Faculty of Engineering, Science & the Built Environment

SAFETY REGULATIONS FOR LABORATORIES & WORKSHOPS

To be issued to and read by

ALL staff and students BEFORE

Undertaking any laboratory work

Updated September 10

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Contents

Foreword……………………………………………………………………………………………4

Policy Statement…………………………………………………………………………………...5

Student Declaration………………………………………………………………………………..7

Faculty Health and Safety Committee Members .............................................................. 8

Responsibility for safety……………………………………………………………………………9

Undergraduate teaching. .................................................................................................. 9 Research Work …………………………………………………………………………………..9

Access, Housekeeping and use of Mobile Phones in Laboratories, Workshops and Stores………………………………………………………………………………………………10

Policy on working alone………………………………………………………………………….11

Reporting of Incidents and Accidents…………………………………………………………..12

Accidents ........................................................................................................................ 12 Incidents ......................................................................................................................... 12 Illness ............................................................................................................................. 12

Safety In Workshops……………………………………………………………………………..13

Clothing .......................................................................................................................... 13 Skin Care ........................................................................................................................ 14 Guards ............................................................................................................................ 14 Machine Tools ................................................................................................................ 14 Electrical Apparatus ........................................................................................................ 15 Bench Work And Hand Tools ......................................................................................... 15 Lifting Heavy Objects ...................................................................................................... 15 Toxic Substances ........................................................................................................... 16 General Workshop Behaviour ......................................................................................... 16 Fire Prevention ............................................................................................................... 17 First Aid .......................................................................................................................... 17

Safety In Laboratories……………………………………………………………………………18

Risk and COSHH forms ....................................................................................................... 18

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Chemicals on the skin .................................................................................................... 18 Spillages ......................................................................................................................... 19 Breakages ...................................................................................................................... 19 Apparatus and Equipment .............................................................................................. 19 Equipment: general ........................................................................................................ 19 Electrical Equipment ....................................................................................................... 19 Out of Hours and unattended operation ......................................................................... 20 Pressure Vessels……………………………………………………………………………….21 Cryogenic materials. ....................................................................................................... 21 Glassware……………………………………………………………………………………….22 Chemicals ....................................................................................................................... 22 Symbols .......................................................................................................................... 23 Instructions for use of toxic or hazardous substances .................................................... 23 Hygiene .......................................................................................................................... 23 Flammable/Toxic Vapours .............................................................................................. 23 Toxic Materials ............................................................................................................... 24 Corrosive or hazardous Materials ................................................................................... 24 Reagent Bottles………………………………………………………………………………...25 Pipetting .......................................................................................................................... 25

Protective Clothing and Equipment……………………………………………………………..26

Laboratory Coats ............................................................................................................ 26 Eye Protection ................................................................................................................ 26 Long hair ......................................................................................................................... 26 Gloves and Gauntlets ..................................................................................................... 27 Masks/Respirators .......................................................................................................... 27 Fume Cupboards ............................................................................................................ 27 Winchester Carriers ........................................................................................................ 27

Fire………………………………………………………………………………………………….28

Fire Extinguishers ........................................................................................................... 28 First Aid .......................................................................................................................... 28

Laser Safety……………………………………………………………………………………….29

Classification of Lasers ................................................................................................... 29 Purchase and Installation of Lasers ................................................................................ 30 General Rules for the Operation of Lasers ..................................................................... 31 Lasers of classes 3B and 4 ............................................................................................. 32 Laser Pointers ................................................................................................................ 33

Guidelines For Good Microbiological Practice And Safety…………………………………...35

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Specific Regulations For Sports And Exercise Science Laboratories………………………38

Access ............................................................................................................................ 38 Use of equipment ........................................................................................................... 38

Investigations on Human Subjects……………………………………………………………...38

Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 38 Classes of Investigations ................................................................................................ 38 Applications for Ethics Committee approval ................................................................... 39 Supervision ..................................................................................................................... 39 Proposed Investigations……………………………………………………………………….40 Informed Consent of Participants ................................................................................... 40 Confidentiality of Information .......................................................................................... 40 Insurance ........................................................................................................................ 40 Sources of guidance on ethical matters……………………………………………………..41

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Foreword The Faculty of Engineering, Science and the Built Environment (FESBE) aims to deliver high quality, safe services to our students and secure the health, safety and welfare at work of all staff and visitors who are on our premises, so far as is reasonably practicable. The rules and regulations you will find in this booklet are framed to protect you, your colleagues and the general public. They may, at times, appear to be pedantic, but there are good reasons for everything contained in this booklet and it is vital that you comply. Laboratories and workshops can be dangerous places, and these rules are designed to minimise both the causes of accidents and their consequences.

THINK SAFETY – ACT SAFELY!

Rao Bhamidimarri Dean of Faculty

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Policy Statement

The Faculty of Engineering, Science and the Built Environment (FESBE) is a part of London South Bank University (“The University”). As part of the University, FESBE recognizes and accepts its responsibilities under the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 (HASWA), and subordinate regulations such as the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health [COSHH] Regulations 1992. It recognises that compliance with the regulatory statutory provisions is a minimum standard only, and actively seeks to improve on these. Furthermore, FESBE believes that a successful health and safety culture is dependent upon successful collaboration between staff, students and others. Our aim therefore is to establish a climate in which the positive aspects of safety are encouraged and developed. The aims of the Health and Safety at Work Act (HASWA) 1974 are:

To secure the health, safety and welfare of employees at work To protect persons other than employees at work against risks to health and safety

arising out of, or in connection with, the activity of those employees. To control the use, storage and disposal of hazardous substances including

explosive or highly flammable, or otherwise dangerous substances, and generally preventing the unlawful acquisition, possession and use of such substances

To control the emission into the atmosphere of noxious or offensive substances from premises of any class prescribed for the purpose.

The purposes of the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) Regulations are to:

Prevent exposure of personnel to hazardous substances Assess the extent of the risk associated with hazardous substances. Ensure that the extent of the risk is acceptable.

In complying with Section 2 of HASWA and Regulation 3 of the Management of Health and Safety Regulations 1999, the Faculty will ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, the health safety and welfare at work of its employees while they are at work by:

The provision and maintenance of plant, equipment and conditions of work that are, so far is reasonably practicable, safe and without risk to health and safety.

Ensuring that arrangements for the use, handling, storage, disposal and transport of

articles and substances are, so far as is reasonably practicable, safe and without risk to health and safety.

Providing sufficient information, instruction, training and supervision to enable all

employees to recognise and avoid hazards and contribute positively to their own safety and health at work, so far as is reasonably practicable.

The provision and maintenance of a safe working environment which is, so far as is

reasonably practicable, without risk to health, and adequate as regards the facilities and arrangements for the welfare of employees at work.

