Upload
christopher-ng-man-king
View
233
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
7/28/2019 ESD FINAL REPORT: PAYING IT FORWARD
1/39
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN
Centre for Modern Architecture Studies in Southeast Asia (MASSA)
Bachelor of Science (Honours) (Architecture)
ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABLE DESIGN (ARC 1413/1412)
Paying It Forward Project Report
Service Learning experiences should give students a chance to make a positive
contribution in their community. The project is to explore the sense of environmental and
community engagement as future designer.
Georgius Indra Putra (Group Leader)
(Email : [email protected])
0312099
Anthony Sudianto 0312260
Astriyani 0311678
AzinEskandari 0312234
BoediSatria 0311503Christopher Ng Man King 0309552
Michael Ryan
Phillip Sutedjo 0312245
Hong Si Mun 0312643
Vincent Lim Wey Hang 0312091
Organization Name: Hati United Learning Center Contact Person : Madam Mink Ong
Address: United Learnin Center Imbi road Bukit Phone Number : +60196000448
7/28/2019 ESD FINAL REPORT: PAYING IT FORWARD
2/39
Index
Number Title Page
1. INTRODUCTION- Paying It Forward- Our Partner
- ULC For The Burmese Children- Burmese Refugee in Malaysia
- The Issue They Face
- The Solution
2. Work planning and timeline- Work Planning
- Timeline
3. PVC SHOE RACK- Description
- Physical and Chemical Properties
- Comparison Between Table And Timber- Advantages of PVC Shoe Rack
- Life Cycle Assessment- Working Process
- Issue Faced
4. CARDBOARD TABLE
- Description- Physical and chemical properties
- Life cycle assessment
- The working process- Issue faced
5. WATER DISPENSER STATION
- Description- Physical and chemical properties- The working process
- Issue faced
6. COSTING
7. Site visit photo review
8. Reflective
7/28/2019 ESD FINAL REPORT: PAYING IT FORWARD
3/39
1. Introduction
1.1 Paying It Forward
Paying It Forward, an Environment Sustainable Design project launched by
Taylors University School of Architecture, aim to create the sense of awareness
for environment and society in students heart, giving them the idea to contribute
and make positive impacts. The project itself enables the students to explore and
learn the concept of sustainability by experiencing it first hand, daring the given
amount of time.
1.2 Our Partner
United Learning Centre (ULC) is a non-profit organization situated at Jalan Imbi,
a commercial area in Kuala Lumpur. It acts both as shelter and school, providing
the children with home line atmosphere and at the same time equipping them
with knowledge, wisdom and moral value through education and dogma.
Managed by 2 Burmese volunteers, ULC is now sheltering a total of 35 burmuse
orphans not including another 130 Burmese children refugees who would come
every weekday to get educated. ULC is a corporation unit of the charity
association, Hati.
1.5 Issue They Face
We had our first site visit on 29 th of April 2013. After observation and analysis of
the site, we came up with a conclusion that the environment is unhygienic for
living.
7/28/2019 ESD FINAL REPORT: PAYING IT FORWARD
4/39
Issue 1: Unhygienic water dispenser stand
Figure1.1: Water dispenser they used outdoor
Due to long exposure to tropical climate in Malaysia, the timber used started to
decay, fungus and termite could be seen living on the structure giving it a
possibility to collapse and may result in harming the children
The structures of the stand itself are rigid, consisting of only 4 thin wooden blocks
standing from the ground to the cover of the stand; do not act as a support for the
weight of the galloon. However, the white box situated right underneath it, is the
one which helps. In addition, the plywood used to cover the rears and top of the
stand is vulnerable to the weather in Malaysia. The wind may blow away the
stand easily.
Issue 2: The need for more dining tables
Figure 1.2: Dining table for children
7/28/2019 ESD FINAL REPORT: PAYING IT FORWARD
5/39
There are only few dining tables available. 135 children would squeeze
themselves for space inside a small living room or the tables located outdoor
every lunch time on the weekdays. Pictures below were taken during weekends
while most of the children (100 in precise) were not present. It looked cramp
even though most of them are absent at that moment. While most of the tables
are still in good condition, however the hungry crowds filling up the limited
spaces is inevitable.
Issue 3: Lack of Storage Unit for shoes
There is lacking of shoe rack. Pairs of shoes are twice number the owner. There
are around 135 children, meaning there can be at least 270 shoes scattered all
around the ground, untidy, disorganized, due to limited space provided.
Figure 1.3: Outdoor, boys and girls shoe racks
1.6 The Solution
After the long discussion, we come out with a solution to provide and help the
children in the refugee to improve the quality of life.
7/28/2019 ESD FINAL REPORT: PAYING IT FORWARD
6/39
Issue Solution
Unhygienic water dispenser stand Design and construct a new water
dispenser
The need for more dining table Design and construct more table
Lack of storage unit for shoe Design and construct shoe racks for
kids
7/28/2019 ESD FINAL REPORT: PAYING IT FORWARD
7/39
2. Work planning and timeline
2.1 Work planning
Na mes Ge org iu s, In dra ,Pu tr a,( Lea der ) An th on y, Su di an to As tr iya ni , Az in ,Es ka nd ar i Bo edi ,Sa tr ia
Christopher,David,Ng,Man,
King Michael,Ryan Philip,Sutedjo Simun,Hong V
ID 312099 312260 311678 311503 309552 312245
4/29/13 Present Present Present Absent Present Absent,(Hospitalized) Present Present Present P
5/5/13 Present Present Present Absent Present Absent,(Hospitalized) Present Present Present A
Main,Responsibility
Lead,the,team,and,supervice,
the,performance,of,each,
member,in,the,team.,
Delegate,task,and,keep,track,
on,the,work,progress.,
Design,and,construction,of,
water,station,
Design,and,construction,of,
shoe,rack
Design,and,construction,of,
table
Design,and,construction,of,
water,station
Design,and,construction,of,
table
Design,and,construction,of,
water,station
Design,and,construction,of,
show,rack,
In,charge,of,finance.,
Budgeting.,Keep,track,on,the,
spending,of,the,whole,
project.
