobis ekonomikis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSisoflis meurneobis ekonomikis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSisoflis meurneobis ekonomikis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSisoflis meurneobis ekonomikis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi
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Мамедова Натаван Расим КОНКУРЕНТОСПОСОБНОСТЬ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ В УСЛОВИЯХ ГЛОБАЛЬНОГО ФИНАНСОВОГО КРИЗИСА
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Temur miminoSviliTemur miminoSviliTemur miminoSviliTemur miminoSvili saxelmwifos roli konkurentuli biznesgaremos formirebaSisaxelmwifos roli konkurentuli biznesgaremos formirebaSisaxelmwifos roli konkurentuli biznesgaremos formirebaSisaxelmwifos roli konkurentuli biznesgaremos formirebaSi
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Рзаев Анар Яшар оглы 333369696969
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ГЕОЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ СИТУАЦИЯ ЧЕРНОМОРСКО-КАСПИЙСКОГО РЕГИОНА И ЕГО ВЛИЯНИЯ НА ТРАНСПОРТНУЮ ПОЛИТИКУ АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНА Rukhaia Nino SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING - OPPORTUNITY FOR GEORGIAN EXPORTERS
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442
C O N T E N T S
VOLUME 1
PLENARY SESSION
Abesadze Ramaz GLOBALIZATION AND SOME ASPECTS OF ITS IMPACT ON NAT IONAL ECONOMY
3333
Ananiashvili Iuri ECONOMETRIC PROBLEMS OF OKUN’S PARAMETER ESTIMA TION
9999
Asatiani Rozeta THE STATE AS THE GUARANTEE OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND NATIONAL lCONCORD
15151515
Baranovskaya Marina, Kozak Yuriy THE EU COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT: INNOVATIVE COMPONENT
23232323
Belinskaja Larisa, Kasnauskien÷ Gindra THE PENSION SYSTEM REFORM IN LITHUANIA VIA AGEING P OPULATION
26262626
Burduli Vakhtang ABOUT THE IMPROVEMENT OF SYSTEM OF ESTIMATIONS OF E FFECTIVENESS OF SECTORAL STRUCTURE OF ECONOMY
34343434
Vitas Arturas
CHANGING STRUCTURE OF EXPORTS IN LITHUANIA: MACROEC ONOMIC ASSESSMENT
43434343
Hasanova Nazrin GLOBALIZATION – PRO ET COUTRA, IMPACT ON CIS COUNTR IES
49494949
Gelashvili Simon STATISTICAL FORECASTING IN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT
54545454
Gogokhia Revaz REGARDING THE ISSUE OF GENESIS OF ECONOMIC THEORY
58585858
Yatsenko Olga FACTORS AND DETERMINANTS OF GLOBALIZATION PHENOMENO N
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Ibrahimov Muslim RESEARCH OF EFFICIENCY OF ECONOMIC STRUCTURE AND T HE NECESSITY OF STRUCTURAL REFORMING OF AGRARIAN SECTOR OF NATIONA L ECONOMY OF AZERBAIJAN
72727272
Kasnauskien÷ Gindra, Belinskaja Larisa ECONOMIC CHALLENGES OF AN AGEING LITHUANIAN POPULAT ION
78787878
Kerimli Irshad 83838383
443
AZERBAIJANI MODEL OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: PROBLEM S AND PERSPECTIVES Kuratashvili Alfred THEORETICAL PROBLEMS OF INTERRELATION OF ECONOMY AN D POLITICS UNDER GLOBALIZATION
88888888
Mekvabishvili Elguja ROLE OF SYSTEM RISKS IN MODERN ECONOMY
94949494
Olshantseva T., Britchenko Igor BUSINESS EDUCATION IN A GLOBALIZED EDUCATIONAL MARK ET
99999999
Pavliashvili Solomon SOME ASPECTS OF MODERN GLOBALIZATION
104104104104
Papava Vladimer ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE “CURRENCY BOARD” DURING THE CURRENCY CRISIS IN THE ECONOMY INFECTED WITH THE DUTCH DISEASE: CASE OF GEORGIA
108108108108
Sulaberidze Avtandil FAMILY TRANSFORMATION PROBLEMS IN GEORGIA
113113113113
Syabro Oksana SOME ASPECTS OF INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS IN GEORGIA WI THIN THE FRAMEWORK OF EASTERN PARTNERSHIP
