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Español un Español un respasorespaso
I.I. Masculine / FeminineMasculine / Femininea) Masculine Nouns and Adjectives end in
O
b) Feminine Nouns and Adjectives end inA
i. Libro ,Rojo
i. Goma , Roja
II. PluralII. Plural
a) If it ends in a vowel, add
b) If it end in a consonant, add
i. Bolígrafos, Simpáticas, Grandes
i. Esquiadores, Patinadores
S
ES
III.III. Placement of Placement of AdjectivesAdjectivesa) Adjective goes after the noun
i. He is a tall boy.
ii. We are intelligent students.
El es un muchacho alto
Nosotros somos alumnos inteligentes
IV.IV. Subject PronounsSubject Pronouns
Yo
Tú
ElEllaUd.
Nosotros
Vosotros
EllosEllasUds.
V.V. Conjugation in the present Conjugation in the present tensetensea) Procedure
i. First cut off the infinitive ending (AR, ER, IR)ii. Second add special endings to the stem
1. Bailar *Infinitive Endings to the stem2. Bailar *Stem
3. Special endings
AR ER IR
O amosAs áisA an
O emosEs éisE en
O imosEs ísE en
Modelo:
I sing. / I am singing. – Yo canto.
She writes. / She is writing. – Ella escribe.
We eat. / We are eating. – Nosotros comemos.
VI.VI. Irregular Verb ConjugationsIrregular Verb Conjugationsa) Doesn't follow a pattern
Soy
EresEs
SomosSois
Son
EstoyEstásEstá
EstamosEstáisEstán
DAR: to giveDoy
Das
Da
Damos
Dais
Dan
VER: to see to watchVeo
Ves
Ve
Vemos
Veis
Ven
SER: to be ESTAR : to be
IR: to go
Voy
Vas
Va
Vamos
Vais
Van
CONOCER: to knowConozc
oConocesConoce
ConocemosConocéis
Conocen
SABER: to knowSé
SabesSabe
SabemosSabéisSaben
VII.VII. Go-Go VerbsGo-Go Verbsa. End in “go” in the yo a. End in “go” in the yo formformi. PonerYo pongo (to put)
iv. TraerYo traigo (to bring)
ii.HacerYo hago (to do , to make)
iii. Salir Yo salgo (to leave)
v.TenerYo tengo (to have)/high top verb
vii. Decir Yo digo (to say, to tell)
vi. VenirYo vengo (to come)/high top verb
VIII. Boot VIII. Boot VerbsVerbsa) Boot verbs have a change in the stem inside the boot. (yo, tú, él, ella, ud., ellos, ellas, uds.)
b) The types of Boot Verbs
i. O-UE1. Volver2. Devolver3. Dormir4. Poder
ii. E-IE1. Comenz
ar2. Empeza
r3. Querer4. Preferir5. Perder6. Nevar
iii. E-I
1. Decir
iv. U-UE1. Jugar
Querer: to want
quiero
quieres
quiere
queremos
queréis
quieren
IX.IX. Present ProgessivePresent Progessivea) Use to express what is happening now
i. A form of ESTAR
ii. Present Participle -
1. AR
a) Bailar
2. ER
a) Comer
3. IR
a) Vivir
ando
Bail
Bailando
iendo
Com
Comiendo
iendo
Viv
Viviendo
X.X. Obligation Expression – Obligation Expression – To have to do To have to do somethingsomething
a) Tener (conjugated) + que + infinitive ( ar, er, ir attached)
i. I have to study Yo tengo que estudiar
XI.XI. Near Future Expression – Near Future Expression – What is going to happenWhat is going to happena) Ir (conjugated) + a + infinitive
i. She is going to drink the pop tomorrow
Ella va a
beber la gaseosa mañana.
XII.XII.Demonstrative Demonstrative AdjectivesAdjectives
a) This and these have T’s that and those don’t
b) The masculine , singular adjectives don’t follow normal adjective rules. They are irregular. They don’t end in “o”
i. Este gorro -
ii. Ese gorro -
iii. Aquel gorro -
This cap
That cap
That cap over there
XIIIXIII SABER and CONOCER: to SABER and CONOCER: to knowknow
Saber : to know Conocer : to knowSé sabemos
Sabes sabéis
Sabe saben
ConozcoConocemos
ConocesConocéis
Conoce conocoen
1. To know facts/info
2. To know how to do something
1. To know people
2. To know a subject
XIV.XIV. SER and ESTAR : SER and ESTAR : to beto be
SER ESTAR
1. Permanent characteristics
2. Place of origin
3. Nationality
4. Time
1. location
2. Temporary conditions
3. Present progressive
XV. REFLEXIVE XV. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNSPRONOUNS
Me myself
Te yourself
Se himselfherselfyourself
(formal)
Nos ourselves
os yourselves (S,f)
Se themselvesyourselves
(formal)
Mirarse: to look at oneself
Yo me miro
Tú te miras
El se mira
Ella se mira
Ud. se mira
Nosotros nos miramos
Vosotros os miráis
Ellos se miran
Ellas se miran
Uds. se miran
XVI. DIRECT OBJECT XVI. DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNSPRONOUNSMe me
Te you
Lo/La him/her you, it
Nos us
Os you guys Los/Las them
you guys (formal familar/ not spain)
Placement of the direct object pronoun before the conjugated verb
Placement of the direct object pronoun connected to end of infinitive
Yo tengo el libro.Yo tengo los
Yo tengo la goma.Yo tengo las gomas.
Yo lo tengo.
Yo los tengo.
Yo la tengo.
Yo las tengo.
Yo quiero comprar el libro.
Yo quiero comprar la goma.Yo quiero comprar las gomas.
Yo quiero comprar los libros
Yo quiero comprarlo.
Yo quiero comprarlos.
Yo quiero comprarla.
Yo quiero comprarlas.
(Spn/fam)
libros.
XVII. ADJECTIVES OF NATIONALITY /3 XVII. ADJECTIVES OF NATIONALITY /3 CATEGORIESCATEGORIES
1. Root word ends in “n, l, or s”- pattern- root ,a ,es ,as
*Countries – España ,Inglaterra, Alemania, Francia, Portugal, Japón, Finlandia*Modelo – spanish – español, española, españoles, españolas
2. Root word ends in an “o” – pattern – o, a, os, as
*Countries – Cuba, México, Colombia, Italia
*Modelo – Cuban – cubano, cubana, cubanos, cubanas
3. Root word ends in “e” – pattern – e, e, es, es
*Countries – Canadá, Nicaragua
*Modelo - Canadá – canadiense, canadiense, canadienses, canadienses