Essentials of Human Anatomy 1 (Introduction)

8/13/2019 Essentials of Human Anatomy 1 (Introduction)

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THE DEFINITION OF ANATOMY

Anatomy

Greek=to cut up, or dissect

The science that deals with the structureof the body

Kinds: Gross Anatomy

Microscopic Anatomy

Developmental Anatomy

Comparative Anatomy


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Gross Anatomy

Definition:

That which can be seen with the naked eye

Kinds: Regional: body studied by area

Systematic:

body studied by system


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Microscopic Anatomy

Definition:

That which can be seen with the assisted eye

Kinds:

Cytology: The study of cells

Histology:

The study of tissues

Organology: The study of organs


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Developmental Anatomy

Definition:

The study of anatomical changes in a life

cycle

Kinds:

Embryology:

The study of prenatal development

Postnatal development: The study of structures after birth


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Comparative Anatomy

Definition:

Comparison of structures between organisms

Kinds: Vertebrate: Comparison of structures among the vertebrate

classes


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Physiology

The scientific discipline that studies thefunctionof body structures.

Structureand functioncannot be completelyseparated.

Formis related to function


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8

Levels ofOrganization

Subatomic Particleselectrons, protons, neutrons

Atomhydrogen atom, lithium atom

Moleculewater molecule, glucose molecule

Macromolecule

protein molecule, DNA moleculeOrganellemitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus

Cellmuscle cell, nerve cell

Tissuesimple squamous epithelium, loose connective

tissue

Organskin, femur, heart, kidney

Organ Systemskeletal system, digestive system

Organism - human


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Integumentary System

Components

Skin

Hair, nails

Function External covering

Protection

Synthesis of Vitamin D Location of Sense receptors


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Skeletal System

Components

Bones

Joints and adjacent cartilages

Function Support

Protection

Movement

Blood cell production (red bone

marrow)

Mineral storage (calcium and

phosphorus)


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Muscular System

Components Skeletal Muscles

Associated ConnectiveTissues (tendons)

Function Locomotion

Manipulation of theenvironment

Facial expression(communication)

Maintain posture

Produce heat


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Circulatory System

Components

Cardiovascular System

Lymphatic System

Function Transportation of materials

Within the body

To and from internal andexternal environments


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Cardiovascular

System

Components

Heart

Vessels

Function

Transportation of blood

Blood contains O2 andCO2,

nutrients, wastes, etc. Blood composed of plasma

and cells


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Lymphatic System

Components Lymphatic Organs

(spleen, lymph nodes,

thymus, etc.) Lymphatic Vessels

Function

Transportation of lymph

Lymph is derived fromtissue fluid

Houses white blood cells


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Immune System

Components

Immune Organs (red

bone marrow, thymus,

etc.)

White blood cells

(lymphocytes,

macrophages, etc.) Function

Defense (Immune

response)


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Nervous System

Components

Brain, Spinal cord (CNS)

Nerves (PNS), sense

receptors

Function

Control system (fast, hard

wired)

Response to external and

internal environments


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Endocrine System

Components Glands that secrete

hormones

E.g.:Pituitary, pancreas,thyroid

Function

Control system (slow,

chemical) Regulates processes such

as growth, reproduction andnutrient use


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Respiratory System

Components

Lungs

Tubing ( trachea, bronchus,

etc.) Larynx (vocal cords)

Function

Exchange of respiratory gases

(O2and CO2) between bloodand atmosphere

Voice production


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Digestive System

Components Alimentary canal (mouth,

pharynx, esophagus,stomach, small intestine,

large intestine) Accessory structures(liver,

salivary glands, etc.)

Function

Break down food into small,absorbable pieces

Between blood and lumen

Eliminate waste


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Urinary System

Components

Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary bladder, Urethra

Function

Eliminate waste (nitrogen) from blood

Between blood and external environment

Regulates water, electrolytes, acid/base


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Reproductive System

Components

Male Reproductive System

Female Reproductive System

Function Perpetuation of the species

Hormones influence structure

and function

Sexually bimorphic species


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Anatomical

Terminology

Anatomic positionis aspecific body position inwhich an individual standsuprightwith the feet parallel

and flaton the floor. The head is level, and the eyes

look forwardtoward theobserver.

