Essential Question

• What were the characteristics of New England, Middle, and Southern colonies?

The 13 Colonies

Types of Colonies

• Royal Colony – controlled by the king

• Proprietary Colony –land granted to a group of private owners for development

Joint Stock Company

• Pooled money of many investors

• Merchants could trade with and colonize other parts of the world

Relationships with Native Americans

New England

• At first – peaceful relations

• Taught Puritans how to grow corn and survive the harsh winters

Pequot War

• Fighting erupted after two Massachusetts traders were killed in Pequot territory

King Philip’s War • 1675 – MA arrested and executed three Wampanoag for murder

• Metacomet – Wampanoag chief also known as King Philip who led the fighting

King Philip’s War

• 1678 - colonist victory – ended Indian uprisings in New England

• Turning point for settlements

Virginia

• Tribal confederation led by Chief Powhatan

• Traded with the colonists

Opechancanough

• Powhatan’s brother

• Attacked Jamestown in March 1622 and killed 300 colonists

Southern Social Structure

Headright System

• 50 acres of land promised to anyone who would settle in the colony

Indentured Servants

• Agreed to work for a landowner in the colonies for 4-7 years

• Received passage to America and land

Bacon’s Rebellion

• Small farmers in Virginia rebelled against the rich who controlled the colony

• Led by Nathaniel Bacon

Southern Slavery

• Plantation System

• Huge farms raised cash crops – needed large numbers of laborers

Middle Passage

• The route taken by ships carrying slaves from Africa to North America

Middle Passage

Africans

• Isolated in the South

• Kept African culture, languages, music alive

Gullah

• Rice plantation slaves in South Carolina created their own language

• Mix of African and English

Puritan Society

New England Society

• Small farms

• Cities for Atlantic trade (Boston)

New England Education

• First colony with public education - Massachusetts

• Two of the nation’s earliest colleges – Harvard and Yale

German Immigrants

• Settled in Pennsylvania

• Pennsylvania Dutch

• Many moved into the Shenandoah Valley (VA)

Scots Irish

• Settled in PA

• Moved west to the backcountry or the southern colonies

Jewish Community

• Fled persecution in Europe

• First arrived in New Amsterdam (NYC)

• Also lived in Charles Town and Savannah

Great Britain and the Colonies

• Salutary Neglect

• English government let the American colonists govern themselves

• Created representative governments

House of Burgesses

• Virginia

• First elected legislative body in the colonies

• White males as voters

Mayflower Compact

• New England colonists first form of government

• Government derived its power from the people of the colony

New England Government

• Town meeting – local citizens met and voted on issues

• Direct democracy

Massachusetts Assembly

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

• Body of the laws for the colony (1639)

• All adult men could vote

• Limited powers of government

The Great Awakening

• Religious revival movement

• Stressed an individual’s devotion and emotional connection to God

Revivals

• Large public meetings for preaching and prayer

• Revival of religious feeling

Jonathan Edwards

• Preacher in Massachusetts who hoped to restore New England’s spirituality

• Focused on repentance and being “born again”

George Whitfield

• Arrived in Philadelphia in 1739

• Powerful, emotional speaker

• Preached throughout the colonies to large crowds

Social Mobility

• Ability to move from one social status to another

• Individualism – each person can achieve success with hard work

Benjamin Franklin

Oct. 6, 1723 – he arrived in Philadelphia:

“I was in my working dress . . . I was dirty from my journey, and I knew no soul nor where to look for lodging. I was fatigued with traveling, rowing, and want of rest; I was very hungry; and my whole stock of cash consisted of a Dutch dollar and a shilling in copper.”

Mercantilism

• Country tries to accumulate gold and silver

• Sell more goods than buy from other countries

• Exports greater than imports

Mercantilism

• Buy raw materials from colonies

• Sell finished products to the colonies

Difficulties for the Colonies

• Cannot sell products to another nation

• Cannot accumulate gold and silver

• Cannot manufacture own goods

Navigation Acts

• England attempted to enforce their mercantilist policies on the colonies

Quote, Boston Gazette

“A colonist cannot make a button, a horseshoe, nor a hobnail, but some sooty ironmonger or respectable buttonmaker of Britain shall bawl and squall that his Honor’s worship is . . . maltreated, injured, cheated, and robbed by the rascally American republicans.”

Triangular Trade