118118118118
Tokmajyan Sofia GLOBALIZATION PROCESS AND SOCIAL-ECONOMIC TASKS OF INTEGRATION OF ARMENIAN ENGINEERING UNIVERSITIES IN THE INTERNATIO NAL EDUCATION SYSTEM
124124124124
Tkeshelashvili Goderdzi, Kiladze Tamar GEORGIA, THE GLOBAL ECONOMIC PROCESSES AND PORTS
127127127127
Ustimenko Vladimir, Kucher Olga PLANNING SYSTEM AND USE OF PUBLIC PROPERTYIN THE PR C IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBAL ECONOMIC PROCESSES
131131131131
Khaduri Nodar GEORGIAN “ECONOMIC MIRACLE” MYTH AND REALITY
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SECTION OF ECONOMIC THEORY
Babenko Arseniy, Davydyuk Nataliya THE INTERNET AND THE “NEW ECONOMY” OF RUSSIA IN THE GLOBALIZATION
142142142142
Guba Anna FORMATION OF DISINTEGRATION UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF CONTEMPORARY TRENDS IN GLOBAL PROCESSES
147147147147
Davlasheridze Nata 111149494949
444
VIEWS OF NOBEL PRIZE WINNERS ABOUT GLOBALIZATION IN FLUENCE ON NATIONAL ECONOMY Totladze Lia VECTOR AUTOREGRESSION MODEL (NOBEL PRIZE IN ECONOMI C SCIENCES IN 2011)
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Kapanadze Mariam, Sesadze Valida, Lachkebiani Diana SELF-ORGANIZATION AND THERMODINAMIC LAWS IN ECONOMY
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Kvinikadze Giorgi, Ghvinjilia Natia GEO-ECONOMICAL MODELS OF THE ASYMMETRY OF GLOBAL EC ONOMIC SPACE
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Konjaria Elguja CONCERNING COMPREHENSION OF THE ESSENCE OF GLOBALIZ ATION OF ECONOMY
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Namicheishvili Ramaz EUROPIZATION OF GEORGIA AND THE END OF ITS ECONOMIC INDEPENDENCE
171717171111
Oniani Iulia NEW METHODOLOGY FOR CONDITIONAL RENT EVALUATION TO LIVE IN AN OWN DWELLING
171717177777
Paresashvili Nino ON COGNITION OF OBJECTIVE AND SUBJECTIVE NATURE OF ORGANIZATION CONFLICTS
181818182222
Pirtskhelava Nana PR AND INTERNET
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Keshelashvili Giuli ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF ORGANIZATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
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Javakhishvili Revaz HISTORICAL PRECONDITIONS OF GLOBALIZATION
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SECTION OF MACROECONOMICS
Abuladze Rati E-GOVERNMENT AND GLOBALIZATION
199199199199
Arevadze Nanuli EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON THE MACROECONOMIC INDIC ATORS OF POST-COMMUNIST COUNTRIES
204204204204
Arnania-Kepuladze Tamila GENDER DISPARITY IN EMPLOYMENT: GEORGIAN-CZECH CONT EXT
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Bibilashvili Nana, Kakulia Eter UNEMPLOYMENT UNDER GLOBALIZATION
215215215215
Gelashvili Madona 222222221111
445
STATE REGULATION OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ACTI VITIES Gechbaia Badri, Devadze Anzor GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS OF GEORGIA IN CURRENT CONDIT IONS
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Gogiashvili Shalva, Petelava Slava DEMONOPOLIZATION AND ECONOMIC POLICY OF COMPETITION
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Gruschinskaia Nataliya PROCESS COMPONENT OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMY AS A BASI S FOR ITS COMPETITIVENESS
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Dvalishvili Lia GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AND THEIR INFLUENCE O N SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