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The Faculty reminds all its employees of their own duties under Section 7 of HASWA. “All persons have a legal responsibility to take care of their own health and safety, as well as that of other persons who may be affected by their acts or omissions at work”. Staff and students are also reminded of their duty to co-operate fully with the University Health and Safety Department. The Faculty and the University will ensure that safety inspections and risk assessments as required under the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulation 3 are undertaken in all areas and that identified hazards and risks are removed or managed. The risk assessments will be regularly reviewed and modified as necessary and as risks, or activities likely to give rise to risks, are identified, risk assessments will be updated and “safe systems of work” introduced. Staff and students will be required to assist the University by following Faculty and Departmental rules and “Safe Systems”. Training will be provided to staff to meet the requirements of the Regulations. The purpose of this manual is to offer guidelines to ensure that any activity undertaken by staff and students is carried out in a safe manner in a safety conscious environment and in compliance with all regulations. The manual covers the following topics:

Safety in workshops Safety in laboratories Laser safety Good microbiological practice Specific regulations for sports and exercise laboratories Investigations on Human Subjects

Specific Guidelines on Fieldwork will be given to those students to whom it is applicable. The manual should be read in its entirety, since many practices outlined in individual sections will be applicable to work carried out in the various areas of the Faculty. It should be realised that the following procedures and guidance cannot be exhaustive or foolproof, as carelessness will defeat any attempt at making a working area reasonably safe. All that can be provided by the University is a generalised set of rules, the equipment, and the correct working environment in which they may be used. The University recognises that no Safety Policy is likely to be successful unless it actively involves all University employees and students. To this end, students will be required to complete and return following declaration as confirmation that they have read the manual and agree to abide by the safety rules within it.

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Declaration to complete and return: London South Bank University Faculty of Engineering, Science & the Built Environment Safety Policy Declaration Full Name

Student ID Number

Course

Year

Statement:

I, the above named, declare that I have read, understood the Health & Safety Regulations and will therefore be able to ensure that my work is carried out in a safe manner in a safety conscious environment in compliance with all regulations as laid down by the faculty and university. Signed: ……………………………………………………………….. Date: ………………………………………………………………..

All students MUST complete!

This form should be returned to the Faculty Office – T313 It will be retained on the student file for reference.

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Faculty Management Structure for Health and Safety Faculty Health and Safety Committee Members

Executive Dean Pro Dean (Academic) Pro Dean (Operations) Pro Dean (Research and Enterprise) All Heads of Department (4) Business Services Manager All Technical Support Supervisors (4) University Health & Safety Officer Microbiological Safety Advisor Radiological Safety Advisor

Meetings to be held once a term.

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Responsibility for Safety

Undergraduate Teaching Academics are responsible for undergraduate students’ health and safety in practical laboratories, workshops and while on field trips. Risk assessments must be filled out before any practical work is carried out, also COSHH forms if applicable and must be agreed to and signed off by Academic supervisor. Technicians are responsible for the safety of the equipment and materials used in these areas. They will intervene if unsafe practices are in evidence but they are not responsible for the overall students’ safety. Research Work The Research supervisor is responsible for their students’ health and safety while working in these areas. Risk assessments must be filled out before any practical work is carried out; also COSHH forms, if applicable, must be agreed and signed off by the research supervisor.

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Access, Housekeeping and use of Mobile Phones in Laboratories, Workshops and Stores Students are not permitted to enter any faculty Stores areas without the specific permission of the technician-in-charge or a nominated Deputy. Risk assessments must be filled out before any practical work is carried out. Students are not permitted to enter Workshop areas without the specific permission of the technician-in-charge. They must produce their permit to work competency pass to the technician before being allowed to work in the workshop areas. Students are not permitted in laboratories without an academic being present unless they are specifically given permission by an academic. Mobile phones must be switched off in laboratories and workshops. Their use may be dangerous (e.g. when flammable liquids are in use) and is always distracting. Fire doors must not be secured in the open position (unless they are on magnetic devices linked to the fire alarm), and all laboratory doors must be kept clear of obstructions. Care should be exercised when opening and closing doors (especially those which open outwards). Running in the corridors, laboratories, and workshops or on the staircases should be avoided. Coats, bags and other personal belongings must NOT be taken into laboratories or workshops. Personal lockers are available for hire from the Faculty Stores. From a security, as well as safety, point of view it is not advisable to leave personal belongings in corridors, on staircases or landings. Food and drink should not be taken into labs and workshops. All laboratory benches must be kept clear of apparatus, glassware and/or chemicals not currently in use. At the end of work in any laboratory or workshop, all benches and sinks must be left in a clean and tidy condition. It is your responsibility to clear up any mess you make. At the end of a practical class, all electronic and electrical equipment should be switched off (unless otherwise instructed). All hazardous materials or apparatus must be rendered safe, or disposed off, in the manner indicated by a member of the academic or technical staff before leaving the laboratory.

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Policy on Working Alone

Risk assessments must be filled out before any practical work is carried out No undergraduate student is allowed to work alone in a laboratory or workshop. At all times there must be at least two people working to ensure if there is a problem one of them can summon help. Undergraduate students can only work unsupervised or out of hours with the written permission of their supervisor (based on the risk(s) of tasks to be done). Where the risk (based on the Risk Assessment) is considered to be “high”, permission may be refused. Research students can work unsupervised during normal hours but out of hours there must be at least two people working in that area. Out of hours is defined as before 0830 and after 1700 and at weekends or vacation time. If working during these times they must obtain written permission from their supervisor and inform security where they are working. Means of communication should be arranged in case of emergency.

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Reporting of Incidents and Accidents

For the purposes of this document an accident is deemed to involve personal injury, whereas an incident does not. Accidents All accidents must be reported immediately to the academic or technician in charge, who is responsible for ensuring that a FIRST AIDER is called. Every accident that occurs within the University must be noted on an Accident Injury Report form PTHS/1.1, (in all First Aid Boxes and at receptions) by the first member of staff present or a First Aider. This form should be sent to the Executive Dean’s office, where it will be copied and forwarded to the University Health & Safety Adviser. Where an injury requires hospital treatment, the First Aider or member of staff, should call an ambulance for the person to be taken to the nearest hospital. In cases where the injured may not require an ambulance to be called but should still be referred to hospital, a taxi should be used to take the individual to hospital – arrangements should be done via the Health and Safety Department. Incidents All incidents must be reported as soon as is practicable to the member of staff in charge. It is important that any Health and Safety hazards and incidents in the University are also reported to the Health and Safety department. For this purpose, Key Health and Safety Managers keep a Hazard and Incident Form (PB31). Provision is made on these Forms to record action taken to remove such hazards or to prevent a recurrence of an incident. The member of staff in charge of the laboratory/workshop session will complete this form. This form should be sent to the Executive Dean’s office, where it will be copied and forwarded to the University Health & Safety Adviser. Illness In case of an illness, a First Aider should be called immediately to assess the person. Necessary first aid should be rendered and if there is a need for medical treatment, an ambulance should be called to take the casualty to the nearest hospital. Where the ill person does not have to go to hospital but instead would like to go home, a taxi should be arranged via the Health and Safety Department to take the person home. However the individual should have someone to look after them (especially when they get home).