I
f
s
p
f
c
April,7,Z,13
Ap ril ,1 4, Z,2 0 Fa ce bo ok ,g ro up ,wa s,c re at ed J oin ed, gro up J oin ed ,g ro up J oin ed ,g ro up J oin ed ,g ro up J oin ed ,g ro up J oin ed ,g ro up J oi ne d,g ro up J oi ne d,g ro up
Discussion,of,selection,of,site,
on,facebookGiven,options,of,site
First,Short,meeting,Attended Attended Attended Attended Attended Attended Attended Attended Attended A
Location,map,and,ways,to,
reach,the,refugee,centre,was,
posted
Assist,in,looking,for,the,map
First,site,visit,to,the,United,
Learning,Centre
Interviewed,the,caretaker,of,
the,centre,Jonathan,and,
Grace
Interviewed,the,caretaker,of,
the,centre,Jonathan,and,
Grace
Interviewed,the,caretaker,of,
the,centre,Jonathan,and,
Grace
Interviewed,the,caretaker,of,
the,centre,Jonathan,and,
Grace
Interviewed,the,caretaker,of,
the,centre,Jonathan,and,
Grace
Interviewed,the,caretaker,of,
the,centre,Jonathan,and,
Grace
Interviewed,the,caretaker,of,
the,centre,Jonathan,and,
Grace
Draft,proposal Assist,in,drafting,proposal Assist,in,drafting,proposal
Second,site,visit,to,United,
Learning,Centre
Took,measurement,on,the,
site
Took,measurement,on,the,
site
Took,measurement,on,the,
site
Took,measurement,on,the,
site
Took,measurement,on,the,
site
Took,measurement,on,the,
site
Second,meeting Attended Attended Absent Attended Attended Attended Attended Attended A
Further,delegation,of,tasks,
Refugee,visit,designDesign,of,water,station Design,of,shoe,rack Refugee,visit,proposal Design,of,water,station
Design,of,table,approval,
letterDesign,of,wat er,st atio n Design,of,wat er,st atio n Material ,o utsearch,
Sket ches,o f,design Sket ches,o f,design Prov ide,design,idea Sket ches,o f,design
Received,approval,letter,from,
Mr.,Ong,Mink Sket ches,o f,design Sk et ches,o f,design Material ,co st ,May,12,Z,18 Finalization,of,proposal
May,19,Z,25Card,board,cutting,dumping,
area,visit,get,cardboard
Card,board,cutting,dumping,
area,visit,get,cardboard
Card,board,cutting,dumping,
area,visit,get,cardboard
Card,board,cutting,dumping,
area,visit,get,cardboard
Card,board,cutting,dumping,
area,visit,get,cardboard
Card,board,cutting,dumping,
area,visit,get,cardboard
Card,board,cutting,dumping,
area,visit,get,cardboard
Card,board,cutting,dumping,
area,visit,get,cardboard
Card,board,cutting,dumping,
area,visit,get,cardboard
C
a
May,26,Z,June,1
Cut,cardboard,and,PVC,pipe,
cutting,buy,PVC,pipe,and,
order,metal,car
Cut,cardboard,and,PVC,pipe,
cutting
Cut,cardboard,and,PVC,pipe,
cutting,buy,PVC,pipe,and,
order,metal,car
Cut,cardboard,and,PVC,pipe,
cutting
Cut,cardboard,and,PVC,pipe,
cutting
Cut,cardboard,and,PVC,pipe,
cutting,buy,PVC,pipe,and,
order,metal,car
Cut,cardboard,and,PVC,pipe,
cutting
Cut,cardboard,and,PVC,pipe,
cutting
Cut,cardboard,and,PVC,pipe,
cutting
C
c
o
June,2,Z,8
Announment,on,facebook,on,
progress,Cardboard,cutting,
cardboard,hunting
Cardboard,cuttingCardboard,cutting,card,board,
huntingC ardboard,cut t ing C ardboard,cut ting
Cardboard,cutting,cardboard,
huntingC ardboard,cut ting C ardboard,cut ting C ardboard,cut ting
W
h
June,9,Z,15Weld,metal,buy,brush,paint,
sand,paper,working,on,reportWeld,metal
buy,brush,paint,sand,paper,
working,on,reportwo rk ing,on,report Weld,metal
Buy,brush,paint,sand,paper,
wrking,on,reportWel d,m eta l Wel d,m eta l w orki ng ,o n, re po rt
b
w
June,16,Z,22
June,23,Z,29
Weekly,Progress,Task,
Delegation
E.S.D.%Project%2%Group%3%Bar%Chart
Categories Item
Shelter,Visit,Dates
Group,Members
Group,created
Pictures,of,the,centre,were,taken
Decision,made,on,United,Learning,Centre
April,21,Z,27
April,28,Z,May,4
May,5,Z,11
7/28/2019 ESD FINAL REPORT: PAYING IT FORWARD
8/39
2.2 Timeline
Date Time Activity
12-Apr-13 10:00-10:30 Formingtheteam
18-Apr-13 11:59AM Facebookgroupwascreated
21-Apr-13 13:00PM onlinediscussionstarted
9:00PM Fixfirstmeetingday23-Apr-13 1:00PM Shortmeetingaboutsite
14:15-17:00PM Goingtoobserveandgotinformationforthesite
28-Apr-13 22:36PM Decidethesite
29-Apr-13 10:47-11:15AM Onlinediscuss ionaboutfirstsitevi sit
14:15PM Departtothesite
15:05PM Buysomesweetforthechildren
16:30PM Arrivetothesite
16:35-17:40 Observethesiteandshortinterview
30-Apr-13 11:21-12:38 Onlinediscussionaboutwhatcanwedoforthechildrenatrefugee.