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Elshina Vera CIVIL SOCIETY AND ADEQUATE INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMEN T OF EMPLOYMENT IN RUSSIA IS A BASIS OF ITS LONG-RUN ECO NOMIC GROWTH
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Kvaratskhelia Demna CAUSES OF CHANGE OF THE ECONOMIC GROWTH RATES IN TH E DEVELOPED COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD
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Kvaratskhelia Murman GLOBALIZATION AND NATIONAL ECONOMIC PROBLEMS IN GEO RGIA
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Lazarashvili Tea THE THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF GLOBALIZATION IMPACT ON PUBLIC SECTOR DEVELOPMENT
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Magrakvelidze Dali THE IMPORTANCE OF RISK ANALYSIS IN THE INVESTMENT P ROJECTS
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Masurashvili Ioseb GOVERNMENT ROLE IN MANAGEMENT OF INNOVATION
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Mekantsishvili Ekaterine, Rostiashvili Tamar, Soselia Maia GLOBALIZATION AND THE ROLE OF A STATE IN THE REGULA TION OF AN ECONOMY
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Mirzoev Asad IDENTIFICATION OF TRENDS IN ECONOMIC GROWTH
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Muchiashvili Marina MEDIUM-TERM BUDGETING REFORMS IN GEORGIA
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Muchiashvili Marina MAIN DIRECTIONS OF STATE BUDGET EXPENDITURES IN GEO RGIA
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Narsia Lasha THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF SECURITY
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Pavliashvili Akaki 303030304444
446
RESULTS OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN GEORGIA Sarchimelia Roland, Tapladze Tamar RISK OF FOREIGN DEBT UNDER GLOBALIZATION
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Tikishvili Mzia Mikiashvili Nino INFORMATIZATION AS A NECESSARY CONDITION OF ECONOMI C LOBALIZATION
313131315555
Kistauri Nunu ESTIMATING THE INFLUENCE OF THE GLOBALIZATION ON TH E TRADE BALANCE
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Kurdadze Tinatin STATE FISCAL POLICY OF GEORGIA AND GLOBALIZATION
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Gudushauri Zaira, Baliashvili Elisabed, Katsitadze Nana GLOBALIZATION AND GEORGIAN COMPETITIVENESS OR WHICH POLICY WE SHOULD CHOOSE FOR THE FUTURE
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Kuparadze Giorgi RELATION BETWEEN TAX POLICY AND INVESTMNET LOCATION BASED ON NEW ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY MODELS
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Shengelia Teimuraz THE IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON GEORGIA’S NATIONAL E CONOMY
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Shengelia Fati GLOBALIZATION AND INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL
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Kharitonashvili Jemal REGARDING THE DIVISION OF LABOR IN SOCIETY
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Khuskivadze Mamuka PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES OF SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC D EVELOPMENT OF GEORGIA UNDER GLOBALIZATION
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Julakidze Merab HUMAN CAPITAL AND GLOBALIZATION
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CONFERENCE PARTICIPANTS 333375757575
VOLUME 2
SECTION OF FINANCES, INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY
Bidzinashvili David EXPORT GROWTH RATES OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES IN GEORG IA
