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04/07/23 1
UNIVERSITY OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCES, BAGALKOT
COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE, MUDIGERE - 577132
SEMINAR
ArifUHS10PGM118Sr. M.Sc.(Hort.) Dept. of Plantation Spices Medicinal & Aromatic Crops
IMPORTANCE OF CURATIVE PROPERTIES OF ESSENTIAL OILS
04/07/23 2
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
CHEMISTRY OF ESSENTIAL OIL
MODE OF ACTIONMODE OF ACTION
TOPIC DIVISIONTOPIC DIVISION
CURATIVE PROPERTIES
AntibacterialAntibacterial AntifungalAntifungal AntiviralAntiviral OthersOthers
UNDESIRED EFFECTS OF ESSENTIAL OILUNDESIRED EFFECTS OF ESSENTIAL OIL
CONCLUSION CONCLUSION
04/07/23 3
Essential OilEssential Oil
Essential oils or ethereal oils are volatile organic compounds extracted from the plants.
In soluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.
Obtained either by hydro distillation or solvent extraction
Essential oils or ethereal oils are volatile organic compounds extracted from the plants.
In soluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.
Obtained either by hydro distillation or solvent extraction
04/07/23 4
Essential oils are used worldwide for stress, tension, depression, migraine, insomnia, constipation, blood pressure and many other ailments.
It stimulates and increases the oxygen content of the cells thus increases the fundamental balance of the immune system and rejuvinates it.
Essential oils are used worldwide for stress, tension, depression, migraine, insomnia, constipation, blood pressure and many other ailments.
It stimulates and increases the oxygen content of the cells thus increases the fundamental balance of the immune system and rejuvinates it.
04/07/23 5
Ayurvedic techniques of healing by making use of value added products and modern treatment equipments.
The latest available techniques and skin care material help to prepare the skin for best effect of essential oils.
So use of essential oils today help in healing from within and without, working in two distinct ways,
a) absorption of essential oils by skin.
b) aromas working on hypothalamus.
Ayurvedic techniques of healing by making use of value added products and modern treatment equipments.
The latest available techniques and skin care material help to prepare the skin for best effect of essential oils.
So use of essential oils today help in healing from within and without, working in two distinct ways,
a) absorption of essential oils by skin.
b) aromas working on hypothalamus.
04/07/23 6
Chemistry of Essential OilsChemistry of Essential Oils
Physical properties.
optical activity
isomerism Chemical properties.
atomic weight
atomic mass Volume per gram. Ideal storage temperature. Volatability of the oil.
Physical properties.
optical activity
isomerism Chemical properties.
atomic weight
atomic mass Volume per gram. Ideal storage temperature. Volatability of the oil.
04/07/23 7
Table: 1 Chemistry of Essential Oils. Shirley and Len (2000)
SI. No
Biochemical family
Medicinal property Example
1. Terpenes Analgesic, Expectorant, Stimulating, Anti-inflammatory and spasmolytic
Linalool, Geraniol
2. Alcohols Anti-infective, Bactericidal, Antiviral, and Stimulating
Patchoulinol
3. Phenols Bactericidal, Stimulate nervous and immune system and antidepressant
Carvacrol, Methyl chavicol
4. Aldehydes Antiviral, Anti-inflammatory, calming, vasodilators and antipyretic
Citral, cinamic aldehyde
5. Ketones Sedative, Analgesic, digestant, Anti-inflammatory, expectorant
Laevocarvone
6. Easters Antifungal, antispasmodic, relaxant tonic Linalyl acetate
7. Oxides Expectorant, mucolytic, blood circulation activators
1, 8-cineole
8. Lactones Mucolytic and expectorant Jasmone04/07/23 8
Mode of Action of Essential Oil Mode of Action of Essential Oil
Essential oils follow three main pathways to gain entry to the body.
Absorption through skin Through oral intake Olfaction through nasal passage.
Essential oils follow three main pathways to gain entry to the body.
Absorption through skin Through oral intake Olfaction through nasal passage.
Shirley and Len (2000)
04/07/23 9
PLANT VOLATILE OIL
SKIN Massage oils, lotions, perfumes, skincare products
ORAL INTAKECapsules, drops, foods and gargles
NOSEVaporized oils sprays and inhalations
Digestive tract
Circulation
All organs, Joints, SystemsStomach Kidney Lung
Intestine Intestine
EXIT
Mucus membrane
Electrochemical signals
Limbic system
Cortex
Hypothalamus
Endocrine System
Nervous System
Mode of action of Essential oils
Shirley and Len (2000)04/07/23 10
Role of Essential Oils in Balancing Immune System
Role of Essential Oils in Balancing Immune System
Immune system of an organism will depend on balance between emotional and mental spheres.