14:00-21.30 Makingandsubmittheproposal
1-May-13 16:44 Proposalrejected
2-May-13 13:06 Rewritetheproposal
4-May-13 10:21 Onlinediscussionaboutsecondsitevisit
5-May-13 10:13 Arrivetothesite
10:15-13:21 Furtherinterview,measurethesite13:25 Leavethesite
13:40-14:15 Shortdiscussionaboutthesite
6-May-13 18:50-20:00 Onlinediscussionaboutmaterial
7-May-13 11:00 Meetingaboutrejectedproposal
17:55 Rewritedproposal uploadtofacebookforrevision
9-May 4:00AM Proposalrejected
19:00PM Rewritetheproposal
10-May-13 10:00-10:45 Discussabouttheproposalandsite
11:40 Proposenewsolutionfortherefugee
11:50 Newsolutionaccepted
13:00-13:50 Shortmeetingaboutnewproposal,thirdsitevis itanddistributethejob
16:28 Newproposal acceptedbytherefugee
17:20-18:50 Proposesomedesignviafacebook
11-May-13 11:00-13:15 Thirdsitevisit
16:26 Recaivedapprovalletterfromrefugeeviaemail
17:20 Startdiscuss aboutthedesignandmaterial
12-May-13 19:32 Firstdesignofshoeracks
21:45 waterstatondesign
13-May-13 19:49 tabledesign
20:29 Compilingdataforfinal proposal
14-May-13 0:18 Finalizetheproposal
15-May-13 19:45 Proposalapproved
19-May-13 9:00-10:30 Visitthedumpingareaformaterial
21-May-13 21:37 getthecardboard
23-May-13 13:00-02:15 cuttingcardboard
31-May-13 12:00-16:30 cuttingcardboardandpvcpipe
16:30-17:25 Buypvcpipeandordermetal
3-Jun-13 14:35 g et meta l
6-Jun-13 21:39 reportwhatweachiveandnextactivityviafacebook
7-Jun-13 11:00-14:00 cuttingcardboard
14:30-17:50 Huntingcardboardandpvcpipe
8-Jun-13 10:00-18:00 cuttingcardboardandpvcpipe
12-Jun-13 12:30 Starttoweldthemetal
13:15 Buysomeequipment(paint,brush,etc)
13-Jun-13 16:00 Researchanddoingreportdraft
14-Jun-13 13:00 Doingreport,weighttestingfortable,showrackassembling
15-Jun-13 15:00 tableassembling
7/28/2019 ESD FINAL REPORT: PAYING IT FORWARD
9/39
3. PVC Shoe Rack
3.1 Description
From our site visit, we observed that the refugee center did not have enough
shoe rack that caused the shoes scattered all around in front of the entrance.
There are 135 kids in the refugee centre where 35 of them are staying with
Pastor Jonathan. The ranges of age are from 3-16 years old. The only shoe rack
they have is from the donation of the society. The issue that we observed is the
shoe rack is full that causes some of them just leave their shoe on the ground.
Therefore we come out with the solution of making a new shoe rack for kids.
The solution that we can think of is sponsoring them a new shoe rack. In the
group discussion, we eliminate the idea of buying them a whole new shoe rack
from the shop. We propose an idea of hand-made shoe rack. A rough idea of the
design came out and we have a structural racks design.
Figure 3.1: first idea of shoe rack
After the idea of shoe rack is decided, we moved to the designing process. The
first consideration we take is the material. We decided that the material chosen
7/28/2019 ESD FINAL REPORT: PAYING IT FORWARD
10/39
must be safe for children, durable, environmental friendly and low cost. We
compare 2 common materials in the market and finally we decide to use PVC
pipe that reach all our criteria.
3.2 Physical and Chemical Properties
Physical and chemical properties
Density (g/cm3) 1.3 1.45
Embodied energy (MJ/Kg) 67.50
Carbon emission (kg CO / kg) 24.40
Life span ( years) 20
Compression strength ( psi) 9500
Temperature to decompose ( C) 140
Oxidation index 45 or more
Energy consumption (Mj/kg) 57.2
Table 3.2: The physical and chemical properties of PVC
3.3 Comparison Between PVC and Timber
Material PVC pipe Timber
Safety Yes No (sharp edges present)
Costing Low High
Stability Yes Yes
Summary of the analysis impact of IKA AT-11
Energy Medium Lowest (13% of PVC)
Durability High Low
Emission to air
( CO2, CO, SO2)
Medium Lowest
Emission to water Highest Medium
7/28/2019 ESD FINAL REPORT: PAYING IT FORWARD
11/39
Waste Low High
Environmental impact of production, use and recycling from IKP D-6
Chemical stability Yes Yes
Global warming Medium Lowest
Summer smog Low ( no coating needed) High ( coating on timber
causes significant emission)
Use phase No maintenance No maintenance
Recycling Yes Yes
Total primary
energy
Medium Lowest
Recycling rate 70% recycling material 100% thermal recycling
Table3.3: comparison of PVC and timber.
