Essential english grammar

I read / s books

The

y e

at /

s

app

les

She sing / s songs

You tell / s stories

Suma

drink

/ s m

ilk

We write / s letters

It

g

ive /

s r

esult

s

He bring / s roses

Verb (1)

read / swrite / stell / sbring / ssing / sgive / seat / sdrink / s

Sub.

IWeYouHeSheItTheySuma

Object

booksletterstoriesrosessongsresultsapplesmilk

Note: ‘s’/ ‘es’should be addedto the verbs usedwith the ThirdPerson Singular(He, She, It orR a v i , S o n i ,Suma, Tony etc.)Subjects.

I read books

The

y

ate

ap

ples

She sang songs

You told stories

Suma

dra

nk

m

ilk

We wrote letters

It

gave

resu

lts

He brought roses

Verb (2)

readwrotetoldbroughtsanggaveatedrank

Sub.


Object


I have read

The

y h

ad

eat

en

She has sung

You have told

Suma

had

dr

unk

We

have wrritten

It

had

give

n

He has brought

(P.P.)

readwrittentoldbroughtsanggiveneatendrunk

Sub.


Object


Have

havehavehavehas-------hadhadhad

I am reading

The

y w

ere

eat

ing

She is singing

You are telling

Suma

was

drink

ing

We

are

wrriting

It

was g

iving

He is

bringing

(V+ing)

readingwritingtellingbringingsinginggivingeatingdrinking

Sub.


Object


Be

amareareis-------waswerewas

Pre

sen

t Ten

se (S

imple

)

Past

Ten

se (S

imple

)

Pre

sent / P

ast

Continuous

Pre

sen

t / P

ast

Perf

ect

[ Bedre Foundation for Non-Formal Education, Research and Training, Teachers’ Colony, Chitradurga-1. Ph. 228074 [1

TEN

SES

Bedre Foundation(Non-Formal Education, Research and Training Insititute)

ESSENTIAL ENGLISH - REFERENCE MANUAL

S

IWeYouHeSheTheyRavi

(V1)

writereadplaydrinkssingsbringtypes

O

lettersbooksT.T.teasongssweetspoems

S

IWeYouHeSheTheyRavi

O


(V1)

writereadplaydrinksingbringtype

Do+not

don’tdon’tdon’tdoesn’tdoesn’tdon’tdoesn’t

S

IweyouheshetheyRavi

(V1)


O

letters?books?T.T.?tea?songs?sweets?poems?

Do

DoDoDoDoesDoesDoDoes

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

The letter/s “s” or “es” should be added to the verbs used with the Third Person Singular Subject. That is to say, if you usethe Subjects like He, She, It or Suma, Tony, Vazeer etc, then you have to add “s” or “es” to the verbs used with them.

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE SENTENCES

S

IWeYouHeSheTheyRavi

(Vs)

wrotereadplayeddranksangbroughttyped

O


S

IWeYouHeSheTheyRavi

O


(V1)


Did+not

didn’tdidn’tdidn’tdidn’tdidn’tdidn’tdidn’t

S

IweyouheshetheyRavi

(V1)


O


Did

DidDidDidDidDidDidDid

SIMPLE PAST TENSE SENTENCES

S

IWeYouHeSheTheyRavi

(V1)


O


S

IWeYouHeSheTheyRavi

O


(V1)


M.Ax+not

shalln’tshalln’twilln’twilln’twilln’twilln’twilln’t

S

IweyouheshetheyRavi

(V1)


O


M.Ax.

ShallShallWillWillWillWillWill

M.Ax.

shallshallwillwillwillwillwill

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE SENTENCES

THE TENSE FORMSThe TENSE is a verb form showing the time and degree of completeness of an action or event .The

degree of completeness shows whether an action is started (Indefinite), is it being continued (IndefiniteContinuous), has it been over (Definite / Perfect) or has it been continuing for a long time (Perfect Con-tinuous). These four different degrees are found in each of the popularly known, three tenses.

PRESENT TENSE: A verb that refers to PRESENT TIME is said to be in the PRESENT TENSE.PAST TENSE: A verb that refers to PAST TIME is said to be in the PAST TENSE.FUTURE TENSE: A verb that refers to FUTURE TIME is said to be in the FUTURE TENSE.

S

IWeYouHeSheTheyRavi

(V1+ ing)

writingreadingplayingdrinkingsingingbringingtyping

O


S

IWeYouHeSheTheyRavi

O


S

IweyouheshetheyRavi

O


Be

AmAreAreIsIsWereWas


Be

amareareisiswerewas

Be +not

am notaren’taren’tisn’tisn’tweren’twasn’t

(V1+ ing)


(V1+ ing)


PRESENT / PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE SENTENCES


ELC

Text Box

will

ELC

Text Box

won't

ELC

Text Box

Will

S

IWeYouHeSheTheyRavi

O


S

IWeYouHeSheTheyRavi

O


S

IweyouheshetheyRavi

O



(V1+ ing)


(V1+ ing)


(V1+ ing)


Be

bebebebebebebe

M.Ax.


Be

bebebebebebebe

Be

bebebebebebebe

M.Ax.


M.Ax+not


FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE SENTENCES

S

IWeYouHeSheTheyRavi

(P. P.)

writtenreadplayeddrunksungbroughttyped

O


S

IWeYouHeSheTheyRavi

O


S

IweyouheshetheyRavi

O


Have

havehavehavehashashadhad

Have+not

haven’thaven’thaven’thasn’thasn’thadn’thadn’t

Have

HaveHaveHaveHasHasHadHad

(P. P.)


(P. P.)


PRESENT / PAST PERFECT TENSE SENTENCES

S

IWeYouHeSheTheyRavi

O


S

IWeYouHeSheTheyRavi

O


S

IweyouheshetheyRavi

O


(P. P.)


(P. P.)


(P. P.)


Have

havehavehavehavehavehavehave

M.Ax.


M.Ax+not


Have


Have


M.Ax.


FUTURE PERFECT TENSE SENTENCES

S

IWeYouHeSheTheyRavi

S

IWeYouHeSheTheyRavi

(V1+ ing)


(V1+ ing)


(V1+ ing)

writing?reading?playing?drinking?singing?bringing?typing?

Been

beenbeenbeenbeenbeenbeenbeen

Been


Been


M.Ax.


Have


Have


M.Ax+not


S

IweyouheshetheyRavi

Have


M.Ax.


FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE SENTENCES

S

IWeYouHeSheTheyRavi

O


S

IWeYouHeSheTheyRavi

O


S

IweyouheshetheyRavi

O


Have

havehavehavehashashadhad

Have+not

haven’thaven’thaven’thasn’thasn’thadn’thadn’t

Have

HaveHaveHaveHasHasHadHad

(V1+ ing)


(V1+ ing)


(V1+ ing)


Been


Been


Been


PRESENT / PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE SENTENCES

There is an arguement that there are only two TENSES in English. Of course, it is true. If we consider the TENSEas a pure VERB FORM then we have only PRESENT TENSE VERB FORMS and PAST TENSE VERB FORMS. But theTENSE FORM of a VERB shows TIME as well as DEGREE OF COMPLETENESS of an action or event. In this case theTIME factor is considered as PRESENT TIME - PAST TIME - FUTURE TIME and the DEGREE factor is considered asINDEFINITE (SIMPLE) - SIMPLE CONTINUOUS - DEFINITE (PERFECT) - PERFECT CONTINUOUS. Many EnglishGrammarians have taken these factors into consideration and termed the TENSES as PRESENT - PAST - FUTURE .The argument of having only two tenses still prevails! What do you say?


ELC

Highlight

ELC

Text Box

won't

ELC

Text Box

Will

ELC

Text Box

will

ELC

Text Box

will

ELC

Text Box

won't

ELC

Text Box

Will

ELC

Text Box

will

ELC

Text Box

won't

ELC

Text Box

Will

USES OF DIFFERENT TENSE FORMS

Present Tense (Simple / Indefinite){Please do add “ s “ to the verbs used with the third person singular

pronouns or any single name — He, She, It or Ravi, Suni etc.— inSimple Present Tense only.}

1. To know general/ universal truthe.g.: Fortune favours the brave.Cows eat grass.The stars twinkle .Oil floats on water.The sun rises in the east. Honey is sweet.

2. To know habitual actione.g.: She drinks tea everyday.I read newspapers everymorning.Samarth gets up very late. Suma brushes his teeth twice a day.

3. To describe the action that is taking place actually at the time ofspeaking {the performative use}e.g.: I write a sentence now. Kumble bowls to Sachin Tendulkar.

Sachin hits the ball. Srinath runs towards the wickets.

4. To indicate a future event that is a part of a plan or arrangement.e.g.: We go to Bangalore next week. Our college reopens on July 1

st.

I build a house during this summer vacation.

5. In vivid narratives as a substitute for simple paste.g.:Iran rushes to help his co-player. Akbar wins the battle of Panipath.

6. To express the permanent factse.g.: I live in Chitradurga. Sumanth visits the library once a week.

7. To introduce quotationse.g.: Gandhiji says , “Do or die.”

Shakespeare says , “Life is a tale told by an idiot.”

