Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e (Marieb) … · 2016-05-25 · A) femur B) sternum C) radius D) metatarsals E) scapula Answer: B Page Ref: 146 Bloom's: 3) Application

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Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e (Marieb) Chapter 5 The Skeletal System 5.1 Multiple Choice Part I Questions

Using Figure 5.1, identify the following: 1) The proximal epiphysis is represented by ________. A) Label H B) Label C C) Label A D) Label B E) Label F Answer: D Page Ref: 138 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge


2) The area that causes the lengthwise growth of a long bone is indicated by ________. A) Label F B) Label D C) Label A D) Label E E) Label C Answer: D Page Ref: 137, 138 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension

3) The area that serves as a storage area for fat in adults is indicated by ________. A) Label H B) Label F C) Label A D) Label G E) Label B Answer: A Page Ref: 137, 138 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 4) The diaphysis is indicated by ________. A) Label D B) Label C C) Label G D) Label A E) Label H Answer: B Page Ref: 137, 138 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 5) The periosteum, a connective tissue covering on the diaphysis, is represented by ________. A) Label C B) Label A C) Label G D) Label B E) Label F Answer: E Page Ref: 137, 138 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension


6) The area that contains glassy hyaline cartilage that provides a smooth slippery surface which decreases friction is indicated by ________. A) Label D B) Label H C) Label E D) Label B E) Label A Answer: A Page Ref: 137, 138 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 7) Blood cell formation is called ________. A) ossification B) hematopoiesis C) homeostasis D) metabolism Answer: B Page Ref: 135 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

8) What bones protect the spinal cord? A) ribs B) sternum C) vertebrae D) coxal bones Answer: C Page Ref: 135 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 9) Cube-shaped bones that contain mostly spongy bone are called ________ bones. A) flat B) long C) short D) irregular Answer: C Page Ref: 136 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 10) Small canals that connect osteocytes in their lacunae to the central canal are known as ________. A) canaliculi B) perforating (Volkmann's) canals C) central (Haversian) canals D) perforating (Sharpey's) fibers Answer: A Page Ref: 137 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge


11) The process of bone formation is known as ________. A) hematopoiesis B) hemostasis C) metabolism D) ossification Answer: D Page Ref: 141 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 12) Bone-destroying cells known as osteoclasts are activated by the hormone ________. A) calcitonin B) parathyroid hormone (PTH) C) insulin D) growth hormone Answer: B Page Ref: 142 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension

13) The first step in bone healing involves the formation of a blood-filled swelling known as a(n) ________. A) epiphyseal line B) bony callus C) hematoma D) fibrocartilage callus Answer: C Page Ref: 145 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 14) An incomplete bone break, known as a(n) ________ fracture, is commonly seen in children. A) spiral B) greenstick C) impacted D) comminuted Answer: B Page Ref: 144 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 15) The skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage form the ________ skeleton. A) appendicular B) central C) axial D) main Answer: C Page Ref: 146 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge


16) The large hole located in the base of the occipital bone that allows the spinal cord and brain to connect is the ________. A) occipital condyle B) vertebral foramen C) intervertebral foramen D) foramen magnum Answer: D Page Ref: 148 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 17) The temporal bones are joined with the parietal bones at the ________ sutures. A) coronal B) sagittal C) squamous D) lambdoid Answer: C Page Ref: 147 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension

18) The shin bone is called the ________. A) tibia B) fibula C) femur D) radius Answer: A Page Ref: 165 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 19) The head of the humerus fits into the ________ of the scapula. A) acromion process B) glenoid cavity C) suprascapula notch D) coracoid process Answer: B Page Ref: 158 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 20) Two or more bones meet at a location called a(n) ________. A) fracture B) hematoma C) articulation (joint) D) marrow cavity Answer: C Page Ref: 166 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge


21) Immovable joints are functionally classified as ________. A) diarthroses B) synarthroses C) amphiarthroses D) symphyses Answer: B Page Ref: 166 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge


Using Figure 5.2, identify the following: 22) The parietal bone is indicated by ________. A) Label M B) Label O C) Label A D) Label H E) Label P Answer: C Page Ref: 147 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge


23) The fibula is indicated by ________. A) Label Q B) Label X C) Label R D) Label T E) Label W Answer: B Page Ref: 164, 165 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 24) The patella is indicated by ________. A) Label E B) Label G C) Label I D) Label U E) Label A Answer: C Page Ref: 165 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 25) The manubrium and xiphoid process are markings on the bone indicated by ________. A) Label O B) Label N C) Label A D) Label K E) Label B Answer: A Page Ref: 157 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 26) The radius bone is indicated by ________. A) Label T B) Label R C) Label F D) Label S E) Label Q Answer: E Page Ref: 160, 161 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge


27) The mandible is indicated by ________. A) Label N B) Label W C) Label M D) Label C E) Label B Answer: A Page Ref: 150, 151 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

28) The carpals are indicated by ________. A) Label N B) Label X C) Label J D) Label I E) Label T Answer: E Page Ref: 161 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 29) The greater tubercle and trochlea are bone markings situated on the bone marked by ________. A) Label O B) Label I C) Label E D) Label Y E) Label A Answer: C Page Ref: 160 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 30) The ilium, pubis, and ischium fuse to form the bone marked by ________. A) Label F B) Label G C) Label T D) Label H E) Label I Answer: B Page Ref: 162 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension


5.2 Multiple Choice Part II Questions 1) The most important minerals stored in bones are ________. A) calcium and iron B) sodium and phosphorus C) sodium and potassium D) calcium and phosphorus E) calcium and potassium Answer: D Page Ref: 135 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

2)

The arrangement of bone tissue shown in Figure 5.3 consists of ________. A) osteons (Haversian systems) B) yellow marrow C) trabeculae D) neurons E) red marrow Answer: A Page Ref: 137 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 3) Where does hematopoiesis occur? A) marrow cavity B) epiphyseal plate C) articular cartilage D) periosteum E) endosteum Answer: A Page Ref: 135 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension


4) The femur, tibia, humerus, and radius are all classified as ________. A) compact bones B) irregular bones C) flat bones D) long bones E) sesamoid bones Answer: D Page Ref: 136 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension

5) What type of tissue covers the epiphysis of bones and reduces friction in the joints? A) yellow marrow B) endosteum C) spongy bone D) periosteum E) articular cartilage Answer: E Page Ref: 137 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 6) In adults, the function of the yellow marrow is to ________. A) store adipose tissue B) form blood cells C) store calcium and phosphorus D) promote lengthwise growth in long bones E) decrease friction at joint surfaces Answer: A Page Ref: 137 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 7) The presence of an epiphyseal plate indicates that ________. A) bone is dead B) bone length is no longer increasing C) bone diameter is increasing D) bone diameter is decreasing E) bone length is increasing Answer: E Page Ref: 137 Bloom's: 3) Application


8) Each complex of central canal and matrix rings in compact bone is known as ________. A) a perforating (Volkmann's) canal B) the epiphysis C) a canaliculus D) a central (Haversian) canal E) an osteon (Haversian system) Answer: E Page Ref: 137 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 9) The bone cells that respond to parathyroid hormone (PTH) to destroy bone matrix and release calcium into the blood are called ________. A) osteocytes B) chondrocytes C) erythrocytes D) osteoclasts E) osteoblasts Answer: D Page Ref: 142 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension

10) Which of the following is ONLY found associated with a child's bone? A) diaphysis B) marrow cavity C) epiphyseal plate D) periosteum E) articular cartilage Answer: C Page Ref: 137 Bloom's: 3) Application 11) Which of these bone markings is a projection that serves as a site for muscle or ligament attachment? A) meatus B) fossa C) foramen D) fissure E) tubercle Answer: E Page Ref: 140 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension


12) Which of the following bones is considered part of the axial skeleton? A) femur B) sternum C) radius D) metatarsals E) scapula Answer: B Page Ref: 146 Bloom's: 3) Application 13) The canal that runs through the core of each osteon (Haversian system) contains ________. A) cartilage and lamellae B) osteoclasts and osteoblasts C) yellow marrow and perforating, or Sharpey's, fibers D) blood vessels and nerve fibers E) red marrow Answer: D Page Ref: 137 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 14) The small cavities in bone tissue where osteocytes are found are called ________. A) lacunae B) perforating (Volkmann's) canals C) central (Haversian) canals D) trabeculae E) lamellae Answer: A Page Ref: 137 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