Source: Final report, LCA of PVC and of principal competing materials
commissioned by European commission.
IKP: University of Stuttgart
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is a third most widely produced plastic in the world. It is
a newly invented material in the modern era that brings benefits and convenience
to human being.
The table 3.2 above is the comparison between PVC and timber. The first aspect
we look into was safety precaution for children. PVC does not have sharp edges
while timber has many edges after processing it. The sharp edges may cause
injury to the kids. We wanted to minimize the risk of hurting the children while
they are using our products. The cost of PVC is much lower than timber which
cost only RM 0.30 per meter. The stability of both materials is similar.
According to the impact analysis of IKA AT-11, the energy consume for PVC is
medium is higher than timber; however the durability of PVC is much higher than
7/28/2019 ESD FINAL REPORT: PAYING IT FORWARD
12/39
timber. As a result, the waste for PVC is lower than the waste for timber due to
their durability difference.
From the view of environmental impact, the chemical stability of both materials is
very similar. PVC doesnt cause summer smog because no coating needed and
there is minimal maintenance needed. Where else timber need high maintenance
every year with addition of coating on timber causes significant emission to
summer smog.
PVC was thought to be not environmental friendly. However, from the scientific
analysis, the recycling rate of PVC is relatively high which enable uses of 70% of
the recycling material. In year 2010, PVC waste management cab be monitored
by Vinyl and its main target is to recycle 800 000 tons per year of PVC by the
year 2020 through the process called vinyloop. The recycled PVCs primary
energy is 46% lower than conventional produced PVC. This had influenced the
global warming potential to decrease significantly, which is 39% lower.
From economic aspect, we compared PVC shoe rack with the timber shoe racks
from the market. From our study of the price and function, the cheapest timber
shoe rack is RM119 that can hold 12 pairs of shoes. Compared to our D.I.Y. PVC
shoe rack, the cost is approximately RM100 which is slightly cheaper. The
difference shows when our shoe rack can hold up to 23 pair of shoe each. This
had made the shoe rack more suitable for the refugee center. The life span of our
PVC shoe rack is longer compare to IKEA timber shoe rack. The high humidity
level can easily corrode and decompose the timber when placed outdoor.
Getting high quality timber furniture is costly these days. To get new timber
signified to chop down more trees in indirectly. Even the wood shoe racks on the
market that we see in shop are mostly from recycled wood or MDF board. The
life spans of these products are comparatively shorter. Besides that, when
factory used timber to make furniture, paint is applied on it to make it more
durable. The paint they used causes emission of CO, CO and SO in the air.
7/28/2019 ESD FINAL REPORT: PAYING IT FORWARD
13/39
The using of PVC shoe rack is more convenient due to its easy cleaning. PVC
pipe is waterproof and the pores of PVC surface are smaller. It will not cause
bacterial and fungus grown on the pipe that will bring diseases to the children.
On the other hand, timber needs high maintenance of bacterial, fungus and
termites, making it inconvenient for the refugee center.
After the study and research for material, we conclude that PVC is much more
sustainable and suitable than timber in our case.
3.4 Life cycle assessment
To present PVC life cycle effectively, this section is divided into 3 phases, the
production phase, the use phase and the eng-of-life phase.
Figure 3.4: summary of LCA of PVC
Production phase
Pure PVC is hard and brittle material which degrades at 100 C and sensitive to
light and heat.
EDC / VCM production
PVC polymerization production phase
PVC processing
PVC products use phase
Disposal/ Recycling End-of-life
EDC:1,2-dicholoroethane
VCM:Vinylchloridemonomer
7/28/2019 ESD FINAL REPORT: PAYING IT FORWARD
14/39
Figure 3.5: overview of PVC product manufacture (RANDA EU.003 study)
Use phase
PVC products are highly durable; durable products are replaced less frequently.
This has a positive influence on the PVC life cycle.
Maintenance efforts required for PVC products are relatively low. PVC material
requires little maintenance and repair due to its chemical, mechanical and
thermal stability. This also has a positive influence on the environmental
performance of the life cycle.
PVC generally performs well in terms of the parameter of maintenance methods,
intervals and service life.
End phase
From a life cycle perspective, the effectiveness of an environmental improvement
Ethylene Chlorine
EDC
Thermal
decomposition
VCM
Polymerization
PVC Additive
PVC compound
Processing (molding)
PVC product
7/28/2019 ESD FINAL REPORT: PAYING IT FORWARD
15/39
increases if the quality of the recycled product is higher and therefore can be
applied in the production of new products (decreasing the demand of primary
produced material).
Recent studies show that the presence of PVC has no significant effect on the
amount of dioxins released through incineration of plastic waste.
Due to the available joints of the PVC pipe, we have a few possibilities to do the
design. After a few experimental models, our final design came out.
The sketches below show the detail of the final design.
7/28/2019 ESD FINAL REPORT: PAYING IT FORWARD
16/39
3.5 The working process
3.6 Issue Faced
There are 2 issues we faced during the designing stage. The first problem was
we could not find any appropriate joints that we need. After a few days hunting
for the joints, we decided to modify the design so that it is easier for us to
assembly. The second issue was the low stability of the shoe rack. Due to the
consideration of children safety, we decided to modify the design again. After 2
times of changes, we finally come out with a shoe rack that fits the design quality.
