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Establishment of a Policy and Legal Framework for Carbon Capture
Storage (CCS) Technology Development in Taiwan: A Critical
ReviewReviewAnton Ming-Zhi Gao (高銘志)
Associate Professor, The Institute of Law for Science and Technology (ILST), National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan
Secretary General, Taiwan Environmental Law Association
Board Member, Taiwan Energy Law Association
8th International Scientific Conference on Energy and Climate Change October 2015 @ KEPA
1
About My Research Works on CCS
Conference
• CCS Legal conference May 2012
BOOK:
• Chi et al.(including: Anton Ming-Zhi Gao), The Recommendation Legal Framework of Developing Carbon Capture and Storage in Taiwan, April 2012, published by INER, Taiwan.(ISBN:978-986-03-2481-5)( NSC101-3113-P-301-008)published by INER, Taiwan.(ISBN:978-986-03-2481-5)( NSC101-3113-P-301-008)
Project on CCS Law:
• CO-PI: National Energy Program: A Study on the Establishment of Legal Framework of Carbon Capture and Storage(CCS) in Taiwan, 2010-2012, National Science Council(NSC) & Taiwan Institute of Economic Research.
Articles
• Anton Ming-Zhi Gao, Ming-Shan Lee, A study on International Energy Agency Model Regulatory Framework and Directive 2009/31/EC-Inspiration for Taiwan’s Legal System, in Liu ed., The Proceeding of the 15th National Technology Legal Conference, p.725-778 (2012).( ISBN:978-986-03-0058-1)
• Anton Ming-Zhi Gao, The Application of Clean Development Mechanism to Carbon Capure and Storage: Current Situation and Challenges, Volume 9: Issue 1, pp. 87-163, Taiwan International Law Journal (2012).
• Anton Ming-Zhi Gao, The International Marine and Environmental Legal Issues of Developing Carbon Capture and Storage, Taiwan International Law Journal, Vol. 7, Issue 1, pp.33-82.
• Gao, Anton Ming-Zhi, “The Application of EuropeanSEA Directive in the Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Decision Makings: the Issue of Screening”, 17(6) European Energy and Environmental Law Review 341-370 (2008).
2
The ONLY legal research team under the consortium of National Energy Research Programme
Phase I 2010-2012
• A Study on the Establishment of Legal Framework of Carbon Capture and Storage(CCS) in Taiwan, 2010-2012Storage(CCS) in Taiwan, 2010-2012
Phase II 2013~
• Legal Barriers of Taiwan in deployment of four key low carbon technologies
• Offshore wind power
• Carbon capture and storage
• Geothermal electricity
• Marine electricity
3
4
5
Drafting LAWInside government
communication
Public communication
Media communication
I. Introduction
6
Carbon Capture and Storage technology
7
Horrible Image of CCS!!!!!Horrible Image of CCS!!!!!
• Recent headline in Newspaper (25 June 2013)
• Shock images of Dead people and Dead cattle !!!
8
Old story repeated!Similar breaking news in 2006A perfect project, BUT FAILED
The CPC was scheduled to re-use the existing oil well and pipeline for CCS purpose under Mining Act in 2006.
This draft plan led to the outcry of local citizen.
The plan was stopped.
9
Motivation: Research questions
Q1. Would regulation kill or facilitate the development
of CCS?of CCS?
Q2 what is a Successful and
Proper Overall framework
to promote CCS?
10
Overall Framework to Promote CCS by this author
Technology R&D
Public Perception and Acceptance
X•Good Policy
•Good law
•Sufficient Incentives
•“appropriate and not too over” regulations
Well functioning competent authority
•small demonstration
•→large demonstration
•→large scale commercialization application
Implementation:
X
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124024
483430835389.html
11
The foundation of CCS Scheme
Policy & law
Authority and Authority and bureaucratic issues
Public perception
Technology
12
Rationale of CCSIEA’s six key emission reduction technologies
2035 22%(CCS); RES(21%)
In terms of supply side.
•• 19% of CCS 19% of CCS hints that fossil fuels will still play dominant role in our energy sector by mid-21st century
• Renewables and CCS with coal or gas need to develop simultaneouslysimultaneously.
• If the role of nuclearnuclear decreases as a result of the Fukushima accident, the role of RES and CCS would increase.
13
The Transformation of IEA’s technologies roadmap in Taiwan: one of the toughest energy situation in the industrialized countries (99.4% energy import99.4% energy import)
RES:
• Under the ambitious 2011 New Energy Policy 2011 New Energy Policy of Taiwan, the development target for PV and wind power is 4200 MW and 3100 MW in 2030.
Gas
• The government will conduct a large expansion of the use of LNGLNG. !!Taiwan needs CCS
• The government will conduct a large expansion of the use of LNGLNG.
• Yet there may be natural geographical features limiting the further expansion of LNG.
• The increasing LNG still needs CCSCCS for emission reduction!