3333
Gvaramia Nazi INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE AND REGULATION OF AUDIT I N GEORGIA
8888
Grigalashvili Levan SOME ASPECTS OF THE IMPROVEMENT OF ACCOUNTING AND A UDITING SYSTEMS ON THE EXAMPLE OF AGRARIAN PRODUCTION INDUS TRIES
12121212
447
Tetrauli Tsitsino EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON INFLATION PROCESSES
15151515
Kvatashidze Nadezhda VALUATION OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
21212121
Kerimova Camila GLOBALIZATION INFLUENCES ON BANKING
25252525
Kokaia Ketevan DEVELOPMENT OF INVESTMENT POLICY AND FINANCIAL-CRE DIT METHODS ON CURRENT STAGE
28282828
Kostyukova Inessa, Lugovskoy Denis THE TRADE STOCK ACCOUNTING: THE WAY TO IFRS
33332222
Maisuradze Marina ISSUES OF RECOGNITION AND ASSESSMENT OF ELEMENTS OF FINANCIAL REPORTS
33337777
Natelauri Iza SOME ASPECTS OF MODELING OF GEORGIA’S FOREIGN TRADE
44441111
Papaskiri Rusudan FINANCIAL CRISIS IN CONSTRUCTION FIELD AND COMMERC IAL BANKS OF GEORGIA
44444444
Sologhashvili Dali, Udesiani Tea PROGRAM BUDGET – BASIS FOR AUDIT OF EFFICIENCY
49494949
Putkaradze Ramaz ACTUAL ISSUES OF THE FOREIGN TRADE OF GEORGIA
55551111
Korganashvili Larisa PROCESSES OF GLOBALIZATION IN INTERNATIONAL TOURISM
55558888
Shalamberidze Khatuna GENERAL ASPECT OF FINANCIAL MARKET AGAINST A BACKGR OUND OF GLOBALIZATION
66663333
Khizanishvili Vasil THE WORLD FINANCIAL-ECONOMIC CRISIS ETHICAL DIMENSI ON
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SECTION OF BUSINESS PROBLEMS
Bachiashvili Tamar MARKETING RESEARCH AS ONE OF THE IMPORTANT PRECONDI TIONS FOR EFFECTIVE USAGE OF THE SOCIAL FACTOR
77770000
Benashvili Tsiala THE CONCEPT “FULL COSTS OF PRODUCT” AND ITS APPLICA TION
77774444
Berishvili Khatuna THE ROLE OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTS IN BUSINESS SECTOR
88881111
448
DEVELOPMENT IN GEORGIA Berulava George SERVICES SECTOR LIBERALIZATION AND MANUFACTURERS’ E XPORT PERFORMANCE
88887777
Britchenko Igor, Miklovda V., Kubiniy N., Olshantseva T. FEATURES OF JAPANESE MODEL OF ENETERPRENEURSHIP
99990000
Haciyev Fazil PROBLEMS USING THE PRODUCTION CAPACITY IN A MARKET ECONOMY
99995555
Dikhaminjia Irma STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT AS A FACTOR OF ORGANIZATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
101010100000
Dudauri Tamar TOPICAL ISSUES OF BUSINESS GLOBALIZATION
101010104444
Erkomaishvili Gulnaz SMALL ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND ECONOMIC POLICY OF ITS DEVELOPMENT IN GEORGIA
111109090909
Kakulia Eter, Bibilashvili Nana GLOBALIZATION: THE ROLE OF SMALL AND MIDDLE BUSINES S IN REDUCING UNEMPLOYMENT IN GEORGIA
111111113333
Kitsmarishvili Ketevan FINANCIAL SOFTWARE FIRM
111111117777
Maglakelidze Ekaterine, Malania Elisabed MARKETING OPPORTUNITIES OR THREATS FOR ENERGY COMPA NIES?
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Melashvili Medea EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF THE STATE ENTERPRISES
121212126666
Orlova Valentyna PROBLEMS AND POTENTIAL OF CREDIT PROVISION FOR SMAL L AND MEDIUM BUSINESS ENTITIES
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Paichadze Nugzar MANAGEMENT ART OF DEALING WITH COLLEAGUES
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Sarchimelia Roland RISK AND PECULIARITIES OF ITS DEFINITION
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Seturi Maia CONCERNING THE BRAND MANAGEMENT PROCESS DEVELOPMENT IN GEORGIA
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Svirava Gela, Chania Maia THE CLUSTER CREATION AND DEVELOPMENT NECESSITY FOR THE PURPOSE OF BUSINESS COMPETITIVENESS GROWTH