Sustainability of material can be seen not only from its eco-friendly but to
see it from economic and social aspect.
4. Cardboard table
4.1 Description
When we first arrived at the site, the objective was to do an analysis of the needs
lacking in the Learning Centre in terms of hygiene and scholar necessities. One
First design
of shoe rack
Material
decided
Material
shopping
Second
design of
shoe rack
Searching
for specific
joints
Third design
of shoe rack
Mock up
model
Scale 1:1
model
testing
Final design
of shoe rack
7/28/2019 ESD FINAL REPORT: PAYING IT FORWARD
17/39
of the issues revealed by Pastor Jonathan after his interview was a lack of
hygiene conditions concerning the eating process of the children between the
ages of 3-5 as they are not able to sit on standard height tables which are mostly
for adults and other people between the heights of 1.3m-1.7m. This issue was
considered as one of our objectives for this project and we decided to proceed to
the exploration stage of the issue and started coming out with designs suited for
the children.
Once the analysis considered, we moved to the design process and most of the
proposals were based on the recyclability of the material, lightness for easy
transportation by the children, Life Cycle Assessment of the material and
Embodied energy. The process principle employed was mostly about the human
design which means designing in terms of the human anthropometric data and
ergonomics and also in terms functionality of the table.
We came out with the proposal of table. This is the first design of our table.
The design of the table contains the concept of aesthetic, sustainable and
functional.
After discussion, we agreed on the material cardboard which can express both
of the concepts in the design.
7/28/2019 ESD FINAL REPORT: PAYING IT FORWARD
18/39
4.1 Physical and Chemical Properties
Density (kg/m) 6.89
Embodied energy (MJ/kg) 16000
Carbon Emission (kgCO/kg) 2.6
Life span (years) 20
Compressive strength (N/mm) 0.6
Energy consumption (Gj/tone) 13.5
Advantages - Fire resistance (according to
chemical modification)
- Waterproof ( according to chemical
modification)- Moisture resistance (according to
chemical modification)
- light but a very good load bearing
material
- recyclable
- nature-friendly
- warm ( just like wood )
- safe to use (for kids)
- versatile material
Figure 4.1: properties of cardboard
The reason why we did not choose timber and metal is because it possesses a
consequent weight which is a very big disadvantage in terms of transportation for
the children. After studying the characteristics of cardboard, which is considered
as the lightest and stiffest building material nowadays, we designed a light weight
structure respecting the human proportion. Explorations about the form according
to the function were executed.
7/28/2019 ESD FINAL REPORT: PAYING IT FORWARD
19/39
Figure 4.2 Breakdown of paper waste item
Source: clean up Australia, PDF file
According to the rubbish report done by clean up Australia, the main rubbish
waste is small paper. The secondary subcategory is others, which includes
cardboards and boxes.
As paper is biodegradable, it does not persist in the environment, making it muchless damaging than others material. Recycling cardboard uses 40% less energy
than extracting fresh lumber to create cardboard.
From the economical point of view, the studies did by Andrew Zentner & Anna
Lier state that the society discard approximately 363 cubic meter of cardboard
waste per month which is equivalent to 4356 cubic meter per year. The latest
market price for wholesale new cardboard cost RM 8 each. From the calculation,
society throws RM34, 848 per year to the dumping area which is a significant
amount.
Breakdownofpaperwasteitem
others
smallpaper
fastfoodpackaging
printmaterial
cigare>epackage
bags
7/28/2019 ESD FINAL REPORT: PAYING IT FORWARD
20/39
4.3 Life cycle assessment
Greenhouse gas emission
Figure 4.3: summary of LCA of cardboard
Figure 4.4 Greenhouse gas emission from pulp and paper industry related to fuelcombustion.
Source: clean up Australia, PDF file
Gar emissions are directly proportional to energy consumption. The production of
pulp is the most energy intensive process in making paper, accounting for 56% of
Greenhousegasemission
PulpproducBon
PaperproducBon
Paperboard
producBon
Timberdrying
cut wood is transported to
a paper center
Emission (heat and electricity)
7/28/2019 ESD FINAL REPORT: PAYING IT FORWARD
21/39
its emissions. Turning pulp into paper is the second most energy consuming
among the processes. Harvesting and timber processing is the least energy
intensive process for making paper.
The scope of the study was to develop a cradle-to
-cradle Life Cycle
Assessment of the 2006 U.S. industry-average corrugated product.
Paper mills drive the life-cycle profiles For all impact categories, material and
energy flows from paper mills dominate the results. Environmental impacts are
dominated by energy demands at the mill. Bio-based energy (e.g. hog-fuel, liquor,
etc.) substantially reduces global warming potential (GWP) contribution from mills,
but does not eliminate mills GWP contribution due to the use of fossil fuels.
Energy sourcing is a management option that may be open to mill operators that
can have a substantial effect on the environmental impacts.
Increased use of bio based energy sources will further reduce the overall use of
fossil energy and GWP impacts from mills, although there are numerous factors
that must be considered in energy sourcing decisions (e.g. availability and price).