8. In exclamatory sentences beginninge.g.: Here comes the bus! There she runs !

9. Used in stead of Present Continuous Tenses with certain verbsonly. Those verbs are : see, hear, smell, notice, recognize, appear ,look, seem, want, wish, desire, feel, like, love, hate, hope, refuse,prefer , think, suppose, believe, agree, consider , trust, remember ,forget, know , understand, imagine, mean, mind, have, own, possess,belong , contain, consist etc.e.g.: I see the black board. (Not - I am seeing the black board.)

I hear the sound. (Not - I am hearing the sound.)

Past Tense (Simple / Indefinite )(Use the Adverb of Time with Simple Past Tense -- last night,

yesterday evening, yesterday, the day before yesterday, the otherday, a few days ago, last week, the other week, a few weeks ago,last month, a few months ago, last year, sixteen months ago, a coupleof years ago, a few years ago, ten years ago, a long time ago, etc.)1. To indicate completed activity in the past. It often occurs withthe adverb of past time.e.g.: The result appeared in the newspaper yesterday.

She sent me a letter a few days ago.Srilanka defeated the Indian team easily recently.

2. Sometimes this tense is used without an adverb of time. In such casesthe time may be either implied or indicated by the context.e.g.: I didn’t sleep well. (i.e., last night )

Srilanka won the cocacola cup. ( i.e., last month )Sudha brought the vegetables. (i.e., recently )

3. To express past habits.e.g.: She drank tea everyday. (Now she is not drinking.)

I read the magazine regularly. (Now I am not reading.)Samarth jogged for 2 kilometers. (Now he is not jogging.)

4. Used in stead of Past Continuous Tenses with certain verbs only.Those verbs are : see, hear , smell, notice, recognize, appear , look,seem, want, wish, desire, feel, like, love, hate, hope, refuse, prefer ,think, suppose, believe, agree, consider , trust, remember , forget,know , understand, imagine, mean, mind, have, own, possess, belong, contain, consist etc.e.g.: I saw the black board. (Not - I was seeing the black board.)

I heard the sound. (Not - I was hearing the sound.)

Future Tense (Simple / Indefinite)1. To express an action that has still to take placee.g.: I shall go to the library tomorrow.

She will visit us next week. Samarth will tell a story.They will send a gift to our institution shortly.

Present Continuous Tense1. To express an action that is going on at the time of speaking.e.g.: She is singing a song.(i.e., now) They are playing chess.

Sumanth and Samarth are watching Fox Kids. etc.

2. For a temporary action which may not be actually happening atthe time of speakinge.g.: Sheela is reading the Bhagavad Geetha.(She is not reading at this moment. She is reading it these days.)Sumanth and Samarth are attending the swimming camp. etc.

3. For an action that is planned to take place in the near future.e.g.: Shashikiran is going to circus tomorrow.

Spoorthi and Varshini are visiting their aunt next week. etc.

Past Continuous Tense1. For an action that was going on at some specific time in the past.The time of action may or may not be indicated.e.g.: She was singing a song when I visited her last week.Sumanth and Samarth were watching Fox Kids all the evening. etc.

2. This is also used with always, continually, etc. for persistent habitsin the past.e.g.: He was always smoking in his scollege days.Smitha was continually attending dance classes in her childhood.etc.

Future Continuous Tense1. To express an action that will be going on at the time of speakingin future.e.g.: She will be singing a song. They will be playing chess.Sumanth and Samarth will be watching Fox Kids on Saturday evening.

2. For future events that are planned.e.g.: Sheela will be reading the Bhagavad Geetha during ShravanaMasa. I shall be staying here till next Sunday.Sumanth and Samarth are attending the swimming course during thesummer vacation. etc.

Present Perfect Tense1. To express an action that has just been completed in theimmediate past.e.g.: She has sung a song. (i.e., just now.) They have played chess. Smitha and Sneha have watched the programme Fox Kids.etc.

2. To express past actions whose time is not given and not definite.e.g.:Sheela has read the Bhagavad Geetha. (She has read it definitely.) Sumanth and Samarth have attended the swimming course.

3. To describe past events when we think more of their effect in thepresent than of tha action itself.e.g.: Shashikiran has eaten all the biscuits. (Nothing is left now!)

I have cut my finger. (And it is bleeding now.)Spoorthi and Varshini have finished their homework.

(Now they are free.)4. To denote an action beginning at sometime in the past andcontinuing up to the present moment.e.g.:Priyanka has been ill since last week. (Now she has recovered.)I have worked here for ten years. (And now, I have been transfered.)Divya has stayed with us for a month. (Now she has left for home.)

5. The Present Perfect is never used with adverbs of Past Time.However the following adverbs cab be used with Present Perfect.e.g., just, often, never, ever, so far, till now, yet today, this week, thismonth.e.g.: I have passed S.S.L.C. I passed S.S.L.C in 1982.

I have visited London. I visited London in 1985.I have completed the lesson. (Present Perfect)I completed the lesson yesterday. (Simple Past)He has done the homework already. (Present Perfect)He did the homework yesterday. (Simple Past)


Past Perfect Tense1. Past Perfect is used to denote an action completed before a certinmoment in the past. It is also called the Super Past because theaction happens before the Simple Past.e.g.: India had launched many satellites before 2003.

India had won many cricket matches before this series.

2. If two actions happened in the past, it may be necessary to showwhich action happened earlier than the other. The Past Perfect isused in such situations to show the action happened earlier. TheSimple Past is used to denote the action which happened later.e.g.: When Rashmi came to take away her notes I had alreadycompleted copying it.When I reached the railway station the had already left the station.Shyla had written a letter to Manu before he visited her. etc.

Future Perfect TenseThe Future Perfect is used to denote an action that will have

been completed at somepoint of time in future.

Present Perfect Continuous TenseThe Present Perfect Continuous Tense is used for an action

which began at sometime in the past and is still continuing.

Past Perfect Continuous TenseThe Past Perfect Continuous Tense is used to denote action

that had been going on for sometime before another acction took place.

Future Perfect Continuous TenseThe Future Perfect Continuous Tense is used to denote an

action that will have been going on at or before some point of time in

future.

Uses of Modal Auxiliary Verbs

WILLWill is used in the Second Person (You, You) and the Third

Person (He, She, It, They) and sometimes in the First Person ( I, We)1. Prediction or Simple Futurity :

Dr. Raj will visit us tomorrow. He will come tomorrow.2. Willingness :

I will do it for you. Who will come with me to the Himalayas?3. Request / Order :

Will you keep quite? Will you do me a favour ?Will you come for tea ?

4. General Facts :Oil will float on water. Cows will give milk.

5. Characteristic Habit :He will sit in the library for hours doing nothing.He will tell you anything.

6. Probability :She will be at the library now. Ravi will iron your shirt by now.

SHALLShall is generally used in the First Person (I , We) . If it is used in theSecond Person (You,You) or Third Person (He, She, It, They) then itshows Order or Threat.1. Prediction or Simple Futurity :

I shall come to the library tomorrow.We shall discuss the matter tomorrow evening.

2. Promise :I shall get you a new dress tomorrow.We shall go to the movie tomorrow night.

3. Suggestion :Shall we take down the note ? Shall we visit the library tomorrow?

4. Insistence :He shall complete the work tomorrow. You shall give that book.

Note : In present-day English there is a growing tendency to usewill in all persons.

SHOULD1. Duty or Necessity :

You should do this work now. He should attend the classes.2. The Tentative Use ( to mean ‘ in case’):

Should you come early, you can get the room key from the neighbour.

CAN1. Capability :

He can lift 250 kgs. She can sing ghazals.Ravi can eat 25 idlies.

2. Characteristic :He can get your work done by hook or crook.She can tell awful lies.

3. Permission :You can go to the park tomorrow. She can bring the book later.Rajani can stay here after class hours.

4. Request :Can you do this for me ? Can you pass the salt, please ?

5. Request for permission :Can I take somemore buiscuits, sir?Can I throw this rotten apple out?

6. Possibility :Rajesh can be hiding. Ravishankar can climb Mount Everest.

MAY1. Permission :

You may go. She may come afterwards.Sanjay may attend the seminar.

2. Request for permission :May I go now, sir ? May I come in, sir?

3. Benediction and Malediction :May you live long. May God bless you.May that rogue break his leg.

4. Possibility :It may rain. Sumanth may get the first prize.Savitha may be there by this time.

MUST & HAVE TO1. Obligation or Compulsion :

He must do as I say. He has to do as I say.She must sing a song now. She has to sing a song now.

2. Conclusion :You must be joking. You have to be joking.She must be making fun. She has to be making fun.Ravi must be mad to do it. Ravi has to be mad to do it.

OUGHT (to)1. Duty :

I ought to go now. You ought to help her.They ought to bring the home assignments today.

DARE & NEED1. These have no specific use, but they are used with negatives.

I daren’ t do it. Shashi daren’ t ask him anything.She needn’ t bring all her books to the class. He needn’ t go.

USED (to)1. Habitualness of the action or state:

He used to sing many songs.She used to collect stamps when she was a student.

