■Essential QuestionEssential Question:–What were the significant

individuals & accomplishments of the Civil Rights movement?

■Warm-Up QuestionWarm-Up Question:–Identify specific 5 ways African

Americans were discriminated against in U.S. history from 1619 to 1950

African Americans in U.S. HistoryAfrican Americans in U.S. History■To better appreciate the impact of the

Civil Rights movement, let’s review the struggles African Americans faced over time–Working with a partner, complete the

timeline of events in U.S. history that impacted African Americans

–Each era on the timeline has a matching “Injustice” & “Achievement” event

–Answers will be revealed in a brief ppt

Slavery in American History

(1619-1865)

Slavery in American History ■In 1619, the 1st African slaves

were introduced in the colonies

■By 1660, slave labor replaced indentured servitude as the main colonial labor system:

–Slaves worked on tobacco & rice plantations in Southern colonies

–Slaves worked as domestic servants in Northern colonies

Timeline Answers: Colonial Era:

D & 8

Before the American Revolution, slaves were present in each of the 13 colonies

The Northwest Ordinance (1787), outlawed slavery

By 1804, 9 outlawed

slavery

In 1808, the USA outlawed

the African slave trade

The Revolutionary War (1776-1783) changed attitudes towards slavery

But, the Founding Fathers did not abolish slavery

Timeline Answers: The New Nation:

I & 3

Slavery in American History■From 1800 to 1860, sectional

tension increased in America as slavery expanded into the West–“King Cotton” became dominant

& increased slavery in the South–During Manifest Destiny, slavery

tensions increased as Texas & the Mexican Cession were added

–The Compromises of 1820 & 1850 only temporarily settled the issue

1790 1830

From 1800 to 1860, sectional tension increased as slavery expanded into the West“King Cotton” became dominant & increased slavery in the South

Timeline Answers: Early Antebellum:

G & 5

Slavery in America, 1860From 1800 to 1860, sectional tension increased as slavery expanded into the West

1860

During Manifest Destiny, tensions over slavery increased as TexasTexas & the Mexican CessionMexican Cession were added

The Compromises of 18201820 & 18501850 only temporarily settled the issue

Abolitionists like William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass, & Harriet Beecher Stowe

attacked slavery

Sectional events led to Civil War: Bleeding Kansas, Dred Scott case,

John Brown’s Raid, Election of Lincoln in 1860

Timeline Answers: Late Antebellum

B & 6

Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 which made the Civil War about slavery

Reconstruction & the Jim Crow Era

(1865-1954)

The Union victory in the Civil War led to the: 13th Amendment (ended slavery) 14th Amendment (citizenship for freedmen) 15th Amendment (voting rights for freedmen) Freedman’s Bureau & five military zones

The South responded with the KKK & black codes;

Reconstruction ended in 1877

Timeline Answers: Civil War &

Reconstruction: A & 1

States with Jim Crow LawsJim Crow laws created segregation Poll taxes, literacy tests, &

grandfather clauses Most blacks were sharecroppers

In 1896, the Supreme Court declared “separate but equal” in the Plessy v Ferguson case

Civil rights leaders WEB DuBois & Booker T Washington fought against

segregation laws; the NAACP was formed to help African Americans

Timeline Answers: Gilded Age & Progressives:

H & 7

World War I & the 1920s During WWI, the Great Migration led African American workers into the North; Black soldiers fought in segregated units

In the 1920s, African Americans

experienced the Harlem Renaissance

In the 1930s, FDR’s New Deal discriminated

against black workers

Timeline Answers: WWI & 1920s:

C & 2

World War II

In WWII, the Great Migration helped break sharecropping in the South

A. Philip Randolph pressured FDR to create the Fair Employment Practices Commission

Timeline Answers: 1930s & WWII:

F & 9

In the 1950s, white flight to the suburbs & Jim Crow laws

left the U.S. segregated

Timeline Answers: Post War:

E & 4

The Modern Civil Rights Movement

(1954-1965)

Early Successes in Civil Rights■By 1950, the United States was

a segregated society:–Jim Crow laws throughout the

South created a segregated society (de jure segregation)

–White flight to the suburbs left African Americans in poor inner cities (de facto segregation)

■But after WWII, African Americans gained success in civil rights

Early Successes in Civil Rights■In 1948, Truman became the 1st

president to attack segregation:–Truman issued an executive order

to integrate the military –He outlawed

discrimination in the hiring of government employees

■In 1947, Jackie Robinson was the 1st black major league baseball player

Jackie Robinson

Jackie Robinson signing his professional contract with Brooklyn Dodgers owner

Branch Rickey in 1945Robinson made his MLB

debut in 1947 Robinson won Rookie

of the Year in 1947 Robinson won National

League MVP in 1949

The Struggle Over Civil Rights■The modern Civil Rights movement

began in 1954 with the Supreme Court decision Brown v Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas–The NAACP took the lead in civil

rights; Segregated schools became their primary target

–Their strategy was to use lawsuits to challenge that segregation violated the 14th Amendment

Segregated school districts spend 10 times more on white students than black students

NAACP attorneys successfully challenged discrimination in university

admissions for graduate programs

Brown v Board of Education■Brown v Board of Education in 1954

–The Topeka school district denied Linda Brown from attending a white school 4 blocks from her house

–NAACP lawyer Thurgood Marshall used the 14th Amendment to attack

public school segregation–Marshall argued that even “equal”

schools, if separate, imply that black children are inferior to whites

Thurgood Marshall & his NAACP legal team

Linda BrownLinda Brown

Thurgood Marshall’s success in Brown made him the most famous

black lawyer in the U.S.; In 1967, he became the 1st

black justice appointed to the Supreme Court

Brown v Board of Education■The Supreme Court’s unanimous

decision in Brown v Board of Brown v Board of Education Education (1954) ruled “separate facilities are inherently unequal”–Chief Justice Earl Warren stated

that segregation violated the “equal protection clause” of the 14th Amendment

–The decision overturned the Plessy v Ferguson (1896) “separate but equal” precedent

Brown v Board of Education■The Brown decision was divisive:

–Schools integrated in Baltimore, St Louis, & Washington DC

–But Southern state leaders vowed to resist integration & the KKK returned to block integration

–At first, President Eisenhower left enforcement of Brown up to states & did not enforce the decision

Resistance to Brown “The people of Georgia will

not comply with the decision of the court…

We're going to do whatever is necessary in Georgia to

keep white children in white schools and colored

children in colored schools."

Desegregating Schools■In 1957, President Eisenhower was

forced to support integration

–Arkansas governor Orval Faubus called the National Guard to keep black students from enrolling in Little Rock’s Central High School

–Eisenhower sent the Army to force integration for the black students (the “Little Rock Nine”)

Integrating Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas (1957)

Arkansas Governor

Orval FaubusThe “Little Rock Nine”

Conclusions■The Brown v BOE decision was the

first major step towards ending Jim Crow segregation in America–The NAACP provided a model for

other civil rights leaders to follow by using the 14th Amendment

–Resistance to Brown revealed that civil rights leaders could not rely on the gov’t to protect rights

■New leaders would soon emerge to take charge of the movement