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Safety In Workshops

Workshops by their nature are potentially hazardous places in which to work. Alertness and safe practices will do much to reduce the hazards. The Faculty has its own Health and Safety Committee. Although it meets regularly to assess the health and safety situation in the Faculty, and to make recommendations for improvements and courses of action, it is incumbent on staff and students to develop safety awareness as part of any experimental work undertaken in FESBE. Health and Safety is always an agenda item at Departmental and Faculty management meetings. Safe systems of work will only be successful if individuals observe their requirements at all times. Your attention is drawn to:

The action to be taken in the event of fire, bombs or flooding (workshop notices and University Policy)

Safety posters displayed in each workshop

Faculty Codes of Practice displayed near the appropriate equipment

Literature on safety available in workshops, laboratories and the University Library.

Follow instructions! All users of workshop areas must follow all instructions given by the technician in charge. Do not use any equipment you have not had instruction on and received explicit permission to use. Risk assessments must be filled out before any practical work is carried out Clothing

All technical/Academic staff in the workshops will wear protective coats.

All students will wear protective bibs.

Remove ties, scarves, rings, watches, bracelets, necklaces, etc., that are loose and could possibly get caught in machinery.

Safety shoes or strong leather type shoes should be worn /in the workshop. Canvas shoes, sandals and other flimsy footwear provide no protection against injury and are not permitted.

Wear the special protective clothing, such as aprons, leggings, gloves, goggles, boots, provided in particular areas of the workshops such as Welding and Heat Treatment.

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Wear eye protection both when operating a machine or process that produces flying particles, and when passing through any area where such things are happening.

When working with wood dust a protective mask should be worn.

Any student or member of staff considered to be dressed inappropriately may be asked to leave by the technician in charge.

Skin Care

Wear disposable gloves and or barrier cream when handling potentially hazardous or dirty materials.

Be sure to wash thoroughly when you have finished.

Use the special-purpose hand cleansing creams provided. These materials are all available on request from the workshop supervisor.

Guards

It is illegal, as well as dangerous, to operate an inadequately guarded machine.

Ensure that all guards, safety switches, etc., are correctly fitted and operational on any machine or piece of equipment, before you operate it.

Ask if you are not sure.

Report defective or missing guards to the technician in charge and do not operate the machine until repairs have been completed.

Machine Tools

Before starting, familiarise yourself with the method of quickly stopping the machine that you are controlling.

Ask for assistance if you are at all unsure how to control the machine.

Always give your full concentration to the job when operating a machine.

Stop the machine if you have to pause to talk to someone.

Stop the machine if you have to leave it unattended, even if it is only for a few seconds or a few metres distance.

Always wear eye protection when operating a machine.

Make sure that any machine you operate is in good order, properly adjusted and lubricated; if it appears to you not to be so, report it to your supervisor and do not operate the machine.

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Stop the machine and isolate it electrically before cleaning or user maintenance.

Remove loose machinings with a brush, stick or other suitable implement; never use your bare hands.

Do not press buttons, turn handles or move levers on any machine other than the one you are operating.

Electrical Apparatus

Visually inspect electrical apparatus, particularly portable tools and the like, before use; if in any doubt do not use it.

Report any electrical defects to the technician in charge.

Students are not allowed to work on the electrical components of any apparatus connected to high voltages (more than 55V), unless under the direct supervision an electrically qualified member of staff.

Bench Work And Hand Tools

Keep the floor area around the bench clear.

Always ensure that files have properly fitted handles of correct size; if you do not, the tang may pierce your hand.

Do not use tools that appear to be damaged.

Use a copper, hide/ lead hammer or a soft drift, if you need to strike hard objects or machined surfaces; hard-faced hammers on hardened surfaces could produce dangerous flying fragments.

Use spanners of the correct size when tightening or slackening nuts and bolts. Ill-fitting spanners may fly off and injure you, as well as damaging the nut or bolt.

Lifting Heavy Objects

Get help when lifting or moving heavy equipment.

Only properly trained people can legally operate lifting devices such as overhead cranes and Forklift trucks.

Ensure that the load you propose to lift is within the capacity both of the crane and the slings that you intend to use.

Ensure that all slings, etc., are undamaged and in good order.

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Ensure that slings are securely fixed around the load and are not liable to slip when the load is lifted. If using the Forklift truck on the highway a second person must accompany the driver at all times.

Toxic Substances

Always use and treat toxic substances in the manner specified, by the manufacturer (as specified in the Material Safety Data Sheets).

Most substances, such as oils, greases, liquids, powders, gasses, are toxic (poisonous) if improperly used. If you are not sure ask.

Ensure that ventilation equipment is operating properly.

Wear a mask or other protective clothing as appropriate.

Always ensure the appropriate COSHH forms are filled in before use.

Refer to the University COSHH Guidance Note on the Health and Safety Website for further details.

General Workshop Behaviour

Always behave in a responsible manner; pranks and horseplay can go wrong and cause injury.

Walk! If you run in a workshop you may trip and fall on something, possibly causing injury.

Do not work on your own; there will be no one to help you if you sustain an injury.

Remember that you must not operate any machine or piece of power equipment in any section unless the lecturer/supervisor/technician in charge is present or has given permission and the necessary training to enable you to carry out the work safely.

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Fire Prevention

Familiarise yourself with, emergency exits and procedure in the event of fire for the area in which you are working, the location of fire-fighting equipment.

Only use this equipment if trained and it is safe to do so.

Always raise the alarm first.

Ensure that you do not block the access to fire doors or other exits.

Keep gangways and floor areas clear so that there are no additional hazards to people escaping from a fire.

If the fire alarm sounds you MUST assume there is a fire and evacuate immediately

to the nearest assembly point.

First Aid

Make sure that you know how and where to contact a first-aider from the place where you are working, your knowledge of this could save lives, perhaps yours!

Report all accidents, however small to the academic or technician in charge immediately.

If an injury has occurred a first-aider must be called.

Do not carryout first aid manoeuvres you have not been trained in.

All accidents must be recorded on the appropriate form.

Be sure that persons who are in need of first aid are not left on their own, but that someone stays with them to reassure them until suitably qualified member of staff arrives.

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Safety In Laboratories

Laboratories by the nature of the work carried out in them are potentially hazardous places in which to work. Alertness and safe practices will do much to reduce the hazards. The Faculty has its own Health and Safety Committee. Although it meets periodically to assess the health and safety situation in the Faculty, and to make recommendations for improvements and courses of action, it is incumbent on staff and students to develop safety awareness as part of any experimental work undertaken in FESBE. Health and Safety is always an agenda item at Departmental and Faculty management meetings. Safe systems of work will only be successful if individuals observe their requirements at all times. Your attention is drawn to:

The action to be taken in the event of fire, bombs or flooding (laboratory notices and University Policy)

Safety posters displayed in each laboratory

Faculty Codes of Practice displayed near the appropriate equipment

Literature on safety available in laboratories and the University Library.