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Silagadze Avtandil SIMPLIFICATION OF BUSINESS REGISTRATION AND BUSINE SS REALITY IN
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449
GEORGIA Pachulia Olga INNOVATION AS THE MAIN FACTOR OF SUCCESS FOR COMPA NIES
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Kamkhadze Tamar, Elgendarashvili Tsira, Achuashvili Nunu PROBLEMS OF MANAGEMENT AND FUNCTIONING OF AIRCOMPAN IES UNDER GLOBALIZATION
111159595959
Ketsbaia Nino PRICE AS A MARKETING FACTOR
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Tsutskiridze Marina THE PECULIARITIES OF GLOBALIZATION AND ITS INFLUENC E ON BUSINESS DIVERSIFICATION
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Chokheli Ekaterine FEATURES OF HUMAN RESOURSE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY IN SMALL COMPANIES
111169696969
Jgharkava Nana THE ROLE OF THE INTELLECTUALIZATION IN BUSINESS DEV ELOPMENT
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SECTION OF SECTORAL AND REGIONAL ECONOMY
Abesadze Nino CLASSIFICATIONS AND GROUPS IN TOURISM STATISTICS
171717178888
Akhvlediani Nona SELECTIVE OBSERVATION (EXAMINATION) OF THE FARMING SYSTEM
181818180000
Bobrivnyk Leonid CARE FOR MAN’S HEALTH - AN IMPORTANT FACTOR OF ECON OMIES GROWTH IN NATIONS OF THE WORLD
181818187777
Bregvadze Giorgi THE PROBLEMS OF STRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONST RUCTIONAL SECTOR UNDER GLOBALIZATION
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Gamsakhurdi Tamaz, Pestvenidze Teimuraz NUT BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT AND ITS ROLE IN NATIONAL E CONOMY
191919194444
Datunashvili Lina THE EFFECT OF GLOBALIZATION ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF S TRUCTURE SECTOR OF AGRICULTURE
202020200000
Todua Nugzar GEORGIA’S AGRIFOOD MARKET DEVELOPMENT TRENDS BASED ON APPLICATION OF SOCIAL MARKETING
202020205555
Kilnitskaya Elena EFFECT OF PRICE ON RESULTS OF ACTIVITIES OF AGRICUL TURAL ENTERPRISES IN UKRAINE DURING CRISIS
212121211111
450
Koguashvili Paata, Margvelashvili Gogola IS AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION CONSIDERED AS SCIENCE-BA SED INDUSTRY IN EUROPE, IN GEORGIA?
212121217777
Kukhalashvili Davit , Kukhalashvili-Guruli Mzevinar, Kukhalashvili Tea CONFLICTS AND THEIR EFFECT ON OIL AND NATURAL GAS R ESERVES
222222223333
Markosyan Ashot, Martirosyan Tigran, Simonyan Armine GLOBIALISATION AND INTERNATIONAL WATER RELATIONS
232323230000
Metreveli Marina NATIONAL TOURISM STATE POLICY AND GLOBALIZATION
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Narimanishvili Eter JURIDICAL BASIS OF LAND USAGE AND SECURITY
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Narimanishvili Eter MODERN CONDITIONS OF HORTICULTURE AND PERSPECTIVES OF ITS DEVELOPMENT IN GEORGIA
242424244444
Nozadze Zurab PROBLEMS OF USE AND DEFEND OF STATE NATURAL NATIONA L PARKS AND STATE LIMITED TERRITORIES
242424247777
Rad Nataliya DEVELOPMENT OF PENSION SYSTEMS OF UKRAINE AND GEORG IA IN CONDITIONS OF MODERN CHALLENGES
252525250000
Revishvili Zurab LIVE ISSUES OF DETERMINATION AND REALIZATION OF AGR ICULTURAL POLICY MODEL AND STRATEGY OF GEORGIA
252525256666
Sirbiladze Rusudan GLOBALIZATION OF ECONOMY AND THE TOURISM DEVELOPMEN T
262626262222
Soselia Badri, Zubiashvili Mzia PUBLIC TRANSPORT AND SOCIAL-ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
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Kavtaradze Tengiz, Kavtaradze Mzia THEORETICAL PROBLEMS OF GLOBALIZASION INFLUENCE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRARIAN RELATIONS
272727270000