15) What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo? A) elastic connective tissue B) dense fibrous connective tissue C) fibrocartilage D) hyaline cartilage E) loose fibrous connective tissue Answer: D Page Ref: 141 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge


16) What type of bone cell is primarily active when bone growth occurs? A) osteocyte B) erythrocyte C) chondrocyte D) osteoblast E) osteoclast Answer: D Page Ref: 141 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 17) The factor(s) that determine WHERE bone matrix is to be remodeled is (are) ________. A) sex hormones B) growth hormone C) stress of gravity and pull of muscles on the skeleton D) parathyroid hormone (PTH) E) calcium level of the blood Answer: C Page Ref: 142 Bloom's: 3) Application 18) There are four stages in the healing of a bone fracture. Which of the following best illustrates the sequence of these stages? 1. bony callus formation 3. fibrocartilage callus formation 2. bone remodeling 4. hematoma formation A) 4, 3, 2, 1 B) 4, 3, 1, 2 C) 1, 2, 3, 4 D) 1, 3, 4, 2 E) 1, 3, 2, 4 Answer: B Page Ref: 145 Bloom's: 4) Analysis 19) Bone growth that occurs due to weight lifting at age 40 is most likely ________. A) endochondrial growth B) none since bones do not grow after adolescence C) appositional growth D) occurring at the epiphyseal lines E) occurring at the epiphyseal plates Answer: C Page Ref: 142 Bloom's: 3) Application


20) An open, or compound, fracture can be described as when ________. A) the bone is crushed B) the broken bone ends are forced into each other C) the broken bone is exposed to the outside D) the bone is broken into many fragments E) adjacent bones fracture simultaneously Answer: C Page Ref: 145 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 21) A bone fracture where the bone is broken into many fragments is a ________. A) compound fracture B) simple fracture C) comminuted fracture D) compression fracture E) greenstick fracture Answer: C Page Ref: 144 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 22) The physician knew her patient was most likely a child before she walked into the examination room because the X-ray revealed a(n) ________. A) impacted fracture B) compression fracture C) comminuted fracture D) greenstick fracture E) open fracture Answer: D Page Ref: 144 Bloom's: 3) Application 23) A fracture that is common in osteoporotic bones is a(n) ________. A) impacted fracture B) compression fracture C) spiral fracture D) depressed fracture E) simple fracture Answer: B Page Ref: 144 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension


24) The axial skeleton contains ________. 1. skull 2. scapula 3. true and false ribs 4. vertebrae 5. phalanges A) 1, 3, 4, 5 B) 1, 3, 4 C) 2, 5 D) 2, 3, 4, 5 E) 1, 2, 3, 5 Answer: B Page Ref: 146 Bloom's: 4) Analysis 25) The suture situated anteriorly between the parietal bones and occipital bone is the ________. A) squamous suture B) lambdoid suture C) sagittal suture D) coronal suture E) both the squamous suture and the sagittal suture Answer: B Page Ref: 148 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 26) Identify the bones that do NOT house a paranasal sinus ________. A) frontal bones B) maxillary bones C) ethmoid bones D) sphenoid bones E) zygomatic bones Answer: E Page Ref: 148-151 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 27) The fibrous connections between the bones of a fetal skull are ________. A) alveolar margins B) sinuses C) palates D) crista galli E) fontanels Answer: E Page Ref: 152 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge


28) Which of these bones is associated with the hand? A) talus B) calcaneus C) metatarsals D) tarsals E) metacarpals Answer: E Page Ref: 161 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 29) The hyoid bone is unique because it ________. A) is the only bone of the body that does not directly articulate with any other bone B) is an irregular bone C) belongs to both the axial and appendicular skeletons D) has no specific function E) largely consists of cartilage Answer: A Page Ref: 151 Bloom's: 3) Application 30) What feature is uniquely associated with cervical vertebrae? A) spinous processes B) transverse processes C) vertebral foramina D) transverse foramina E) pedicles Answer: D Page Ref: 156 Bloom's: 4) Analysis 31) How many true ribs do humans have? A) three B) five C) seven D) twelve E) fifteen Answer: C Page Ref: 157, 158 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge


32) The dens is a process projecting from the ________. A) sacrum B) coccyx C) intervertebral discs D) atlas E) axis Answer: E Page Ref: 154 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

33) The atlas is the ________. A) last lumbar vertebra B) first thoracic vertebra C) part of the sacrum D) second cervical vertebra E) first cervical vertebra Answer: E Page Ref: 154 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 34) Which is the correct order of ribs, from superior to inferior? A) floating ribs, true ribs, false ribs B) floating ribs, false ribs, true ribs C) true ribs, false ribs, floating ribs D) true ribs, floating ribs, false ribs E) false ribs, floating ribs, true ribs Answer: C Page Ref: 157, 158 Bloom's: 4) Analysis 35) The sternum is the result of fusion of three bones called the ________. A) ischium, ilium, coccyx B) pubis, ischium, ilium C) manubrium, body, xiphoid process D) jugular notch, sternal angle, xiphisternal joint E) true ribs, manubrium, xiphoid process Answer: C Page Ref: 157 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge


36) Which two bones constitute the forearm? A) radius and humerus B) humerus and scapula C) fibula and tibia D) ulna and radius E) femur and fibula Answer: D Page Ref: 161 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 37) The tailbone is the ________. A) ischium B) sacrum C) pubis D) coccyx E) patella Answer: D Page Ref: 156 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

38) You examine an articulated skeleton in the laboratory and determine the skeleton to be a female since ________. A) the angle of the female pubic arch is smaller than in a male B) the distance between the female ischial spines is greater than in a male C) the distance between the female ischial tuberosities is less than in a male D) the female iliac bones are less flared than in a male E) the female pelvis as a whole is deeper, and the bones are heavier and thicker than in a male Answer: B Page Ref: 162 Bloom's: 3) Application


39)

The type of joint shown in Figure 5.4 is ________. A) a suture B) a fibrous joint C) an amphiarthrotic joint D) a cartilaginous joint E) a synovial joint Answer: E Page Ref: 170 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension

40) A structure found on the femur is the ________. A) anterior crest B) trochlea C) lateral malleolus D) intercondylar fossa E) medial malleolus Answer: D Page Ref: 164-165 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge


41) Articulations permitting only slight degrees of movement are ________, whereas articulations permitting no movement are called ________. A) amphiarthroses; synarthroses B) synarthroses; amphiarthroses C) diarthroses; amphiarthroses D) amphiarthroses; diarthroses E) diarthroses; synarthroses Answer: A Page Ref: 166 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 42) The wrist bones are actually ________. A) tarsals B) metacarpals C) phalanges D) metatarsals E) carpals Answer: E Page Ref: 161 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 43) Which of these bones articulates with the acetabulum of the coxal bone? A) femur B) patella C) fibula D) sacrum E) tibia Answer: A Page Ref: 164 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 44) Four of the five answers listed below are parts of the same anatomical area. Select the exception. A) humerus B) radius C) scapula D) fibula E) clavicle Answer: D Page Ref: 158-160 Bloom's: 3) Application


45) The elbow is classified as a(n) ________. A) plane joint B) hinge joint C) pivot joint D) saddle joint E) condylar joint Answer: B Page Ref: 170 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 5.3 True/False Questions 1) Hematopoiesis refers to the formation of blood cells within the red marrow cavities of certain bones. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 135 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 2) Articular cartilage covers the diaphysis of long bones. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 137 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 3) The arrangement of lamellae around central (Haversian) canals forms osteons (Haversian systems). Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 137 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 4) Hypercalcemia promotes the deposition of calcium to bones. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 142 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 5) A closed, or simple, fracture is one that penetrates through the skin's surface. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 145 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 6) The last two pairs of ribs are called true ribs because they have no anterior attachments. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 158 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension


7) Teeth are anchored in the maxillary bones and the mandible. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 149, 151 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