Risk and COSHH forms Risk assessments must be filled out before any practical work is carried out, also COSHH forms if applicable and must be agreed to and signed off by Academic supervisor The stores will not issue any chemicals until a Risk Assessment and COSHH forms have been filled in and appropriately signed. These forms may be obtained from the Stores (J206). Academic staff must fill these forms in before running practical classes, and project/research students must fill the forms in and have them signed by their supervisor before starting any experimental work. These forms are reviewed annually. Also refer to the University COSHH Guidance Note on the Health and Safety Website for further details. Chemicals on the skin In the event of chemical substances coming in contact with the skin, the immediate remedy is a liberal washing either under a water tap, or by using the safety showers installed in the appropriate laboratories and consulting the COSHH statements which are reviewed annually. The relevant staff member in charge should be informed and the appropriate incident form filled in. If required a first aider should be informed. Always remember to wear personal protective equipment whenever necessary.

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Spillages All spillages on benches and floors must be notified to the technician-in-charge of the laboratory, who will arrange for cleaning up. The nature of spillage must be notified to the technician. Breakages All breakages of apparatus or equipment must be reported to the academic supervisor and the technician-in-charge. Apparatus and Equipment Apparatus or equipment MUST NOT BE REMOVED from the laboratory in which it is normally located without permission from the technician-in-charge. Equipment: general

No piece of apparatus or machinery is to be used without adequate supervision. No piece of apparatus or machinery is to be used unless it has been approved as safe and fit for use under the Electrical Apparatus regulations.

An instruction sheet must be issued to the operator before starting work on any

instruments, apparatus or machines presenting particular hazards.

The academic supervisor must check that any potentially hazardous instrument; apparatus or machine has been set up correctly for the operation required. Electrical wiring should be periodically (visually) inspected by the user and technician-in-charge for signs of unsafe connection. All equipment is checked by electricians and certified safe.

The academic supervisor must make periodic inspections of the equipment during

the time it is operated.

Safety guards or null safety devices fitted to the apparatus, equipment or machine must never be removed without the consent of the local Key Health and Safety Manager.

Electrical Equipment The electrical equipment provided for your use is expensive to purchase and maintain, and therefore should be used with care and attention. Many items are also potentially hazardous if misused. Make sure you understand the purpose and function of the equipment you are about to use.

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Students are not allowed to work on the electrical components of any apparatus connected to high voltages (more than 55V), unless under the direct supervision an electrically qualified member of staff.

Researchers and members of academic staff must only work on electrical apparatus connected to voltages above 55V under the guidance and supervision of a qualified and trained member of the technical staff.

No member of the Faculty is to modify, adjust, or install any electrical supplies upstream of the switchbox or fusebox. All such work MUST be undertaken by the Building Services Department.

Should the equipment develop a malfunction, unless otherwise instructed, switch off

and immediately notify the technician-in-charge. Only authorised staff may attempt to dismantle or repair faulty apparatus.

If in doubt about equipment connection or control, consult the academic supervisor

or the technician-in-charge. Do not proceed by guesswork; this can cause damage to equipment and may cause a safety hazard.

Do not cut off any connector from made-up leads. These have been made for

specific purposes, and removal of plugs or terminals may present a hazard to other users.

Connections to power supplies should only be made after all other connections

have been made and checked. This applies especially to High Voltage power supplies.

Equipment should not usually be left running outside working hours. ONLY WHEN

IT IS ABSOLUTELY ESSENTIAL should any reaction or apparatus to be left on overnight. Approval for out-of hours, unattended operation must be obtained from the Technician in Charge, who will make their decision based on risk.

Out of Hours and unattended operation No experiments will be run overnight if the risk assessment shows “high” risk. Where the risk is considered as medium to low. The following procedure must be followed if an experiment is left unattended overnight. Apparatus must be provided with a notice giving the following information:

A warning to others: DO NOT SWITCH OFF. An indication of any specific hazards Precautions to take in the event of an accident or failure of services or equipment Name of user and supervisor. Telephone number of user and supervisor.

A copy of this notice should be lodged with the security control room.

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Any reaction or apparatus set up in the teaching laboratories, which is to be left on over the lunch hour must be reported to the supervisor and the appropriate technician. Responsibility for the safety of that reaction or apparatus remains with the user. Pressure Vessels

All equipment that operates under pressure must be regularly inspected and certified fit for use by the University’s insurance company. Records of the testing should be kept in the area where the equipment is located. Only the trained people in that area will be allowed to operate the equipment.

Cryogenic materials.

Cryogenic materials are very cold substances used in a wide variety of processes, and there are certain hazards associated with their use, such as cold burns, explosion and asphyxiation, for which specific guidance is appropriate.

As part of compliance with COSHH Regulations 2002, it is the policy of the University to ensure that all persons handling cryogenic materials are fully trained in their use and that no-one is exposed to danger as a result of University activities.

Tips on Handling Cryogenic Liquids - DO IT WITH CARE!

Ensure the vessel is dry and pour cryogenic liquids slowly into the receiving vessel to minimise splashing, spillage and thermal shock to the vessel.

Use tongs when placing objects into or removing them from cryogenic liquids.

Avoid use of wide-necked, shallow vessels to prevent excessive evaporation and the possibility of oxygen enrichment.

Never overfill Dewar flasks.

Care needs to be taken when disposing of cryogenic liquids ;

DO NOT Pour cryogenic liquids down the sink - they will crack waste pipes causing potentially dangerous leaks

DO NOT Store cryogenic substances or allow them to vaporise in enclosed areas, including: fridges, cold rooms, sealed rooms and basements

DO Ensure that the area in which the cryogenic liquid is left to vaporise is well ventilated

When transporting Dewar flasks the following aspects should be taken into consideration:

The correct personal protective equipment to be worn

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Is the destination ready to accept it?

Does the route take you through populated work areas?

Are there any slip or trip hazards (including stairs) which could results in spillage?

If transported on a trolley, is the route passable (steps, kerbs)?

Is the Dewar going to be transported in a lift? - NEVER travel in a lift with a Dewar

Glassware

All glassware, reagent bottles and bulky pieces of apparatus must be carried on trays or trolleys; do not walk in corridors with items of glassware in the hands use trays/trolleys.

Never store glassware above bench level, except in cupboards designated for the

purpose. Always use steps to retrieve glassware from high cupboards never laboratory stools

or other unsafe equipment.

Do not store conical flasks in an inverted position in an attempt to gain storage space.

All glassware must be examined before use and before and after cleaning and any

broken glassware removed to suitable receptacles.

All vacuum dessicators and buchner flasks must be inspected before use. Large dessicators must be evacuated behind a screen and kept under wire cages;

admit air very slowly before opening.

Avoid sudden changes of temperature and stand dessicator or flasks on a rubber mat.

Do not clamp any vessel of more than 500 ml capacity by the neck alone; larger

vessels must be supported from below.

Never use large thin walled glass vessels to transport solids or solutions.

Assemble all chemical apparatus with extreme care and get some other competent person to check it before use.

