• Essential Question:–How did the American desire for Manifest

Destiny lead to the acquisition of Texas, Oregon, & California?

• CPUSH Agenda for Unit 5.2: –Manifest Destiny notes

Westward expansion brought conflict with Indians, such as the Black Hawk War, as trails disrupted hunting grounds and violated previous treaties

The Treaty of Fort Laramie created a vast Indian Territory but was repeatedly

ignored by whites expanding West

In the 1840s, America realized its “manifest destiny” by acquiring all lands to the Pacific Ocean

In 1845, the USA annexed the independent

nation of TexasIn 1846, the U.S. settled a dispute with England to

gain Oregon

In 1848, the USA gained new lands in the SW by winning the

Mexican-American War

In 1821, Mexico won

independence from Spain

and the new Mexican

gov’t welcomed Americans into

Texas by offering cheap land

Stephen F Austin became one of the wealthiest

“Anglos” in Texas

Texas

TexasAustin established a

community where “no drunkard, no gambler, no profane swearer and no idler” would be allowed

Mexico offered land grants to agents

(empresarios) to sell to settlers

Texas

They settlers would pledge to obey

Mexican laws and observe Roman

Catholicism

The Mexican government encouraged

settlement to protect the

borders from Native Americans

Americans refused to accept Mexican laws

They wanted a voice in Mexican government

They would not accept a ban on slavery

They would not convert to Catholicism

In 1835, Texans were in open rebellion against the Mexican government

By 1834, Mexican president Santa Anna began to view Anglos

as a threat and had Austin arrested

Texans lost at the Alamo, but the battle created inspiration:

“Remember the Alamo!”

In 1835, the War for Texas Independence

began

Davy CrockettJim Bowie

The Battle of San Jacinto was the decisive victory that

resulted in the capture of Santa Anna and independence

in 1836

Near the San Jacinto River

From 1836 to 1845, Texas was an independent nation; Sam Houston was

the first president of the Republic of TexasIn 1838, Houston invited the USA to annex

Texas, but the debate over slavery kept America from adding Texas as a state

Democrat James K. Polk won the election of 1844 and became the “Manifest Destiny” president

He also wanted to end British claims to Oregon

He urged Congress to make Texas the

28th U.S. state in 1845

When Texas was admitted into the Union in 1845,

it came in as a slave stateTo make Northerners happy, President Polk wanted to add Oregon as a free state, but…

…Oregon was jointly occupied

by the USA & Britain

Oregon residents & President Polk

demanded the entire Oregon territory: “54°40’ or fight!”

But, the U.S. and Britain compromised, divided Oregon

along 49° parallel, and Oregon became a free territory in 1846

When Texas won its independence from Mexico

in 1836, the 2 sides disagreed over the territorial borders of

the Republic of Texas

When the U.S. annexed

Texas 9 years later, this land claim was

not settled

The Mexican-American War (1846—1848)This land dispute led to Mexican-American War

from 1846 to 1848

In 1846, President Polk sent General

Zachary Taylor across the

Rio Grande River which provoked Mexico into war

The Mexican-American War

Zachary Taylor won in northern Mexico

John C Fremont won in California

Stephen Kearney captured New MexicoWinfield Scott captured

Mexico City

The U.S. quickly won the Mexican War

The Mexican-American War ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo in 1848

The USA gained all of Texas to the Rio Grande River

Mexico gave up (ceded) territory in the Southwest, called the Mexican Cession

5 years later, the U.S. bought the Gadsden

Purchase for $10 million to build a southern railroad

America: The Story of Us Western expansion (start at 6.40)

“Life on the Oregon Trail” Excerpt #1“Pioneers along the Oregon Trail averaged 15 miles per

day, almost exclusively on foot, for nearly 6 months”

Excerpt #2 “Covered wagons dominated traffic on the Oregon Trail. The typical wagon was about 11 feet long,

4 feet wide, and 2 feet deep, with bows of hardwood supporting a bonnet that rose about 5 feet above the

wagon bed. With only one set of springs under the driver's seat and none on the axles, nearly everyone walked along with their herds of cattle and sheep.”

Excerpt #3 “A typical day started before dawn with breakfast of coffee, bacon, and dry bread. The wagon

was repacked in time to get underway by 7 o'clock. At noon, they stopped for a cold meal of coffee, beans, and bacon. Then back on the road again. Around 5 in

the afternoon, they circled the wagons for the evening. The men secured the animals and made repairs while

women cooked a hot meal of tea, boiled rice, and bacon”

Excerpt #4 “When the Trail got crowded (in 1849 and later) camping became more difficult. The biggest problem was finding fuel for the campfires. Soon

trees were scarce and there was only one alternative: buffalo dung. No one liked collecting it, but it did

burn and gave off a consistent odorless flame”

Excerpt #5 “Weather-related dangers included thunderstorms, hailstones, lightning, tornadoes,

and high winds. The intense heat of the deserts caused wood to shrink & rims to fall of axles. The pioneers’ lips blistered and split in the dry air, and their only remedy

was to rub axle grease on their lips. River crossings were often dangerous: even in slow currents & shallow water,

wagon wheels could be damaged by rocks or become mired in the muddy bottom”

Excerpt #6 “Nearly 1 in 10 who set off on the Oregon Trail did not survive. The two biggest causes

of death were disease and accidents. The worst disease was cholera, caused by unsanitary conditions.

People in good spirits in the morning could be dead by evening. Symptoms started with an intense stomach

ache, then came diarrhea and vomiting causing dehydration. If death did not occur within the first

12 to 24 hours, the victim usually recovered”

Excerpt #7 “Indians were usually the least of the pioneers’ problems. Tales of hostile encounters far

overshadowed actual incidents. Indian conflicts occasionally resulted from trigger-happy emigrants who shot at Indians for target practice. A few massacres were

highly publicized. The Ward Train was attacked by Shoshones who tortured & murdered 19 emigrants”

• Essential Question:–How did the American desire for Manifest

Destiny lead to the acquisition of Texas, Oregon, & California?

• CPUSH Agenda for Unit 5.2: –Manifest Destiny notes

Manifest Destiny in the 1840s

In the 1830s, Mexico offered cheap land to American ranchers & farmers to move to California

When the Mexican War broke out in 1846,

Californians revolted from Mexican rule and created

an independent nation

The California Republic was annexed by the USA as part of the Mexican

Cession in 1848

The discovery of gold in San Francisco led

to a flood of Americans to California in 1849

“Forty-Niners” hoping to strike it rich came from the East, Latin America,

Europe, & Asia

California Gold Rush

America: Story of US (Gold Rush)

The California gold rush led to a population boom in the West

Gold Fever & Immigration to CA was national

Gold Fever & Immigration to CA was GlobalWhere the 49ers Came From

80%

13%7%

UnitedStates

Europe &Asia

LatinAmerica

San Francisco before the gold rushSan Francisco after the gold rush

By the end of the 1840s, the USA had achieved

its Manifest Destiny

America had a “continental” empire

from the Atlantic to Pacific

Westward expansion stimulated the economy, spread democracy, and

increased U.S. nationalism

But as America spread West, sectional issues

over slavery grew

Label and date each territory and create a symbol that explains how the USA gained the territory

Identify 10 major events or changes that took place in

American history from 1800 to 1850 that impacted

Westward Expansion

ABC CPUSH Review ■In groups of two, teams must provide

an accurate sentence regarding an event/theme in American history during the antebellum era (1800-1860) for each letter of the alphabet:–A…Agriculture became more

commercial than subsistence–Sentences must begin with nouns,

not verbs or adjectives