Assimilation and elimination are interlinked to immunity which depend on two factors,
A. Adaptation power of the organism to environment in which it is living.
B. Strength to reject the external toxic to the environment.
Immune system of an organism will depend on balance between emotional and mental spheres.
Assimilation and elimination are interlinked to immunity which depend on two factors,
A. Adaptation power of the organism to environment in which it is living.
B. Strength to reject the external toxic to the environment.
Xavier and Gobe (2000)
04/07/23 11
The unique future of the essential oilsThe unique future of the essential oils
Pass easily through our skin and the cell membranes. Diffuse through the entire body within half an hour. Go directly to the brain through olfactory bulb. Affect our feelings and thoughts because smell is our
most emotional sense. Perform multiple functions because of their structural
complexity.
Pass easily through our skin and the cell membranes. Diffuse through the entire body within half an hour. Go directly to the brain through olfactory bulb. Affect our feelings and thoughts because smell is our
most emotional sense. Perform multiple functions because of their structural
complexity.
04/07/23 12
Table: 2 Therapeutic properties of Essential Oils. Shirely and Len (2000) SI. No. Property Essential oil bearing plants1. Antibacterial Pepper mint, Lavender, Basil, Rosemary2. Antifungal Eucalyptus, Thyme, Chamomile, Geranium3. Antiviral Eucalyptus, Pepper mint, Basil, Cinnamon4. Analgesic Citrus spp, Chamomile, Ginger, Coriander5. Anti-
inflammatoryLavender, Chamomile, Coriander, Geranium
6. Antidepressant Lavender, Citrus spp, Geranium7. Cardio tonic Lavender, Basil, Rosemary, Fennel8. Deodorant Patchouli, Lemongrass, Salvia9. Digestant Thyme, Coriander, Basil, Rosemary10. Diuretic Rosemary, Thyme, vetiver11. Hormone like Fennel, Geranium, Sage, Rosemary12. Hyper tensor Lavender, Pepper mint, Basil13. Hypo tensor Rosemary, Lavender, Marjoram14. Immunity Nutmeg, Patchouli, Thyme15. Rheumatism Coriander, Geranium, Lemongrass16. Sedative Lavender, Passiflora, Citrus spp,
04/07/23 13
ANTIBACTERIALANTIBACTERIAL
04/07/23 14
A – Cornybacterium tuberculae B – Staphylococcus aurius C – Streptococcus haemolyticus D – Pseudomonas aeruginosa E – Escherichia coli F – Klebsiella species --- No Activity
A – Cornybacterium tuberculae B – Staphylococcus aurius C – Streptococcus haemolyticus D – Pseudomonas aeruginosa E – Escherichia coli F – Klebsiella species --- No Activity
Table: 3 Antibacterial activities of volatile oils of some Aromatic Plants
Singh et.al. (2005)
04/07/23 15
Table: 3 Antibacterial activities of volatile oils of some Aromatic Plants SI. No.
Substrate Dilution oil: DMSO
Amount of substrate/disc mg
Zone of inhibition (mm)A B C D E F
1. Alpinia carinata
Pure oil1:501:100
4.450.450.22
1816-
1813-
211410
181208
281609
181311
2. Gingiber officinale
Pure oil1:501:100
4.540.450.22
12--
1412-
181612
201715
292408
1408-
3. Lippia alba Pure oil1:501:1oo
4.550.450.22
121910
1218-
322118
181411
301711
191410
4. Lantana camara
Pure oil1:501:100
4.550.450.22
---
167-
1711-
1510-
---
171108
5. Hyptis suaveoleans
Pure oil 1:501:100
4.840.480.24
211610
231712
302416
221612
1913-
171311