End-of-Life as modeled (based on 2006 industry average) demonstrates that it is
only important in relation to global warming potential. Other life-cycle impact
indicators show little or no response from the End-of-Life stage. The End-of- Life
effect on GWP is mainly related to methane generated but not captured from
landfill operations. The sensitivity analysis on different End-of-Life management
scenarios clearly shows that increasing recovery, increasing efforts to capture
methane, or increasing the percentage of disposed corrugated materials that are
incinerated for energy recovery have the potential to improve overall
environmental performance.
Cardboard has been denoted as the most efficient building material for interior
design as it has been proven that houses' interiors, exteriors and even structures
7/28/2019 ESD FINAL REPORT: PAYING IT FORWARD
22/39
of mini houses could be built out of it.
We experimented through a few mock models. The main reason we modify the
design is because of the stability of the table. We try to improve the quality of our
design in each model.
The sketches on next page shows the final model with detail and measurement.
7/28/2019 ESD FINAL REPORT: PAYING IT FORWARD
23/39
7/28/2019 ESD FINAL REPORT: PAYING IT FORWARD
24/39
7/28/2019 ESD FINAL REPORT: PAYING IT FORWARD
25/39
wet cleaning and for waterproofing. Plasma sheet which is a mixture of paper
components and polycarbonates is the best suited material for this task. The
material will be used in only a small percentage of the design integrity which
means that it will be used only as a protective skin which will at the same time
increase the chances of the material meeting the limit of 20 years life span.
4.5 Weight testing
The table is placed on a flat surface and the car tire is placed on the table. Each
of the car tires is weighted 20 pounds. We placed 6 tires on the table to test the
stability and strength of the table. The table proved its capability when it was able
to withstand 6 tires.6 tires which weighed 120 pounds in total are much heavier
than a child.
The only issue faced on our side was to find large piece of recycled cardboard,
we had to explore a lot of dump areas and finally we could come up with
sufficient amount of material to execute the design.
Design for the human with respect to nature and material capabilities.
5. Water dispenser
5.1 Description
In the first visit of the refugee center, there was cold drizzle falling in the late
afternoon. The original water dispenser is placed in the entrance of the refugee
with the graffiti of drinking water on it. The first thought came into question was
the stability of the water dispenser. We decided to make a new water dispenser
to serve them more hygienic and healthy.
The second step in the manufacturing process is to decide the material. We start
our material study from the material they originally used. After research, we
found that the timber they use is environmental friendly and low cost. The
disadvantage of using timber is the durability. Due to this point, we rejected the
idea of constructing the water dispenser using full timber.
7/28/2019 ESD FINAL REPORT: PAYING IT FORWARD
26/39
The next and last material we looked into was steel, a stronger and long lasting
material.
Physical and chemical properties
Mild steel Material Timber
7850 Density ( kg/m) 1500
36 Embodied energy (Mg/kg) 1.5
0.464 Carbon emission (tones
CO/ton)
0.093
50-100 Life span (years) 20
60 000 Compressive strength (psi) 3 000 -10 000
17.37 Energy used (Gj/t) 0.007
4 222 Air emission index 3 820
29 Water emission 3
High Rate of hygienic Low
Yes Weld ability Yes
- low waste
- flexibility
- resource
efficiency
- Adaptability
- Demount ability
- long lasting
appeal
- safety
- reusability and
recyclability
Advantage - low cost
- reusability and
recyclability
- aesthetic
- low emission to
water and air
- low embodied
energy
- energy efficient
7/28/2019 ESD FINAL REPORT: PAYING IT FORWARD
27/39
Mild steel
Figure 5.1 summary of material choice
Mild steel is iron containing up to about 0.25% of carbon. The presence of the
carbon makes the steel stronger and harder than pure iron.
From the environmental point of view, the recovery rates of steel are high.
Research shows that 99% of structural steel arising from demolition sites is
recycled or re-used. There is a conservative estimate that over 80% of all steel
scrap that becomes available each year is captured and recycled.
The vast majority of ferrous waste is re-incorporated immediately back into the
steel production chain. Almost no steel is ever intentionally wasted because it isvaluable. A recent survey indicated that no more than 1% of structural steel ever
goes to landfill. The rest is multicycled indefinitely.
generallymedium
lowcost
1.commonlyused
inthesociety
2.lightandeasyto
process
1.reusable
2.noenvironmental
impact
steel
Economic
Social
Environmental
7/28/2019 ESD FINAL REPORT: PAYING IT FORWARD
28/39
Besides that, steel is mealable, efficient, predictable and safe. Steel is the cost
effective solution and delivers long term value through flexibility, adaptability and
lasting appeal.
5.2 Life cycle assessment
Figure 5.2 flow chart of steel life cycle
Source: World steel association (worldsteel)
The LCI data quantifies 'cradle to gate' inputs (resources use, energy) and
outputs (environmental emissions) of steel production from:
1. Extraction of resources and use of recycled materials
Scrap steel is an essential ingredient for all new steel, so every steel-
making plant is a recycling plant. The value of scrap steel ensures that
whenever it can be collected and recycled, it is. But in many applications,
steel lasts for a long time, so there is a lot of steel in the world, doing a
useful job.
7/28/2019 ESD FINAL REPORT: PAYING IT FORWARD
29/39
2. Production of steel products to the steelworks gate and this is when the
most energy is being spent
3. End-of-life recovery and recycling of steel.
Timber
The raw material for timber is wood from trees. Sunlight provides the energy that
drives the biological process that produces wood. Once harvested, relatively little
energy is required to transform the logs into timber compared to other building
materials.
