Upload
pearl-diberardino
View
225
Download
1
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
NANCY F. DANILA, RN,US RN, MAN
ERUPTIVE FEVER DISEASE
ERUPTIVE FEVER DISEASECHICKEN POXEXANTHEM SUBITICUMGERMAN MEASLESHERPES ZOSTERMEASLES
CHICKEN POX
VARICELLA-OTHER NAMEAn acute and highly contagious disease of
viral etiologyCharacterized- vesicular eruptions on the
skin and mucous membrane and mild constitutional symptoms
INFECTIOUS AGENT- HERPESVIRUS VARICELLAE
Man is the only source of infectionClosely related or identical to herpes zoster
virus
Incubation Period10-21 days or maybe prolonged after
passive immunization against chicken pox
MODE OF TRANSMISSIONDirect contact with patients who sheds the
virus from the vesiclesIndirect contact, through linen or fomitesAirborne or spread by droplet infection
PERIOD OF COMMUNICABILITYThe patient is capable of transmitting the
disease about a day before the eruption of the first lesion up to about 5 days after the appearance of the last crop
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONPRE-ERUPTIVE MANIFESTATION- mild’:
fever and malaiseERUPTIVE STAGE-
Rash start from the trunk then spread to th other parts of the body
Initial lesions are distinctively red papules where contents become milky and pus-like within 4 days
In adult and bigger children, the lesions are more wide spread and more severe
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONERUPTIVE STAGE-
There is rapid progression so that transition is completed in 6-8 hours
Vesicular lesion are very pruriticAll stages are present simultaneously before
all are covered with scabs known as celestial map
All lesions appear in different stages at one time or it will pass through the following stages: macule, papule, vesicles, pustule, crust
Macule- a lesion that is not elevated above the skin surface
Papule- a lesion that ie elevated above the skin surface with a diameter of about 3 mm
Vesicle – a pop-like eruption filled with fluid; the thin-walled vesicle early burst and dry up in 3-5 days
Pustule- a vesicle that is infected or filled with pus. If lesion become infected the scar may be big and wide
Crust- a scab or eschar. This is a secondary lesion caused by the secretion of visicle drying on the skin
The scar are superficial, depigmented and take time to fade out
DIAGNOSTIC TESTDetermination of V-Z through complement
fixation testDetermination of V-Z virus through electron
microscopic examination of vesicular fluid
Complications Secondary infection of the lesions;
furuncles, cellulites, skin abscess, erysipelas
MeningoencephalitisPneumoniaSepsisHemorrhagic varicella
TreatmentZoveraz 500mg/tablet 1 tab 2x aday for 7
daysOral acyclovir 800 mg 3x a day for 5 daysOral anti-histamine for symptomatic
pruritusCalamine lotionDo not give salicylatesAntipyretic for fever
Nursing ManagementRespiratory isolation until all vesicles have
crustedPrevention of secondary infectionDisinfection of contaminated articlesCut nail shortFor a child, apply mittensProvide activities to keep child occupied to
lessen pruritus
PREVENTIVE MEASURESActive immunization with live attenuated
varicella vaccineAvoid exposure as much as possible to
infected persons
ROSEOLA INFANTUM, ROSE RASH OF INFANT
EXANTHEM SUBITUM
DEFINITIONA benign disease that occur almost
exclusively in infants and young children
ETIOLOGIC AGENTThe agent causing the disease still unknown
but believed to be virus
INCUBATION PERIOD:8-14 DAYS with an average of 10 days
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONHigh grade fever ranging from 38.3-39.8
degree celcius or may have febrile convulsions
Fever, irritability and anorexia may last for 2-5 days after which the fever suddenly drops to normal and infants appear well
Morbilliform eruption spread all over the body that start on the trunk, spread to the neck, the abdomen, the upper and lower extremities
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONSThe rash disappear within a few hours or
may persist for 2 days with no mark leftThe region above the nose and cheeks are
free from rashThe pharynx slightly inflamed, tonsils are
slightly reddened or covered with follicular exudates
Treatment/ManagementSymptomatic with some antipyreticNo isolation needed
RUBELLA; 3- DAY MEASLES
GERMAN MEASLES
DEFINITIONA mild viral illness caused by rubella virusIt causes mild feverish illness associated
with a rash, and aches in jointsIt has teratogenic effect on the fetus
INFECTIOUS AGENT: RUBELLA VIRUS ( FAMILY- TOGAVIRIDAE; GENUS RUBIVIRUS)
INCUBATION PERIOD: FROM EXPOSURE TO THE APPEARANCE OF RASH IS USUALLY 14-21 DAYS
PERIOD OF COMMUNICABILITYApproximately one week before and four
days after the onset of rashes, but is at its worst when the rash is at its peak.
