Essential Questions• 1. What were the forces that pushed Europe

to the brink of war in 1914?

• 2. How did ethnic tensions in the Balkans spark a political assassination?

• 3. How was the WW I battlefield different than those of earlier wars?

• 4. How did WW I become a total war?

• 5. How did the Allies win WW I?

• 6. What issues made the peace process difficult?

Last Unit: ImperialismCurrent Unit: World War I

Next Unit: Russian Revolution

26.1-Great War Begins

• Triple Alliances• Triple Entente• Franz Ferdinand• Gavrilo Princip• Neutral• Central Powers• Allied Powers• Western Front• Militarism• Alliances• Imperialism• Nationalism

26.2

• Trench warfare

• Total war

• Propaganda

• Battle of Verdun

• Gallipoli Campaign

• Genocide

• Battle of the Somme

26.4 War Ends• Woodrow Wilson• U-boats• Zimmerman Note• armistice• Fourteen Points• Treaty of Versailles• League of Nations• Mandate • Balfour Declaration

• Clemenceau• David Lloyd George

War by Edwinn StarrWar... Huh... Yeah!What is it good for?Absolutely nothing!Uhuh... uhuh...!

War... Huh... Yeah!What it is good for?Absolutely nothing!Say it again y'allWar... Huh... Look out!What is it good for?Absolutely nothing!Listen to me - AAH!War I despise'Cause it means destruction of innocent livesWar means tears in thousands of mothers' eyesWhen their sons go out to fight and lose their lives

CHORUS

(War) It ain't nothing but a heartbreaker(War) Friend only to the undertakerWar is the enemy of all mankindThe thought of war blows my mindWar has caused unrest within the younger generationsInduction then destructionWho wants to die?

CHORUS

(War) It ain't nothing but a heartbreaker(War) Got one friend, thats the undertakerWar has shattered many young men's dreamsMade him disabled, bitter and meanLife is but too surely precious, to spend fighting wars each dayWar can't give life, it can only take it away!

CHORUS

(War) It ain't nothing but a heartbreaker(War) Friend only to the undertakerPeace, love and understanding tell me,is there a place for these today?They say we must fight to keep our freedom,but Lord knows there's got to be a better way

War... Huh... Good God y'all!What is it good for?You tell me!Say it, say it, say it, say it!War... Good God now... Huh!What is it good for?Stand up and shout it! (Nothing!)

Proud to be an American by Lee GreenwoodIf tomorrow all the things were gone,I’d worked for all my life.And I had to start again,with just my children and my wife.

I’d thank my lucky stars,to be livin here today.

‘ Cause the flag still stands for freedom,and they can’t take that away.

And I’m proud to be an American,where at least I know I’m free.And I wont forget the men who died,who gave that right to me.

And I gladly stand up,next to you and defend her still today.‘ Cause there ain’t no doubt I love this land,God bless the USA.

From the lakes of Minnesota,to the hills of Tennessee.Across the plains of Texas,From sea to shining sea.

From Detroit down to Houston,and New York to L.A.Well there's pride in every American heart,and its time we stand and say.

CHORUS

CHORUS

What is war?

What causes war?

Definition war: Open armed conflict between countries or

between factions (groups) within the same country.

SCENARIO:Imagine that a little kid threw a snowball at a bully one day. What do you think would

happen?

Now, let’s say that the little kid had a big brother. What do you think the big brother would do?

Now, let’s say the initial bully had a bigger friend who was also a bully. What do you think that friend would do?

Now, let’s say that the bigger bully had hurt another kid the previous week. This kid had his glasses broken and is still mad at the bigger bully. He sees the bully get into the fight, what would we do?

Now, let’s say that on the way to getting this new kid, the big bully throws a snowball at another little kid in the playground who’s in the way. But this little kid has a big brother too. What do you think would happen?

SCENARIO:Imagine that a little kid threw a snowball at a bully one day. What do you

think would happen?

The bully would “go after” the kid.

Now, let’s say that the little kid had a big brother. What do you think the big

Brother would do?

Stand up for the little kid. In this situation, the little kid is

Serbia, the bully is Austria-Hungary and the big brother is

Russia.

Now, let’s say the initial bully had a bigger friend who was also a bully. What

do you think that friend would do?

Go after the big brother (Russia). Right, the bigger bully is

Germany.

SCENARIO:Now, let’s say that the bigger bully had hurt another kid the

previous week. This kid had his glasses broken and is still mad

at the bigger bully. He sees the bully get into the fight,

what would we do?

Join up with Russia. That person is France.

Now, let’s say that on the way to getting this new kid, the big

bully throws a snowball at another little kid in the playground

who’s in the way. But this little kid has a big brother too.

What do you think would happen?

They would join in. The little kid is Belgium and his big brother is Great Britain.