The reason why we choose timber as our second material is because of the
properties and advantages. We do not choose the new, fresh cut timber for ourwater dispenser. We found out the recycled timber pallet and use it as our
material. The advantages of timber are explained below and process of
manufacturing timber pallet will be described in process part.
The advantage of timber is not toxic, does not leak chemical vapor into the
environment and is safe to handle and touch. It also means that as timber ages,
it does so naturally and doesnt break down into environmentally damaging
materials. People have been using with timber for thousands of years. Timber is
continually being grown in our forests and plantations. New trees are planted to
replace those harvested; timber is always available as long as there is planting of
trees.
In the consideration of production energy, timber takes very little energy to
convert from trees into the wood logs. Timber milling can be found commonly
around the world and is often used in its local production area. This promotes
local economies and reduces the energy needed to transport materials in long
distances.
In addition, timber is versatile and can be used in a wide variety of ways. Being
light, it is easy to install and can be worked with simple equipment.
7/28/2019 ESD FINAL REPORT: PAYING IT FORWARD
30/39
5.3 Life cycle of timber
Energy needed to
remove the outer
layer Transportation
Most energy used
Energy needed to construct on site
Figure 5.3 summary of LCA of timber
1. Harvesting
First stage of the life cycle of timber begin in extraction of the raw materials by
harvesting it from the forest, this include the activities of building the access
road, establishing the plantation or native forest regeneration. Environmental
impacts associated with harvesting trees may include undesirable changes to
ecosystems. People may have to conserve the forest to ensure constant
supply of timber.
2. Manufacturing
Harvesting
Manufacturing
Constructing
Using
Recycling
7/28/2019 ESD FINAL REPORT: PAYING IT FORWARD
31/39
Timber is transported to the mill where it then processed and cut to its
standardized size for materials. This is when the most energy is being
used during LCA of timber. Generally, during manufacturing, the machine
utilize the entire log to produce a range of products with differing value but,
there are certain conditions when it is necessary to treat young-seasoned
timbers with preservatives to reduce the risk of decay from external
attacks.
3. Constructing
The third stage of the life cycle of timber is the on-site construction of the
building. Timber requires little on-site energy or special machinery as it is
light and easy to handle, its versatility offers design flexibility therefore it
can be more responsive to the conditions, minimizing site disturbance and
environmental impact.
4. Using
This includes the maintenance of timber to protect its appearance and or
durability, it require the application of regular treatments of surface
coatings.
5. Recycling
Final LCA stage of timber, the environmental impacts related to reusing
timber are similar to those for using new timber. These may require
energy to remove paint, varnish or other finishes as well as the removal of
old nails screws etc.
Judging through the environment we faced, we have decided to used steel as ourmain material for the water dispenser as it has longer lifespan and higher
compressive strength compare to timber. Though timber spent less energy
during manufacturing and emits less CO to environment, steel have higher
resistance to environment attacks compare to timber where we have to coat to
7/28/2019 ESD FINAL REPORT: PAYING IT FORWARD
32/39
add in additional properties, made it not suitable for used for structural and main
material.
7/28/2019 ESD FINAL REPORT: PAYING IT FORWARD
33/39
The sketches below show the detail joining and measurement of the final design.
5.4 The working process
Mild steel Wooden pallet
Decide of material
Clean off all dust and dirt.
Decide of design
Apply a layer of steel premier
in the morning and apply
second time in the afternoon.
Sho in of material
Paint the steel structure with
black paint.
Get the wooden pallet from
dumping site and friends.
Sandpaper the steel
structure.
Cut the pallet into wooden
cord.
Manufacture in metal work
shop. Steel structure water
dispenser formed.
Measure the size of the wood
need to cover the side of
steel structure.
Cut the wood into actual size.
Sandpaper the wood.
Clean off all the dust and dirt
Apply a layer of premier.
7/28/2019 ESD FINAL REPORT: PAYING IT FORWARD
34/39
Figure 5.6 working process
The issue that we faced is making decision for the material. We could not finalize
our material due to the properties, advantage and disadvantage of the material
around us. Finally, after studies and research, we came out with the water
dispenser with mix material which serve all of our needs and most sustainable.
Mark all the position of the
bolt.
Screw the bolt on the wood.
Drill holes on the wood.
Final product done
7/28/2019 ESD FINAL REPORT: PAYING IT FORWARD
35/39
6. Costing
Figure 6.1 summary expenses of this project
22/5/13 Hangerx5 RM4.90
22/5/13 Waterpipe,pipecutter,pvcelbow,pvctee RM68.20
20/5/13 Cardboard RM6.00
19/5/13 PVCelbowandPVCtee RM2.00
23/5/13 Cardboard RM15.00
22/5/13 CorrogatedPVC RM182.00
22/5/13 Modelboard RM25.00
31/5/13 Steel RM302.00
31/5/13 Waterpipeandjoints RM180.00
7/6/13 PVCpipejoints RM99.40
12/6/13 Sandpaper,paint,joints RM70.00
31/5/13 Cardboardandyellowpins RM23.60
14/6/13 Welding RM50.00
15/6/13 Yellowpinsx10 RM38.00
23/6/13 Thinneretc RM19.00
23/6/13 Varnish RM64.50
24/6/13 Boltsandnuts RM30.50
24/6/13 Handsaw RM25.00
24/6/13 Bladerefill+sandpaper+glue RM28.80
24/6/13 Hanger RM20.00
Figure 6.2: Detail costing of this project
Cost
Shoerack
Waterdispenser
Cardboardtable
7/28/2019 ESD FINAL REPORT: PAYING IT FORWARD
36/39
From figure 6.1, the majority expense of this project is the water dispenser. It
cost total RM 614.80. The steel, bolts and nuts that used for the water dispenser
is much more expensive than other material such as cardboard and PVC pipe.