Highly communicable infants with congenital rubella may shed virus for months after birth
Mode of TransmissionDirect contact with nasopharyngeal
secretionsAir dropletsTransplacental in placental in congenital
rubellaInfants with congenital rubella shed large
quantities or virus in their pharyngeal secretions and urine which serve as source of infection to other contacts
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONPRODROMAL PERIOD-Low grade fever-headache-malaiseMild coryzaConjunctivitisPost-auricular, sub-occipital and posterior
cervical lymphadenopathy with occur on the 3rd to the 5th day after onset
ERUPTIVE PERIODA pinkish rash on the soft palate
(Forchheimer’s spot)An exanthematous rash that appear first on
the face, spreading to the neck, the arms, trunk and legs
Eruption appears after onset of adenopathyThe rash may last for 1-5 days and leaves no
pigmentation, no desquamationTonsillar pain in young adultsTransient poly arthralgia and poly arthritis
may oocur
Treatment
Very little treatment is necessary; it is essentially symptomatic
Risk of congenital malformation100% - when maternal infection occurs on
the first trimester of pregnancy or first month of gestation
4% in the second trimester90% -of congenital rubella cases will
excrete the virus at birth and are therefore infectious
10% remain contagious until one year of age
Nursing ManagementIsolation Bedrest until fever subsidesDarken room to avoid photophobiaMild liquid diet but nourishingIrrigate eyes with warm saline to relieve
irritationCare of the ears-do not apply heat or cold unless
so orderedGood ventilationPrevent spread of infectionPrevent complications
PREVENTIONAdministration of live attenuated vaccine
(MMR)Pregnant women should avoid exposure to
patient with rubella administration of Immune Serum Globulin one week after exposure to Rubella
SHINGLES:ACUTE POSTERIOR GANGLIONITIS
1 HERPES ZOSTER
DEFINITIONAn acute viral infection of the sensory
nerve caused by variety of chicken pox virus
ETIOLOGIC AGENTVARICELLA-ZOSTER VIRUZ
INCUBATION PERIOD:13-17 DAYS
PERIOD OF COMMUNICABILITYA day before the appearance of the first rash
to 5-6 days after the last crust
MODE OF TRANSMISSIONDirect contact-through droplet infection;
airborne spreadIndirect contact
Clinical ManifestationAny part of the trunk maybe affected but
the thoracic segment is commonly involvedOther areas that maybe affected are the
extremities and branches of he 5th and 7th cranial nerves
Erythematous base of the skin lesion appears first is followed within 24 hours by the appearance of the vesicles
Clinical ManifestationCluster of vesicles appear to form patchesEruption are unilateral and never cross the
midline of the bodyThe vesicles become pustular, break down
and form crusts. Lesions may last for 1-2 weeks
Pain of varying intensity Pain occurs from one to five days prior to
the development of rash, described as burning or stabbing
Clinical ManifestationPatient may complain of pruritus, pain
usually worse at night and is intensified by movement
Regional lymph nodesWhen opthalmic or the 5th cranial nerve is
affected, corneal anesthesia may occur, it is known as Gasserian ganglionitis
Paralysis of the facial nerve and vesicles in the external auditory canal affecting the 7th cranial nerve. The condition is called Ramsay Hunt syndrome
DIAGNOSTIC EXAMCharactistic skin rash may be diagnosticTissue culture techniqueSmear of vesicle fluidMicroscopy
Complication EncephalitisParalytic ileus, bladder paralysisOpthalmic herpes which may lead to
blindness
Modalities of TreatmentSymptomaticAntiviral drugsAnalgesic to control painAnti- inflammatory
Nursing ManagementPut patient on strict isolationApply cool, wet dressing with NSS to
pruritic lesionsPrevent secondary infectionHygeinic measures should be emphasizedHypoallergenic food is served