MAIN CAUSES OF WWI:

•M-Militarism

•A-Alliance System

•I-Imperialism

•N-Nationalism

MilitarismThe glorification of the military and armed strength

•Military power seen as symbol of national prestige

•Arms race: competition among great powers to increase their military

•Naval rivalry between Germany and Britain

•Conscription: The draft was in place during peace time in all European countries except Britain by 1870

Alliance SystemFormed between countries for protection

•Defensive measure to prevent attack

•Russian agreements with smaller Slavic nations in the Balkans to defend them

•Triple Alliance: Italy, Germany, Austria-Hungary

•Allies (Britain, Russia, France)

•Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire) 

Imperialism

Domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country

•Britain and Germany became the main economic rivals

•Germany and France competed for colonies in Africa and disputed Alsace and Lorraine.

•Britain and France become allies against Germany

•Russia and Austria-Hungary competed for control of the Slavic people in the Balkans

NationalismPride in and devotion to one’s own nation or culture.•France wanted to regain its position as the leading power in Europe. •France wanted revenge against Germany for defeat in Franco-Prussian War

– wanted the return of Alsace and Lorraine

•German pride in military power and industrial leadership•Russia promoted Pan-Slavism in Eastern Europe•Austria-Hungary feared rebellion from the Slavic groups•Balkan states wanted independence from Austria-Hungary

Notes-Map of Europe Annotation

Congress of Vienna 1815

•Goal: Return a balance of power

to Europe

•Redrew map of Europe,

without taking into account

the power of nationalism

•Relative peace in the region

for 100 years

MAIN Causes of WWI•Militarism

•Alliance System

•Imperialism

•Nationalism

Great Britain• Constitutional

monarchy• Leading power in

Europe after Industrial Revolution

• Economic wealth, imperial empire, naval supremacy

• Rivalry with France declines, new focus is Germany

• Had the least to gain from a war in Europe

France• A republic under

Napoleon III• Many longed for

glory days of Napoleon’s empire

• Imperial power• Wanted revenge

against Germany.

Russia• Absolute

Monarchy (Tsar Nicholas II)

• Economy based on serfdom

• Not fully industrialized

• Promoted pan-Slavism

Germany

• Congress of Vienna had created the German Confederation made of 6 states

• Otto von Bismarck unified the German states (1871)

• Leading industrial power by 1900

• Military buildup

Ottoman Empire• It was an empire

on the decline• 1914: German

influence in Ottoman foreign policy

• Feared the rise of nationalism and newly independent states

Austria-Hungary• Formed a Dual

Monarchy in 1867• Each had their own

constitution and parliament

• Shared defense, finance, and foreign affairs

• Slavic groups within the empire wanted independence

The Balkans• Known as the “Powder

Keg” of Europe• Nationalist feelings

divided the area• Multiple languages,

ethnic groups, religions, and cultures

• Each wanted its own homeland

• Independent states of Serbia and Greece

“The Spark” of WWI

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

• Heir to the Austrian-Hungarian Empire

• Wanted to give the Slavic people in the empire a role in the government

• This might have weakened the movement for an independent Slavic state

June 28, 1914

• The Archduke planned to visit Sarajevo, Bosnia– Bosnia was under A-H

rule– Home to many Serbs and

other Slavs

• Serbian nationalists were outraged– This was the same date

the Serbs had won independence from Turkey

The Black Hand

• Secret nationalist group based in Serbia

• Goal was to organize all of the Slavs in the Balkans into a single nation

• The Archduke’s plan to extend political rights to Slavs would undermine their movement

• “Unification or Death”

The Assassination

• The Archduke and his wife were killed by a member of the Black Hand, Gavrilo Princip

• Austro-Hungarian leaders held Serbians responsible

The Assassin The Assassin

GavriloPrincipGavriloPrincip

Why is Serbia blamed?

• It was believed that Serbian officials were involved in planning the assassination

• The Serbian press happily reported the crime

• It gave A-H a reason to occupy Serbia• Austria- Hungary issued Serbia an

ultimatum, which is a final set of demands

The Alliances Take Action The Alliances Take ActionAlliesAlliesAlliesAllies

Central PowersCentral PowersCentral PowersCentral Powers

Great Britain

France

Russia

Germany

Austria-Hungary

Strategies of WW I

•War of Attrition•Trench Warfare•Propaganda•Total War

War of Attrition

• Each side tries to wear down the other side by constant attacks

• Battle of Verdun (German offensive)

• Battle of Somme (Br. & Fr.)

Trench Warfare• a form of combat in which soldiers dug trenches, or deep ditches, to seek protection from enemy fire and to defend their positions

Inside the Trenches

Trench Warfare

“No Man’s Land”-area between opposing trenches

TRENCH FOOT: Caused by having feet submerged in water for long periods of time.

