Escalators Report

8/20/2019 Escalators Report

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ELEVATORS

Elevators are generally powered by electric motors that eitherdrive traction cables or counterweight systems like a hoist, orpump hydraulic luid to raise a cylindrical piston like a !ack"

#ydraulic lits use the principles o hydraulics to pressuri$e anabove ground or in%ground piston to raise and lower the car"

#ydraulic lits are cheaper, but installing cylinders greater than acertain length becomes impractical or very high lit hoist ways"#ydraulic lits are usually slower than traction lits"


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T&'ES O( ELEVATORS"

#&)RA*L+ ELEVATORS -

onventional hydraulic elevators" They use an undergroundcylinder, are .uite common or low level buildings with /01loors 2sometimes but seldom up to 304 loors5, and havespeeds o up to /66 eet7minute 28 meter7second5"


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'ASSE9:ER ELEVATORS -

'assenger elevators should be located at the circulation core othe building and be grouped into banks when this is necessaryand desirable"

The re.uired number o elevators is determined by- ;uilding type ;uilding height 9umber o stops (loor use 'assenger volume


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TRAT+O9 ELEVATORS -

:eared traction machines are driven by A or ) electricmotors" :eared machines use gears to control mechanicalmovement o elevator cars by


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STRET#ER ELEVATOR-

Stretcher elevator also cater to the health sector by providingspeciali$ed range o Stretcher Elevators suited or application inhospitals, health centres and other similar places" A StretcherElevator provides highly stable and smooth operation as itutili$es inverter control technology and lowest noisemechanism"


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ELEVATOR S#A(T 0 contain building components necessary or the operation o elevator" +ts dimension depends upon elevatormodel, door design and type o drive" They must haveventilation and smoke e=tracting openings" The cross section othese openings is generally /"1> o the shat loor area, withminimum cross section stipulated as 6"8m"s."

S#A(T '+T 0 the bottom end o the shat is called pit" The deptho the pit is measured rom the top edge o the inished loor atthe lowest elevator stop to the top edge o the inished loor othe pit loor" The minimum depth o pit is determined by-

Space re.uired or construction Over run and saety space stipulated by regulations

The pit sits directly on the oundation" Shat pits that are 8 to/"1m deep must be e.uipped with a removable access ladder"'its with a depth greater than /"1m must have a secure accessdoor to a building loor""

S#A(T #EA) 0 +t is the upper section o the shat, measuredrom the top edge o the inished loor at the uppermost stop tothe bottom edge o the shat ceiling"

S#A(T AESS 0 The si$e o the shat access points isdetermined by the door design, while their location is deined byshat symmetry"

?A#+9E ROO? % )epending upon the type o drive machineroom is located either at the top above the shat or at the bottomne=t to it"


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Escalators

An escalator is a conveyor transport device for transporting people,consisting of a staircase whose steps move up or down on tracks that keep thesurfaces of the individual steps horizontal.

As a power-driven, continuous moving stairway designed to transportpassengers up and down short vertical distances, escalators are used around theworld to move pedestrian traffic in places where elevators would be impractical.Principal areas of usage include shopping centers, airports, transit systems,convention centers, hotels, and public buildings.

+nventor -%

Nathan Ames, a patent solicitor from Saugus, assachusetts, is creditedwith patenting the first !escalator! in "#$%, despite the fact that no working modelof his design was ever built. &is invention, the !revolving stairs,! is largelyspeculative and the patent specifications indicate that he had no preference formaterials or potential use 'he noted that steps could be upholstered or made ofwood, and suggested that the units might benefit the infirm within a household

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conveyor_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staircasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Ameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saugus,_Massachusettshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1859http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Escalators_Canary_Wharf.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conveyor_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staircasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Ameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saugus,_Massachusettshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1859


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use(, though the mechanization was suggested to run either by manual orhydraulic power.

beneits o escalators -%

• )hey have the capacity to move large numbers of people.

• they can be placed in the same physical space as stairs would be.

• )hey have no waiting interval, e*cept during very heavy traffic.

• they can be used to guide people towards main e*its or special e*hibits.

• they may be weather-proofed for outdoor use.