The arms are at either sideof

the body with thepalmsfacing forwardand the thumbspointing awayfrom the body.


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Anatomical

Terminology

Aplaneis an

imaginary surface

that slices the body

into specific

sections.

The three major

anatomic planes ofreference are the

coronal, transverse,

and sagittalplanes.


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Sections

and Planes

A coronalplane, also

called a frontal plane, isa vertical planethat

divides the body into

anterior (front) and

posterior (back) parts.


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Sections

and Planes

A transverseplane,

also called a cross-

sectional planeorhorizontal plane, cuts

perpendicularly along

the long axisof the

body or organseparating it into both

superior (upper) and

inferior (lower) parts.


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Sections

and Planes

A sagittalplane or

median plane,

extends through thebody or organ

verticallyand

divides the structure

into right and lefthalves.


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Sections and Planes

A sagittal plane in the body midline is a

midsagittalplane.

A plane that is parallel to the midsagittal plane, buteither to the left or the right of it, is termed a

parasagittal (or sagittal) plane.

A minor plane, called the obliqueplane, passesthrough the specimen at an angle.


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Directional Terms of the Body

Directional termsare precise and brief, and

for most of them there is a correlativeterm

that meansjust the opposite.


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Relative and Directional

Terms of the Body

Relative to front (belly

side) or back (back side)

of the body :

Anterior= In front of;

toward the front surface

Posterior= In back of;

toward the back surface

Dorsal =At the back sideof the human body

Ventral= At the belly side

of the human body


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Terms of the Body

Relative to the head or

tail of the body:

Superior= Toward thehead or above

Inferior = Toward feet not

head

Caudal= At the rear or tail

end Cranial= At the head end


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Terms of the Body

Relative to the midline or

center of the body:

Medial= Toward the

midline of the body Lateral = Away from the

midline of the body

Deep = On the inside,

underneath another

structure

Superficial= On the

outside


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Terms of the BodyRelative to point of

attachment of the

appendage: Proximal= Closest to

point of attachment to

trunk

Distal= Furthest frompoint of attachment to

trunk

b hi l


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tarsal=ankle

hallux=big toe

occipital=base of

skull

vertebral=spinal

scapular=shoulder

blade

dorsum=backlumbar=loin

sacral=between

hips

perineal=betweenanus and genitalia

femoral=thigh

calcaneal=heel

plantar=sole

brachial=arm

antecubital=front

elbow

olecranal=back

elbow

antebrachial=forea

rm

popliteal=posterior

kneesural=calf

carpal=wrist

palmar=palm

pollex=thumbdigital=fingers/toes

pubic=genital

patellar=anterior

knee

crural=leg

cephalic=head

frontal=forehead

nasal=nose

orbital=eye

buccal=cheek

oral=mouth

cervical=neckmental=chin

acromial=shoulder

sternal=breast

boneaxillary=armpit

thoracic=chest

mammary=breast


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Body Cavities: Dorsal

Cranial Cavity

Houses the

Brain

Spinal Cavity

Vertebral Canal

Houses theSpinal Cord

B d C iti V t l


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Body Cavities: Ventral

(Lateral View)

Abdominopelvic

Cavity (contains

the viscera)

ThoracicCavity

AbdominalCavity

PelvicCavity

Diaphragm


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Abdominal Divisions

Regions: 9

Rt Hypochondriac region

Rt Lumbar region

Rt Iliac (Inguinal) region Epigastric region

Umbilical region

Hypogastric (Pubic) region

Lt Hypochondriac region

Lt Lumbar region

Lt Iliac (Inguinal) region


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THE END

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Essentials of Human Anatomy 1 (Introduction)