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7/29/2019 Esc 301.02 II Ecology b Short (1)
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ESC 301
ECOLOGY-Part B
Ferhan een
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A grouping of plants, animals, and microbes
occupying an explicit unit of space and interacting
with each other and their environment.
ECOSYSTEMS
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The Source of High Quality Energy
Energy of sunlights and
warms theplanet
Supportsphotosynthesis
Powers thecycling ofmatter
Drives climateand weatherthat distributeheat and H2O
Solar
radiationEnergy in = Energy out
Reflected byatmosphere (34%)
UV radiation
Absorbed
by ozone
Absorbed
by the earth
Visible
light
Lower Stratosphere
(ozone layer)
Troposphere
Heat
GreenhouseGreenhouse
effecteffect
Radiated by
atmosphereas heat (66%)
Earth
Heat radiatedby the earth
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Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems1. Most ecosystems fix less than 1 % of the
sunlight available for photosynthesis.
2. Living organisms can use energy in basically two
forms: radiant or fixed.
3. Radiant energy exists in the form of
electromagnetic energy, such as light.
4. Fixed energy is the potential chemical energy
found in organic substances.
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Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems1. Organisms that can take energy from inorganic
sources and fix it into energy rich organic
molecules are called autotrophs.
2. If this energy comes from light then these
organisms are called photosyntheticautotrophs. THE PLANTS
3. Organisms that require fixed energy found inorganic molecules for their survival are called
heterotrophs. THE ANIMALS
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Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems1. Heterotrophs who obtain their energy from
living organisms are called consumers.
2. Consumers that consume plants are known as
herbivores.
3. Consumers that consume other animals are
known as carnivores.
4. Decomposers or detritivores are heterotrophs
that obtain their energy either from dead
organisms or their remains.
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Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems1. Radiant energy is used by plants in the process
ofphotosynthesis.
2. Fixed energy is used by all organisms in the
process ofrespiration.
3. Once fixed by plants, organic energy can move
within ecosystems.
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ProducersProducers
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Photosynthesis
6 CO2 + 6 H20 C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H20
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Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems1. Organisms can be eitherproducers or
consumers in terms of energy flow through an
ecosystem.
2. Producers (Plants, autotrophs) take energy
from sunlight and use it to convert carbondioxide into glucose (or other sugars).
3. Consumers (Animals, heterotrophs) get theirenergy from the organic compounds (carbon
bonds) made by the producers.
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Consumers
Primary consumers = herbivores = rabbits: eat
plant material Secondary consumers = carnivores =
predators = coyotes: prey are herbivores and
other animals Parasites = predator = either plant or animal:
prey are plants or animals
Detritus feeders and decomposers = bacteriaand fungi: prey are plants or animals
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Trophic Relationships
Food chains: feeding pathways
Food chains are a description of who eats whom.
Predator-prey and host-parasite describe specific feeding relationships.
Food webs: complex feeding relationships.
Trophic Levels or Feeding Levels
All producers belong to the first trophic level.
All herbivores (primary consumers) are on the second trophic level.
All primary carnivores (secondary consumers) are on the third trophic level.
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Trophic Categories
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Ecosystem function
Energy flows through ecosystems
Chemical matter cycles within and/or
between ecosystems
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Matter and Energy Energy: anything that has the ability to move matter; has no mass
and does not occupy space
Cannot be created or destroyed Can be changed from one form to another
Cannot be recycled
Can be measured
Matter: anything that occupies space and has mass
Cannot be created or destroyed
Can be changed from one form into another
Can be recycled
Can be measured where gravity is present
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Laws of Thermodynamics
First Law: Energy is neither creatednor destroyed but may be converted from one
form to another.
Second Law: In any energy conversion,
you will end up with less usable energy thanyou started with.
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Energy and Matter Flow in Ecosystems
Most of the most importantrelationships between living organisms
and the environment are controlled
directly or indirectly by the amount of
available incoming energy received at
the Earth's surface from the sun.
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Energy Flow through Trophic Levels
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The Law of 10 %
On the average about 10 % of
the energy entering a feedinglevel (trophic level) is transferred
to the next one.
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Biomass and Biomass Pyramida. All organic matter can be defined as biomass.
b. All biomass can be arranged into a feedingrelationship with the producers on the firsttrophic level.
c. On average, 10% of the energy from one trophic
level moves to the next trophic level. (This isdue partly to the First and Second Laws ofthermodynamics.) At each trophic level most ofthe organisms are not consumed, portions of
organisms consumed pass through theconsumer undigested, and energy is released tothe environment as high potential energy isconverted to low potential energy.
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d. Because so little energy can be transferredbetween trophic levels, it is necessary that the firsttrophic level contains the greatest number oforganisms, and the subsequent trophic levelscontain fewer and fewer organisms. Limitations on
the transfer of energy between trophic levelscreates the biomass pyramid.
e. If organisms (humans) eat high on the biomasspyramid (trophic levels 3, 4, 5, etc.), then fewer
organisms can be supported than if organisms eatlower on the biomass pyramid.
Biomass and Biomass Pyramid
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Ecological Pyramids of Biomass
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Ecological Pyramids of Energy
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The conversion of light energy to chemical
energy is called gross primaryproduction.
Plants use the energy captured inphotosynthesis for maintenance and
growth.
The energy that is accumulated in plantbiomass is called net primary production.
PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY
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Primary Productivity NPP=GPP-respiration rate
GPP= RATE at which producers convert solarenergy into chemical energy as biomass Rate at which producers use photosynthesis to fix
inorganic carbon into the organic carbon of theirtissues
These producers must use some of the totalbiomass they produce for their own respiration
NPP= Rate at which energy for use byconsumers is stored in new biomass
(available to consumers) Units Kcal/m2/yr or g/m2/yr
Most productive vs. least productive
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What are the most productive
Ecosystems?EstuariesEstuaries
Sw amps and marshesSw amps and marshes
Tropical rain forestTropical rain forest
Temperate forestTemperate forest
Northern coniferous forest (taiga)Northern coniferous forest (taiga)
SavannaSavanna
Agricultural landAgricultural land
Woodland andWoodland and shrublandshrubland
Temperate grasslandTemperate grassland
Lakes and streamsLakes and streams
Continental shelfContinental shelf
Open oceanOpen ocean
Tundra (arctic and alpine)Tundra (arctic and alpine)
Desert scrubDesert scrub
Extreme desertExtreme desert
800800 1,6001,600 2,4002,400 3,2003,200 4,0004,000 4,8004,800 5,6005,600 6,4006,400 7,2007,200 8,0008,000 8,8008,800 9,6009,600
Average net primary productivity (kcal/mAverage net primary productivity (kcal/m 22/yr)/yr)
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Biodiversity Variety of living things,
number of kinds
Ecological diversity different habitats, niches,
species interactions
Species diversity different kinds oforganisms, relationshipsamong species
Genetic diversity different genes &combinations of genes
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Benefits of Biodiversity New food sources
Grains, fruits, vegetables, meat, fish
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Benefits of Biodiversity Medicines
Plants
Jellyfish & seaanemones
Nudibranchs
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Threats to Biodiversity Extinction and
population reductions Hunting and
overharvesting
Tiger
Dodo
Whales
Sharks
Habitat loss Pollution
Climate change
Invasive species
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Protecting Biodiversity How can we protect
biodiversity Stop overharvesting
Sustainable yield
Hunting & fishing laws
(every state ?)
in developing nations ?
Refuges, parks,
preserves
Endangered Species Act