Operation -%

+scalators are powered by constant speed alternating current motors andmove at appro*imately " ft './.0 m( per second. )he ma*imum angle ofinclination of an escalator to the horizontal is / degrees with a standard rise upto about 0 ft '"# m(.

odern escalators have single-piece aluminum or steel steps that moves

on a system of tracks in a continuous loop . +scalators are typically used in pairswith one going up and the other going down, however in some places, especially+uropean stores and metro stations, there are no escalators going down1 theescalators only go up. Some modern escalators in stores and shopping mallshave glass sides that reveal their workings. Although most escalators arestraight, some shopping malls use curved versions, also called !spiral!escalators. ost escalators have moving handrails that appro*imately keep pacewith the movement of the steps. )he direction of movement 'up or down( can bepermanently the same.

)esign and layout considerations -%

A number of factors affect escalator design, including physicalre2uirements, location, traffic patterns, safety considerations, and aestheticpreferences. physical factors like the vertical and horizontal distance to bespanned must be considered. which determine the pitch of the escalator and itsactual length. )he 3ocation is important, it should be situated where they can beeasily seen by the general public. up and down escalator traffic should bephysically separated. )raffic patterns must also be anticipated. 4n some buildings


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the ob5ective is to move people from one floor to another, but in others there maybe a more specific re2uirement, such as funneling visitors towards a main e*it ore*hibit. )he carrying capacity of an escalator must match the e*pected peaktraffic demand. 4t is preferred that a traditional staircase be located ad5acent tothe escalator if the escalator is the primary means of transport between floors. 4t

may also be necessary to provide an elevator lift ad5acent to an escalator forwheelchairs and disabled persons. 6inally, consideration should be given to theaesthetics of the escalator.

Safety :-

Safety is also ma5or concern in escalator design. 6ire protection of anescalator floor-opening may be provided by adding automatic sprinklers orfireproof shutters to the opening, or by installing the escalator in an enclosed fire-protected hall. )o limit the danger of overheating, ade2uate ventilation for thespaces that contain the motors and gears must be provided.

Saety noms -%

)he standard re2uires7

• )hat the emergency shutoff buttons be at the top and bottom of eachescalator. )he button should be on the right side of the escalator whenfacing the stairs.

• )hat sidewalls be made of low-friction material so soft-soled shoes cannot

get caught easily.

• )hat !skirt obstruction devices! 'which sense the presence of a foreignob5ect and automatically shut off the escalator( be at the top and bottom of the escalator.

• )hat side clearance at the edges of steps be no more than /8"0 inch

• )hat warning signs be placed on escalators reminding parents to hold

children9s hands and face forward.• )hat each step has painted foot prints or brightly colored borders.

Sae riding -%

:hile some escalator accidents are caused by a mechanical failure, mostcan be avoided by following some simple safety precautions. )he +levator+scalator Safety 6oundation is a ma5or advocate for safe riding in the ;nitedStates and


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•


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• The Tracks @ )he track system is built into the truss to guide the step

chain, which continuously pulls the steps from the bottom platform andback to the top in an endless loop. )here are actually two tracks7 one forthe front wheels of the steps 'called the step-wheel track( and one for theback wheels of the steps 'called the trailer-wheel track(. )he relative

positions of these tracks cause the steps to form a staircase as they moveout from under the comb plate. Along the straight section of the truss thetracks are at their ma*imum distance apart. )his configuration forces theback of one step to be at a %-degree angle relative to the step behind it.)his right angle bends the steps into a stair shape. At the top and bottomof the escalator, the two tracks converge so that the front and back wheelsof the steps are almost in a straight line. )his causes the stairs to lay in aflat sheet-like arrangement, one after another, so they can easily travelaround the bend in the curved section of track. )he tracks carry the stepsdown along the underside of the truss until they reach the bottom landing,where they pass through another curved section of track before e*iting the

bottom landing. At this point the tracks separate and the steps once againassume a stair case configuration. )his cycle is repeated continually asthe steps are pulled from bottom to top and back to the bottom again.

