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Language Descriptions
Classical or Traditional Grammar
- Not all the developments in Linguistics have had pedagogic applications.
- We shall give a brief outline of the various ideas about language that have influenced ESP in some way.
Description of English and other languages
Greek Latin
Based on an analysis of the role played by each word in the sentence.
“Teachers who wish to maintain a balanced view of linguistics should not overlook the fact that traditional grammar has many useful virtues. The traditional handbooks provided an array of terms and distinctions which most of us used in learning to talk about our own language, and which many people continue to find serviceable throughout their lives”
Allen and Widdowson
Structural Linguistics
Was founded in 1930th
By Leonardo Bloomfield
Peculiarities: 1. The grammar of the language is described in terms of
syntagmatic structures which carry the fundamental propositions( statement, interrogative, negative, imperative) and notions ( time, number, gender). By varying words within these structural frameworks, sentences with different meaning can be generated.
2. With the help of the structural linguistic the structural syllabus was created. In such syllabus , items are graded so that simpler and more immediately useable structures precede the more complex ones.
Example: ESP syllabus based on structural principals
1. Simple present active 2. Simple present passive 3. Simple present passive and active 4. -ing forms 5. Present Perfect; Present
Continuous 6. Infinitives 7. Anomalous Finites 8. Past Perfect
Structural Linguistics
Transformational Generative (TG) grammar
1. John is easy to please.
John is eager to please.
2. The City Bank has taken over Acme Holdings.
Acme Holdings has been taken over by the City Bank.
• In the language there must be two levels of meaning:
In the language there must be two levels of meaning:
A deep level
A deep level
A surface level
A surface level
Language can be looked at from the point of view:
1. Of form2. Of function
Why does language exist? People do things with it:- they give information - they promise- they threaten- they make excuses
- they seek information
- they identify- they classify- they report
Communicative competence consists of:- A set of rules for formulating
grammatically correct sentences- A knowledge of when to speak, when not,
what to talk about, with whom, when where, in what manner
The ingredients of communication:- non-verbal communication- the medium and channel of
communication- role relationships between participants- the topic and purpose of communication
•
Text A Text B
Now I have to change to the
final size drill I require,
which is three-quarters of
an inch diameter, and this is
called a morse-taper sleeve.
A slower speed for a larger
drill.
Nice even feed should give
a reasonable finish to the
hole.
Applying coolant
periodically. This is mainly
for lubrication rather than
cooling.Almost to depth now.Right. Withdrawing the drill.That`s fine.
Select required drill.
Mount drill in tailstock. Use
taper sleeves as necessary.
Set speed and start machine
spindle.
Position tailstock to
workpiece.
Apply firm even pressure to
tailstock hand wheel to feed
drill into workpiece.
Apply coolant frequently.
Drill hole to depth.
Withdraw drill.
Stop machine.
The Type of ESP
The Concept of Language Variation
Register Analysis
Functions Notions
Concerned with social behaviour
and represent the intention of the
speaker or writer.
Reflect the way in which the
other man thinks
Functional/Notional Grammar
• to establish some kind of equivalence in the syllabuses for learning various languages.
• difficult to divide up the learning tasks into units of equivalent value across the various languages on the basis of formal grammar.
The Functional View of Language
• have an influence on language teaching in the 1970s
The student of German
The gender/case endings of articles,
nouns and adjectives.
The learner of English
The spelling, the simple/continious
tense distinction or the
countable/uncountable distinction.
Discourse (Rhetorical) analysis
Dialogues example: “It is raining”Can I go out to play? It’s raining.Have you cut the grass yet? It’s raining.I think I’ll go out for a walk. It’s raining.
before now
•language is viewed in terms of the sentence
• profound effect• meaning is generated
between sentences• context is important
Discourse Analysis
2 key ways:
1. Establishing contact2. Finding out what the person wants3. Giving information4. Arguing the point5. Taking down details in writing 6. Conclusion and thanks
Text-diagramming type of exercise
Example: Generalizing and Exemplifying
properties
…against the material properties
Figure 8: Text-diagramming
When suitableMaterials are available…
Complete the following table to summarize the paragraph
The approach establishes patterns, but does not account for how these patterns create meaning
3 lessons which must be borne in mind:
A) The various developments are not separate entities;
B) Describing a language for the purposes of linguistic analysis does not necessarily carry any implications for language learning;
C) Describing a language we must make a distinction between what a person does (performance) and what enables them to do (competence)