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■ Essential QuestionEssential Question:
–How did Americans create a sense of unity and shared national identity in the early 19th Century?
■ Reading Quiz Chapter 12Reading Quiz Chapter 12
US Expansion in the “Era of Good
Feelings”
US Territorial & Economic Growth
History Channel Video: MonroeHistory Channel Video: Monroe
US Expansion Under President Monroe
Expansion and Migration■ American attention shifted from
Europe to the West after 1815
–Rush-Bagot TreatyRush-Bagot Treaty (1817)—US will not attempt to take Canada & Britain will not invade the US
–Convention of 1818Convention of 1818—the US/Canada border set at 49o
Foreign policy dominated Jefferson’s & Madison’s
administrations
No more naval conflicts in the Great Lakes
Extending the Boundaries■ After the War of 1812, President
James Monroe & Sec of State JQ Adams turned their attention to acquiring Spanish Florida–Andrew Jackson took it upon
himself to end Indian attacks on Georgia from Spanish Florida
–Jackson’s military advances helped force Adams-Onis TreatyAdams-Onis Treaty (1819) that ceded Florida & Oregon to US
Also, Spain assumed Florida would eventually be annexed
US agreed to pay Spain $5 million & renounced claims to Texas
North America,
1819
Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817)
Convention of 1818
Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)
Settlement of the Trans-Mississippi■ Settlers poured into Louisiana:
–By 1810, 1/7 of the US pop lived in West; by 1840 over 1/3
–8 new states were added to US
–Indian removal began in the NW but was very hard in the South
–Speculators sold land to settlers on credit; Many farmers quickly became in debt
5 Civilized Tribes (Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw, Choctaw)
Settlement of the Trans-Mississippi■ Many families settled in West to
escape overpopulation, rising land prices, worn-out soil in the East
■ Settlers brought culture with them:–New EnglandersNew Englanders brought their
Puritan values & their schools–SouthernersSoutherners brought their sense
of honor & individualism ■ Self-sufficiency was important, but
cooperation & strong community was necessary for survival
A Revolution in Transportation
■ After the War of 1812, political leaders recognized the need the need to improve the country’s primitive transportation network
■ In 1815, Speaker of the House, Henry Clay, proposed the American SystemAmerican System to promote national economic development
Henry Clay’s American SystemPresident Monroe’s support signaled
a shift among Dem-Reps from agrarianism to a stronger role of the
federal gov’t in promoting the economy
Henry ClayHenry Clay: “war hawk”, father of the American System, founder of the Whigs, “Great Compromiser” in 1820 & 1850,
Southern supporter of nullification, presidential candidate
Henry Clay’s American System
■ Henry Clay’s American SystemAmerican System proposed:–Create the 22ndnd Bank of the US Bank of the US in
1816 to regulate currency –Tariff of 1816Tariff of 1816 to protect &
promote US industrialization–Nat’l system of roads & canals
■ The American System helped unify North, South, & West
Jefferson let the charter of the 1st BUS expire in 1811
1st significant protective tariff in US history
But Monroe refused to allow federal money to pay for new roads & canals
All were proposed by Hamilton & opposed by Dem-Reps in the 1790s
Helped pave the way for future RR construction & western Indian removal
A Revolution in Transportation■ In response to Henry Clay’s
American SystemAmerican System proposal:
–National RoadNational Road became the 1st federal transportation project
–Thousands of private turnpikes were built by entrepreneurs
–Roads were useful but they did not meet the demand for low-cost, over-land transportation
Connected Cumberland, MD & Wheeling, VA
First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA
First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA
By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most major cities.
By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most major cities.
Cumberland (National Road), 1811
Cumberland (National Road), 1811
Conestoga Covered WagonsConestoga Covered Wagons
Conestoga Trail, 1820s
Conestoga Trail, 1820s
Roads and Steamboats■ The Mississippi & Ohio Rivers
helped farmers get their goods to the East but there was no way to get manufactured goods to the West
■ By 1811, steamboats provided upstream transportation with reduce costs, increased speeds, & free-flow of manufactured goods into the West
The Canal Boom■ The Erie Canal (1825) provided
the 1st link between East & West:
–Canals cut shipping costs BY 90% for western farmers & eastern manufacturers
–Steamboats helped reduce shipping costs & stimulated commercial agriculture
–Other states built canals also
The Erie Canal made New York City the commercial capital of the US
Erie Canal SystemErie Canal System
Principal Canals in 1840Principal Canals in 1840
Robert Fulton & the Steamboat
Robert Fulton & the Steamboat
The ClermontThe Clermont
Inland Freight Rates
Inland Freight Rates
Clipper Ships & Overseas TradeClipper Ships & Overseas Trade
The Emergence of a Market Economy
Rise of Commercial Agriculture■ Lower transportation costs led to
greater income for farmers & specialized, staple-crop farms:– Ohio, NY, & PA: wheat– South: tobacco, rice, & cotton– Cotton began to boom due to an
increase in textile production, the cotton gin, slavery, & the South’s water system
The new “king crop”
Commerce and Banking■ Early on, farmers marketed their
own goods & used intermediaries to get crops to market
■ But, new commercial farming created a system of long-distance marketing based on credit
■ Led to creation of the 2nd Bank of the US which opened in 1816
Bank’s easy credit sparked a depression in 1819 & 1837
Early Industrialism■ In 1815, 2/3 of US clothing was
made by women at home via the “putting out” system
■ By 1840, US textile manufacturing grew, especially in New England–The most famous was Lowell’s
Boston Manufacturing Company
–Still, only 9% of the population was involved in manufacturing
Brought families extra income
“Cottage Industry”
Samuel Slater(“Father of the Factory
System”)
Samuel Slater(“Father of the Factory
System”)
Early Textile Loom
Early Textile Loom
The Lowell/Waltham System:First Dual-Purpose Textile PlantThe Lowell/Waltham System:
First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant
Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814
Lowell Boarding Houses
Lowell GirlsLowell Girls
What was their typical “profile?”
What was their typical “profile?”
New England
Dominance in
Textiles
New England
Dominance in
Textiles
End of the “Era of Good Feelings”■ Despite economic & territorial
growth, the “Era of Good Feelings” was poorly named:–America’s one-party system led
to factions among Republicans–Lingering hostility with England
led to war–Slavery revealed sectional
disputes between North & South