2. In the past :I used to live in Mysore. I used to visit the library once in two dayswhen I was a college student.

He .......... (V1 +s)He is .......... (V+ing)He has .......... (P.P.)He has been ........... (V+ing)

He .......... (V2)He was .......... (V+ing)He had .......... (P.P.)He had been .......... (V+ing)

He will .......... (V1)He will be .......... (V+ing)He will have .......... (P.P.)He will have been...... (V+ing)

He has .......... (to +V1)He had .......... (to +V1)He will have .......... (to +V1)

Suma .......... (V1 +s)Suma is .......... (V+ing)Suma has .......... (P.P.)Suma has been........... (V+ing)

Suma .......... (V2)Suma was .......... (V+ing)Suma had .......... (P.P.)Suma had been.......... (V+ing)

Suma will .......... (V1)Suma will be .......... (V+ing)Suma will have.......... (P.P.)Suma will have been......(V+ing)

Suma has .......... (to +V1)Suma had .......... (to +V1)Suma will have.......... (to +V1)


THE TENSE STRUCTURES & EXAMPLES

01. Simple Present Tense S + V1 + O I write a letter. She types pomes.02. Present Continuous Tense S + Be + (V+ing) + O I am writing a letter. She is typing poems.03. Present Perfect Tense S + Have + P.P. + O I have written a letter. She has typed poems.04. Present Perfect Continuous S + Have + Been +(V+ing) + O I have been writing a letter. She has been typing poems.05. Simple Past Tense S + V 2 + O I wrote a letter. She typed poems.06. Past Continuous Tense S + Be + (V+ing) + O I was writing a letter. She was typing poems.07. Past Perfect Tense S + Have + P.P. + O I had written a letter. She had typed poems.08. Past Perfect Continuous S + Have + Been +(V+ing) + O I had been writing a letter. She had been typing poems.09. Simple Future Tense S + M.Ax. + V1 + O I shall write a letter. She will type poems.10. Future Continuous Tense S + M.Ax. + Be + (V+ing) + O I shall be writing a letter. She will be typing poems.11. Future Perfect Tense S + M.Ax. + Have + P.P. + O I shall have written a letter. She will have typed poems.12. Future Perfect Continuous S + M.Ax.+Have+Been +(V+ing) + OI shall have been writing a letter. She will have been typing poems.13. Present Tense (Compulsive) S + Have + ( to+V1 ) + O I have to write a letter. She has to type poems.14. Past Tense (Compulsive) S + Have + ( to+V1 ) + O I had to write a letter. She had to type poems.

15. Future Tense (Compulsive) S + M.Ax. + Have + ( to+V1 ) + O I shall have to write a letter. She will have to type poems.

SENTENCE STRUCTURES

1. V1

V 1

C O M EC O M EC O M EC O M EC O M EG OG OG OG OG OSITSITSITSITSITSTSTSTSTSTA N DA N DA N DA N DA N DREADREADREADREADREADWRITEWRITEWRITEWRITEWRITETELLTELLTELLTELLTELLSINGSINGSINGSINGSINGBRINGBRINGBRINGBRINGBRING

1. V1

V 1


PLEASEPLEASEPLEASEPLEASEPLEASE DON’TDON’TDON’TDON’TDON’T

1. V1

V 1


1. V1

V 1


D OD OD OD OD O

PLEASEPLEASEPLEASEPLEASEPLEASE PLEASEPLEASEPLEASEPLEASEPLEASE

2. V1

V 1


PLEASEPLEASEPLEASEPLEASEPLEASE

DON’TDON’TDON’TDON’TDON’T

2. V1

V 1


PLEASEPLEASEPLEASEPLEASEPLEASE COMP.

CFFFFFASTASTASTASTASTSLOSLOSLOSLOSLOW LW LW LW LW LYYYYYH E R EH E R EH E R EH E R EH E R EUPUPUPUPUPP RP RP RP RP ROPERLOPERLOPERLOPERLOPERLYYYYYN E AN E AN E AN E AN E AT LT LT LT LT LYYYYYA LA LA LA LA LWWWWWAAAAAYSYSYSYSYSS W E E T LS W E E T LS W E E T LS W E E T LS W E E T LYYYYYOFTENOFTENOFTENOFTENOFTEN

COMP.

CFFFFFASTASTASTASTASTSLOSLOSLOSLOSLOW LW LW LW LW LYYYYYH E R EH E R EH E R EH E R EH E R EUPUPUPUPUPP RP RP RP RP ROPERLOPERLOPERLOPERLOPERLYYYYYN E AN E AN E AN E AN E AT LT LT LT LT LYYYYYA LA LA LA LA LWWWWWAAAAAYSYSYSYSYSS W E E T LS W E E T LS W E E T LS W E E T LS W E E T LYYYYYOFTENOFTENOFTENOFTENOFTEN

READREADREADREADREADWRITEWRITEWRITEWRITEWRITETELLTELLTELLTELLTELLSINGSINGSINGSINGSINGBRINGBRINGBRINGBRINGBRING


DON’TDON’TDON’TDON’TDON’T

2. V1

READREADREADREADREADWRITEWRITEWRITEWRITEWRITETELLTELLTELLTELLTELLSINGSINGSINGSINGSINGBRINGBRINGBRINGBRINGBRING


A BOOKA BOOKA BOOKA BOOKA BOOKLETTERSLETTERSLETTERSLETTERSLETTERSSTSTSTSTSTORIESORIESORIESORIESORIESSONGSSONGSSONGSSONGSSONGSSWEETSSWEETSSWEETSSWEETSSWEETS

OBJECT

A BOOKA BOOKA BOOKA BOOKA BOOKLETTERSLETTERSLETTERSLETTERSLETTERSSTSTSTSTSTORIESORIESORIESORIESORIESSONGSSONGSSONGSSONGSSONGSSWEETSSWEETSSWEETSSWEETSSWEETS

2. V1OBJECT

D OD OD OD OD OD OD OD OD OD O

Parts of SpeechEvery name is called a NOUNAs field and fountain, street and town;In Place of noun the PRONOUN stands,As he and she can clap their hands;The ADJECTIVE describes a thing,As magic wand or bridal ring;The VERB means action, something done--To read and write, to jump and run;How things are done the ADVERBS tell,As quickly, slowly, badly, well;The PREPOSITION shows relations,As in the street or at the station;CONJUNCTIONS join, in many ways,Sentences, words, or phrase and phrase;The INTERJECTION cries out, ‘Hark!I need an exclamation mark !’(An old children’s rhyme for remembering parts of speech.)

S

IWeYouYouHeSheItTheyThisThatRavi

Be

amareareareisisisareisisis

S.C.

a student.players.a singer.dancers.a painter.an artist.a book.officers.a table.a board.an actor.

Not

notnotnotnotnotnotnotnotnotnotnot

S


Be


S.C.

a student.players.a singer.dancers.a painter.an artist.a book.officers.a table.a board.an actor.

S

IweyouyouhesheittheythisthatRavi

Be

AmAreAreAreIsIsIsAreIsIsIs

S.C.

a student?players?a singer?dancers?a painter?an artist?a book?officers?a table?a board?an actor?

Go. (Please go.) Do go. (Please do go.) Don’t go.Tell. (Please tell.) Do tell.(Please do tell.) Don’t tell.Sit. (Please sit.) Do sit. (Please do sit.) Don’t sit.Take. (Please take.) Do take.(Please do take.) Don’t take.Bring. (Please bring) Do bring.(Please do bring.) Don’t bring.

S


Be


Adjective

lazy.clever.intelligent.famous.brilliant.beautiful.good.kind.brown.black .popular.

Go there. Please go there. Do go there. Don’t go there.Tell me. Please tell me. Do tell me. Don’t tell me.Sit down. Please sit down. Do sit down. Don’t sit down.Take it. Please take it. Do take it. Don’t take it.Bring that. Please bring that. Do bring that.Don’t bring that.


LIST OF IMPORTANT IRREGULAR VERBS

PRESENT PAST PAST PRESENT INFINITIVEPARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE

V 1 V 2 P.P. (V + ing) (To + V 1)

abide abode/ abided abode / abided abiding to abidearise arose arisen arising to ariseawake awoke awoken awaking to awakebackbite backbitten backbitten backbiting to backbitebackslide backslid backslid backsliding to backslidbe be been being to be(am/ is/are) (was/ were)bear bore borne bearing to bearbecome became become becoming to becomebefall befell befallen befalling to befallbeget begot begotten begetting to begetbegin began begun beginning to beginbehold beheld beheld beholding to beholdbend bent bent bending to bendbeseech besought / besought / beseeching to beseech

beseeched beseechedbeset beset beset besetting to besetbespeak bespoke bespoken bespeaking to bespeakbestride bestrode bestridden bestriding to bestridebet bet / betted bet / betted betting to betbid bid / bade bid / bidden bidding to bidbind bound bound binding to bindbite bit bitten biting to bitebleed bled bled bleeding to bleedbless blessed blessed / blest blessing to blessblow blew blown / blowed blowing to blowbreak broke broken breaking to breakbreed bred bred breeding to breedbring brought brought bringing to bringbroadcast broadcast broadcast broadcating to broadcastbrowbeat browbeat brow beaten browbeating to browbeatbuild built built building to buildburn burnt / burned burnt / burned burning to burnbust bust / busted bust / busted busting to bustbuy bought bought buying to buycast cast cast casting to castcatch caught caught catching to catchchide chid / chided chid / chidden chiding to chidechoose chose chosen choosing to choosecleave clove / cleft cloven / cleft cleaving to cleavecleave clave / cleaved cleaved cleaving to cleavecling clung clung clinging to clingingcome came come coming to comecost cost cost costing to costcountersink countersank countersunk countersinking to countersinkcreep crept crept creeping to creepcrow crew / crowed crowed crowing to crowcut cut cut cutting to cutdeal dealt dealt dealing to dealdig dug dug digging to digdive dove / dived dived diving to divedo did done doing to dodraw drew drawn drawing to drawdream dreamt /dreamed dreamt / dreamed dreaming to dreamdrink drank drunk drinking to drinkdrive drove driven driving to drivedwell dwelt dwelt dwelling to dwelleat ate eaten eating to eatfall fell fallen falling to fallfeed fed fed feeding to feedfeel felt felt feeling to feelfight fought fought fighting to fightfind found found finding to findflee fled fled fleeing to fleefling flung flung flinging to flingfloodlight floodlit floodlit floodlighting to floodlightfly flew flown flying to flyforbear forbore foreborne forbearing to forbearforbid forbode forbidden forbidding to forbidforecast forecast forcast forcasting to forcastforesee foresaw foreseen foreseeing to foreseeforetell foretold foretold foretelling to foretellforget forgot forgotten forgetting to forgetforgive forgave forgiven forgiving to forgiveforsake forsook forsaken forsaking to forsakeforswear forswore forsworn forswearing to forswear