• The Steps @ )he steps themselves are solid, one-piece, die-cast

aluminum or steel. Bubber mats may be affi*ed to their surface to reduceslippage, and yellow demarcation lines may be added to clearly indicatetheir edges. )he leading and trailing edges of each step are cleated withcomb-like protrusions that mesh with the comb plates on the top andbottom platforms. )he steps are linked by a continuous metal chain sothey form a closed loop with each step able to bend in relation to its

neighbors. )he front and back edges of the steps are each connected totwo wheels. )he rear wheels are set further apart to fit into the back trackand the front wheels have shorter a*les to fit into the narrower front track.

As described above, the position of the tracks controls the orientation ofthe steps.

• The Railing @ )he railing provides a convenient handhold for passengerswhile they are riding the escalator. 4t is constructed of four distinctsections. At the center of the railing is a !slider,! also known as a !gliderply,! which is a layer of a cotton or synthetic te*tile. )he purpose of theslider layer is to allow the railing to move smoothly along its track. )he

ne*t layer, known as the tension member, consists of either steel cable orflat steel tape. 4t provides the handrail with the necessary tensile strengthand fle*ibility. Cn top of tension member are the inner constructioncomponents, which are made of chemically treated rubber designed toprevent the layers from separating. 6inally, the outer layer, the only partthat passengers actually see, is the rubber cover, which is a blend ofsynthetic polymers and rubber. )his cover is designed to resistdegradation from environmental conditions, mechanical wear and tear,


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and human vandalism. )he railing is constructed by feeding rubberthrough a computer controlled e*trusion machine to produce layers of there2uired size and type in order to match specific orders. )he componentlayers of fabric, rubber, and steel are shaped by skilled workers beforebeing fed into the presses, where they are fused together. :hen installed,

the finished railing is pulled along its track by a chain that is connected tothe main drive gear by a series of pulleys.

#ow escalators work -%

)he core of an escalator is a pair of chains, looped around two pairs ofgears. An electric motor turns the drive gears at the top, which rotate the chainloops. A typical escalator uses a " horsepower motor to rotate the gears. )hemotor and chain system are housed inside the truss, a metal structure e*tendingbetween two floors.4nstead of moving a flat surface, as in a conveyer belt, the chain loops move a

series of steps. )he coolest thing about an escalator is the way these stepsmove. As the chains move, the steps always stay level. At the top and bottom ofthe escalator, the steps collapse on each other, creating a flat platform. )hismakes it easier to get on and off the escalator

+ach step in the escalator has two sets of wheels, which roll along twoseparate tracks. )he upper set 'the wheels near the top of the step( areconnected to the rotating chains, and so are pulled by the drive gear at the top ofthe escalator. )he other set of wheels simply glides along its track, followingbehind the first set.

http://www.howstuffworks.com/gear.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/motor.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/horsepower.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/gear.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/motor.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/horsepower.htm


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)he individual steps from an escalator

)he tracks are spaced apart in such a way that each step will alwaysremain level. At the top and bottom of the escalator, the tracks level off to ahorizontal position, flattening the stairway. +ach step has a series of grooves in it,so it will fit together with the steps behind it and in front of it during this flattening.4n addition to rotating the main chain loops, the electric motor in an escalator alsomoves the handrails. A handrail is simply a rubber conveyer belt that is loopedaround a series of wheels. )his belt is precisely configured so that it moves ate*actly the same speed as the steps, to give riders some stability.

)he escalator system isn9t nearly as good as an elevator at lifting peopledozens of stories, but it is much better at moving people a short distance. )his isbecause of the escalator9s high loading rate.

Si$es and typical use -%

Standard escalator step widths

Si$e

@idth2;etween

;alustrade'anels5, in

?illimeters

@idth2;etween

;alustrade'anels5, in

+nches

Single%stepcapacity

Applications

Verysmall

D mm "0 inCne passenger,with feettogether

An older design,e*tremely rare today

Small 0 mm D in Cne passenger

3ow-volume sites,uppermost levels ofdepartment stores,when space is limited


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?edium # mm / in

Cne passengerE one packageor one piece ofluggage.

Shopping malls,department stores,smaller airports

Large " mm D in)wo passengers@ one may walkpast another

ainstay of metro

systems, largerairports, trainstations, some retailusage

operating switches -%

Emergency Stop ;utton3ets passengers or observers stop the escalator 'moving walk(immediately in an emergency situation. Provided with red-transparent plastic vandal proof covering.


