ESCM Chapter 7

Martin Howley

Overview

• Background

• Responses

• Outline

• Issues

• Emissions

• Decomposition analysis

Background

• Indicators not merely data

• provide a deeper understanding of the main issues and to highlight important relations that are not evident using basic statistics

• Good indicator has a clear objective on what it’s supposed to measure

• Coherence between the energy aspect and the activity

• International comparability

Background

• Existing and forthcoming publications

– UN Sustainability Indicators

– ODYSSEE Energy Indicators

– IEA Energy Efficiency Indicators

– MESH

Background – types of indicators

• Econometric indicators – energy intensity• Physical indicators – energy per tonne, sq metre,

passenger km, tonne km, etc• Efficiency indicator – decomposition analysis• Environmental indicator – energy-related

emission per capita, GDP, kWh etc• Indirect indicator – motorization rate, appliance

label shares, etc• Composite – ODEX • Price – cost per energy unit

Background - Responses

• Focus energy indicators• Special focus on energy intensity. However,

intensity is a very misleading indicator for energy efficiency. Need to explain why intensity should not be used for energy efficiency.

• Not sure about if the distance travelled per capita is a good example.

• Energy use per capita. A need to define what use covers.

Background - Responses

• Efficiency of energy conversion• Industrial energy intensities: There is a need to

add energy consumption per tonne of production (cement, iron and still, etc.). It is often more meaningful than intensity.

• Not sure about useful is Agricultural energy intensities are really meaningful. They are so dependent on so many factors.

Background - Responses

• Scope– to identify usages for public policies of such

information: national development plans (including sustainable energy development), and international conventions and protocols.

– the relevant processes and activities related to production and consumption of energy for the calculation of greenhouse gas emissions

Background - Responses

• Energy-related greenhouse gas emissions:  Emission factors used (if national factors are used, how are they derived?). Some emissions such at nitrous oxides (NOx) depend on how it’s consumed in terms of the technology, load factor, etc. 

• The choice of the set of indicators compiled by a country should consider the sustainable development approach, according to its three dimensions: social, economic and environment, as well as according to theme and sub - theme

Outline

• Introduction

• What is a ‘good indicator’

• Types of Indicators

• Data Sources

• National Indicators

– Energy intensity

– Energy per capita

Outline

• Sectoral Indictors

• Energy Efficiency versus Energy Intensity

Issues

• Climate correction

• Energy Intensity versus Energy Efficiency

• Monetary value – constant values (real)

Issues – Climate correction

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

Total Total (climate corrected)kW

h/D

wellin

g p

er

an

nu

m

Issues – Intensity v Efficiency

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

19951996199719981999200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011

Index

199

5 = 1

00

Energy Intensity - Actual Energy Intensity at Constant Structure

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

• IPCCC

• Emission Factors

• CO2 NOx SOx, methane etc

• Emissions trading v non-trading (EU)

• Emissions Indicators

Decomposition analysis

• Disaggregate energy consumption, emissions into component parts

• Changes in consumption related to changes in component activity

Decomposition analysis

ESCM Chapter 7

Thank you.