Esign and Implementation of Energy Using Micro Controller (1)

8/3/2019 Esign and Implementation of Energy Using Micro Controller (1)

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Nowadays there is an explosion in the application of micro

controllers.These micro controllers drive the evolution of

embedded intelligence. We can find micro controllers throughouthomes, offices, industries and automobile.

In this project we are implementing EB Billing system,

using PIC micro controller. The main advantages of this project

is that man power can be reduced considerably.

The main objective of this project is to calculate the electricity bill

for energy consumed by the consumer, using personal computer

at the EB office, through sms.



This project consist of a master block and a slave block .In thismaster block is in EB office which will calculate the energyconsumed by the consumer for particular period(one month)

and the calculated bill to be paid is send to the consumer withdue date,with fine. If the consumer fails to pay the bill thepower of the consumer is cut off.



Existing system In this system the person from the electricity board comes to the

consumer's place and gives the bill for the energy consumed in theparticular period (one month). The consumer then pays the

bill.This system doesn¶t allow the consumer to access their consumption.

Proposed system In this system there will be one master unit in EB office and slave

unit in consumer¶ place. The slave will calculate the energyconsumed by the consumer and transmit to the master unit. Themaster unit calculates the amount of consumed energy receivedand will send the bill to be paid with due date to the consumer. If the consumer fails to pay the bill the power of the consumer will becut off.









The main hardware components used are

1)Power supply

2)PIC micro controller

3)LCD

4)Relay

5)RS-232

6)GSM MODEM



In this project the power supply used is linear power supply. A

simple AC powered linear power supply usually uses a

transformer to convert the voltage from the well outlet (mains)

to a different, usually a lower voltage. If it is used to produce

DC, a rectifier circuit is employed either as a single chip, an

array of diodes sometimes called a diode bridge or bridge

rectifier, both for full wave rectification or a single diode yielding

a half wave (pulsating) output. More elaborate configurations

rectify the ac voltage at first to pulsating DC. Then a capacitor smoothes out part of the pulses giving a type of DC voltage.

The smaller pulses remaining are known as ripple



Because of a full wave rectification they occur at twice the

mains frequency(in USA its 60hz doubled to 120hz or in

Europe, its 50hz doubled to 100hz).Finally depending on therequirements of the load, a linear regulator may be used to

reduce the ripples sometimes also allowing for adjustment of

the output to the desired but lower voltage. More elaborate

versions used by circuit designers are adjustable up to 30

volts and up to 5 amperes output. These often employ current

limiting. Some can be driven by an external signal, for example for application requiring a pulsated output.



i) Step down transformer ii) Rectifier unit

iii) Input filter

iv) Regulator unit v) Output filter



Stepdown Transf or mer:

Using step down uses it to step down the main supply voltageTransformer. It consists of primary and secondary coils. The output from

the

Secondary coil is also AC waveforms we have to convert AC voltage into

DC voltage by using Rectifier Unit.

Rectifier Unit:

We have to convert AC voltage into DC voltage by using

Rectifier.

Bridge Rectifier is used to convert into DC voltage. This output voltage of

The rectifier is in rippled forms we have to remove the ripples from DCvoltage.



Input Filter :

Capacitor acts as filter. The principle of the

capacitor is charging and

Discharging. It charges in positive half cycle of the AC

voltage and it will

Discharge in negative half cycles, it allows only ACvoltage and doesn¶t

Allow the DC voltage. This filter is fixed before the

regulator.



Regulator unit:

Regulator regulates the output voltage constant

depends upon the regulator.it classifieds as follows

i) Positive regulator

1---> input pin

2---> ground pin

3---> output pin

It regulates the positive voltage.

ii) Negative regulator

1---> ground pin

2---> input pin3---> output pin

It regulates the negative voltage.



utput Filter: Capacitor acts as filter. The principle of

the capacitor is charging and

Discharging.it charges in positive half cycle of the

AC voltage and it willDischarge in negative half cycles, it allows only

AC voltage and doesn¶t

allow the DC voltage.This fiter is fixed after the

regulator.



High-performance RISC CPU. Only 35 single word instructions to learn Direct, indirect and relative addressing modes Power-on Reset (POR) Power-up Timer (PWRT) and Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST) Programmable code-protection Low-power, high-speed CMOS FLASH/EEPROM

technology In-Circuit Debugging via two pins

Single 5V In-Circuit Serial Programming capability Wide operating voltage range: 2.0V to 5.5V Commercial and Industrial temperature ranges Low-power consumption.



High-per f or mance RISC CPU:

- Only 35 single±word instruction to learn

Operating speed:

- DC-20MHz clock input

- DC-200ns instruction cycle

Per ipheral featur es:

- Universal synchronous asynchronous receiver transmitter (USAT/SCI) with 9-bit address deduction.

- Parallel slave port (PSP)-8 bits wide with external RD,

WR and CS controls.