6. Gentamycine - 10 - - - - 25 207. Pencillin-G - 06 24 18 28 - - -8. Norfloxacin - 10 - 20 17 - 24 23
Singh et.al. (2005)04/07/23 16
Table: 4 Antibacterial activity of the leaf oil from Curcuma longa Chowdhury et.al. (2005)
Sl.No Organism Inhibition Zone (mm)
Oil Concentration (µl/disc)
2 5 10 15 20 Amphicillin 20µg/disc
1 Bascillus subtillus 14 15 16 18 21 25
2 Bascillus cereus 13 15 17 18 23 22
3 Bascillus megaterium 13 15 16 18 23 22
4 E-coli 12 14 15 27 32 13
5 Vibrio cholerae 15 19 22 25 31 16
6 Pseudomonas aeroginosa
16 18 22 25 30 -
7 Shigella dysenteriae 22 24 28 31 32 30
8 Shigella sonnei 12 14 16 29 31 30
9 Staphylococcus aurius
12 15 20 20 25 20
10 Salmonella typhi 25 28 29 32 33 3004/07/23 17
Table: 5 Antibacterial activities of essential oils of palmarosa, anise and vetiver and their dilutions. (Zone of inhibition in mm). Gangrade et.al. (1990)
Sl.No. Oil: DMSO
Palmarosa oil
Aniseed oil
Vetiver oil
Standards 100 units/100 ml
Penicillin Streptomycin
1 Staphylococcus aurius
1:0 (pure oil)1:101:1001:10001:10000
16
111080
13
131088
20
1615129
28 30
2 Streptococcus pyogens
1:0 (pure oil)1:101:1001:10001:10000
13
12987
14
121070
13
12977
25 25
04/07/23 18
Sl.No Oil: DMSO Palmarosa oil
Aniseed oil Vetiver oil
Standards 100 units/100 ml
Penicillin Streptomycin
3 Escherichia coli
1:0 (pure oil)1:101:1001:10001:10000
77000
99870
87000
19 20
4 Cornybacterium ovis
1:0 (pure oil)1:101:1001:10001:10000
14121288
1412121010
108870
30 30
04/07/23 19
ES: Early season MS: Middle season LS: Late season Concentration of oil constituents: 10mg each
ES: Early season MS: Middle season LS: Late season Concentration of oil constituents: 10mg each
Table: 6 Inhibitory properties of Summer savoury essential oil and its constituents (inhibition zone diameter in mm).
Deans et al., (1998)
Table: 6 Inhibitory properties of Summer savoury essential oil and its constituents (inhibition zone diameter in mm).
Deans et al., (1998)
04/07/23 20
Table: 6 Inhibitory properties of Summer savoury essential oil and its constituents (inhibition zone diameter in mm). Deans et al., (1998)
Oil constituents
Escherichia coli
Pseudomonas aeroginosa
Salmonella pullorum
Staphylococcus aurius
Yersinia enterocolitica
Carvacrol 24.0 27.0 26.5 24.5 25.0
1,8-cineole 14.0 10.0 13.5 17.0 15.0
p-cymene 9.5 10.5 9.0 12.0 13.0
Eugenol 18.0 15.5 21.0 22.5 21.0
b-humulene 10.5 13.0 14.5 9.5 14.0
Linalool 10.5 7.5 9.5 12.0 9.0
β-pinene 13.0 11.5 12.0 7.5 9.5
Alfa-terpineol 14.5 13.5 9.0 14.5 10.0
Thymol 21.5 25.0 23.0 21.5 22.0
ES (pure oil) 8.5 10.5 11.0 7.0 6.5
MS (pure oil) 13.5 13.5 14.0 11.5 12.0
LS (pure oil) 8.5 12.0 11.5 9.5 8.0
04/07/23 21
Table: 7 Microbicidal potential of essential oils of Ocimmum adscendens.Table: 7 Microbicidal potential of essential oils of Ocimmum adscendens.
John etal., (1999)
Essential oil and standard
Dilution (Acetone)
Zone of inhibition in mm
Bacillus subtilis
B. megaterium
E. coli
Staphylococcus aureus
Proteus vulgaris
Xanthomonas campestris
Aspergillus niger
Rhizopus oryzae
Colletotrichum musae
Ocimmum adscedens
1:01:11:2
221716
221816
161616
221916
201716
262018
252016
251716
533820
Gentamycin Sulphate 40 mg/ml
- 48 45 29 35 28 53 - - -
systain - - - - - - - 38 31 30
04/07/23 22
Table: 8 Antibacterial activities of Allspice and Clove oil.