8) The spinal cord passes through the body of each vertebra. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 154 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 9) The intervertebral discs that cushion the spine and absorb shock are composed of fibrocartilage. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 169 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 10) In anatomical position, the lateral lower leg bone is the fibula. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 165 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 11) There are seven cervical, twelve thoracic, and five lumbar vertebrae. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 152-153 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 12) A newborn baby has an S-shaped spinal curvature known as a primary curvature. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 153 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 13) Diarthroses have a greater degree of mobility and flexibility than synarthroses. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 166-167 Bloom's: 4) Analysis 14) Joint inflammation is known as ankylosis. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 172 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge


5.4 Matching Questions Match the following: A) greenstick fracture B) depression fracture C) impacted fracture D) comminuted fracture E) spiral fracture 1) Incomplete bone break Page Ref: 144 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 2) Broken bone portion is pushed inward Page Ref: 144 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 3) Ragged bone break resulting from twisting forces Page Ref: 144 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 4) Bone breaks into many fragments Page Ref: 144 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 5) Broken bone ends are forced into each other Page Ref: 144 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge Answers: 1) A 2) B 3) E 4) D 5) C


Match the following: A) osteoclasts B) epiphyseal plate C) lamellae D) osteoblasts E) canaliculi 6) Cells that can dissolve the bony matrix Page Ref: 142 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 7) Layers or rings of calcification that are found in compact bone Page Ref: 137 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 8) Small channels that radiate through the matrix of compact bone Page Ref: 137 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 9) Cells that can build bony matrix Page Ref: 141 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 10) Area where bone growth takes place in a long bone Page Ref: 137 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge Answers: 6) A 7) C 8) E 9) D 10) B


Match the following: A) ball-and-socket joint B) pivot joint C) plane joint D) hinge joint E) condylar joint 11) Wrist joint Page Ref: 170 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 12) Shoulder joint Page Ref: 172 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 13) Ankle joint Page Ref: 170 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 14) Knuckle joints Page Ref: 172 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 15) Joint between atlas and axis Page Ref: 170 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

Answers: 11) C 12) A 13) D 14) E 15) B


Match the following: A) appendicular skeleton B) axial skeleton 16) Tarsals Page Ref: 146 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 17) Femur Page Ref: 146 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 18) Phalanges Page Ref: 146 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 19) Ulna Page Ref: 146 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 20) Atlas Page Ref: 146 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 21) Sternum Page Ref: 146 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 22) Fibula Page Ref: 146 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 23) Coxal bone Page Ref: 146 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 24) True ribs Page Ref: 146 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 25) Parietal bones Page Ref: 146 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge Answers: 16) A 17) A 18) A 19) A 20) B 21) B 22) A 23) A 24) B 25) B


5.5 Essay Questions 1) Explain the five functions of the skeletal system. Answer: 1. Support—the skeletal system forms the body's internal structural framework. The bones of the legs act as pillars to support the body trunk when we stand, and the rib cage supports the thoracic wall. 2. Movement—the skeletal muscles, attached to bones by tendons, use the bones as levers to move the body and its parts. 3. Protection—bones, such as the skull, thorax, and pelvis, protect the enclosed soft body organs. 4. Storage—fat is stored in the internal cavities of bones. Bones also serve as a storehouse for minerals, the most important being calcium and phosphorus. 5. Hematopoiesis—blood cell formation occurs within the red marrow of certain bones. Page Ref: 135 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 2) Differentiate between the functions of yellow marrow and red marrow. Answer: Yellow or red marrow may be found in the medullary (marrow) cavity of a long bone, depending on the age of the individual. Yellow marrow is adipose tissue that stores energy. Red marrow functions in blood cell production, a process known as hematopoiesis. Page Ref: 137 Bloom's: 4) Analysis 3) List and explain the steps in the repair process of a simple fracture. Answer: Step 1 is hematoma formation. A hematoma, or blood-filled swelling, forms when bone breaks and blood vessels rupture. Bone cells are deprived of nutrition and die. Step 2 is fibrocartilage callus formation. The site of damage experiences growth of new capillaries into the clotted blood and disposal of dead tissue by phagocytes. Connective tissue cells of various types form a mass of repair tissue called fibrocartilage callus. This fibrocartilage callus contains several elements: some cartilage matrix, some bony matrix, and collagen fibers. This fibrocartilage callus acts to splint the broken bone, closing the gap. Step 3 is bony callus formation. As more osteoblasts and osteoclasts migrate into the area and multiply, fibrocartilage is gradually replaced by a callus of spongy bone (the bony callus). Step 4 is bone remodeling. Over the next few months, bony callus is remodeled in response to the mechanical stresses placed on it, so that it forms a strong, permanent patch at the fracture site. Page Ref: 145 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge


4) Explain how the anatomy of compact bone differs from that of spongy bone. Answer: Compact bone is composed of osteons (Haversian systems). Concentric rings of matrix, called lamellae, are situated around a central (Haversian) canal. The rings and central canal constitute an osteon, or Haversian system. Other canals, called canaliculi, spread outward from central canals to connect to lacunae which house osteocytes. Spongy bone is open, airy, spiky and is composed of small, needlelike pieces of bone. Spongy bone lacks osteons and a network of canals. Page Ref: 135, 137-138 Bloom's: 4) Analysis

5) Explain how bones are remodeled in response to parathyroid hormone (PTH). Answer: Parathyroid hormone (PTH) activates bone-destroying cells called osteoclasts to break down the bone's matrix and release the stored calcium into the blood. PTH determines when bone will be broken down in response to the level of calcium ions in the blood. Page Ref: 142 Bloom's: 2) Comprehension 6) List some of the features of a female pelvis that make it different from a male pelvis. Answer: The female pelvis: a. has a larger and more circular inlet. b. is shallower than the male pelvis. c. has lighter and thinner bones. d. has a shorter and less curved sacrum. e. has a more rounded pubic arch. f. has shorter ischial spines that are also farther apart. Page Ref: 162 Bloom's: 1) Knowledge 7) If 6-year-old Sarah fell and broke her femur, damaging the proximal epiphyseal plate, what might she expect as she grows older? What is an epiphyseal plate and why is it significant to this situation? Answer: The epiphyseal plate is a flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young growing bone. Epiphyseal plates cause the lengthwise growth of long bone. Since this child is still growing and has not completed puberty, she may expect impaired growth in that one epiphyseal plate. Lucky for Sarah, there is an epiphyseal plate located at both the distal and proximal ends of the femur. The healthy distal plate can continue to grow. Page Ref: 137, 141-142 Bloom's: 3) Application


8) Maria observes a patient in her clinic with a spinal curvature abnormality. She notices the patient's spine curves laterally from the midline. Determine the abnormality she observed and explain how she differentiated it from the other two types of spinal abnormalities. Answer: Maria observed a patient with scoliosis in which the spinal strays laterally from the midline. Lordosis, or sway back, results in lumbar curvature exaggerated in the ventral (anterior) direction. Kyphosis produces a humped back due to a thoracic curvature exaggerated in the dorsal (posterior) direction. Page Ref: 153-154 Bloom's: 3) Application 9) Explain how atlas and axis are different from other vertebrae. Discuss the roles they play in the body. Answer: 1. Unlike all other vertebra, atlas (C1) has no body. Axis (C2) has a large process called the dens. 2. The structural differences of these two vertebrae allow you to rotate your head from side to side to indicate "no." The joint between these two vertebrae is a pivot joint. Page Ref: 154, 156 Bloom's: 4) Analysis

10) Differentiate among the three types of joints based on structural and functional classification. Provide examples of each type of joint. Answer: 1. Synarthroses are immovable joints. These joints are structurally classified as fibrous joints since the bones are united by fibrous tissue. Skull sutures are one example of a fibrous joint. 2. Amphiarthroses are slightly movable joints. These joints are structurally classified as cartilaginous joints since the bone ends are connected by cartilage. The pubic symphysis and intervertebral joints are two examples. 3. Diathroses are freely movable joints. These joints are structurally classified as synovial joints since the articulating bone ends are separated by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid. There are many examples of synovial joints, including the elbow, knee, and shoulder. Page Ref: 166-167 Bloom's: 4) Analysis

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Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e (Marieb) … · 2016-05-25 · A) femur B) sternum C) radius D) metatarsals E) scapula Answer: B Page Ref: 146 Bloom's: 3) Application