Analog featur es:

- 10-bit, up to 8-channel analog ±to- digital converter (A/D)

- Analog Comparator module with two analog comparators

- Programmable on ± chip voltage reference(VREF)module

- Programmable input multiplexing from device inputs and

internal voltage reference

- Comparator outputs are externally accessible



Special Micro controller Featur es:

- 100,000 erase/write cycle Enhanced Flash program memory

typical- 1,000,000 erase/write cycle Data EEPROM memory typical

- Data EEPROM Retention > 40 years

- Self-reprogram able under software control

- Single-supply 5v In-Circuit Serial Programming Tm (ICSPTm)Via

two pins

- Watching Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscillator for

reliable operation

-



Programmable code protection

- Power saving Sleep mode

- Selectable oscillator options- In-Circuit Debug (ICD) via two pins

CMOS Technology:

- Low power, high-speed Flash/EEPROM technology- Wide operating voltage range (2.0v to 5.5v)



Short for liquid crystal display, a type of display used in digital

watches and many portable computers. LCD displays utilizetwo sheets of polarizing material with a liquid causes the

crystals to align so that light cannot pass through them. Each

crystal, therefore, is like a shutter, either allowing light to pass

through or blocking the light.





Enable (E)

This line allows access to the display through R/W and RS

lines. When this line is low the LCD is disabled and ignoressignals from R/W and RS. When (E) line is high, the LCDchecks the state of the two control lines and respondsaccordingly.

Read/Wr ite(R /W)

This line determines the direction of data between the LCD andmicro controller. When it is low, data is written to the LCD.When it is high, data is read from the LCD.



LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) DISPLAY

Eight Data lines and three control lines which is connected to

the Micro controller. Data lines is used to transfer the Display Datafrom the microcontroller to the CGRAM.

Three control lines as follows:-

line1 which is used to select the DATA register or INSTRUCTION

register.

line2 which is used to write the Data to the selected Registers .

line3 which is used to enable the selected Registers .

Also consists of :-

CG RAM

DD RAM

DATA REGISTER

INSTRUCTION REGISTER



Register select (RS)

With the help of this line, the LCD interprets the type of data on

data lines. When it is low, an instruction is being written to the

LCD. When it is high, a character is being written to the LCD.

E 0 Access to LCD disabled

1 Access to LCD disabledR /W 0 Writing data to LCD

1 Reading data from LCD

RS 0 Instruction

1 Character



Wr iting data to the LCD is done in several steps:

Set R/W bit to low

Set RS bit to logic 0 or 1 (if it is writing) Set E line to high

Set E line to low



Reading data f rom LCD

Reading data from the LCD is done in the same way, but

control line R/W has to be high. When we sent a high to theLCD, it will reset and wait for instructions. Typical instructionssent to LCD display after a reset are turning on display, turningon a cursor and writing characters from left to right. When theLCD is initialized, it is ready to continue receiving data or instructions. If it receives a character, it will write it on the

display and move the cursor one space to the right. TheCursor marks the next location where a character will bewritten



A relay is usually an electromechanical device that is actuated

by an electrical current. The current flowing in one circuit

causes the opening or closing of another circuit. Relays arelike remote control switches and are used in many

applications because of their relative simplicity, long life, and

proven high reliability. Relays are used in a wide variety of

applications throughout industry, such as in telephone

exchanges, digital computers and automation systems.





Highly sophisticated relays are utilized to protect electric

power systems against trouble and power blackout as well as

to regulate and control the generation and distribution of

power.In the home, relays are used in refrigerators, washing

machines and dishwashers, and heating and air-conditioning

controls. Although relays are generally associated with

electrical circuitry, there are many other types, such as

pneumatic and hydraulic. Input may be electrical and outputdirectly mechanical, or vice versa.



To standardize the interface equipment between DTE and

DCE, on a set of standard which are called the RS232

specification. The RS 232 specifications identify themechanical, electrical and functional descriptions for the

interface between DTE and DCE. RS 232 is designed for

serial transmission of data unto 20,000 bps for a distance of approximately 50 feet.





In RS-232 data is sent as a time series of bits. Both

Synchronous and Asynchronous transmissions are supported

by the standard. The origin or serial port definition limited themaximum transfer speed to 20Kbps, but practice has shownthat higher bandwidth is possible.

There are two types of RS232 connector version available.

(1) DB25 connector (25 pin)

(2) DB9 connector (9 pin)



A minimal 3-wire RS-232 connection consisting only of

transmit date, receive data, and ground, is commonly used

when the full facilities of RS-232 are not require Here we canuse MAX232 in this circuit for serial communication from PIC

micro controller to Computer. MAX232 is based on RS232.







MikroBASIC is the computer software that is used to write theprogram in BASIC Language and compiled into hexadecimalcode that can be saved in program memory of the microcontroller. This Hex-code controls the micro controllers

operation.

