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ESSENTIALS OF GOOD EMERGENCY PRACTICEESSENTIALS OF GOOD EMERGENCY PRACTICE
N . . .ihad fejzic@vfs unsa ba
International spread of International spread of diseasesdiseases
Historically, diseases have spread across Historically, diseases have spread across international borders due to the movement international borders due to the movement of animals and animal productsof animals and animal products
Global consideration of animal Global consideration of animal diseasesdiseases
Diseases with a fast spread potentialDiseases with a fast spread potential Diseases with serious socioeconomic Diseases with serious socioeconomic
and health consequencesand health consequences Diseases important for international Diseases important for international
tradetrade Emerging and new emerging diseasesEmerging and new emerging diseases
Examples....Examples....
FMD in Taiwan, 1997, culling of 8 mil. swine (25 FMD in Taiwan, 1997, culling of 8 mil. swine (25 bln.bln. US $) US $)
CSF in Netherlands, culling of 4 mil. swineCSF in Netherlands, culling of 4 mil. swine FMD in UK, 2001, culling of 6 mil. animalsFMD in UK, 2001, culling of 6 mil. animals BSE: Trojan cowsBSE: Trojan cows ND in USAND in USA HPAI in Netherlands 2003, culling of 28 mil. of HPAI in Netherlands 2003, culling of 28 mil. of
birdsbirds HPAI in Asia, 2004, culling 120 mil. poultryHPAI in Asia, 2004, culling 120 mil. poultry
Rinderpest
FMD
ASF
Screwworm
FMD
FMD
BSE
?
Economic coEconomic connsequences of sequences of animal diseasesanimal diseases
Death, decreased production and treatment costsDeath, decreased production and treatment costs Human disease costsHuman disease costs Food safety and environmental costsFood safety and environmental costs Decresased food supply with higher prizeDecresased food supply with higher prize Adoption of less productive and more costly system do Adoption of less productive and more costly system do
decrease disease risk decrease disease risk Constraints on national and international trade due to Constraints on national and international trade due to
zoosanitary restrictionszoosanitary restrictions Indirect costs to tIndirect costs to tururism and other related activitiesism and other related activities
ConsequencesConsequences: in conclusion: in conclusion
Social and political impact can outgrow the Social and political impact can outgrow the technical and scientific considerationstechnical and scientific considerations
Need for effective risk communication in order to Need for effective risk communication in order to minimize/have objective approach in concern minimize/have objective approach in concern related animal diseases related animal diseases
E.g. BSE, is causing serious concern even if so E.g. BSE, is causing serious concern even if so far less than death 200 cases was noted in the far less than death 200 cases was noted in the worldworld
In the other hand, SARS epidemics have caused In the other hand, SARS epidemics have caused 8096 cases, of which 774 with lethal 8096 cases, of which 774 with lethal consequences (WHO, 2004)consequences (WHO, 2004)
Global disease surveillance and Global disease surveillance and monitoringmonitoring
OIE – International animal health OIE – International animal health organizationorganization
FAO – UN Food and Agriculture FAO – UN Food and Agriculture OrganizationOrganization
WHO – World Health OrganizationWHO – World Health Organization
1920 Rinderpest 1920 Rinderpest from India to Belgiumfrom India to Belgium
Animals originating from India in transit Animals originating from India in transit towards Braziltowards Brazil
Outbreaks of Rinderpest in EuropeOutbreaks of Rinderpest in Europe Large scale spread of the diseaseLarge scale spread of the disease Cause of concern of the Cause of concern of the IInternational nternational
CCommunity ommunity
The need for international animal health The need for international animal health regulations and standardsregulations and standards
The need for sound national animal health The need for sound national animal health programsprograms
World Animal Health World Animal Health OrganizationOrganization (OIE)(OIE)
Rinderpest outbreak in Belgium 1920 has Rinderpest outbreak in Belgium 1920 has identified the need to establish identified the need to establish international body in charge for regulation international body in charge for regulation of animal and animal byproducts tradeof animal and animal byproducts trade
1924 establishing of the 1924 establishing of the Office Office International des EpizootiesInternational des Epizooties (OIE) (OIE) 28 countries28 countries
Food and Agriculture Food and Agriculture OrganizationOrganization
Emergency Prevention System – Livestock Emergency Prevention System – Livestock (EMPRES – Livestock program)(EMPRES – Livestock program)
Rinderpest, CBPP, FMD, ND, African swine Rinderpest, CBPP, FMD, ND, African swine Fever,...Fever,...
Goals:Goals: Early warningEarly warning Early responseEarly response ResearchResearch CCollaborationollaboration
World Health OrganizationWorld Health Organization
Global Public Health Intelligence Global Public Health Intelligence NetworkNetwork
Diseases which influence human health Diseases which influence human health and zoonotic diseasesand zoonotic diseases
WTO WTO andand OIE OIE
1994 Final Act of GATT’s Uruguay Round1994 Final Act of GATT’s Uruguay Round
World Trade Organization, January 1995 World Trade Organization, January 1995 Agreement on application of Sanitary and Agreement on application of Sanitary and
Phytosanitary (SPS) measuresPhytosanitary (SPS) measures OIE responsibility to draft international animal OIE responsibility to draft international animal
health standardshealth standards
SPS AgreementSPS Agreement
Basic principlesBasic principlesSPS measures should be:SPS measures should be:
scientifically basedscientifically based the least restrictive as long as they achieve the the least restrictive as long as they achieve the
desired level of protectiondesired level of protection non discriminatorynon discriminatory consistentconsistent
SPS measures should not be used as SPS measures should not be used as unjustifiable barriers to tradeunjustifiable barriers to trade
Key conceptsKey concepts of SPSof SPS
RegionalizationRegionalization Risk analysis Risk analysis Harmonization Harmonization EquivalenceEquivalence TransparencyTransparency
SPS Agreement
Food safety Animal health Plant health
Basic questions that have to be Basic questions that have to be resolved by the national veterinary resolved by the national veterinary
serviceservice
Prioritization: Which are the most Prioritization: Which are the most important diseases?important diseases?