LIST OF IMPORTANT IRREGULAR VERBSfreeze froze frozen freezing to freezegainsay gainsaid gainsaid gainsaying to gainsayget got got getting to getgild gilt / gilded gilt / gilded gilding to gildgird girt / girded girt / girded girding to girdgive gave given giving to givego went gone going to gogrind ground ground grinding to grindgrow grew grown growing to growhamstring hamstrung / hamstrung / hamstringing to hamstring

hamstringed hamstringedhang hung / hanged hung / hanged hanging to hanghave had had having to havehear heard heard hearing to hearheave hove / heaved hove / heaved heaving to heavehew hewed hewn / hewed hewing to hewhide hid hidden hiding to hidehit hit hit hitting to hithold held held holding to holdhurt hurt hurt hurting to hurtinlay inlaid inlaid inlaying to inlayinput input / inputted input / inputted inputting to inputinset inset inset insetting to insetinterweave interwove interwoven interveaving to interweavekeep kept kept keeping to keepken kent / kenned kent / kenned kenning to kenkneel knelt knelt kneeling to kneelknit knit / knitted knit / knitted knitting to knitknow knew known knowing to knowlay laid laid laying to laylead led led leading to leadlean leant / leaned leant / leaned leaning to leanleap lept / leaped lept / leaped leaping to leaplearn learnt / learned learnt / learned learning to learnleave left left leaving to leavelend lent lent lending to lendlet let let letting to letlie lay lain lying to lielight lit / lighted lit / lighted lighting to lightlose lost lost losing to losemake made made making to makemean meant meant meaning to meanmeet met met meeting to meetmiscast miscast miscast miscasting to miscastmisdeal misdealt misdealt misdealing to misdealmishear misheard misheard mishearing to mishearmishit mishit mishit mishitting to mishitmislay mislaid mislaid mislaying to mislaymislead misled misled misleading to misleadmisread misread misread misreading to misreadmisspell misspelt / misspelt / misspelling to misspell

misspelled misspelledmisspend misspent misspent misspending to misspendmistake mistook mistaken mistaking to mistakemisunderstand misunderstood misunderstood misunderstanding to misunderstand

mow mowed mown / mowed mowing to mowoutbid outbid outbid outbidding to outbidoutdo outdid outdone outdoing to outdooutfight outfought outfought outfighting to outfightoutgrow outgrew outgrown outgrowing to outgrowoutput output /outputted output / outputted outputting to outputoutrun outran outrun outrunning to outrunoutsell outsold outsold outselling to outselloutshine outshone outshone outshining to outshineoverbid overbid overbid overbidding to overbidovercome overcame overcome overcoming to overcomeoverdo overdid overdone overdoing to overdooverdraw overdrew overdrawn overdoing to overdoovereat overate overeaten overeating to overeatoverfly overflew overflown overflying to overflyoverhang overhung overhung overhanging to overhangoverhear overheard overheard overhearing to overhearoverlay overlaid overlaid overlaying to overlayoverpay overpaid overpaid overplaying to overpayoverride overrode overridden overriding to overrideoverrun overran overrun overrunning to overunoversee oversaw overseen overseeing to overseeovershoot overshot overshot overshooting to overshootoversleep overslept overslept oversleeping to oversleepovertake overtook overtaken overtaking to overtakeoverthrow overthrew overthrown overthrowing to overthrow