SI NO Organism Tested Number of strains
Zone Diameter (mm)A B C D
1 Pesudomonas species 16 27 21 17 20
2 Coagulase (+)ve Staphylococcus
16 19 21 20 14
3 Coagulase (-)ve Staphylococcus
16 29 26 23 18
4 Eschirichia coli 23 15 13 15 16
5 Curobactor diversus 2 17 15 14 12
6 Curobactor peundil 1 25 21 18 16
7 Proteus mirasilis 2 23 27 21 24
8 klebsiella 21 21 23 16 19
9 Enterobacter 1 12 14 17 16
A: Allspice oil (5ml) B: Clove oil (5ml)
C: Penicillin (1.5 U) D: Gentamicin (10mg)
Rao et.al., (2001)04/07/23 23
A: Cymbopogon citrates B: Cymbopogon flexuosus (Citral chemo type) C: Cymbopogon nardus D: Cymbopogon flexuosus (Geraniol chemo type) E: Meteronidazole Solution (1000 ppm) R: Resistant
A: Cymbopogon citrates B: Cymbopogon flexuosus (Citral chemo type) C: Cymbopogon nardus D: Cymbopogon flexuosus (Geraniol chemo type) E: Meteronidazole Solution (1000 ppm) R: Resistant
Chandrashekar and Joshi (2004)Chandrashekar and Joshi (2004)
Table: 9 Antibacterial efficacy of essential oil of Cymbopogon species against bacteria causing inflammation of gums.
04/07/23 24
Table: 9 Antibacterial efficacy of essential oil of Cymbopogon species against bacteria causing inflammation of gums.
SI No
Organism Strains tested
Inhibition zone (mm)A B C D E
1 Prophyromonas gingivalis
abc
262526
242222
242023
282528
302428
2 Prevotella intermedia
abc
222130
211925
201824
222127
222527
3 Beta-ɸ-litomicron
abc
RRR
151514
RRR
171315
202225
4 Bacteroides fragilis
abc
RRR
162020
111010
211818
253030
Chandrashekar and Joshi (2004)04/07/23 25
Table: 10 Antibacterial activity of essential oil of Eletteria cardamomum.
SI No
Microorganism Zone of inhibition (mm)Pure oil (5ml)
1:50 1:100 1:1000 Streptopencillin(1000ppm)
Gram positive
1 Bacillus subtillis 20 18 15 10 20
2 Corynbacyterium diphtheriae
17 16 14 9.5 18
3 Staphylococcus aurius
19 16 11 - 22
Gram negative4 Escherichia coli 18 16 13 8 19
5 Salmonella typhi 16 14 11 - 19
6 Shigella spp. 17.5 14 10 9 17- : No Activity Garg and Jain(2001)04/07/23 26
ANTIFUNGAL
04/07/23 27
Table: 11 Efficacy of the ointment of Cinnamomum tamal oil against lesions caused by Microsporum audouinii and Tricophyton mentagrophytes.
Table: 11 Efficacy of the ointment of Cinnamomum tamal oil against lesions caused by Microsporum audouinii and Tricophyton mentagrophytes.
Treatment days
Percent culture recoveryControl M.
audouiniiT. mentagrophytes
3 100 100 100
5 100 100 100
7 100 100 1009 100 100 100
11 100 100 80
13 100 100 72
15 100 90 65.2
17 100 70 60.3
19 100 50 50
21 100 0 0
Prathibha et.al., (1999)04/07/23 28
Table: 12 Comparison of activity of Geranium oil and its major chemical constituents and common antifungal agents. ( at minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) levels).
Table: 12 Comparison of activity of Geranium oil and its major chemical constituents and common antifungal agents. ( at minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) levels).
SI No Compounds Potency disc (µl/ml)
Zone of inhibition (mm)
Candida albicans Cryptococcus neoformans
Oil and constituents SDA SDSA SDA SDSA
1 Geranium oil (pure)
7.8 22 20 22 22
2 Citronellol 3.9 22 24 24 24
3 Linalool 3.9 22 24 12 12
4 Geraniol 7.8 28 28 31 37
5 Isomenthone 7.8 20 22 17 17
6 Mixture of all constituents
1.9 >30 >30 >32 >32
Rath et.al., (2005)04/07/23 29
SI No Compounds Potency disc (µl/ml) Zone of inhibition (mm)
Candida albicans Cryptococcus neoformans
Antifungal agent SDA SDSA SDA SDSA
7 Itraconazole 30 mg 14 14 19 19
8 Griseofnlvin 35mg - - - -
9 Amphotericin-B 100 U - - - -
10 Nystatin 100 U 18 18 - -
11 Fluconazole 10mg 22 22 - -
- : No zone of inhibition SAD: Sabourand Dextrose agar SDAS: Sabourand Dextrose agar containing Sucrose
Rath et.al., (2005)
04/07/23 30
Table: 13 Antifungal studies of some essential oils of Eucalyptus species against superficial ringworm infections.