Chemicals The substances you handle could present a series of health and safety hazards. Obvious ones are fire from flammable materials (not only solvents), "burns" from corrosive chemicals and poisoning from toxic materials. There are also hazards when incompatible chemicals are mixed.

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Symbols You should know the meaning and significance of the standard warning symbols for radiation, biohazards, explosives etc. If you are unsure of these it is your responsibility to seek instruction from the laboratory or workshop supervisor. Instructions for use of toxic or hazardous substances You will normally be given appropriate instructions commensurate with the risks to which you are exposed, but in any case you should handle materials to minimise the inhalation of vapour, dust or fumes, contact with eyes or skin, and the possibility of swallowing them. Where laboratory door-mounted notices specify the wearing of eye protectors, then YOU MUST WEAR THEM. In other circumstances wear eye protectors wherever you have the slightest suspicion that the chemicals in use may be hazardous. Hygiene

No eating or drinking is permitted at any time in any of the laboratories, workshops or balance rooms. The exception of this rule is confined to taste testing experiments, which are organised by a member of the academic staff as a class practical exercise or a project and performed in the designated Tasting Room or in the Sports Science Laboratories.

On no account should food and drink for human consumption be placed in or on

laboratory refrigerators, ovens, hot plates or laboratory glassware and apparatus.

On no account should laboratory chemicals be used as additives to food for human consumption e.g. salt, sucrose etc.

It is essential to wash your hands before leaving the laboratory to consume food

and drink or attend to personal needs.

Staff, students and visitors should only drink from water supplies that are marked "drinking water".

Flammable/Toxic Vapours

Always use a fume cupboard or extraction unit when working with toxic substances.

Extinguish all flames if flammable substances are in use and whenever possible use a fume cupboard or extraction unit.

All aerosols and sprays must be used in fume cupboards or fume hood extractors.

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Exercise extreme care when opening Winchester bottles or ampoules of low boiling point substances. Use a fume cupboard and wear suitable goggles and gloves. Cool container first to below ambient temperature and place over a catch tray.

Larger drums should be handled with tipping gear or siphons.

Ensure mobile phones are not used in the vicinity of flammable vapours or liquids.

Toxic Materials

Classified poisons are under the control of a specified technician who is responsible for producing them at the request of a member of the teaching staff.

Carcinogenic substances are kept in the Faculty stores and must be signed for by the member of staff requiring them.

Staff and students are expected to familiarise themselves with the toxicity of

chemicals from the R.S.C. Handbook "Hazards in the Chemical Laboratory". A copy is available in the Faculty Stores (Room J206).

ALWAYS READ THE LABEL ON THE JAR OR BOTTLE

Suitable antidotes should be close to hand when dealing with acutely toxic

chemicals or other materials, such as cyanide.

See also "protective clothing", "equipment", "respirators" and "fume cupboards". Corrosive or hazardous Materials The easiest way to protect against such substances is to wear suitable disposable gloves (see under "protective clothing"). Beware of a second order hazard in that contaminated gloves can transfer the corrosive material e.g. to your nose if you scratch it! Wash the gloved hands as soon as you finish handling the corrosive material and dispose of the gloves in a waste bin when you remove them. The immediate remedy for dealing with corrosive chemicals on the skin is washing with copious volumes of water. Anticipate the need for remedial treatment in the event of a mishap and know the appropriate procedures and have the appropriate antidote to hand. All reagent bottles must be labelled with the chemical name of the compound. Unlabelled reagent bottles discovered in classes, refrigerators, storerooms, etc. will be appropriately disposed of immediately. All bottles containing drying agents must be labelled as such. Exercise care when washing out any reagent or solvent bottle. All solutions prepared must be labelled with:

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Name of solute Name of solvent Concentration Name of person who prepared the solution Date

Any hazardous reagent must be labelled clearly with the symbol and warning notice e.g. "Poisonous", "Highly Flammable", Toxic Vapour. These labels are available at Faculty Stores (J206). Reagent Bottles

Do not fill reagent bottles beyond the shoulder Always pour the reagent so the label on the bottle is kept uppermost in the palm of

the hand Always replace the stopper after use Never store flasks or chemicals in direct sunlight or next to a source of heat Never cork apparatus containing hot, volatile liquid; use a breather tube, paper cap

or glass wool plug.

Pipetting MOUTH PIPETTING IS FORBIDDEN IN ALL LABORATORIES IN THE FACULTY. Use a bulb, pipette filler, or other safe device. For larger volume solutions, use a burette or measuring cylinder.

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Protective Clothing and Equipment

Laboratory Coats

Suitable protective clothing should be worn to minimise the hazard to health. Students must provide themselves with approved laboratory coats.

These coats must be worn at all times in all chemical laboratories and in the Faculty

Stores. Students not in possession of a Laboratory coats will NOT be allowed to work in these laboratories. This applies to ALL staff and ALL categories of students and visitors.

Laboratory coats must be buttoned fast.

Laboratory coats must be kept clean and in safe condition.

Special regulations apply for Microbiology (p 35) and Sport and Exercise Science (p 38). Eye Protection All persons must wear approved eye protection whenever potentially hazardous work is carried out, especially in the analytical laboratories, and in other laboratories at times indicated by the academic supervisor. Safety spectacles are available on request. All students present in the laboratory should be informed that potentially hazardous work is being carried out. Face shields must be worn whenever there is an enhanced risk of facial injury. These are available from the Faculty Stores. Long hair Long hair must be kept secure against possible accident. Clean headwear must be worn in designated areas.

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Gloves and Gauntlets These must be worn when handling: Corrosive, toxic or materials, which activate allergies Hot materials Abnormally cold materials Adhesive materials N.B. Be careful not to contaminate switches, handles, plugs and other equipment when wearing protective gloves. Choose the correct type of glove for the work being done – if in doubt, ask your supervisor. Gloves are available in the laboratories and disposable gloves can be obtained free from the Faculty Stores. Masks/Respirators Suitable masks/ respirators must be worn whenever the dust content or chemical fumes in the atmosphere is likely to become higher than permitted or are toxic e.g. when cutting, grinding or abrading materials especially with power tools. Ventilation should also be employed whenever a dust hazard exists. Fume Cupboards Extraction units must be used when working with toxic substances, obnoxious smells and hazardous materials.

Always check that the fan is on and the vent is open.

Keep the hood down and do not use the cupboard for general storage.

It is the responsibility of the Technician in charge of the laboratory to ensure that annual checks are made on the efficiency of the fume cupboards and records are kept.

Winchester Carriers Stores personnel are instructed not to issue large volumes (greater than 500 cm3 quantities) of corrosive, volatile or flammable liquids unless carriers are brought for transport.

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Fire

Fire is the most serious danger, which most members of the Faculty may ever have to face.

In this respect "prevention is better than cure" therefore take care when sources of ignition and "fuel" are used together.

Familiarise yourself with, emergency exits and procedure in the event of fire for the area in which you are working, the location of fire-fighting equipment.

