Exam Focus: Unit 4

granted, can make a camping holiday very tir ingbecause of the extra work involved, meaning that it ispossible to return from a camping holiday more tiredthan when you left.

Taking everything into account, camping can be anenjoyable experience as long as one is prepared to gowithout a few luxuries for a shorl period of t ime'Probablythe main requirementfor an enjoyable camp-ing holiday, however, is that it suits your personality'

7 . Advantages/disadvantagesParagraph PlanIntroduction: state toPic

(computers play an impoftant role in our lives; weuse them even for entertainment)

Paragraph 2: arguments for(help the child sharpen hislher responses;combi ne ed ucation and entertai n ment)

Paragraph 3: arguments against(unhealthy to stare at a screen for hours; childrenhave become /ess active; computers are expensive;parents have financial problems and feel pressuredto buy a comPuter)

Conclusion: give a balanced consideration or youropinion without using personal words or expressions

(computers should not play such an important rolein people's /ives)

(Suggested answer)Computers today play a more important role in our

lives than ever before. We use them not only at work,but at home as a way of relaxing, and many childrennow need nothing more than a computer game in frontof them to keep them entertained for hours. But is thisnecessarily a good thing?

A point in favour of computer games for children isthe fact that they can often help the child to sharpen hisor her responses, since they require players to act andrespond quickly. Furthermore, there are many compu-ter games available that combine both education andentertainment. For example, computer word gamesenable a child to expand his knowledge, often withoutrealising that he is doing so.

On the other hand, staring at a computer screen forhours on end seems to be unheal thy for a chi ld, andcomputer games have ceftainly played a part in chil-dren today becoming less active. Added to this, is thefact that computers are expensive - this can lead tofinancial problems for parents who feel pressured tobuy one even though they cannot afford it '

In conclusion, although computers and computergames can have a beneficial effect on children, itseems that they should not be allowed to play such animportant role in their l ives to the exclusion of every-thing else.

8. Providing solutions to a problem

Paragraph PlanIntroduction: state the Problem

(rising crime rafes - cities become unsafe places)Paragraph 2: suggestion 1 and reason

(increase police patrols in notorious p/aces -defers offenders, cost effective method)

Paragraph 3: suggestion 2 and reason(emptoy PeoPle - no need to steal)

Conclusion: summarise opinion or give best sugges-tion and reason

(deat with unemptoyment -- the best way to dealwith the problem because unemployment causesit)(Suggested answer)Rising crime rates in towns and cit ies have led to

many of them becoming extremely unsafe places tolive in, and it is obvious that something must be doneto tackle this Problem.

One possible solution is to increase police patrolsin areas notorious for petty crime. The presence of apolice officer is undoubtedly a deterrent to anyoneconsidering snatching a purse or stealing somethingfrom a shop and is probably one of the most cost-effective methods of reducing petty crime.

Another way of tackling the problem of petty crimeis to focus on some of the reasons why it occurs' lf morejobs were available then a number of petty criminalswould not need to steal in order to make ends meet.

To sum up, even though shortterm solutions to theproblem of petty crime can be effective, the only wayto completely rid society of it, is to deal with theunderlying causes. For example, unemployment couldlead to petty crime. lf the unemployment problem issolved, the problem of petty crime wil l be solved aswel l .

(T is advised to photocopy the f ollowing pages of linkingwords and phrases fo hand out to Ss as a reference-)

To express Personal oPinion. In my opinion, l i fe in the country is much healthier

than in the citY.. In my view, l i fe in the country is much healthier

than in the c i tY.. To my mind, l i fe in the country is much healthier

than in the citY.. To my way of thinking, l i fe in the country is much

healthier than in the citY.. Personally I believe that l i fe in the country is much

healthier than in the citY.. lt strikes me that l i fe in the country is much

healthier than in the citY'. I feel very strongly that life in the country is

much healthier than in the citY.. I am inclined to believe that l i fe in the country is

much healthier than in the citY'

64

Exam Focus: Unit 4

. lt seems to me that l i fe in the country is muchhealthier than in the city.

. As far as I am concerned, l i fe in the country ismuch healthier than in the city.