partakepartook

partakenpartaking

to partakepay

paidpaid

payingto pay

pleadpled / pleaded

pled / pleadedpleading

to pleadprepay

prepaidprepaid

prepayingto prepay

proveproven / proved

proven / provedproving

to proveput

putput

puttingto put

quitquit / quitted

quit / quittedquitting

to quitread

readread

readingto read

rebindrebound

reboundrebinding

to rebindrebuild

rebuiltrebuilt

rebuldingto rebuild

recastrecast

recastrecasting

to recastredo

redidredone

redoingto redo

rehearreheard

reheardrehearing

to rehearrem

akerem

aderem

aderem

akingto rem

akerend

rentrent

rendingto rend

repayrepaid

repaidrepaying

to repayrerun

reranrerun

rerunningto rerun

resellresold

resoldreselling

to resellreset

resetreset

resettingto reset

resitresat

resatresitting

to resitretake

retookretaken

retakingto retake

retellretold

retoldretelling

to retellrew

riterew

roterew

rittenrew

ritingto rew

riterid

ridrid

riddingto rid

riderode

riddenriding

to ridering

rangrung

ringingto ring

riserose

risenrising

to riserun

ranrun

runningto run

sawsaw

edsaw

n / sawed

sawing

to sawsay

saidsaid

sayingto say

seesaw

seenseeing

to seeseek

soughtsought

seekingto seek

sellsold

soldselling

to sellsend

sentsent

sendingto send

setset

setsettting

to setsew

sewed

sewn / sew

edsew

ingto sew

shakeshook

shakenshaking

to shakeshear

shearedshorn / sheared

shearingto shear

shedshed

shedshedding

to shedshine

shone / shinedshone / shined

shiningto shine

shitshat / shitted

shat / shittedshitting

to shitshoe

shodshod

shoeingto shoe

shootshot

shotshooting

to shootshow

showed

shown / show

edshow

ingto show

shrinkshrank

/ shrunkshrunk

shrinkingto shrink

shriveshrove / shrived

shriven / shrivedshriving

to shriveshut

shutshut

shuttingto shut

singsang

sungsinging

to singsink

sanksunk

sinkingto sink

sitsat

satsitting

to sitslay

slewslain

slayingto slay

sleeptslept

sleptsleeping

to sleepslide

slidslid

slidingto slide

slingslung

slungslinging

to slingslink

slunkslunk

slinkingto slink

slitslit

slitslitting

to slitsm

ellsm

elt / smelled

smelt / sm

elledsm

ellingto sm

ellsm

itesm

otesm

ittensm

itingto sm

itesow

sowed

sown / sow

edsow

ingto sow

speakspoke

spokenspeaking

to speakspeed

sped / speededsped / speeded

speedingto speed

spellspelt / spelled

spelt / spelledspelling

to spellspend

spentspent

spendingto spend

spillspilt / spilled

spilt / spilledspilling

to spillspin

spun / spanspun

spinningto spin

spitspat

spatspitting

to spitsplit

splitsplit

splittingto split

spoilspoilt / spoilled

spoilt / spoilledspoilling

to spoilspotlight

spotlit / spotlightedspotlit / spotlighted spotlighting

to spotlightspread

spreadspread

spreadingto spread

springsprang

sprungspringing

to sprinstand

stoodstood

standingto stand

stavestove / staved

stove / stavedstaving

to stavesteal

stolestolen

stealingto steal

stickstuck

stucksticking

to sticksting

stungstung

stingingto sting

stinkstank / stunk

stunkstinking

to stinkstrew

strewed

strewn / strew

edstrew

ingto strew

stridestrode

striddenstriding

to stridestrike

struckstruck

strikingto strike

stringstrung

strungstringing

to stringstrive

strovestriven

strivingto strive

subletsublet

subletsublettin

to sublet

swear

swore

sworn

swearing

to swear

sweep

swept

swept

sweeping

to sweep

swell

swelled

swollen / sw

elledsw

ellingto sw

ellsw

imsw

amsw

umsw

imm

ingto sw

imsw

ingsw

ungsw

ungsw

ingingto sw

ingtake

tooktaken

takingto take

teachtaught

taughtteaching

to teachtear

toretorn

tearingto tear

telltold

toldtelling

to tellthink

thoughtthought

thinkingto think

thrivethrove / thrived

thriven / thrivedthriving

to thrivethrow

threwthrow

nthrow

ingto throw

thrustthrust

thrustthrusting

to thrusttread

trodtrodden / trod

treadingto tread

unbendunbent

unbentunbending

to unbendunderbid

underbidunderbid

underbiddingto underbid

undercutundercut

undercutundercutting

to undercutundergo

underwent

undergoneundergoing

to undergounderlie

underlayunderlain

underlieingto undelie

underpayunderpaid

underpaidunderpaying

to underpayundersell

undersoldundersold

undersellingto undersell

understandunderstood

understoodunderstanding

to understand

undertakeundertook

undertakenundertaking

to undertakeunderw

riteunderw

roteunderw

rittenunderw

ritingto underw

riteundo

undidundone

undoingto undo

unfreezeunfroze

unfrozenunfreezing

to unfreezeunsay

unsaidunsaid

unsayingto unsay

unwind

unwound

unwound

unwinding

to unwind

upholdupheld

upheldupholding

to upholdupset

upsetupset

upsettingto upset

wake

woke / w

akedw

oke / waked

waking

to wake

waylay

waylaid

waylaid

waylaying

to waylay

wear

wore

worn

wearing

to wear

weave

wove / w

eavedw

oven/ weaved

weaving

to weave

wed

wed / w

eddedw

ed / wedded

wedding

to wed

weep

wept

wept

weeping

to weep

wet

wet / w

ettedw

et / wetted

wetting

to wet

win

won

won

winning

to win

wind / w

andw

ound / wand

wound / w

andw

indingto w

indw

ithdraww

ithdreww

ithdrawn

withdraw

ingto w

ithdraww

ithholdw

ithheldw

ithheldw

ithholdingto w

ithholdw

ithstandw

ithstoodw

ithstoodw

ithstandingto w

ithstandw

orkw

orked/wrought

worked / w

roughtworking

to work

wring

wrung

wrung

wringing

to wring

write

wrote

written

writing

to write

ASSERTIV

E F

OR

MS

S + Ax. + V ..... = ( . )

Iam

We

areYou

areYou

areH

eis

Theyare

Sheis

Theyare

Itis

Theyare

INTERROGATIVE FORM

SS + A

x. + V ..... = ( ? )

Am

I ?A

rew

e ?A

reyou?

Are

you ?Is

he ?A

rethey ?

Isshe ?

Are

they ?Is

it ?A

rethey ?

PRESENT

Iw

asW

ew

ereYou

were

Youw

ereH

ew

asThey

were

Shew

asThey

were

Itw

asThey

were

Was

I ?W

erew

e ?W

ereyou?

Were

you ?W

ashe ?

Were

they?W

asshe ?

Were

they?W

asit ?

Were

they?

PAST

Ihave

We

haveYou

haveYou

haveH

ehas

Theyhave

Shehas

Theyhave

Ithas

Theyhave

Have

I ?H

ave we ?

Have

you?H

ave you ?H

ashe ?

Have

they ?H

asshe ?

Have

they ?H

asit ?

Have

they ?

PRESENT

Ihad

We

hadYou

hadYou

hadH

ehad

Theyhad

Shehad

Theyhad

Ithad

Theyhad

Had

I ?H

adw

e ?H

adyou?

Had

you ?H

adhe ?

Had

they?H

adshe ?

Had

they?H

adit ?

Had

they?

PAST

Ido

We

doYou

doYou

doH

edoes

Theydo

Shedoes

Theydo

Itdoes

Theydo

DoI ?

Dow

e ?Do

you?Do

you ?Does

he ?Do

they ?Does

she ?Do

they ?Does

it ?Do

they ?

PRESENT

Idid

We

didYou

didYou

didH

edid

Theydid

Shedid

Theydid

Itdid

Theydid

DidI ?

Didw

e ?Did

you?Did

you ?Did

he ?Did

they?Did

she ?Did

they?Did

it ?Did

they?

PAST

CONJUGATION OF AUXILIARY VERBS

BE FORMHAVE FORMDO FORM

[ B

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re F

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nd

atio

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r No

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ca

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, Re

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. Ph

. 22

80

74

[

8

NOUNS

Group One

ACCIDENTADDRESSAFTERNOONAGEAIRAIRPLANEANIMALAPARTMENTARMAUNTBABYBACKBANKBEDBEGINNINGBICYCLEBIRDBIRTHDAYBOATBODYBOOKBOXBOYBREADBREAKFASTBROTHERBUILDINGBUSCARCHAIRCHILDCIRCLECITYCLASSCLOTHESCOATCOLOURCORNERCOUNTRYCUPDATEDAUGHTERDAYDESKDICTIONARYDINNERDIRECTIONDOCTORDOOREAREARTHENDEVENINGEYEFACEFAMILYFATHERFINGERFIREFISHFLOORFOODFOOTFRIENDFRONTFRUITFUTUREGARDENGLASSGIRLHAIRHALFHANDHATHEADHOLIDAYHOMEHOMEWORKHOSPITALHOTELHOURHOUSEHUMANBEINGHUSBANDIDEAINFORMATIONINSECTJOBJUICELAND

NOUNS

Group Two

AMOUNTARMYARTBAGBALLBEACHBILLBLOODBOTTOMBRIDGEBUSINESSCATCEILINGCENTRECENTURYCHANCECLOCKCLOUDCOFFEECOLLEGECOMPUTERCONCERTCONDITIONCONVERSATIONCOURSECROWDDEFINITIONDIFFERENCEDISTANCEDOGDRESSEARTHQUAKEEGGENEMYEXAMPLEEXPERIENCEFACTFALL /AUTUMNFEARFIELDFLOWERFORESTFORMFURNITUREGAMEGAS(OLINE)GOLDGOVERNMENTGRASSGROUPHALLHEALTHHEARTHEATHILLHISTORYHOLEHORSEHUNDREDICEINDIVIDUALINDUSTRYISLANDKEYKITCHENKNIFELAKELAWLISTLUCKMAGAZINEMAILMARKETMATHEMATICSMEANINGMEMBERMIDDLEMIDNIGHT

NOUNS

Group Two

MILKMILLIONMINDMOUNTAINMOUTHNATIONNATURENECKNEIGHBOURNEWSPAPERNOISEOBJECTOCEANOFFICEOPINIONPAINPAINTPAIRPANTSPEACEPERIODPICNICPLEASUREPOCKETPOSITIONPOWERPRONUNCIATIONPURPOSERADIORESULTRINGRULESALTSANDWICHSCIENCESEASEASONSEATSHAPESHIRTSHOULDERSITUATIONSIZESKINSNOWSONGSPACESPELLINGSPRINGSTAMPSTARSTORESTORMSUBJECTSUCCESSSUGARSUITSUMMERTAPE-RECORDERTEATELEPHONETELEVISIONTHEATRETHOUSANDTOPTOYTRAINTRIPTROUBLEUMBRELLAUNIVERSEVALLEYVALUEWARWINDWINGWINTERWOOD

ADVERBS

Group One

AGAINAGOALSOALWAYSEARLYEVERFASTFINALLYGENERALLYHARDHEREIMMEDIATELYLATEMAYBENEVERNOWOCCASIONALLYOFTENONCE

ADVERBS

Group Two

ACTUALLYAFTERWARDSALMOSTALREADYANYMOREANYWHEREAPPARENTLYCAREFULLYCERTAINLYCOMPLETELYCONSTANTLYDOWNTOWNEASILYENOUGHENTIRELYESPECIALLYEVERYWHEREEXTREMELY

VERBS

Group One

ANSWERARRIVEASKBEBECOMEBEGINBELIEVEBREAKBRINGBUILDBUYCALLCARRYCATCHCHANGECLOSECOMECONTINUECOSTCRYCUTDIEDODRINKEATENDENTEREXPLAINFALLFEELFIGHTFINDFINISHFIXGETGIVEGOGROWHAPPENHAVEHEARHELPHOLDHOPEHURTINTERESTKEEPKNOWLAUGHLEARNLEAVE

VERBS

Group One

LETLIKELISTENLIVELOOKLOSELOVEMAKEMEANMEETMOVENEEDOPENPAYPLANPUTRAINREADRIDERUNSAYSEESELLSENDSITSLEEPSPEAKSTANDSTARTSTAYSTOPSTUDYTAKETALKTEACHTELLTHINKTOUCHTRYTURNUSEUNDERSTANDVISITWAITWALKWANTWASHWATCHWORKWRITE

VERBS

Group Two

ACCEPTACTADDAGREEALLOWAPPEARATTEMPTATTENDBEATBLOWBORROWBURNCAUSECHOOSECOLLECTCOMPLETECONSIDERCONTAINCONTROLCOOKCROSSCOUNTCOVERDANCEDECIDEDISAPPEARDISCOVERDIVIDEDOUBTDRAWDREAMDRESSDRIVEDROPENJOYEXISTEXPECTFAILFILLFITFLOWFLYFORGETGUESSHANGHATEHITHURRYIMPROVEINCLUDEINTRODUCEINVITEJOINKILLKISSLEADLENDLIFTMARRY

VERBS

Group Two

NOTICEOBTAINOFFERORDEROWNPASSPERMITPICKPOINTPOURPRACTICEPREPAREPROMISEPROVEPROVIDEPULLPUSHREACHREALIZERECEIVERECOGNIZEREFUSEREMEMBERREPEATREPLYREPORTREQUIRERETURNRISESAVESEARCHSEEMSEPARATESERVESHARESHOUTSHOWSIGNSINGSMELLSPELLSPENDSPREADSUCCEEDSUGGESTSUPPLYSURPRISESURROUNDTASTETEARTHANKTIETRAVELWAVEWEARWINWISHWONDERWORRY