Only use this equipment if trained and it is safe to do so.

Always raise the alarm first.

Ensure that you do not block the access to fire doors or other exits.

Keep gangways and floor areas clear so that there are no additional hazards to people escaping from a fire.

If the fire alarm sounds you MUST assume there is a fire and evacuate immediately to the nearest assembly point. Fire Extinguishers These must not be removed or discharged except in an emergency (irresponsible action could be regarded as a disciplinary and/or criminal offence). Discharge in whole or in part of an extinguisher should be reported to the supervisor and the technician-in-charge. A partially discharged extinguisher should not be replaced in its original position. A fully charged cylinder should be installed as soon as is reasonably practicable.

First Aid

Make sure that you know how and where to contact a first-aider from the place where you are working. Your knowledge of this could save lives, perhaps yours!

Report all accidents, however small to the academic or technician in charge immediately.

If an injury has occurred a first-aider must be called..

Do not carryout first aid manoeuvres you have not been trained in.

All accidents must be recorded on the appropriate form.

Be sure that persons who are in need of first aid are not left on their own, but that someone stays with them to reassure them until suitably qualified member of staff arrives.

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Laser Safety

Codes of practice and standards of protection for laser use have been drawn up by several bodies, of whom the most significant for laser users in the United Kingdom are the British Standards: "Safety of Laser Products Part 1: Equipment Classification, requirements and user guide" (BS EN 60825-1: 1994) and "Safety of Laser Products Part 2: Safety of Optical Fibre Communications Systems" (BS EN 60825-2: 2000), and "Radiation Safety of Laser Products, Equipment Classification, Requirements and User's Guide", produced by the International Electrotechnical Commission, IEC standard (publication 825, 1984 and subsequent amendments). A summary of the rules on laser safety as they apply to universities in the United Kingdom, is embodied in "Safety in Universities: Notes of Guidance Part 2:1 - Lasers", produced by the Committee of Vice-Chancellors and Principals (revised edition 1992). This document is based on the above Codes and forms a set of Local Rules for LSBU with a section generally applicable within the University and another specific to each laboratory. It is not intended to supersede any of the above publications, particularly that of the C.V.C.P., which must be available to and studied by all laser users. The University Radiation Protection Adviser (RPA) is Dr. Malcolm MacLenan, (extension 7698). Classification of Lasers All working laser systems purchased from a manufacturer must carry a label stating the class of that system. This should not be removed or altered in any way unless the system is itself modified in such a way as to alter its class. Should this be done, the University Radiation Protection Adviser must be consulted over the reclassification of the system. In line with variously agreed national and international standards all lasers are assigned a classification. The criteria for assigning a class to a laser system are complex. The following is no more than a broad indication of the meaning of the class and the implications for the system it describes. Class 1: Lasers that are safe under reasonably foreseeable conditions of operation, including the use of optical instruments for intrabeam viewing. Class 1M: Lasers emitting in the wavelength range from 302.5 nm to 4,000 nm which are safe under reasonably foreseeable conditions of operation, but may be hazardous if the user employs optics within the beam. Two conditions apply:

1. For diverging beams if the user places optical components within 100 mm from the source to concentrate (collimate) the beam; or

2. For a collimated beam with a diameter larger than the diameter specified for the

measurements of irradiance and radiant exposure.

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Class 2: Lasers that emit visible radiation in the wavelength range from 400 nm to 700 nm, where eye protection is normally afforded by aversion responses, including the blink reflex. This reaction may be expected to provide adequate protection under reasonably foreseeable conditions of operation including the use of optical instruments for intrabeam viewing. Class 2M: Lasers that emit visible radiation in the wavelength range from 400 nm to 700 nm where eye protection is normally afforded by aversion responses including the blink reflex. However, viewing of the output may be more hazardous if the user employs optics within the beam. Two conditions apply:

1. For diverging beams, if the user places optical components within 100 mm from the source to concentrate (collimate) the beam, or

2. For a collimated beam with a diameter larger than the diameter specified for the

measurements of irradiance and radiant exposure. Class 3R: Lasers that emit in the wavelength range from 302.5 nm to 106 nm where direct intrabeam viewing is potentially hazardous but the risk is lower than for Class 3B lasers, and fewer manufacturing requirements and control measures for the user apply than for Class 3B lasers. Class 3B: Lasers that are normally hazardous when direct intrabeam exposure occurs. Viewing diffuse reflections is normally safe. Class 4: Lasers that are also capable of producing hazardous diffuse reflections. They may cause skin injuries and could also constitute a fire hazard. Their use requires extreme caution. NOTE For rule-of-thumb purposes, for continuous-wave lasers, Class 2 lasers are powered below 1 mW, Class 3R lasers between 1 and 5 mW, Class 3B lasers between 5 and 500 mW, Class 4 lasers anything above this power. Purchase and Installation of Lasers A central register of lasers is maintained by the University Radiation Protection Adviser. In order that this may be kept up-to-date, the University Radiation Protection Adviser (URPA) must be advised IN WRITING of the arrival of any new laser, and its situation, by the user. The URPA will wish to inspect the installation of any newly acquired or re-sited laser of class 3B or 4. Any laser manufactured on the University premises must be reported to the URPA before it is made operational, and again when it becomes operational, so that it may be entered on the inventory, and its output and labelling checked. Before any new laser experiment is performed, or new laser of class 3B or 4 taken into use, a full Hazard and Risk Assessment must be made, and the successful completion of this must also be confirmed to the URPA, who should sign it off for operation.

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All lasers must bear warning labels, and it is the responsibility of the purchaser or maker to ensure that these are affixed. The University Radiation Protection Adviser can advise and provide labels where necessary. The required labels are:

A "Triangle and Starburst" label.

A label stating the class of laser.

A label listing any hazards associated with the radiation.

A label detailing the output of the laser (wavelength, visible/invisible, etc)

A label indicating (preferably with an arrow design) the laser aperture. The door of any laboratory where a laser of class greater than 1 is installed for use must bear a "Triangle and Starburst" warning label. If a laser of class 3B or 4 is installed for use, this warning label must in addition bear the legend, "DANGER, laser beam", and the door must bear a notice stating the class of laser present. No warning label is required on the door of any room where a laser of class 1 or 2 is in use temporarily for setting-up, alignment or demonstration purposes. However, all normal precautions must be taken to avoid accidental exposure of any eye to the beam. General Rules for the Operation of Lasers

Before using any laser, ascertain its class and acquaint yourself with the special rules and restrictions which apply to that class of laser.

Ensure that you have studied any Risk Assessment and experimental protocols

relating to the laser (these should exist for any laser of class 3B or 4).

Under no circumstances may the output of a laser be viewed along its beam-path either directly, by specular reflection or with the aid of an optical instrument. In other words,

NEVER LET A LASER BEAM ENTER YOUR EYE

Always ensure that the laser beam cannot extend beyond its useful limit. A suitable beam-stop must be used to prevent the beam from leaving the experimental area.