To list advantages and disadvantages. One disadvantage of being famous is the lack of

privacy.. Another disadvantage of being famous is the lack

of privacy.. One other disadvantage of being famous is the

lack of privacy.. Afurtherdisadvantage of being famous is the lack

of privacy.. The main disadvantage of being famous is the

lack of privacy.. The greatest disadvantage of being famous is the

lack of privacy.

To list points. Firstly, many children do not receive proper

school ing.. First of all, many children do not receive proper

school ing.. In the first place, many children do not receive

proper schooling.. Secondly, many children do not receive proper

school ing.. Thirdly, many children do not receive proper

school ing.. Finally, many children do not receive proper

school ing.. To start with, many children do not receive proper

school ing.

To add more points on a topic. What is more, parents should discipline their

chi ldren.. Furthermore, parents should discipline their

chi ldren.. Apart from this, parents should discipline their

chi ldren.. fn addition, parents should discipline their

chi ldren.. Moreover, parents should discipl inetheirchi ldren.. Besides, parents should discipline their children.. Parents should discipl ine their chi ldren, too.. Not to mention the fact that parents should disci-

pl ine their chi ldren.. Parents should also discipl ine their chi ldren.

To refer to other sources. With reference to the recent newspaper article, air

travel is becoming more dangerous.. According to the recent newspaper article, air

travel is becoming more dangerous.

To express cause. Because of the fact that the employees work

extremely hard, I believe that they deserve a payr ise.

. Owing to the fact that the employees work ex-tremely hard, I believe that they deserve a payrise.

. Due to the fact that the employees work extremelyhard, I believe that they deserve a pay rise.

. The employees work extremely hard. For thisreason, I believe that they deserve a pay rise.

To express effect. Hotelrestaurantsareexpensive;therefore, people

generally avoid them.. Hotel restaurants are expensive; thus, people

generally avoid them.. Hotel restaurants are expensive. As a result,

people generally avoid them.. Hotel restaurants are expensive. Consequenily,

people generally avoid them.. Hotel restaurants are expensive, so, people

generally avoid them.. Hotel restaurants are expensive. As a consequence,

people generally avoid them.

To emphasise what you say. Clearly, an increase in tourists would mean more

money for the community.. Obviously, an increase in tourists would mean

more money for the community.. Of course, an increase in tourists would mean

more money for the community.. Needless to say, an increase in tourists would

mean more money for the community.. In particular, an increase in tourists would mean

more money for the community.

To express reality. In fact, many people do nottake any daily exercise

whatsoever.. As a matter of fact, many people do not take any

dai ly exercise whatsoever.. The fact of the matter is that many people do not

take any daily exercise whatsoever.. Actually, many people do not take any daily exer-

cise whatsoever.. In practice, many people do not take any daily

exercise whatsoever.

To express difference between appearanceand reality. At first sight, fast food looks good but it is actually

extremely unhealthy.. Apparently, fast food looks good but it is actually

extremely unhealthy.

65

Exam Focus: Unit 4

. On the face of it, fast food looks good but it isactually extremely unhealthY.

To bring up other points or asPects. As far as the government is concerned, they

passed a law dealing with this issue last month.. Regarding the government, they passed a law

dealing with this issue last month.. As for the government, they passed a law dealing

with this issue last month.. With regard to the government, they passed a law

dealing with this issue last month.

To give examples. For instance, 50% of families go abroad for their

holidays every year.. For example, 50"/" of families go abroad for their

holidays every year.

To refer to what actually hapPens. In practice, students spend more time watching

television than doing their homework.. In effect, students spend more time watching

television than doing their homework.

To make general statements. As a rule, the idea has been a great success.. Generally, the idea has been a great success.. In general, the idea has been a great success.

To make partly correct statements. Up to a point, this behaviour is an indicator of

people's attitudes towards such plans.. To a certain extent, this behaviour is an indicator

of people's attitudes towards such plans.. To some extent, this behaviour is an indicator of

people's attitudes towards such plans.. In a sense, this behaviour is an indicator of peo-

ple's attitudes towards such plans.. In a way, this behaviour is an indicator of people's

attitudes towards such Plans.

To express limit of knowledge. To the best of my knowledge, this kind of corrup-

tion could have been going on for years.. As far as I know, this kind of corruption could have

been going on for years.. For all I know, this kind of corruption could have

been going on for years.