NOUNS

Group One

LANGUAGELEGLETTERLIBRARYLIFELIGHTLINELUNCHMANMEATMILEMINUTEMISTAKEMONEYMONTHMOONMORNINGMOTHERMOVIEMUSICNAMENIGHTNOONNOSENOTEBOOKNUMBEROFFICEPAGEPARENTSPARKPARTPARTYPASTPENPENCILPEOPLEPEPPERPERSONPICTUREPLACEPLANTPRESENTPRICEPROBLEMQUESTIONREASONRESTAURANTRICERIVERROOMROOMMATESCHOOLSHOESIDESISTERSKYSMILESONSOUNDSTREETSTUDENTSUNTABLETEACHERTESTTHINGTIMETOWNTREETROUBLEUNCLEUNIVERSITYVACATIONVEGETABLEVOCABULARYVOICEWALLWATERWAYWEATHERWEEKWIFEWINDOWWOMANWORDWORKWORLDYEARZOO

ADVERBS

Group Two

FORTUNATELYJUSTLATERNEXTOBVIOUSLYPERHAPSQUIETLYRARELYREGULARLYSELDOMSERIOUSLYSOMEWHERESTILLSURELYTOGETHERTOOWELLYET

ESSENTIAL ENGLISH WORD LIST750 WORDS FOR ALL OCCASIONS

ADJECTIVES(GENERAL)

Group One

BADBEAUTIFULBIGBIGCHEAPCLEANCOLDCOOLDANGEROUSDARKDEEPDIFFERENTDIFFICULTDRYEARLYEASTEMPTYFASTFATFIRSTHAPPYHARDHARDHEALTHYHEALTHYHEAVYHIGHINTELLIGENTLARGELARGELONGMESSYMODERNNARROWNOISYNORTHOLDOLDPOORPRIVATERIGHTRIGHTROUGHSHORTSOURSTRONG

Group Two

ACCURATECERTAINCLEARCOMFORTABLECOMMONCOMPLETECONVENIENTDEPENDENTDIRECTFAIRFAMILIARHAPPYHEALTHYIMPORTANTINTERESTINGKINDLAWFULLEGALLOGICALNECESSARYNORMALPLEASANTPOLITEPOSSIBLEPROPERRATIONALREALREGULARRESPONSIBLESURETRUEUSUALVISIBLE

ADJECTIVES(OPPOSITES)

Group One

GOODUGLYLITTLESMALLEXPENSIVEDIRTYHOTWARMSAFELIGHTSHALLOWSAMESIMPLEWETLATEWESTFULLSLOWTHINLASTSADEASYSOFTILLSICKLIGHTLOWSTUPIDLITTLESMALLSHORTNEATOLD-FASHIONEDWIDEQUIETSOUTHNEWYOUNGRICHPUBLICLEFTWRONGSMOOTHTALLSWEETWEAK

Group Two

INACCURATEUNCERTAINUNCLEARUNCONFORTABLEUNCOMMONINCOMPLETEINCONVENIENTINDEPENDENTINDIRECTUNFAIRUNFAMILIARUNHAPPYUNHELATHYUNIMPORTANTUNINTERESTINGUNKINDUNLAWFULILLEGALILLOGICALUNNECESSARYABNORMALUNPLEASANTIMPOLITEIMPOSSIBLEIMPROPERIRRATIONALUNREALIRREGULARIRRESPONSIBLEUNSUREUNTRUEUNUSUALINVISIBLE

ADJECTIVES(GENERAL)

Group Three

ABSENTANGRYBALDBRIGHTBUSYCALMDEADDELICIOUSDELIGHTFULDIZZYESSENTIALFAMOUSFLATFOOLSIHFOREIGNFREEFRESHFUNNYGLADGREATHANDSOMEHUMIDHUNGRYLAZYMADNATIVENERVOUSNICEPRETTYPROUDRAPIDRIPEROUNDSERIOUSSHARPSORRYSPECIALSTRANGETERRIFICTOUGHUNIQUEVARIOUSWHOLEWILDWISEWONDERFUL


Compiled and Edited by/-Bedre N. Manjunatha, Transmission ExecutiveC-3, All India Radio Employees Staff QuartersCHITRADURGA - 577 501, Karnataka StatePh. 95 - 8194 - 228074 Mob.: 94485-89089<[email protected].><[email protected]>

J Compiled by/ - Bedre N. Manjunatha, Author of “Applied English Course” (14th Impression)

[ Bedre Foundation for Non-Formal Education, Research and Training, Teachers’ Colony, Chitradurga-1. Ph.228074 [10

For more details please do refer the following books:1. Applied English Course - A Practical Handbook of Spoken andWritten English (Pub.: Navakarnataka Publications, B’lore. Rs. 150/-)

By / - Bedre N. Manjunath2. Word Power By / - Bedre N. Manjunath3. Let’s Learn English By / - Bedre N. Manjunath4. English Language Games By / - Bedre N. Manjunath5. School Diary (Pub.: Navakarnataka Publications, B’lore. Rs. 60/-)

PARAGRAPH / STORY WRITING

Construction of paragraphs or stories on the given outline is avery good exercise to bring out the student’s imagination and capacityto write in simple language.1. While writing the paragraph / story follow the outline given carefully.

Do not omit any point. Keep to the order in which the points aregiven in the outline.

2. Be careful to connect the points given in the outline naturally sothat the whole willbe read well as a connected piece of goodcomposition. You must use your imagination in filling the details ofaction, gesture and conversation that should connect one pointwith the next.

3. If you are asked to supply a heading or title to the paragraph orstory, you may choose the main character, object or incident ofthe story or a proverb or well-known quotation that suits the story.

4. See that your composition is grammatical , idiomatic and in goodsimple English. Revise your work, and if necessary, rewrite it untilit is as good as you can make it.

5. Please do take the help of sentence structures whileconstructing sentences.

Model : (Paragraph )Forests - our national wealth - home of various plants - animals -

providing fuel, wood, pulp and timber - attract rainfall - forest areas are shrinking- converted to agricultural lands or industrial areas - Result - soil erosion -conservation of forests - aforestation - Vanamahotsava.Answer : Forests form a great part of our national wealth. They are the home ofvarious plants and animals. They provide useful things such as fuel, wood, pulpand timber. They attract rainfall. However, forest areas are shrinking on a largescale. Forest lands have been converted to agricultural lands or industrial areas.As a result of this, soil erosion occurs. It is very necessary to conserve forests.This can be done through aforestation. Vanamahotsava is a country-wideaforestation programme. This programme helped a lot to grow social forests.

CONTENT WORDS :NOUNS:Teacher, Students, Table, Chair, Globe, Board, Pointing Stick

( Pointer), Pice of chalk, Lesson, Notes, Homework, etc.VERBS : Standing, Sitting, Teaching, Listening, Reading, Showing,

Dictating, Taking down, Answering, Asking Questions, etc.STRUCTURES

S + Be + S. Compl.S + V

1 + O + C

S + Be + (V + ing) + OSENTENCES ( PARAGRAPH) :

This is a class room. Many students are sitting. A teacher isstanding near the board. There is a table near the board. There is aglobe on the table. He is teaching a lesson of Geography. He is tellingsome important points about the Earth. He is showing the globe to thestudents. He is expalining the lines called the longitudes and thelattitudes. He is dictating some notes to the students. They are takingit down. He is a very nice teacher. The students like him verymuch.

MATCH - STICK DRAWING

COMPREHENSION

J Read the passage / story quickly toget the general ideas.J Read it again slowly to know the details.J Study the questions thoroughly. Turn tothe relevant portion of thepassage / story . Read them again and write neatly in your own words.J Answer in complete sentences. If the questions require oneword answer then you can give the one word answer. Answers shouldnot be lengthy.J If you are asked to give the meaning of any word you shouldexpess the ideas as clearly as possible in your own words.J If you are required to give a title or heading to the passage /story,you can name it either after the main character,object, incident mentionedin the passage, or after some saying or proverb illustrated by the passage.5. Give a suitable title.

COMPOSITION WITH QUESTIONSTopic : Our School

1. Which school do you go to ?2. Is it a big or small school ?3. How many rooms has it got ?4. Has it got a library ?5. Does it have a staff room ?6. Where is the school play ground situated ?7. How many students are there in your school ?8. How many teachers are there ?9. What subjects are taught in your school ?10. Who is the Head master of your school ?11. Do students like him / her ?12. Do you like your school ? Why ?

STRUCTURESS + Be + S. Compl.

S + V1 + O + CS + Be + (V + ing) + O

He is a boy.His name is Sumanth.She is a girl. Her name is Spoorthy.He is studying in 6th standard.She is studying in 2nd standard.They are going to classes regularly.He is going to SJM English School.She is going to Deccan School.They are operating the computer.He likes comics very much.He plays cricket in the evening.He does his home work regularly.He is a very good boy.

STRUCTURESS + Be + S. Compl.

S + V1 + O + CS + Be + (V + ing) + O

This is a television set.This is a very useful instrument.We watch T.V. regularly.Some good programmes aretelecast everyday.We like the serials very much.We watch the television for thenews, songs, cinemas and otherentertainment programmes.T.V. brings the whole world into ourdrawing room. It is a wonder box.We can watch the live relay

programmes and cricket matches.