Austria-Hungary 100,000 3,000

British Empire 188,706 8,109

France 190,000 8,000

Germany 200,000 9,000

Italy 60,000 4,627

Russia 419,340 56,000

USA 72,807 1,462

Others 10,000 1,000

Casualties from GasTOTAL

CASUALTIES:TOTAL

DEATHS:

BRITISH FIGHTER PLANE

FRENCH FIGHTER PLANES

GERMAN FIGHTER PLANES

Why do people join the military?

• How does the video attempt to convince you to join the army?

• What does the video show you about the life of a soldier?

Propaganda

• The spreading of ideas and information to promote a certain cause or to damage an opposing cause

– used by governments to portray the enemy as evil or inhuman

– used to gain support for war effort (recruitment & financial)

– stories were often greatly exaggerated or made up

German Atrocities in Belgium

Recruitment Posters

Recruitment Posters

Total War• The channeling of a nation’s entire

resources into the war effort. 

• How does a country prepare for total war?–Draft (conscription) for troops–Government controls setting prices

• rationing supplies which could be used in the war, including food

–Governments raise taxes or borrow money to pay for war costs

–Restrictions on the use of resources

• electricity, gas, coal

• Censorship of the press

–complete casualty figures and disastrous loses kept from the public

–All factories must produce supplies for the war

• Strikes are outlawed

• women enter the workforce to replace the men enlist in the armed forces (nurses)

END OF THE WAR

US Enters the War•US, under President Woodrow Wilson, remains neutral at first

•Germany used unrestricted submarine warfare and attack, sometimes sinking, civilian ships

– Ships traveling near Great Britain were subject to attacks by U-boats

– Targeted merchant ships delivering goods to Great Britain

– The Lusitania was sunk, killing 1,200 passengers including 120 Americans• Germany agreed to stop attacks (1915)

– 1917-Germans realized to win they needed to continue the submarine warfare

• 1917- US intercepted the Zimmerman note– Secret message from German diplomat

Arthur Zimmerman to Mexico

• Stated Mexico should attack the US and in return it would receive territory

• Americans began to call for war with Germany

–US had similar beliefs, ancestral ties, and trading partners with Great Britain

–April 1917- US joins the Allied Powers in war

End of Fighting•With Russia out of the war, the Germans could focus on the Western Front•March 1918-Germans make offensive on France, almost reaching Paris

– Battle had a high cost for Germany- 800,000 casualties– By June, US soldiers joined the fighting

• Gave Allies hope and discouraged German fighters

•Second Battle of Marne Allied forces stop Germans– Allies begin to gain huge amounts of territory– Many Germans began to give up realizing defeat

•October-Germans sought out Allies for an armistice– Truce- stop fighting– Peace terms were agreed upon by November 11, 1918

COST OF WAR

Human Cost•9 million soldiers killed in battle

–Russia, Germany, and France- almost an entire generation was lost

•Influenza epidemic broke out killing 50 million overall

Economic Cost•In France, Russia, and Belgium- cities and farmland were devastated•US and Japan prospered during the war•Countries who used to depend on Europe for goods, no longer do so

Political Changes•Communist revolution in Russia•Monarchies were overthrown

Unrest in Colonies•Colonized people heard talk of freedom and rights•Colonists realized they had not won any of those rights

What led the US into WWI?

• What was the cause?• Which document is best

represented by this?• Pick out a quote that could

back up your point and write it down.

A Difficult Peace

British, Italian, French, US

THE BIG FOUR- Britain, US, France, and Italy

1914--------------------1919

The Great War was to see the collapse of four continental empires. These were to be replaced by new nation states.

Map of Germany cont.

Weaknesses of the WW I Peace Settlements

1. Germany was punished and humiliated by the terms of the Treaty of Versailles

–war guilt and reparations

–caused resentment by the German people towards the Allies

Treatment of Germany

2. Italy, Russia, Japan are not satisfied with the terms

– Italy did not receive lands promised by the Allies

– Russia was excluded and territory was taken away to create the Baltic States and Poland

– Japan was not allowed to keep territory conquered during the war

Allies Dissatisfaction

3. Colonies were not granted independence

– made into mandates and controlled by the Allies

4. The rebuilding of Europe was not taken into account

– the countries who had to pay reparations could not afford to do so

5. New governments collapsed under the pressure to rebuild

– Democracies fell and dictators took over (Germany, Italy)

Who are the FOUR men?

What building have the FOUR men just exited?

The Tiger was a nickname given to Clemenceau. What is meant by the quotation and his nickname?

Who is the ‘child’ weeping? Why is the child weeping?

Describe the condition of the room in which this family is living?

How is the child shown? Why?

Look at the caption, what is its political message?

How reliable is this source?

A cartoon that appeared in a British newspaper in 1919