Fungi Minimum cidal concentration (µl/ml)E. amygdalina
E. citriodora
E. datrympleana
E. laveopinea
Epidermophyton floccosum
0.8 0.7 0.4 0.3
Microsporum gypseum
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.3
Microsporum nanum
0.8 0.6 0.5 0.3
Tricophyton mentagrophyteies
0.7 0.2 0.4 0.3
Tricophyton rubrum
0.6 0.4 0.4 0.3
Tricophyton violaceum
0.7 0.6 0.4 0.3Sushil et.al., (1999)04/07/23 31
Table: 14 Antifungal activity of the leaf oil from curcuma longa.Table: 14 Antifungal activity of the leaf oil from curcuma longa.
Organism Inhibition of mycelial growth (in %)Oil concentration (ppm)
100 250 500 750 1000 Nystatin (ppm) 100
Macrophomina phaseolina
50.72 52.42 56.06 62.42 66.79 70.78
Botrydiplodia theobromae 36.36 43.00 50.27 52.45 57.04 82.35
Alternaria alternata 16.41 17.56 19.47 20.39 22.53 55.55
Curvularia lunata 27.63 28.94 33.56 35.50 40.13 72.41
Colletotrichum corchori 28.72 31.91 32.06 33.13 35.05 42.00
Fusarium equiseti 21.71 26.82 28.24 30.21 33.04 45.79
Chowdhury et al. (2005)Chowdhury et al. (2005)04/07/23 32
ANTIVIRAL
04/07/23 33
Table: 1 Effect of limonin and nomilin on Invitro infected HIV replication in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC).
Table: 1 Effect of limonin and nomilin on Invitro infected HIV replication in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC).
Lucia et al. (2003)Triterpenoids (µM)
inhi
bitio
n of
HIV
rep
licati
on%
04/07/23 34
Table: 16 Effect of limonin and nomilin on HIV replication in Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from naturally infected patients.
inhi
bitio
n of
HIV
rep
licati
on%
Triterpenoids (µM)04/07/23 35
Table: 17 Effects on anxiety using topical application of two Lavender oils in post operative cardiac patients.Table: 17 Effects on anxiety using topical application of two Lavender oils in post operative cardiac patients.
DAY 1 Lavender A Lavender B Total No Patients
Improvement 9 5 14No Improvement 3 7 10
Total No 12 12 24
Lavender A: Lavender burnatii Lavender B: Lavender angustifolia
Buckle (1993)
04/07/23 36
Undesired Effects of Essential oilUndesired Effects of Essential oil
1. Skin irritability ex: cinnamon leaf oil, clove oil, Thyme oil.
2. Mucus membraneex: Spearmint oil and Tegetus species.
3. Photo toxicity / Photosensitivityex: Orange mint oil, Ruta graviolens oil and cumin oil.
4. Contact sensitizationex: Turpentine responsible for skin allergy to workers in paint industry.
1. Skin irritability ex: cinnamon leaf oil, clove oil, Thyme oil.
2. Mucus membraneex: Spearmint oil and Tegetus species.
3. Photo toxicity / Photosensitivityex: Orange mint oil, Ruta graviolens oil and cumin oil.
4. Contact sensitizationex: Turpentine responsible for skin allergy to workers in paint industry.
Shirley and Len (2000)04/07/23 37
5. Nephrotoxicity
ex: excess use of sandal wood oil it may cause kidney damage.
6. Respiratory sensitivity
ex: cinnamon and clove oil.
5. Nephrotoxicity
ex: excess use of sandal wood oil it may cause kidney damage.
6. Respiratory sensitivity
ex: cinnamon and clove oil.
04/07/23 38
It should be used knowledgably & with due caution so that the dangers which cause problems should be avoided.
It should have physiological, psychological, pharmacological effects when applied to the body.
Freely available, so there is no restriction on their sale and use.
These are not harmful but deleterious effects may be observed only in case of overdose or sensitivity of the user.
It should be used knowledgably & with due caution so that the dangers which cause problems should be avoided.
It should have physiological, psychological, pharmacological effects when applied to the body.
Freely available, so there is no restriction on their sale and use.
These are not harmful but deleterious effects may be observed only in case of overdose or sensitivity of the user.
04/07/23 39
Conclusion Conclusion
Today's increasing population and raising level of environment pollutants and stressed life style lead to deviation in health balance.
Use of synthetic and modern drugs proved unsafe, cause several side effects and fatal to human kind.
Use of essential oils is safe and relief to many important health problems (stress, tension, depression, constipation, insomnia etc) of human kind.
Today's increasing population and raising level of environment pollutants and stressed life style lead to deviation in health balance.
Use of synthetic and modern drugs proved unsafe, cause several side effects and fatal to human kind.