To state other people's opinion. lt is popularly believed thatthe influence of televi-

sion has led to an increase in crime.. People often claim that the influence of television

has led to an increase in crime.. Contrary to popular belief, the influence of televi-

sion has not led to an increase in crime.

66

It is a fact that the influence of television has led toan increase in cr ime.It is often alleged that the influence of televisionhas led to an increase in crime.People argue that the influence of television hasled to an increase in crime.Many people argue that the influence of televisionhas led to an increase in crime.A lot of people think that the influence of televisionhas led to an increase in crime.A lot of people believe that the influence oftelevision has led to an increase in crime.

To express balance (the other side of theargument). . . . whi le longer working hours wi l l mean that people

will have less leisure time.. On the other hand, longer working hours wil l mean

that people wil l have less leisure time.whereas longer working hours wil l mean that

people wil l have less leisure time.. Ontheotherhand, longerwork inghourswi l lmean

that people wil l have less leisure time.

To make contrasting points. Cars cause pollution, yet people keep on using

them to travel to work every day.. Cars cause pollution; however, people keep on

using them to travel to work every day.. Cars cause pollution; nevertheless, people keep

on using them to travel to work every day.. Although cars cause pollution, people keep on

using them to travel to work every day.. In spite of the fact that cars cause pollution,

people keep on using them to travel to workevery day.

. Cars cause pollution, but people keep on usingthem to travel to work everY daY.

. While cars cause pollution, people keep on usingthem to travel to work everY daY.

. Despite the fact that cars cause pollution, peoplekeep on using them to travel to work every day.

. Even if cars cause pollution, people keep on usingthem to travel to work every daY.

. Even though cars cause pollution, people keep onusing them to travel to work every day.

. Cars cause pollution; at the same time, peoplekeep on using them to travel to work every day.

To concludeFinally, the campsite would be an ideal location fora fami ly hol iday.Lastly, the campsite would be an ideal location fora family holiday.Above all, the campsite would be an ideal locationfor a family holiday.All in all , the campsite would be an ideal locationfor a family holiday.

Unit 5: Part ''l

Taking everything into account, the campsitewould be an ideal location for a family holiday.On the whole, the campsite would be an ideallocation for a family holiday.All things considered, the campsite would be anideal location for a family holiday.ln conclusion, the campsite would be an ideallocation for a family holiday.As I have said, the campsite would be an ideallocation for a family holiday.As it was previously stated , the campsite wouldbe an ideal location for a family holiday.On the whole, the campsite would be an ideallocation for a family holiday.To sum up, the campsite would be an ideal iocationfor a family holiday.

guarantee, expensive, worthless, dear, cheap,exorbitant, discount, excellent, special offer,valuable, free, bargain

shopkeeper, f lorist, butcher, grocer,fishmonger, customer, shop assistant,tobacconist, newsagent, baker etc

To rephrase. In other words, the decision

perfectly justif ied.. That is to say, the decision

perfectly justif ied.

to ban smoking is

to ban smoking is

Unit 5Uni t5-Par t1

Warm-up Activities: Part 1 (p. 108)' (The T draws the following spidergram on the board and eticits from Ss words relevant to "shopping.")

To imply that nothing else needs to be said. At any rate, an increase in the tax rate would mean

better govern ment services.. ln any case, an increase in the tax rate would mean

better govern ment services.. Anyway, an increase in the tax rate would mean

better government services.

Accepting the situation. Under the circumstances, things wil l not change

until some action is taken.. Things being as they are, things wil l not change

until some action is taken.. As it is, things wil l not change unti l some action is

taken.

specialist shop, stall, kiosk, tuck shop, market,corner shop, department store, ironmonger,supermarket, boutique, fishmonger

counter, trolley, shelf, bar code, cash register,security camera, plastic carrier bags, basket

clothes, special equipment, toys, books,dr inks, shoes. food, luggage/bags, samples

(Suggested answers): Two pictures are of people shopping. The couples have bought a lot of things and lookvery happy. The other picture shows someone who's broke. He must have spent lots of money buying things,presents, etc

(Suggested answer): I l ike shopping, when I'm not in a hurry. But I really don't l ike it when the shop assistants tryto pressure me into buying things.

S H O P P I N G

EQUIPMENT

67