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Lighting ey Switch A key switch that turns on and off the ;nder-&andrail 3ighting,Step 'Pallet( ?emarcation 3ighting,


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"(


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becomes trapped in the gap between the Step 'Pallet( and Skirt Fuard.

=( 4nlet Fuard

A guard made of soft rubber, which fits over the outside of the handrail where it

enters the Galustrade to keep a person>s fingers or hand, or any foreign ob5ectaway from the handrail opening, to prevent in5ury.

#( +mergency Stop Gutton

A button that immediately stops the escalator 'moving walk( in emergencysituations.

%( &andrail Safety Switch

A safety device that stops the escalator 'moving walk( when the speed of the

oving &andrail and the Steps 'Pallets( fail to synchronize.

"( 4nlet Fuard Switch

A safety device that stops escalator 'moving walk( when physical contact is madewith the inlet.

""( 6ire Shutter Switch '6SS(

A special feature installed only when a fire-prevention shutter is in the vicinity of

the escalator 'moving walk(. )he opening and shutting of the fire preventionshutter is synchronized with the escalator 'moving walk(, and the escalator'moving walk( cannot be started while the fire-prevention shutter is down.

• 5-type escalators 7-


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Spiral escalators7-


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CASE STUDY :


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ASA 6ABCCH #D

B4IJ4


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Despite being some of Mumbai’s oldestinhabitants and landowners, the EastIndians have to play a patient waiting

game to acquire land within the city for acultural centre called the East IndianBhavan. iona ernande! spea"s totorchbearers who’ve championed this

pro#ect

It’s a relaxed Sunday evening. After watching a play that takes the audience to a

scene from an East Indian household in the 18s! it’s time to tuck into a spread of

authentic "ork #indaloo! $utton Stew! %hicken $oile and &ice &otis.

In the 'ackground! strains of an East Indian song wafts through a homely! charming

restaurant.

(Left, below) Audrey D’Souza’s outer and inner plans for the East Indian

Bhavan !he "o#ple$ will represent a traditional East Indian ho#e with

tiled roofs and hi%h "eilin%s I&A'ES *+!ES- A*D+E D’S*.A

(ow! imagine all of the a'ove as a reality! in the heart of $um'ai. If things go

according to plan! an East Indian )havan will 'e 'uilt in the city that will act as a

community centre to showcase the culture! tradition! history and heritage of this

community. *+e never had such a permanent space despite owning land and

property in $um'ai for centuries. +e felt why not 'uild something concrete for our

community,- reasons )orivali 'ased architect Audrey )aptista ’Sou/a! whose plans

will help transform this dream into reality.


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Community living

0he structure! designed to resem'le a traditional East Indian home! will house a

cultural centre! a museum to preserve its heritage! a li'rary and research centre! a

2seater auditorium! a help centre as well as a restaurant that will serve authentic

East Indian cuisine. *It will 'e 'uilt like a typical East Indian home! without any

modern facades. +e want it to represent our community! and what remains of our

culture 3 for generations to come. 0he museum inside the )havan will showcase all

of it!- she shares.

A "lose/up of a traditional East Indian 0ewellery showin% a 1sh, re2e"tin%

their ties with the sea

4uckily! inspiration for this pro5ect was in Audrey’s own 'ackyard! literally. *I grew up

in #ile "arle 6+est7! in a traditional home that is years old today. It has a garden!

and the roof rises up to 11219 feet: It’s not easy to manage! 'ut we have relatives


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who have 'een looking after it for us!- she adds! with a sense of pride! and relief as

well.

a view of the East Indian &useu# in !eresa 3illa%e, &anori 4i"s-Sa#eer

&ar5ande

Whose land is it?

*0he idea of the )havan germinated in 9 3 when we were working on the $o'ai

)havan $useum that was eventually 'uilt in 0eresa #illage! $anori. +e were lucky at

the time that a family o;ered us the land to 'uild it.


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- See more at7http788www.mid-day.com8articles8mumbais-oldest-inhabitants-await-land-for-east-indian-

bhavan8"0/D/"="Ksthash.pgP$"PLD.dpuf

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Documents

Escalators Report