The expense for shoe rack is RM374.50 while cardboard table is RM265.10. For
the shoe rack, we do some experiment with water pipe and try to get a perfect
design. We waste a little PVC pipe there and it is calculated in our expenses.
Besides that, we get sponsor of 20KG of cardboard from our course mate, which
greatly reduce the amount spending in cardboard table.
7. Site visit photo review
First site visit (29/4/2013)
On our first site visit, we did observation around the refugee centre. We
interviewed Pastor Jonathan and his wife, grace, who take care of these children
every day. From this site visit we found out the basic information like how and
why this refugee built, the background of these children and the reason they lived
7/28/2019 ESD FINAL REPORT: PAYING IT FORWARD
37/39
in here instead of with their family. We brought some candies for the children on
the first visit. We are amazed that we saw spirit of sharing among the children.
We had fun time playing with the children after the interview.
Second site visit (4/5/2013)
For the second site visit, we try to know more about the children life style. We
interviewed Grace, who plays role as their mother. We found out how they gone
through their everyday life style. Some day is better with the sponsors help, and
some are harsh without any help from outsiders. We also asked about what
happen if some children sick and what they really need for these days.
Afterwards, we had fun with the children. We tried to talk to them but
unfortunately most of them cannot really understand English.
We start to measure our site after the interview. Some of children are curious on
what we did so some of them followed and help around.
After the second site visit, we began with our work planning. We started to plan
for the design and material used.
8. Reflective & Conclusion
We started the project with much excitement and curiosity. Wondering how the
project would go and what we can do to impact the society. Under Georgius
leadership and all the members cooperation, the team started off well.
First, it was hard to find a suitable target group that we should help. When
thinking about helping and paying back to the society, the first thing that came to
our mind was refugee. We searched for refugee centres around Selangor. And
then we found an event hosted by a Myanmar Refugee, to our favor that they
were outsourcing for volunteers. So we contacted the person in-charged, Ms.
Ong Mink. It was a blessing to meet Ms. Ong Mink. She is a Christian who
dedicated her live in helping refugees around Selangor. Instead of just donating
money, she is active in organizing events and outsourcing volunteers around
Malaysia to help the refugees. She wanted to raise the awareness so that people
7/28/2019 ESD FINAL REPORT: PAYING IT FORWARD
38/39
will always give out their helping hands for the need. After emailing her and
acquired the details, she directed us to Pastor Jonathan from United Learning
Centre (ULC).
It was really excited when Pastor Jonathan agreed to accept our intentions to
contribute to the refugees. Pastor Jonathan together with his wife had been
taking care of ULC for almost 6 years. We knew that Pastor Jonathan is a nice
person and we made up our mind that we must somehow help the centre.
So, we arranged the appointment to visit ULC. It was early morning that all of us
meet up at Mentari Court. We planned to use public transport to go to ULC
because there were 10 of us and there are not enough cars to travel there. So
we took bus, KTM, and LRT, finally after 1 hour of seemingly long journey, we
arrived at Jalan Imbi. It was raining that afternoon. We waited for the rain to stop
until we were able to walk to ULC.
First time going to ULC was the longest distance we ever walked, because we
were lost although we had seen the map. The area was just way too big for us to
explore. So instead of going around without any direction, we asked the local to
guide us there. And finally, we arrived at ULC.
When we arrived, we saw a lot of kids playing outside the house. They were very
charming and energetic. When they saw us, some of them waved at us and
some hid around. That day we spent our day surveying the site. And of course,
some fun time we got while playing with the children and giving out candies.
Starting that moment we had made ourselves a promise that we will do our best
to help these children, to keep their smile, to show them that in this world there
are people out there who cared for them and willing to contribute for them to
have a better life.
Then we identified 3 major problems that can be seen obvious at ULC. First was
the unhygienic water dispenser, lack of shoe racks, and lack of dining tables. So
we move on to designing and constructing the items. Instead of buying the
7/28/2019 ESD FINAL REPORT: PAYING IT FORWARD
39/39
products from the market, it is more meaningful when we dirty our hands and
work it out to make our intention a reality.
We then started doing the works to design and construct. Searching for materials
is not easy, while constructing the items was energy consuming, however we pull
through everything with team work enjoying the fun time working together. After 3
months of hard work, we finally able to complete the parts and were ready to
assemble on site.
This time when we go to ULC again, the children welcomed us with smile. The
children helped us to unload the items from the car. Then together, we taught the
children how to assemble the PVC pipes to make their own shoe racks. It was
really an enjoyable experience working together with the children. They showed
great interest in learning new things.
At the end of the day, we have the water dispenser, show racks and dining table
assembled. Pastor Jonathan and his wife thanked us for what we have done to
ULC. From their review, Pastor Jonathan was so touched that we actually went
there and engaged with the children. He said that usually, people would just
sponsor things buying from the market and sent it to ULC. We were the first one
to come up with our own design, construct it, and built it on site to engage with
the children in ULC. And for us, we are happy that we had contributed to help
ULC, and we had done something to help the society. We had paid it forward.
The essence of green architecture is not that there is a single correct answer in
any given situation, but that designer should be aware of the factor to be
evaluated when material and component are specified.
"We do not inherit the earth from our ancestors; we borrow it from our children."
~Native American Proverb