J A verb is said to be in the “Active Voice”when its form shows that the person or thingdenoted by the “Subject” DOES SOMETHING.J A verb is said to be in the “ Passive V oice”when its form shows that SOMETHING IS DONEto the person or thing denoted by the“Subject” .

RULESJ The ‘Passive voice ’ of a verb is formedby using the “ Past Participle” form of the verbafter using suitable “ Be” form verbs like “ is writ-ten”, “ was written”, “ will be written” or “ isbeing written”, “ was being written”,“ havebeen written ”, “ had been written”, “ will havebeen written”, or “ are sent”, “ were sent”,“ willbe sent”,“ are being sent”,” were being sent”,“ have been sent”, “ had been sent” etc.J The “Object” of the verb in the ‘Ac-tive Voice ’ takes the place of the “ Subject ”in the ‘Passive Voice ’ and the “Subject” ofthe ‘Active Voice ’ occupies the position of the“Object” in the ‘Passive Voice’ .

J If the verb has two “Objects” in the‘Active Voice ’, the sentence can be changedin two ways by using any one of the “Objects”as the “Subject” in the ‘Passive Voice ’.J The word “by” (preposition) is mostlyused before the “Object” in the ‘PassiveVoice’ . If the verb is followed by a prepositonin the ‘Active Voice ’ itself, the same is usedbefore “by”.J Personal pronouns change their formswhen they change their position from that ofthe “Subject” to that of the “Object” .Subject : I We You He She It TheyObject : me us you him her it themJ The ‘Passive ’ forms of the “Present /Past/ Future Perfect Continuous ” and “Fu-ture Continuous ” are more avoided than used.J While transferring sentences from ‘Ac-tive ’ to ‘Passive ’ or vice versa, the “form ” ofthe sentence and “the tense ” never change.

SIMPLE METHODAt first locate the main verb in the

given sentence. Then ask “Who? ” ( Who per-formed the action?) You will get the “Subject” .Now read the “Subject and V erb” togetherand ask “What ” or “Whom ” to know what isor who is involved in the action and you willget the “Object” .

Now, take the “Subject” and place itat the end and bring the “Object” to the firstplace . Change the verb into “ Past Partici-ple” . Add suitable “be” form verb to indicatethe tense and degree .

If there is no answer for the questions“what / whom ” then the verb happens to bean ‘intransitive ’ one. The ‘intransitives ’ can-not be changed into the ‘Passive Voice ’. Youneed an “Object” to change the ‘Voice ’.

Samarth goes to school. ( No object)Samarth tells a story. (Object)A story is told by Samarth.

ACTIVE VOICE & PASSIVE VOICE MADE EASY

I write letters. S + V1 + O

O + Be + P.P. + By + SLetters are written by me.

I wrote letters. S + V2 + O

O + Be + P.P. + By + SLetters were written by me.

I shall write letters. S + M.Ax. + V1 + O

O + M.Ax.+Be + P.P. + By + SLetters will be written by me.

I am writing letters. S + Be + (V+ing) + O

O + Be +Being + P.P. + By + SLetters are being written by me.

I shall be writing letters. S + M.Ax.+Be+(V+ing) + O

(Passive form of Future Continuousis more avoided than used.)

I was writing letters. S + Be + (V+ing) + O

O + Be +Being + P.P. + By + SLetters were being written by me.

I have written letters. S + Have + (P.P.) + O

O + Have +Been + P.P. + By + SLetters have been written by me.

I had written letters. S + Have + (P.P.) + O

O + Have +Been + P.P. + By + SLetters had been written by me.

I shall have written letters. S + M.Ax.+Have+(P.P.) + O

O+ M.Ax.+Have+Been+P.P. +By+ SLetters will have been written by me.

IND

EF

INIT

EP

ER

FE

CT

IND

. C

ON

TIN

UO

US

I don’t write letters. S + Don’t + V1 + O

O + Be +Not + P.P. + By + SLetters are not written by me.

Letters are written by me. O + Be + P.P. + By + S

S + V1 + O I write letters.

Write a letter. V1 + O

Let + O + Be + P.P.Let a letter be written .

Letters have been written by me. O + Have +Been + P.P. + By + S

S + Have + (P.P.) + OI have written letters.

IND

EF

INIT

E

PRESENT PAST FUTURE

I have not written letters. S + Have+Not +(P.P.) + O

O + Have+Not+Been+P.P. +By+ SLetters have not been written by me.

PE

RF

EC

T

Don’t write a letter. Do+Not + V1 + O

Let + O + Not +Be + P.P.Let a letter not be written .

NEGATIVE PASSIVE TO ACTIVE IMPERATIVE


J When we use the exact words of thespeaker, it is called the “ Direct Speech.”J When we report the speech in our ownwords, it is called the “ Indirect Speech” or“ Reported Speech”.

RULESJ We have to incorporate FOUR majorchanges while tranforming a Direct Speechsentence into an Indirect Speech sentence.

1. Change of Reporting Verb:Reporting verb, i.e. the verb outside the

inverted commas, has to be changed depend-ing upon the sentence within the inverted com-mas. (Tense of these verbs doesn’t change.)J If the sentence within the inverted commasis “Assertive” the reporting verb (said) changesas : told, replied, answered, stated, de-clared, narrated, described, communicated,reported etc.J If the sentence within the inverted commasis “Interrogative” the reporting verb (said)changes as : asked, questioned, enquired,inquired, interrogated etc.J If the sentence within the inverted commasis “Imparative” the reporting verb (said) changesas : requested, ordered, advised, com-manded, appealed, directed, guided, etc.J If the sentence within the inverted commasis “Exclamatory” the reporting verb (said)changes as : exclaimed with joy /surprise /wonder or cried with pain / sorrow etc.

DIRECT SPEECH & INDIRECT SPEECH MADE EASY

2. Change of Personal Pronouns:When the reporter uses “I” , it refers

to him. If he uses other pronouns, they referto different persons. So there is a need tochange the persons. They change as :

Direct Speech Indirect SpeechI Person (I / We) He / She / It / TheyII Person (You / You) He / She / It / They

I / We / YouIII Person (He / She) He (.....) / She (.....) /

(It / They) It (.....) / They(.....)

3. Change of Tense Forms:If the Reporting Verb is in the Present

Tense or Future Tense then there is nochange in the tense of the Reported Speech .

Suma says to Samarth , “I write letters.”Suma tells Samarth that she writes letters.

Suma will say to Samarth , “I write letters.”Suma will tell Samarth that she writes letters.

If the Reporting Verb is in the PastTense then the tense of the ReportedSpeech will change as :Simple Present to Simple PastPresent Continuous to Past ContinuousPresent Perfect to Past PerfectPresentPerfectContinuous to Past Perfect ContinuousSimple Past to Past PerfectPast Continuous to Past Perect ContinuousPast Perfect remains Past PerfectPast Perfect Continuous -”- Past Perfect Continuous

Suma said to Samarth , “I write letters.”Suma told Samarth that she wrote letters.

In Future Tense “Will ” and “Shall” changeinto “Would” and sometimes in “Should” . “Can”into “Could” and“May” into “Might” . No otherchange.

There is an exception to this rule. Ifthe sentence is a UNIVERSAL TRUTH thenthe tense should not be changed. e.g.,

Suma said to Samarth , “Blood is red.”Suma told Samarth that blood is red.

4. Change of Nearness to Remoteness:When the reporter refers to a thing near

to him it is certainly in a distance to us. So, thethings which are near in the Direct Speech maybecome far in the Reported Speech as:

Direct Speech Reported SpechThis / That ThatThese / Those ThoseHere / There ThereNow / Then ThenThus SoToday That dayTonight That nightThis week That weekYesterday The day before

The previous dayLast week The previous weekTomorrow The following dayNext week The following week

Suma said to Samarth , “Please, send a letter now.

Suma requested Samarth kindly to send a letter then.

Chang

e of

Repor

ting

Verb

.

Chang

e of

Verb

form

s

Chang

e of

Nearn

ess t

o

Remon

enes

s

1 2 3

Suma said , “ Oh! It is very easy now.

Suma exclaimed with surprise that it was very easy then.

Chang

e of

Repor

ting

Verb

.

Chang

e of

Inter

jectio

n

Chang

e of

Tens

e form

s

Chang

e of

Nearn

ess t

o

Remon

enes

s

1 2 3 4v v v v vvv v

IMPERATIVE SENTENCE EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE

Suma said to Samarth , “I am sending a letter now.

Suma told Samarth that she was sending a letter then.

Chang

e of

Repor

ting

Verb

.

Chang

e of

Perso

nal P

rono

un.

Chang

e of

Tens

e form

s

Chang

e of

Nearn

ess t

o

Remon

enes

s

1 2 3 4

Suma said to Samarth , “Are you sending a letter now?

Suma asked Samarth if he was sending a letter then.

Chang

e of

Repor

ting

Verb

.

Chang

e of

Perso

nal P

rono

un.

Chang

e of

Tens

e form

s

Chang

e of

Nearn

ess t

o

Remon

enes

s

1 2 3 4

ASSERTIVE SENTENCE INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE

Tapan said to the Head Master , “I did not lead the ox here.

Tapan told the Head Master that he had not lead the ox there.

Chang

e of

Repor

ting

Verb

.