Decision making: Which strategies Decision making: Which strategies have to be adopted in control or have to be adopted in control or eradication of certain disease?eradication of certain disease?
Disease control implementation: How to Disease control implementation: How to achieve optimal implementation of achieve optimal implementation of aappproved interventions?proved interventions?
Purpose of manualPurpose of manual
Focused on Transboundary animal Focused on Transboundary animal diseases (TADs)diseases (TADs)
May be helpful in preparing for food safety, May be helpful in preparing for food safety, zoonotic and even non infectious zoonotic and even non infectious diseases emergenciesdiseases emergencies
EMPP should provide the key to EMPP should provide the key to identifying and prioritizing diseases threatsidentifying and prioritizing diseases threats
Cycle of good emergency management Cycle of good emergency management practice and disease control: FAO approachpractice and disease control: FAO approach
PreparationPreparation
Establish a national disasase emergency Establish a national disasase emergency planning committeeplanning committee
Determine command structure and Determine command structure and responsibilitiesresponsibilities
Ensure that required legal powers are in Ensure that required legal powers are in placeplace
Ensure that source of financing have been Ensure that source of financing have been identifiedidentified
EEstablish compensation policystablish compensation policy
Establish sourcing for any required Establish sourcing for any required vaccines and other critical suppliesvaccines and other critical supplies
Undertake risk analysis to identify and Undertake risk analysis to identify and prioritize potential disease risksprioritize potential disease risks
Prepare, practise and refine contigency Prepare, practise and refine contigency plans and operational manualplans and operational manual
The Required Elements Of The Required Elements Of Preparedness PlanningPreparedness Planning
An Emergency preparedness plan (what to An Emergency preparedness plan (what to do before outbrake)do before outbrake)
A response or “contigency plan”(what will A response or “contigency plan”(what will be done after outbrake)be done after outbrake)
An operations manual or manuals An operations manual or manuals (comprehensive set of instruction – SOPs)(comprehensive set of instruction – SOPs)
A recovery plan (plan for safe recovery or A recovery plan (plan for safe recovery or restoration of normal activities)restoration of normal activities)
Comparing the required plans Comparing the required plans and documentsand documents
Preparedness: a state of readiness, Preparedness: a state of readiness, preparation for an eventpreparation for an event
Contigency: An unusual and unpredictable Contigency: An unusual and unpredictable event; something liable but not certain, to event; something liable but not certain, to occuroccur
PreparePrepare
Includes both planning and practisingIncludes both planning and practising ResponsibilitiesResponsibilities Command structures: gold, silver and Command structures: gold, silver and
bronzebronze
National monitoring, surveillance National monitoring, surveillance and responseand response
Responsibility of the national veterinary service Responsibility of the national veterinary service is to protect and improve:is to protect and improve: healthhealth welfarewelfare qualityquality marketing for animals and products marketing for animals and products
These goals are to be achieved trough These goals are to be achieved trough prevention, control and / or elimination of animal prevention, control and / or elimination of animal diseases and promoting of health and diseases and promoting of health and productivity. productivity.
Organization and managementOrganization and management Legislation Legislation ResourcesResources Trainnings and knowledge Trainnings and knowledge Infrastructure (laboratories)Infrastructure (laboratories) MotivationMotivation ..........
Global risk of animal diseases is increasingGlobal risk of animal diseases is increasing Epidemic diseases (FMD, CSF,..)Epidemic diseases (FMD, CSF,..) Zoonotic diseasesZoonotic diseases (BSE, E coli O157 H7, West Nile virus, (BSE, E coli O157 H7, West Nile virus,
HPAI, ..)HPAI, ..) A huge advance was made in scientific understanding A huge advance was made in scientific understanding
and improvement of health standards in production, and improvement of health standards in production, however, some of the latest epidemics have caused however, some of the latest epidemics have caused serious economic and public health consequences serious economic and public health consequences
Establishing of the partnership between producers, Establishing of the partnership between producers, veterinarians, national institutions and international veterinarians, national institutions and international organizations with the aim of disease control and organizations with the aim of disease control and prevention of disease spreadprevention of disease spread
Conclusions Conclusions
Trade globalization, growth of world population, Trade globalization, growth of world population, intensive production, importance of wildlife intensive production, importance of wildlife animals, environmental changesanimals, environmental changes, ..., ...
Rapid reactions in developed countries (masRapid reactions in developed countries (masiveive depopulation) in order to preserve health statusdepopulation) in order to preserve health status
Lack of resources in countries in development Lack of resources in countries in development and undeveloped countriesand undeveloped countries