Upload
others
View
4
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
3/8/2012
1
Wood—chemical energy stored by plants
Kinetic energy—• Water power• Wind• Wind
Fossil fuelsAlternatives
• Solar• Plant derivatives• Nuclear
http://www.dkimages.com/discover/Home/Science/Physics-and-Chemistry/Sound-and-Light/Light-Waves/Light-Waves-018.html
http://www.urbex.50megs.com/Spain/Cordoba/Cordoba.html
http://www.adamandlyn.co.uk/country/greecewindmill.shtml
Radiant energy • Released by fusion• Hydrogen fused into Helium
99+% of Earth’s energy99+% of Earth s energyConverted by plants into chemical energy
Converts CO2 and H2O to sugar and O2
Ancient algae in Archean and Proterozoic oceans released O2 by photosynthesis
Endothermic reaction
Heat released when hydrocarbons are burned
C3H8 + 5 O2 3 CO2 + 4 H2O + 2190 JEnergy released is shown in equationEnergy released is shown in equationExothermic reaction
Energy is not created or destroyedFirst Law of Thermodynamics
Conservation of energyCannot create or destroy energy(But we can convert to less-useful form)
3/8/2012
2
From objects with higher temperature to those with lower temperature
Second law of thermodynamics
Change form from high quality to lower quality• Chemical energy to heat energy• Friction: mechanical to heat• Friction: mechanical to heat
Energy wasted as frictional heatNeed to put energy in to ‘make’ cold
Burn readilyReaction is oxidationRelease heat energy
From ancient organismsExtracted from EarthNon renewable
CoalNatural GasPetroleum
http://palaeos.com/Paleozoic/Carboniferous/Carboniferous.htm
3/8/2012
3
C + O2 CO2
AnthraciteBitumen Lignite
Incompletely decayed plantsBurial pressure releases O2 and H2Carbon remainsPaleozoic—Pennsylvanian coalPaleozoic—Pennsylvanian coal,
Carboniferous Period
Must be minedPollutants in coal
• Sulfur leads to acid rain• Also contains mercury arsenic nitrates• Also contains mercury, arsenic, nitrates
Source Cooking Reservoir Trap Trap
http://www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/systems/systems_home.html
3/8/2012
4
Shale with organic material Gooey sludge on ocean floor
Planktonic organisms
Probable source of petroleumpetroleum
http://www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/systems/source/source.html
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Haeckel_Stephoidea.jpg
Just right temperature Just right pressure Just right time
“There is an "oil window" that depends on subsurfaceThere is an oil window that depends on subsurface temperatures. The rule of thumb says that temperatures 7,500 feet down are hot enough to "crack" organic-rich sediments into oil molecules. However, beyond 15,000 feet the rocks are so hot that the oil molecules are further cracked into natural gas. The range from 7,000 to 15,000 feet is called the "oil window." If you drill deeper than 15,000 feet, you can find natural gas but little oil.”
http://oilismastery.blogspot.com/2008/05/oil-window.html
Porous Permeable Usually a
sedimentarysedimentary rock
http://www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/systems/reservoir/reservoir.html
Has open space Sponge Permits fluid throughflow
Nylon scrubbie
3/8/2012
5
Almost no permeability or pore space
Shale (UsuallyShale (Usually not source shale)
http://www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/systems/seal/seal.html
Structural Stratigraphic
Sand lensTraps frommeanderingstreams
http://www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/systems/traps/strat/strat_traps.html
Reservoir rock tilted and eroded
Impermeable rock deposited abovedeposited above erosion surface
Plummer, McGeary Physical Geology, 2nd, Wm. C. Brown Co., 1979
Reservoir sandCapping shale Arched fold
Plummer, McGeary Physical Geology, 2nd, Wm. C. Brown Co., 1979
Reservoir existsFault creates trap
Plummer, McGeary Physical Geology, 2nd, Wm. C. Brown Co., 1979
3/8/2012
6
Deposition of sand
Shale deposited above sandabove sand• Deltas• Invading seas
Plummer, McGeary Physical Geology, 2nd, Wm. C. Brown Co., 1979
Mostly methaneCH4 + 2 O2 CO2 + 2 H2O + heat
Excellent, clean-burning fuelRaw material for plastics fertilizers andRaw material for plastics, fertilizers and
other chemicals
MAJOR OIL FIELDS IN NORTH AMERICA
Plummer, McGeary Physical Geology, 2nd, Wm. C. Brown Co., 1979
Oil Creek Valley in the 1860s
Phillips well (rt) 4000 bbl/day4000 bbl/day
Woodford well (lt) 1500 bbl/day
http://www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/history/pennsylvania/tarr_farm.html
Lucas Gusher, 1901Initial production
100,000 bbl/daySalt dome trapsSalt dome traps
http://www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/history/spindletop/spindletop.html
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/geology/publications/bul/845/contents.htm
3/8/2012
7
On Spindletop salt dome at Beaumont, TexasTexas
http://www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/history/spindletop/spindletop.html
1932
http://www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/history/signal_hill/signal_hill2.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oil_well.jpg
Plummer, McGeary Physical Geology, 2nd, Wm. C. Brown Co., 1979
Rocks and Fossils, Busbey, Doenraads, Willis and Roots, Fog City Press, 1997
http://www.nerc.gov.jo/oil_shale_in_jordan.htm
3/8/2012
8
http://www.utexas.edu/depts/grg/huebner/grg306c/graphics/oilshale.jpg http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/edu/dees/U4735/projections/pitman/5.55.tarsand.gif
http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/edu/dees/U4735/projections/pitman/5.55.tarsand.gif http://www.protectowire.com/images/applications/profiles/electric-shovels/tar_sands_lg.jpg
Natural ices of methane and waterFormed in permafrost and below 300
meters in ocean sedimentsProbably 100 times cubic feet of methaneProbably 100 times cubic feet of methane
hydrate compared to natural gas in USThaws to over 150 times its volume of
methane
http://marine.usgs.gov/fact-sheets/gas-hydrates/gas-hydrates-3.gif
3/8/2012
9
Convert coal to methane• C + 2 H2 CH4
Use coal to make hydrogen• C + H2O CO + H2C + H2O CO + H2
Convert coal to methanol alcoholAll these are fuels that can be utilized today
Removed most pollutants in coalMore easily transported than solid coalMore efficient than burning coalCan contain or eleminate COCan contain or eleminate CO2Very promising technology