Do not use a laser of a higher class than is necessary for the purposes of the

experiment.

Do not tamper with an experimental setup in such a way as to negate the safety precautions and beam-limiting devices that have been incorporated.

Where an instrument incorporates a laser whose beam-path is protected by

shielding and interlocks, DO NOT UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES interfere with or attempt to override those precautions.

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At the conclusion of an experiment, ensure that the laser is switched off or returned to a safe condition. NEVER LEAVE AN ACTIVE LASER UNATTENDED.

Never forget that a laser is a potentially dangerous power-source, and not a toy.

Anyone found misusing a laser in any way will be subject to disciplinary action, and may be prevented from further use of lasers.

Always remember that you are responsible for the safety of others as well as

yourself.

Always design and operate experiments in such a way as to eliminate all foreseeable dangers.

Guard against other, non-optical hazards associated with lasers, such as high

voltage electricity, charged capacitor-banks, toxic chemicals for dye-lasers etc. Lasers of classes 3B and 4

No undergraduate may have access to, or use, these classes of laser.

A hazard and risk assessment MUST exist for every laser of these classes. The design of the laboratory in which the laser is used should incorporate:

Complete absence of all specularly reflecting surfaces (e.g. mirrors, glass-doored

cupboards, bottles, polished apparatus, beam-path element holders, etc.) that are not an integral part of the beam-path or experimental equipment.

A high light level, enhanced by light-coloured walls. This has the dual effect of

making the laboratory safer to move around in and of ensuring that the pupils of the eyes of all workers are as far closed as possible to restrict the aperture of the eyes.

A light system outside the laboratory door to warn unauthorised persons against

entering the experiment zone. These should be interlocked with the laser switching circuitry, and fail-safe in design.

A system of interlocked and fail-safe switches on the access doors either to switch

off the laser or release shutters to occlude the accessible beam in the event of unauthorised access is desirable, but may not be appropriate in all cases.

All users of these classes of laser must be registered with the University Radiation

Service as laser users, and must undergo training in the use of the laser for which they are registered, including the correct operation of safety procedures and interlocks. No ophthalmic testing is required. All new workers must sign a declaration that they have received training and have read and agree to abide by the relevant instructions and rules.

As far as is consistent with ease of use and safe handling, the beam-path of these

classes of laser should be enclosed when the laser is in operation. Where this is not possible, guard-rails or screens should be provided to prevent accidental access to

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the beam. These lasers may never be operated hand-held; they may only be operated when secured in the required position.

The use of laser goggles is dependent upon the particular circumstance. While they

can act as a safeguard, especially for onlookers, they can create a false sense of security, and by rendering a visible beam invisible can in fact create a hazard. However, when setting-up or aligning an open beam and in all cases when working with beams of wavelengths outside the visible spectrum, the use of the appropriate laser goggles is recommended.

Lasers of these classes must incorporate a key-switch to which only authorised

users are issued the key. Keys must not be left permanently in the switch when the laser is not operating.

Laser Pointers Class 1 and 2 Laser pointers in these classes will not be subject to registration when used for teaching purposes. Class 3R Laser pointers in these classes must be registered with the University Radiation Protection Service.

Registration will be limited to members of staff and Ph.D. and equivalent students whose application is supported by their department.

Pointers in these classes have the potential to cause serious irreversible damage to

the eye and the following must be complied with before use:

Under no circumstances should the pointer be directed towards the audience.

Unless dictated by the nature of the presentation the room should not be entirely blacked out.

A visual check of the room must be carried out before the presentation to ensure

there are no reflective surfaces which might divert the beam back into the audience or towards the presenter.

Class 3R laser pointers should have positive action activation, a simple lightly

operated push button which could be operated inadvertently is not acceptable unless it is shrouded. (Note, some existing class 3R laser pointers are capable of being modified to comply with the above)

The laser pointer must be clearly marked with the classification.

In the event that the presenter or a member of the audience suffers an exposure to

the eye from the laser beam medical assistance must be sought immediately and

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the attending first-aider informed that exposure to a laser beam has occurred. An accident report must be made to the University Safety Office in the usual way.

Class 3B and above Laser pointers in this class will not be registered or permitted for use by the University. Note Although most laser pointers are marked with a class number, there have been instances of pointers exceeding the stated class. Also, American classification differs somewhat from the European system. The Safety Office has access to equipment to measure the power output of lasers, and will be pleased to help where doubt exists.

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Guidelines For Good Microbiological Practice And Safety

Risk assessments must be filled out before any practical work is carried out, also COSHH forms if applicable and must be agreed to and signed off by Academic supervisor These guidelines have been adapted from official Government regulations. Accordingly, some of their content appears elsewhere in the Faculty general document, but is worth restating. The term "good microbiological practice" or GMP signifies the ability of the person to carry out procedures involving the handling of micro organisms in a safe manner. Apart from minimising any risk to himself/herself, to other persons and to the surrounding environment, GMP also means the prevention of contamination to pure cultures and the safe handling of any equipment used in practical work. To these ends the following points should be noted and acted upon: Smoking, chewing, spitting, sucking of writing instruments, applying cosmetics, etc., and the consumption of any food or drink in the Microbiology Laboratories, is forbidden. All students and staff must wear the disposal "Howie" style laboratory coats supplied in the wash area of E135. Under NO circumstances should these coats be removed from this area. NO other laboratory coats are acceptable. This is a Health and Safety Executive ruling.

Long hair must be made safe by the use of a hair net, ribbon, rubber band or other suitable means.

NO personal belongings should be brought into the microbiology area. Any items

should be left in your own lockers before entering this area. This includes coats and bags.

It is forbidden to carry out mouth pipetting in the Microbiology class; use the safety

device provided ("pi-pump", rubber teat, etc.).

One of the essentials of GMP is to acquire a sound aseptic technique and this involves, amongst other things, the flaming of glass pipettes, open tops of bottles and tubes, wire loops, needles etc. Therefore, check on the following points:

Select a bunsen burner (preferably with a by-pass pilot flame attachment), and

check on the rubber tubing. Report any faults to the lecturer-in-charge or duty technician.

Before lighting the bunsen burner make sure it is resting on a heat-resistant mat

and not directly on the plastic-covered bench top.

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The correct way of flaming wire loops, glassware etc. will be demonstrated by the lecturer, but make sure hot loops and holders are not placed directly onto the bench but on the heat-resistant mat.

Discard used pipettes (pointed end downwards) immediately into the plastic jars

provided; check to see if there is sufficient disinfectant in the jar (enough to completely cover the pipette) and also if it is overloaded with pipettes. If unsuitable on either score report this immediately to the technician or staff member.

Small beakers of disinfectant are provided for discarding small Pasteur pipettes,

slides and cover slips. This disinfectant should also be used for spreading over all spillages that may accidentally occur.

Used petri dishes must be discarded by placing, not dropping, them into the plastic

discard bags provided. (Dropping dishes may lead to aerosol droplet infection). These dishes will be made safe by autoclaving.