MikroBasic is a powerful, feature rich development tool for PICmicro controllers. It is designed to provide the customer withthe easiest possible solution for developing applications for embedded systems, without compromising performance or

control.

MikroBASIC was very good software for writing programs for PIC, dsPIC, AVR Micro controllers. This software wasdelivered by mikroElektronika.



The main advantages ar e

very low hardware complexity

external peripherals reduced

reduced cost

compatibility

less manpower high accuracy



By this existing system we can transmit only the information to

some extent that is 10 to 100 meter. But in future, if you want

to implement this system means we can use GSM mode of transmission. So that long distance of transmission is

possible, and will be very reliable and efficient

Another expansion is that instead of using RF transmission we

use the transmission media as power line. In this frequencymodulation techniques is used. The number of revolution are

sensed by optical sensor and store continuously in micro

controller.



These are in pulses form which are transmitted over 230 volt power

line, through coupling device. In the receiver section, the received

data's are demodulated and given to PC through serial interface.

To calculate the tariff VB can be used.

In above all expansions the main advantage is that man power

and money can be effectively reduced to considerable extent.



3. The par t of power on cir cuit

You can turn on the module by driving the PWRKEY to a

low level voltage for period time. The automatic power on

circuit illustrate as following figure. The PWRKEY pin is the

NO.34 pin of the module interface. The value of thecapacitor C155 is recommended as 330uF/16V. The diode

D21N4148is used f or curr ent dischar ge when power

down. The diode can be modified to the other type par t

which dischar ge capability is better . You can make a

decision by some exper iments your self .





4. The ser ial por t and softwar e upgrade

The TXDRXDDBG_TXDDBG_RXDGND must be

connected to the IO connector when user need to upgrade

software and debug softwane,the TXDRXD should be

used for software upgrade and the DBG_TXDDBG_RXDfor software debug.The PWRKEY pin is recommended to

connect to the IO connector.,the user also can add a switch

between the PWRKEY and the GND. The PWRKEY should

be connected to the GND when SIM300 is upgradingsoftware. Please refer to SIM300_HD_V1.05 for the detail.



FEATURES

Gr een Idle Power -Saving Mode

Single 2.7 V to 3.6 V Power Supply

Operates with 3 V Logic

0.1 F to 1 F Char ge Pump Capacitor s

Low EMI

Low Power Shutdown: 20 nA

Full RS-232 Compliance

460 kbits/s Data Rate1 Receiver Active in Shutdown (2 f or ADM3310E)

ESD >15 kV IEC 1000-4-2 on RS-232 I /Os (ADM33xxE)

ESD >15 kV IEC 1000-4-2 on CMOS and RS-232 I /Os

(ADM3307E)

APPLICATIONS

Mobile Phone Handsets/Data CablesLaptop and Notebook Computer s

Pr inter s

Per ipherals

Modems

PDAs/Hand-Held Devices/Palmtop Computer s













LM2576/LM2576HV Ser ies

SIMPLE SWITCHER® 3A Step-Down Voltage Regulator

General Descr iption

The LM2576 series of regulators are monolithic integrated

circuits that provide all the active functions for a step-down

(buck) switching regulator, capable of driving 3A load with

excellent line and load regulation. These devices are available

in fixed output voltages of 3.3V, 5V, 12V, 15V, and an

adjustable output version.

Requiring a minimum number of external components, these

regulators are simple to use and include internal frequency

compensation and a fixed-frequency oscillator.

The LM2576 series offers a high-efficiency replacement for

popular three-terminal linear regulators. It substantially reducesthe size of the heat sink, and in some cases no heat

sink is required.

A standard series of inductors optimized for use with the

LM2576 are available from several different manufacturers.

This feature greatly simplifies the design of switch-mode

power supplies.

















Other features include a guaranteed 4% tolerance on output

voltage within specified input voltages and output load

conditions, and 10% on the oscillator frequency. External

shutdown is included, featuring 50 A (typical) standby current.The output switch includes cycle-by-cycle current limiting,

as well as thermal shutdown for full protection under

fault conditions.

Featur es

n 3.3V, 5V, 12V, 15V, and adjustable output versions

n Adjustable version output voltage range,

1.23V to 37V (57V for HV version) 4% max over

line and load conditions

n Guaranteed 3A output current

n Wide input voltage range, 40V up to 60V for

HV version

n Requires only 4 external components

n 52 kHz fixed frequency internal oscillator

n TTL shutdown capability, low power standby mode

n High efficiency

n Uses readily available standard inductors

n Thermal shutdown and current limit protection

n P+ Product Enhancement tested

)



Applications

n Simple high-efficiency step-down (buck) regulator

n Efficient pre-regulator for linear regulators

n On-card switching regulators

n Positive to negative converter (Buck-Boost





Documents

Esign and Implementation of Energy Using Micro Controller (1)