Use of essential oils is safe and relief to many important health problems (stress, tension, depression, constipation, insomnia etc) of human kind.
04/07/23 40
THANK YOU
04/07/23 41
References References BUCKLE, J., 1993, Aromatherapy – A Clinical Trial.
ActaHorticulture, 332: 253-264. CARLOS, C., NILBERTO, R.F., CARLOS, L.M., FABIO, B.S. AND
MANASSES, C.F., 2003, Antispasmodic effects of the essential oil of Plectranthus barbatus and some major constituents on the guinea pigeon pea ileum. Planta medica. 69: 1080-1085.
CHANDRASHEKAR, K.S. AND JOSHI, A.B., 2004 Antimicrobial efficacy of essential oil of Cymbopogon species. Indian perfumer, 48(3): 327-329.
CHOWDHURY, J,U., YUSUF, M., JARIPA, B., AFROZ, J,T,. HOSSAIN, M.E. AND HOSSAIN, M.A., 2005, Aromatic plants of Bangaldesh: composition and antibacterial activities of leaf oil from Curcuma longa. Indian Perfumer, 49(1): 61-65.
DEANS, S.G. AND KATERINA, P.S., 1989, Antibacterial activity of summer savory () essential oil and its constituents, Journal of Horticulture Sciences, 64(2): 205-210.
BUCKLE, J., 1993, Aromatherapy – A Clinical Trial. ActaHorticulture, 332: 253-264.
CARLOS, C., NILBERTO, R.F., CARLOS, L.M., FABIO, B.S. AND MANASSES, C.F., 2003, Antispasmodic effects of the essential oil of Plectranthus barbatus and some major constituents on the guinea pigeon pea ileum. Planta medica. 69: 1080-1085.
CHANDRASHEKAR, K.S. AND JOSHI, A.B., 2004 Antimicrobial efficacy of essential oil of Cymbopogon species. Indian perfumer, 48(3): 327-329.
CHOWDHURY, J,U., YUSUF, M., JARIPA, B., AFROZ, J,T,. HOSSAIN, M.E. AND HOSSAIN, M.A., 2005, Aromatic plants of Bangaldesh: composition and antibacterial activities of leaf oil from Curcuma longa. Indian Perfumer, 49(1): 61-65.
DEANS, S.G. AND KATERINA, P.S., 1989, Antibacterial activity of summer savory () essential oil and its constituents, Journal of Horticulture Sciences, 64(2): 205-210.
04/07/23 42
GANGRADE, S,K. AND SHRIVASTVA, R.D., SHRAMA, O,P., MOGHE, M.N. AND TRIVEDI, K.C., 1990, Evaluation of some essential oil for antibacterial properties , Indian Perfumer, 34(3): 204-208.
GARG, S. C. AND JAIN, R. K., 2001, Antimicrobial efficacy of essential oil of Eletteria cardamomum. Indian perfumer, 34(3): 204-208.
JIMOTH, T. S., ISIAKA, A. O., NURENI, O. O., TAMEKA, M. W., JENNIFER, M. S., WILLAM, N. S., ORUIEMI, N. O. AND SHERIFAT, A. A. 2005, Invitrocyticity of essential oils of Eucalyptus toreeliana F. V. Muell (leaves and fruits). Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 8(2): 110-119.
JOHN, E. T., MINIJA, J., TAJO. AND DENNA., 1999, Microbial potential of essential oil of Ocimum adscendens. Journal of Medicinal Aromatic Plant Sciences, 22(2): 256-267.
LUCIA, B., FABIO, M., MIRIAM, L., GABRIELA, M., ANTONINA, S., CALUDIO, M. M.AND VINCENZO, V., 2003, Effect of limonin and nomilin on HIV-1 replication on infected human monoculture cells. Planta Medica, 69: 910-913.
MIKUS, J., MICHAEL, H., DIETMAR, S. AND JURGEN, R., 2000, Invitro effect of essential oils and isolated mono and susquiterpenes on Leishmania major and Tripanosoma brucei. Planta Medica, 66: 366-368.
GANGRADE, S,K. AND SHRIVASTVA, R.D., SHRAMA, O,P., MOGHE, M.N. AND TRIVEDI, K.C., 1990, Evaluation of some essential oil for antibacterial properties , Indian Perfumer, 34(3): 204-208.
GARG, S. C. AND JAIN, R. K., 2001, Antimicrobial efficacy of essential oil of Eletteria cardamomum. Indian perfumer, 34(3): 204-208.