Kveladze Ketevan THE IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY IN GEORGIA FOR THE D EVELOPMENT OF TOURISM UNDER GLOBALIZATION
272727275555
Sharabidze Nana THE ANALYSIS OF THE ATTRACTIVENESS OF KUTAISI FOR TOURISTS
282828280000
Chkheidze Tinatin RURAL UNEMPLOYMENT, CAUSES AND PERSPECTIVES
282828284444
Kharaishvili Eter INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT PROBLEMS IN FARMS OF G EORGIA
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451
Khuskivadze Mamuka SOME ISSUES OF IMPROVEMENT OF EFFICIENCY CALCULATIO N METHODICS OF DEGRADED LAND RECULTIVATION
292929291111
Bichikashvili Tamar THE HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT UNDER GLOBALIZATION
292929296666
Koblianidze Tamar, Veshaguri Maia THE THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF BRANDING OF TERRITORY AN D ITS ROLE IN TOURISM
299299299299
Ghvedashvili Naira COMMUNICATION PROCESS AND EFFICIENCY OF MANAGMENT I N THE FIELD OF SOCIAL-CULTURAL SERVICE AND TOURISM
303030304444
Chikovani Elene PROBLEMS OF FORMATION REGIONAL SOCIAL POLICY UNDER GLOBALIZATION
313131310000
Julakidze Emzar DETERMINATE FACTOR OF THE TEAM WORK OF ORGANIZATION
313131312222
REPORTS OF UNDERGRADUATE, POSTGRADUATE AND PHD STUDENTS
Abbasov Emin TECHNICAL-TECHNOLOGICAL INDEPENDENCE AS A FACTOR IN THE ECONOMIC SAFETY OF THE COUNTRY
313131316666
Anguridze Otar THE ROLE OF FISCAL STABILITY UNDER GLOBALIZATION
323232321111
Aslanishvili David STATE SECURITIES MARKET IN GEORGIA, ITS FUNCTIONING , HISTORY AND LESSONS
328328328328
Bedoshvili Tamar, Patsinashvili Ketevan GLOBALIZATION PROCESSES IN WORLD TOURISM
335335335335
Gverdtsiteli Natalia, Matiashvili Mariam CONSUMER PRICE INDEX, AS THE BASIC INSTRUMENT OF ME ASURING INFLATION
333333338888
Zavadskaya Yuliya ORGANIC AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION’S DEVELOPMENT UNDER GLOBALIZATION
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Kerimov Fikret MUTUAL MARKET MECHANISM OF THE PRODUCTION AND CONSU MPTION UNDER GLOBALIZATION
347347347347
Matiashvili Mariam, Gverdtsiteli Natalia THE MODERN TENDENCIES OF HEALTHCARE IN GEORGIA
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Makalatia Irakli PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ECONO MY IN GEORGIA
353535356666
452
Mamedova Natavan COMPETITIVENESS OF NATIONAL ECONOMY IN THE GLOBAL F INANCIAL CRISIS
363636361111
Miminoshvili Temur THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN FORMATION OF COMPETITIVE BUSINESS CLIMATE
363636365555
Rzaev Anar GEOECONOMIC SITUATION OF BLACK AND CASPIAN SEA REGI ON AND ITS INFLUENCE ON TRANSPORT POLICY OF AZERBAIJAN
333369696969
Rukhaia Nino SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING – OPPORTUNITY FOR GEORGIAN EXPORTERS
373737374444
Samchkuashvili Nino PROBLEMS OF EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT AND ITS SO LVING WAYS IN GEORGIA
373737378888
Sulamanidze Konstantine RISKS MANAGEMENT IN FINANCIAL-ANALYTICAL WORK AT BA NKS
383838383333
Taralashvili Tamar TECHNICAL BARRIERS TO TRADE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION A ND GEORGIA’S FURTHER RAPPROACHEMENT WITH THE EU
393939394444
Udesiani Tatia, Tabatadze Sesili, Demetradze Nino ANALYSIS OF THE GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT IN GEORGIA
393939398888
Dzebisauri Lia STATISTICS TO FOLLOW THE GLOBALIZATION OF GEORGIAN ECONOMY
404040403333
Chichinadze Boris THE STRATEGIC PRIORITIES OF REGIONAL ECONOMIC POLIC Y
404040407777
Khubunaia Shorena FOOD MARKET FORMATION, AS GUARANTEE OF COUNTRY FOOD SAFETY
414141413333
CONFERENCE PARTICIPANTS 424242425555
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