Prevention avoid exposure to persons with varicellaSelf protection by increasing resistance
RUBEOLA; MORBILLI
MEASLES
DEFINITIONAn acute, contagious exanthematous
disease usually affect children which are referable to URTI
Maybe one of the most common and most serious of a childhood diseases
Etiologic AgentFiltrable virus that belongs to genus
Morbilivirus of the family paramyxoviridae
Measles virus is rapidly inactivated by heat, ultraviolet light, and extreme degrees of acidity and alkalinity
INCUBATION PERIOD10-12 DAYS (20 DAYS THE LONGEST 8
DAYS THE SHORTEST)
SINGLE ATTACK CONVEYS A LIFELONG IMMUNITY
PERIOD OF COMMUNICABILITYMeasles usually lasts about 9-10 days,
measured from the beginning of the prodromal symptoms to the fading of the rash
The disease is communicable 4 days before and 5 days after the appearance of rashes
The disease is most communicable during the height of the rash
SOURCE OF INFECTIONThe virus has been found in the patient’s
blood, as well as in the secretions from the eyes, nose and throat
MODE OF TRANSMISSIONDirect contact, by droplets spread through
coughing or sneezingindirectly
PATHOGNOMONIC SIGNKOPLIK SPOTS – inflammatory lesions of the
buccal mucous glands with superficial necrosis
They appear on the mucosa of the inner cheek apposite to the second molars, or near the junction of the gum and the inner cheek
Usually appear 1-2 days before measles rashWhen rashes appear, normally koplik spot
will disappear
Clinical ManifestastionPRE-ERUPTIVE STAGEERUPTIVE STAGESTAGE OF CONVALESCENCE
Clinical ManifestastionPRE-ERUPTIVE STAGE
FeverCatarrhal symptoms (rhinitis, conjunctivitis,
photophobia, coryzaRespiratory symptoms- starts from common
colds to persistent coughingEnanthem sign (koplik spot, stimson’s line
Clinical ManifestastionERUPTIVE STAGE
The rash usually seen late in the 4th dayMaculo-papular rash appear first on either the
cheeks , bridge of the nose, along the hairline, at the temple
The rash is fully developed by the end of he second day and all symptoms are at their maximum at this time
High grade fever that comes on and offAnorexia and irritabilityAbdominal tymphanism, pruritus, lethargy
Clinical ManifestastionERUPTIVE STAGEThe throat is red and often extemely soreAs fever subsides, coughing may diminish,
but more often it hangs on for a week or two
Clinical ManifestationStage of ConvalescenceRashes fades away the manner as they
eruptFever subsides as eruption disappearsWhen the rash fades, desquamation beginsSymptoms subside, appetite returns
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURESNOSE AND THROAT SWABURINALYSISBLOOD EXAM (CBC leukopenia at the start
of the disease, leukocytosis when complication sets in)
Complement fixation or hemogglutinin Test
Modalities of treatmentAnri-viral drugsAntibiotics if with complication supportive therapy (oxygen inhalation, IV
fluids
COMPLICATIONSBRONCHOPNEUMONIAOTITIS MEDIAPNEUMONIA/BRONCHITISNEPHRITISENCEPHALITISBLINDNESS
NURSING MANAGEMENTISOLATION (quiet, well ventilated, subdued
light in patient’s room)Control high temperature with warm or
tepid spongesSkin care. Daily cleansing bed bathOral and nasal hygieneCare of the eyes. The patient is sensitive to
lightCare of the ears-be alert on signs of
mastoid infection
NURSING MANAGEMENTDaily elimination is important.During febrile stage, limit the diet to fruit
juices, milk and water. If the patient is vomiting, give iced juices in small amount and more frequently
Change position every 3-4 hoursPenicillin or other prescribed medication is
usually given in cases where there is complication
PREVENTIVE MEASURESAnti-measles at the age of 9 months, as
single doseMumps, measles, rubella (MMR) to give a
age 15 months old and 2nd dose at 11-12 years