JIMOTH, T. S., ISIAKA, A. O., NURENI, O. O., TAMEKA, M. W., JENNIFER, M. S., WILLAM, N. S., ORUIEMI, N. O. AND SHERIFAT, A. A. 2005, Invitrocyticity of essential oils of Eucalyptus toreeliana F. V. Muell (leaves and fruits). Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 8(2): 110-119.
JOHN, E. T., MINIJA, J., TAJO. AND DENNA., 1999, Microbial potential of essential oil of Ocimum adscendens. Journal of Medicinal Aromatic Plant Sciences, 22(2): 256-267.
LUCIA, B., FABIO, M., MIRIAM, L., GABRIELA, M., ANTONINA, S., CALUDIO, M. M.AND VINCENZO, V., 2003, Effect of limonin and nomilin on HIV-1 replication on infected human monoculture cells. Planta Medica, 69: 910-913.
MIKUS, J., MICHAEL, H., DIETMAR, S. AND JURGEN, R., 2000, Invitro effect of essential oils and isolated mono and susquiterpenes on Leishmania major and Tripanosoma brucei. Planta Medica, 66: 366-368.
04/07/23 43
PRATIBHA, Y., DUBEY, N., JOSHI, V.K. AND CHINSOYRIA., 1999, Antidermatophytic activity of essential oils of Cinnamomum as herbal ointment for cure dermatomycoses. Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences, 21: 347-351
RAO, C.C., DASH, S.K. AND MISHARA, R.K., 2001, Antimicrobial activity of essential oil of the leaves of Pimento dioca L. (Family: Myrtaceae). Indian Drugs, 38(9): 458-461.
RATH, C.C., DASH, S.K. AND MISHRA, R.K., 2001, Invitro susceptibility of Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis L.) essential oil against five human pathogens. Indian Perfumer, 45(1): 57-61.
RATH, C.C., DASH, S.K. AND RAJESHWAR, B.R., 2005, Antifungal activity of rose scented geranium (Pelargonium spp.) essential oil and its six constituents. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 8(2): 218-222.
SHIRLEY, P. AND LEN, P., 2000, In aromatherapy for health professionals. Ed. Churchill Livngstone.
PRATIBHA, Y., DUBEY, N., JOSHI, V.K. AND CHINSOYRIA., 1999, Antidermatophytic activity of essential oils of Cinnamomum as herbal ointment for cure dermatomycoses. Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences, 21: 347-351
RAO, C.C., DASH, S.K. AND MISHARA, R.K., 2001, Antimicrobial activity of essential oil of the leaves of Pimento dioca L. (Family: Myrtaceae). Indian Drugs, 38(9): 458-461.
RATH, C.C., DASH, S.K. AND MISHRA, R.K., 2001, Invitro susceptibility of Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis L.) essential oil against five human pathogens. Indian Perfumer, 45(1): 57-61.
RATH, C.C., DASH, S.K. AND RAJESHWAR, B.R., 2005, Antifungal activity of rose scented geranium (Pelargonium spp.) essential oil and its six constituents. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 8(2): 218-222.
SHIRLEY, P. AND LEN, P., 2000, In aromatherapy for health professionals. Ed. Churchill Livngstone.
04/07/23 44
SINGH, G., KAPOOR, I.P., PANDEE, S.K., SINGH, O.R., SINGH, U.K. AND SINGH, R.K., 2001, A note on antibacterial activity of volatile oils of some aromatic plants. Indian Perfumer, 45(4): 275-278.
SUSHIL, K.S., AMRITESH, C.S. AND ANUPAM, D., 1999, Antifungal studies of some essential oils at various pH levels for betterment of antifungal drug responses. Current Sciences, 77(5): 703-706.
THOPPIL, J.E., TAJO, A., DEENA, M.J. AND SHREERANJINI, K., 2001, Microbicidal properties of Mint oils. Indian Perfumer, 54(3): 143-145.
XAVIER, B. AND GOEB, P., 2000, Medicinal properties of essential oils and their constituent. Indian Perfumer, 44(3): 199-211.
SINGH, G., KAPOOR, I.P., PANDEE, S.K., SINGH, O.R., SINGH, U.K. AND SINGH, R.K., 2001, A note on antibacterial activity of volatile oils of some aromatic plants. Indian Perfumer, 45(4): 275-278.
SUSHIL, K.S., AMRITESH, C.S. AND ANUPAM, D., 1999, Antifungal studies of some essential oils at various pH levels for betterment of antifungal drug responses. Current Sciences, 77(5): 703-706.
THOPPIL, J.E., TAJO, A., DEENA, M.J. AND SHREERANJINI, K., 2001, Microbicidal properties of Mint oils. Indian Perfumer, 54(3): 143-145.