Another very important consideration in GMP, and safety in general, is the concept

of tidiness and orderliness in experimental work, e.g.

o Before beginning an experiment make sure you have all the equipment, cultures, media, etc. available and ready to use within your immediate working area. Searching for essential items may lead to contamination and/or accidents.

o Always label tubes, bottles, petri dishes, etc. with grease pencil before the

experiment begins; this enables you to recheck before inadvertent mistakes are made.

o Labelling of cultures, equipment, etc. needing to be incubated or stored,

must be legible and with sufficient information given so that anyone can continue with the experiment in your absence.

o At the end of an experiment or practical class make sure you have cleared

away materials and tidied up your work area, including pushing chairs under the bench wherever possible.

Personal cleanliness and the prevention of "bad habits" are extremely important in

the maintenance of GMP and safety. When leaving the laboratory for tea break or at the end of the practical session

wash your hands thoroughly. Leave your laboratory coat in the laboratory when you go for a tea break.

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Do not throw any rubbish, especially broken glass, down the sink. Apart from the obvious danger of cuts or worse there is the nuisance, and sometimes the hazard, of blocked and smelly pipes and drains. Proper receptacles are provided for all types of waste materials, so please use them.

Report any spillages of cultures immediately to the lecturer or technician-in-charge.

Report any accident immediately to the lecturer or technician.

Do not indulge in any "horseplay" or activity that might lead to an accident.

Immediately report any faulty electrical or gas fitting.

Do not try to repair it yourself.

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Specific Regulations For Sports And Exercise Science Laboratories

Risk assessments must be filled out before any practical work is carried out, also COSHH forms if applicable and must be agreed to and signed off by Academic supervisor Access Sports and exercise students and staff and invited guests only are permitted to enter and use the equipment. Protective clothing: Laboratory coats need not be worn. Use of equipment Before any equipment is used the potential user must read and sign a statement that he/she knows of no reason why he/she should not use the equipment.

Investigations on Human Subjects

Introduction All investigations involving the use of human participants for which staff of the University are responsible as part of their employment require prior approval by the University's Ethics Committee. The Committee is primarily concerned to require that proper ethical standards are maintained in carrying out such investigations. Ethics Committee approval is to safeguard both the participants and the investigators as far as possible; however, such approval cannot guarantee against any untoward event. Classes of Investigations The University has designated two classes of investigations. Class 1 investigations are 'low risk’; Class 2 are “medium to high risk”? Class 1 investigation: Low Risk Any investigation not involving bodily fluids / products, or otherwise hazardous substances where the investigation is wholly class / lab based teaching experiment, or demonstration. Any literature based research which, in all the circumstances of the investigation, can reasonably be described as low risk, both to the investigator and the participants; eg: surveys and questionnaires (including telephone surveys).

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Class 2 Investigations: Medium to high risk? Any investigations involving the administration of any substance; Any investigations involving the removal or receipt of:

Bodily fluids; Secretions; Enzymes; Waste or blood products.

Any investigation involving the potential for infection. Applications for Ethics Committee approval All investigations on human participants must apply for Ethics Committee approval. The purpose of the application form is to give the Ethics Committee the necessary information in order to evaluate the application. Application forms (disc and hard-copy versions) are obtained from the Faculty Office. Supervision Students and/or staff investigators must be under the supervision of one designated member of staff. ("Supervisor") It is the responsibility of the Supervisor to:

Obtain prior approval for the investigation Ensure that the investigation is carried out in accordance with approved ethical

standards Inform the Ethics Committee of any significant changes in this investigation after

approval Inform the Ethics Committee once the investigation is completed

While the primary responsibility for the conduct of the investigation will rest with the Supervisor, students and staff acting as investigators have a responsibility to act in accordance with ethical principles which they are made aware of and which are appropriate to the discipline in which they are training. One supervisor, from one Department must be responsible for the investigation irrespective of how many Departments are involved in the investigation. Where an outside Investigator will be conducting an investigation involving University premises or equipment, this should be clearly indicated. A policy for the taking of blood is available, from Head of Sports and Exercise Science for those responsible and trained to undertake this procedure. This must be adhered to at all times.

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Proposed Investigations Investigations are classed as:

Undergraduate basic Undergraduate project Postgraduate Post doctoral or staff

Details required include the investigation aims and any pertinent background information; method of subject selection and screening; and any discomfort or potential hazards for participants. Informed Consent of Participants Written consent should normally be obtained from the participant. On occasion, verbal consent is sufficient (e.g. for pilot questionnaires, or telephone surveys). For participants to give their informed consent to participation in the investigation, they must receive enough accurate information about the aims, methods and potential consequences upon them personally to enable them to make a considered choice about whether or not it is in their personal interest to proceed. It must be clear that consent will be obtained without placing the participant under duress. Confidentiality of Information Confidentiality should always be maintained in the practice of research with human participants. Insurance As a matter of procedure the Ethics Committee secretary will pass all proposals received by the Ethics Committee to the University Insurers for their comment. Ethical clearance can only be given when the insurers have indicated that they are content for their policy to apply to the submission subject to the usual terms and conditions. It is the responsibility of the applicant and the Head of Department to contact financial services to arrange appropriate insurance cover for the investigation it if falls outside the scope of the University Public Liability Policy. Details of such cover should be included in the submission. Participants should be told their position with regard to insurance cover in the event of an accident, injury, or ill health arising as a result of taking part in the investigation.

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Sources of guidance on ethical matters

Declaration of Helsinki (1989).

Good Clinical Practice for Trials on Medicinal Products (1991), Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products.

Local Research Ethics Committees (1991), Department of Health.

Guidelines on the Practice of Ethics Committees in Medical Research Involving Human

Participants (1990). Royal College of Physicians.

Research Involving Patients (1990). Royal College of Physicians.

Research on Healthy Volunteers (1986). Royal College of Physicians.

The Relationship between Physicians and the Pharmaceutical Industry (1986). Royal College of Physicians.

Guidelines for Research Ethics Committees on Psychiatric Research Involving Human

Participants (1990). Royal College of Psychiatrists

Ethical Principles for Conducting Research with Human Participants (1990). The British Psychological Society.

Guidelines for Ethical Approval of Human Pharmacology Studies Carried out by

Pharmaceutical Companies (1990). Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry.

Medicines: Good Practice Guidelines (1990). Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry.

Review of the Guidance on the Research Uses of Foetuses and Foetal Material (1988).

Department of Health (The Polkinghorne Report).

Guidelines for Medical Experiments in Non-Patient, Human Volunteers (1988). Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry.

Statement of Ethical Practice (1992). British Sociological Association.

Genetic Screening Ethical Issues (1993). Nuffield Council on Bioethics.

Guidelines for the ethical conduct of medical research involving children (August 1992).

British Paediatric Association.

Code of Practice ( 1993). Human Fertilisation & Embryology Authority.

Report of the Committee on the Ethics of Gene Therapy - the Clothier Committee (1992). HMSO