Chang

e of

Perso

nal P

rono

un.

Chang

e of

Tens

e form

s

Chang

e of

Nearn

ess t

o

Remon

enes

s1 2 3 4

Braithwait said to Miss Dare , “Will you step in here?

Braithwait asked Miss Dare if she would step in there.

Chang

e of

Repor

ting

Verb

.

Chang

e of

Perso

nal P

rono

un.

Cha

nge

ofTe

nse

form

s

Chang

e of

Nearn

ess t

o

Remon

enes

s

1 2 3 4

Head Master said to Mohan , “Bring Tapan of class V now.

Head Master ordered Mohan to bring Tapan of class V then.

Chang

e of

Repor

ting

Verb

.

Chang

e of

Verb

form

sCha

nge o

f

Nearn

ess t

o

Remon

enes

s

1 2 3

The Policeman said, “ Oh! It is very interesting.”

The Policeman exclaimed with surprise that it was very interesting.

Chang

e of

Repor

ting

Verb

.

Chang

e of

Inter

jectio

n

Chang

e of

Tens

e form

s1 2 3

v v v vv v

ASSERTIVE SENTENCE INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE

IMPERATIVE SENTENCE EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE

v vv vvvvvv


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What’sa Noun?

A Noun is a naming word.

CONCRETE(Can be seen,

touched and smelt)ProperCommonCollectiveMaterial

NOUNGENDERSMasculineFeminineNeuterCommon

NOUNNUMBERSSingularPluralCountableUncountable

NOUNCASE

Nominative(Subjective)Accusative(Objective)InstrumentalDativePossessive(Genitive)Vocative

NOUNGERUND

Verbal Noun(V+ing) form of theVerb used as theSubject or Object.

ABSTRACT(Can not be seen, touched or

smelt but only felt)Names of certain ThingsNames of certain QualitiesNames of certain ActionsNames of certain StateNames of all Arts & ScienceNames of all Languages

NOUNS

My name isSumanth. I am astudent. I read

newspapers. I havemany books in mypersonal library. I

love reading.

What’sa Pronoun?

A Pronoun isa word usedin place of a

noun.

WhoWhomWhoseWhatWhichWhereWhenWhyHow

PERSONAL PRONOUNS

I am Samarth.I have many

friends. They areplayers. We play

chess. It is a nicegame. Will you

join us?

PERSONS NUMBERS SUB. OBJ. POSSESSIVES

I Singular I me my, mine, to mePlural We us our, ours, to us

II Singular You you your, yours, to youPlural You you your, yours, to you

III Singualr He him his, to himShe her her, hers, to herIt its its, to it

Plural They them their, theirs, to themREFLEXIVE

& EMPHATIC

myself

ourselves

yourself

yourselves

himself

herself

itself

themselves

INDEFINITE

somesomeonesomethingsomewheresometimesomebodysomehowanyanyoneanybodyanywhereanyhowanytime

INTERROGATIVE

& R ELATIVE

DISTRIBUTIVE

everyeveryoneeverythingeverywhereeverytimeeverybodyeacheach oneeach thingeach personnoneallone and all

DEMONSTRATIVE

this thatthese those

[ B

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What’san Adjective?

An Adjective is aword or phrase thatis used to qualify

the nouns.

ADJECTIVE OF QUALITY

Hello! I amSpoorthy. This ismy dog. It is cute.I buy red ribbon

for this pretty dog.This dog’s name

is Puppy!

OP - SH - A - C - O - M Opinion Shape Age Colour Origin Material

goodbadneatheavycostlycheap

tallshortsmallbighugetiny

newoldmodernancientyoungaged

whiteblueyellowredgreenbrown

IndianWesternEasternBritishAmericanJapanese

goldwoodsteelplasticcottonwool

QUANTITYHOW MUCH?

a glass ofa cup of10 kilosone ton10 m.l.100 m.l.1 litre10 centemetre100 cms.1 metre1 kilometre100 miles

NUMBERHOW MANY ?

COUNTABLE

One TwoOne hundredOne million

UNCOUNTABLE

many a fewa lot ofa number of

CARDINAL

ORDINAL

DEMON-STRATIVE this that these those

ARTICLESINDEFINETE

a anDEFINITE

the

DEGREESHOW MUCH?

PositiveComparativeSuperlative

PARTICIPLE (Verbal Adjectives) Spoken Written Painted Lost Typed

What’sa Verb?

A Verb is a wordwhich shows whatthe Subject is andwhat it is doing.

AUXILIARY VERBS (24 ANOMALOUS FINITES )

Hi! I am Akash.I am a student. I goto SVE School. I

attend my classes. Iam an athlete too. Iplay everyday. I

love sports.

BePresent

am (not)is (not)are (not)

Pastwas (not)were (not)

HavePresent

have (not)has (not)

Pasthad (not)

DoPresent

do (not)does (not)

Pastdid (not)

M.Ax.Present

will (not)shall (not)can (not)may (not)must (not)ought (not)dare (not)need (not)------

M.Ax.Past

would (not)should (not)could (not)might (not)------------------------used (not)

FINITE NON-FINITE INFINITE

PRESENT PAST P.P. (V1+ING) (TO+V 1)Play played played playing to playSelect selected selected selecting to selectLearn learnt learnt learning to learnKick kicked kicked kicking to kick

Sing sang sung singing to singWrite wrote written writing to writeSpeak spoke spoken speaking to speakDrink drank drunk drinking to drink

Cut cut cut cutting to cutPut put put putting to putSet set set setting to set

MAIN VERB FORMS

IRR

EG

ULA

RP

EC

ULI

AR

RE

GU

LAR

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What’san Adverb?

An Adverb is aword or phrase orclause that is usedto qualify the verb.

ADVERBS

Hi friends!I am Apoorva. I goto school everyday.

I run fast. Myfriends come to thestadium regularly.They play kho-kho

nicely.

MANNERHOW ?

slowlyquicklyfastrapidlyneatlybrisklybeautifullyattractively

PLACEWHERE?

heretherein the roomin the classin the gardenon the terraceon the roadin Bangalore

TIMEWHEN?

nowlaterafterwardstodaythis weekthis monthtomorrownext week

FREQUENCYHOW MANY TIMES?oncetwicethricefour timesten timesnumber of timesoftenrarely

What’sa Preposition?

A Preposition is a wordor phrase used to showposition and movementin a certainb direction.

PREPOSITIONS

Hi!I am Varun.I am a painter. I

paint on canvas. Ihave a brush in my

hand. There arecolour tubes on the

flooor.

SIMPLEatbyinontonearoffdownoutfromupwiththrough

COMPOUNDaboveacrossafteraroundbeforebehindbelowbesidebetweenbeyondinsideoutsidewithin

PARTICI-PLE

barringconcerningconsideringnotwithstandingpendingregardingrespecting

Varshitha drank hot teaslowly / quickly / fast.at home / in a canteen.yesterday / at 6 a.m.once / twice / often.to become fresh / beacuseshe was feeling cold.

REASONWHY?

to make himself fesh.to drive away cold.

REASONWHY ?

because she was feeling cold.because it was very boring.

on

infar

at theedge of

above

below

near

up

down

away

through

across

betweenin front of

betw

een

up

PHRASEaccording toalong withaway frombecause ofby reason ofon behalf ofin case ofin course ofin front ofin order toin stead ofon account ofowing to

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What’s aConjunction?

A Conjunction is aword or phrase that is

used to join two words,phrases or clauses.

CONJUNCTIONS

Hi friends!We are circus artistsand magicians. We

perform tricks but wecannot perform blackmagic. We come here

and give regulardshows.

CO-ORDINATINGSIMPLE PAIRED

and either....or...but neither....nor...for both.....and...or not only..but also..also except....that...

SUB-ORDINATINGSIMPLE “ WH-WORDS”after who whombecause what whosebefore where whyif when howthat whether which

JOIN

What’s anInterjection?

An Interjection is aword or phrase that isused to express suddenfeelings and emotions.

INTERJECTIONS

Aah! This is veryheavy. I can’t lift this.

Wah! This is verylight. I can lift this.

O!Wow!Hurrah!Aah!

Woh!Auch!Oh!Ah!

Alas!Ha!Ha!Shhh!Hush!

Shei!Ishyshy!Hey!Ho!

Hi!Thutt!Oooo!Holloa!

Hello!Hum!Hem!Oh God!

What’s aSentence?

A Sentence is a wordor group of words thatgives full meaning and

makes some sense.

SENTENCES

Whaw! It is reallynice. You are very kind,

dear. Are there anymore bouquets? Please,

get me one more.I love it

A SENTENCE is a grammati-cally self contained speech unit con-sisting of a word or group of wordsthat expresses an assertion (.), aquestion (?), a command / request/ appeal (“...”), a wish or an excla-mation (!), that in writing usually be-gins with a capital letter and con-cludes with appropriate end punctua-tion, and that in speaking is phoneti-cally distinguished by various pat-terns of stress, pitch and pauses.

How are you, Sir?I think you are the firstperson to climb this

mountain, aren’t you?Do you join me for

coffee?

Hello, Sirs! We have comehere to play with you. Do youjoin us? How about cricket?Please, bring your bat, ball,wicket and stumps. We can

start playing right now.

Documents

Essential english grammar