ESP Lec, 03 Grammar, Punctuation Marks

8/11/2019 ESP Lec, 03 Grammar, Punctuation Marks

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Grammar Presentation:

Punctuation


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Outline

The commaThe semicolon

The colon

The apostrophe


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Punctuation

Verbal English has many pauses

Punctuation indicates when to pause in written text

Errors in grammar can obscure meaning

The panda eats, shoots, and leaves.

The panda eats shoots and leaves.


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The Comma ( , )

Short pause

I err on the side of taking commas out


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Comma: 1

Joining independent clauses with coordinating

conjunctions (and, or, but...)

Example:

The feedback improved, and the module had a

stronger output.


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Comma: 2

Joining an independent clause and a dependentclause

Example:

Although I had difficulty, I still prevailed.


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Comma: 3

Separating items in a series

Example:

I have the most trouble with spelling, grammarand punctuation.


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Comma: 3

Comma before and is optional, unless needed for

clarity

Example:

Snakes and ladders, hide and seek, and cards are

his favorite games.


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Comma: 4

Setting off non-restrictive elements

Example:

The sample, which contained sulfur, did not

react.

To begin, the fundamental argument of

Freud...

Exception for short sentences:

Then it started.


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The Semicolon ( ; )

A longer pause

Rule of thumb, only use when a period would also

suffice


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The Semicolon: 1

Joining independent clauses, with or without a

subordinating conjunction (however, although, on the

other hand...)

Example:

The sample was tainted; it had no effect.

We completed the circuit; however, the light would

not turn on.


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The Semicolon: 2

Separating items in a series that contain

commasExample:

Henry's mother believes three things: that

every situation, no matter how grim, will behappily resolved; that no one knows more

about human nature than she; and that Henry,

who is thirty-five years old, will never be able

to do his own laundry.


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The Colon ( : )

Big pause

Completely different than the semicolon


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The Colon: 1

Introduce a list or phrase after an independent clause

Example:

Henry's mother believes three things: that every

situation, no matter how grim, will be happily

resolved; that no one knows more about human

nature than she; and that Henry, who is thirty-fiveyears old, will never be able to do his own laundry.


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The Colon: 2

Displayed equations must be introduced with anindependent clause followed by a colon

Then, double space, write out equation, double

space, start new paragraph


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The Colon: 2

Example:

The following equation details the expression: (1)

a = bc + 2d

The application of this...


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The Colon: 2

Equations within a text do not require a colon

Example:

The equation 2a = b + c showed...


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The Apostrophe: 1

Used in contractions

Generally, contractions are inappropriate in academicwriting

Example:

Temperature didnt affect the reaction.

Temperature did not affect the reaction.


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The Apostrophe: 2

Indicates possession

Example: Freuds argument states that...


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Apostrophe: 2

Rule of thumb:

If you pronounce the sadd s

If not, add

Examples:

The boys room (one boy)

The boys room (two boys)

Jesss dog used to be Rexs

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ESP Lec, 03 Grammar, Punctuation Marks