XAVIER, B. AND GOEB, P., 2000, Medicinal properties of essential oils and their constituent. Indian Perfumer, 44(3): 199-211.
04/07/23 45
PRATIBHA, Y., DUBEY, N., JOSHI, V.K. AND CHINSOYRIA., 1999, Antidermatophytic activity of essential oils of Cinnamomum as herbal ointment for cure dermatomycoses. Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences, 21: 347-351
RAO, C.C., DASH, S.K. AND MISHARA, R.K., 2001, Antimicrobial activity of essential oil of the leaves of Pimento dioca L. (Family: Myrtaceae). Indian Drugs, 38(9): 458-461.
RATH, C.C., DASH, S.K. AND MISHRA, R.K., 2001, Invitro susceptibility of Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis L.) essential oil against five human pathogens. Indian Perfumer, 45(1): 57-61.
RATH, C.C., DASH, S.K. AND RAJESHWAR, B.R., 2005, Antifungal activity of rose scented geranium (Pelargonium spp.) essential oil and its six constituents. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 8(2): 218-222.
SHIRLEY, P. AND LEN, P., 2000, In aromatherapy for health professionals. Ed. Churchill Livngstone.
PRATIBHA, Y., DUBEY, N., JOSHI, V.K. AND CHINSOYRIA., 1999, Antidermatophytic activity of essential oils of Cinnamomum as herbal ointment for cure dermatomycoses. Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences, 21: 347-351
RAO, C.C., DASH, S.K. AND MISHARA, R.K., 2001, Antimicrobial activity of essential oil of the leaves of Pimento dioca L. (Family: Myrtaceae). Indian Drugs, 38(9): 458-461.
RATH, C.C., DASH, S.K. AND MISHRA, R.K., 2001, Invitro susceptibility of Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis L.) essential oil against five human pathogens. Indian Perfumer, 45(1): 57-61.
RATH, C.C., DASH, S.K. AND RAJESHWAR, B.R., 2005, Antifungal activity of rose scented geranium (Pelargonium spp.) essential oil and its six constituents. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 8(2): 218-222.
SHIRLEY, P. AND LEN, P., 2000, In aromatherapy for health professionals. Ed. Churchill Livngstone.
04/07/23 46
ANTIPROTOZOALANTIPROTOZOAL
04/07/23 47
Table: 16 Antiprotozoal activites of different essential oils against Leishmeniasis major and Trypnosoma brucei.
Essential oil ED (µg/ml) SelectivityT. brucei L. major HL - 60 ED (HL –
60)/ED T. brucei
ED (HL – 60) ED L. major
Clove 1.9 58.4 34.4 18.1 0.6
Tea tree 0.5 403.0 43.0 86.0 0.1Anise 118.4 286.1 325.6 2.8 1.1
Pine 176.0 123.2 149.6 0.9 1.2
Balm mint 3.9 7.0 25.5 6.5 3.6
Pepper mint 4.2 227.5 200.2 47.7 0.9
Rosemary 19.1 282.1 91.0 4.8 0.3
Thyme 0.4 127.4 24.6 61.5 0.2Suramin 0.5 - 1000.0 2000.0 -
Amphotericin -B
- 0.3 36.0 - 120.0
-: No Activity Mikus et.al., (2000)04/07/23 48
Antifungal agents Cc: Clotrim azole Fu: Flucon azole Gf: Griseofulvin Ap: Amphotericim B Ns: Nystatin
Antifungal agents Cc: Clotrim azole Fu: Flucon azole Gf: Griseofulvin Ap: Amphotericim B Ns: Nystatin
Table: 11 Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the strains against Japanese mint. Rath et.al., (2005)
04/07/23 49
Table: 11 Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the strains against Japanese mint.
SI No Organism Zone size (mm)
Sensitive Resistant Mint oil
1 Candida albicans Ns (32) Cc (6), Fu(9), It(8), Gf(0) Ap(7),
18
2 Sporothirix schenckii
- Cc (0), Fu(0), It(0), Gf(0) Ap(6), Ns(8)
17
3 Crytococcus neoformans
- Cc (0), Fu(0), It(0), Gf(0) Ap(0), Ns(0)
16
4 Microsporum gypseum
- Cc (0), Fu(0), It(0), Gf(0) Ap(0), Ns(0)
18
5 Tricophyton rubrum
- Cc (0), Fu(0), It(8), Gf(0) Ap(0), Ns(0)
31
Rath et.al., (2005)04/07/23 50