Coal:
• Coal will still be the most stable and cheapestmost stable and cheapest energy source and feedstock for refinery industry as well as electricity producers for Taiwan
• Commercializing the coal gasification with CCS technology is the target of our R&D investment
• Integrating the intermittent electricity from renewable energy with the CO2 captured by the CCS projects for producing chemicals shall be beneficial to create the win-win status
14
!!Taiwan needs CCS
The main outline of my presentation
Tech
no
log
y R
&D
Au
tho
rity
Policy
Law
Imp
lem
en
tati
on
: R&D
pilot/Small demo
Large demo
Large scale
Tech
no
log
y R
&D
Imp
lem
en
tati
on
:
Large scale application/Commercialization
15
II. Technology R&D II. Technology R&D
16
R&D Funding is the key:Situation of IEA and Europe:
• A lot of research funding are provided by international organization, EU FP, national government and private companies (Shell, Alstom, etc.) around the worlds.
• A lot of successful projects around the worlds, e.g., Sleipner, Norway e.g., Sleipner, Norway
http://www.globalccsinstitute.com/projec
ts/browse17
R&D in Taiwan • Main R&D funding source:
• Tai-Power
• CPC
• NSC National Energy Programme: Master Programme on Clean Coal
• EPA’s funding
• MOEABOE’s funding
• The involvement of Main thinking tanks: ITRI, CIER, TIER, SinotechConsultants, Inc., etc.
• Diverse research aspect: technology, law, policy, strategy, public perception, etc.
Weakness:
1. too many R&D and too many feasible study.
2. few capture demo projects.
3. Lack of demo and drilling of carbon storage.(under progress) 18
Networking Platform CCS related Alliance in Taiwan CCS related Alliance in Taiwan
• MOEA(economic ministry): CCS R&D Alliance
• EPA (environmental ministry): CCS Strategy Alliance
19
Still one successful story on calcium looping • Capture
•R&D Oscar R&D 100 Award
20
III. Well functioning and coordinated
competent authoritycompetent authority
21
The Comprehensive nature of CCS Application:a crosscross--ministerialministerial and crosscross--departmentdepartmentissues
Science authority
Environmental Climate Environmental authority
Economy authority
Mining (oil gas) authority
Climate authority
22
Lessons from other countries
Oil and petroleum authority (Norway)
Mining Authority
(Germany)The common feature
• The needs to resolve the
John Gale’s reflection
CCS Office, DECC
(Norway)
Energy and climate
Authority (UK)
Energy authority
(US)
23
• The needs to resolve the
“ hydra-headed bureaucracy”;
• The needs to avoid
“Everybody's business is
nobody s business”
Taiwan: Unresolved multiUnresolved multi--authorities issues authorities issues
Three key authorities
• EPA
• MOEA
• NSC
My opinion:
•• EPAEPA should take main job after
the governmental
reorganization, as it will become • NSC
Weakness:
• The vacuum of EHS regulations:
• In spite of EHS concerns and RD&D needs suggested by this author and other related research team, the EPA didn’t draft any CCS Regulations. (info: the end of July 2013 )
• Easy case for EOR; Difficulty for new drillings
• Insufficient further incentives
• MOEA: inability to provide more sufficient funding to push CCS beyond R&D or small pilot
• CPC and TaiPower: further demo could be lack of funding 24
reorganization, as it will become
the authority of Mining Act,
Climate and Environmental laws
The Example of Multi-authorities Issues
Phase Activity Relevant
Authority
Explorati
on
Permit
Assessment
Selection a storage site
Characterization
Bureau of Mine?
Water Resources
Agency?
Phase Activity Relevant Authority
Closure Financial security
Monitoring
Verification
Bureau of Mine?
Water Resources
Agency?
Post-
closure
Transfer of
Responsibility UnknowStorage
Permit
Baseline Survey
Routine Reporting
Bureau of Mine?
Environmental
Protection
Administration
Executive?
Operatio
n
Injection
Monitoring
Corrective measures and
remediation measures
Bureau of Mine?
Water Resources
Agency?
closure
Pre -
transfer
Monitor
ing
Phase
Responsibility
Financial
mechanism
Monitoring
Unknow
n
Post-
Transfer
Monitoring
Management
Corrective
measures and
remediation
measures
Unknow
n25
IV. “POLICY” Support IV. “POLICY” Support
26
Multi-Policies relating to CCS
Energy
Climate Marine policy etc.
Technology, reseach and innovation
Industiralpolicy
Economic policy
policy etc.
27
The Likely Successful Story: IEA and EU: Multi policies supporting
CCSIEA: technology aspect, strategic, regulatory aspect
• CCS strategy and policy
• CCS legal and regulatory issues
• CCS global collaboration
• CCS technical and economic issues
EU:
• COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL AND THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT Sustainable power generation from fossil fuels: aiming for near-zero emissions from coal after 2020 {SEC(2006) 1722}{SEC(2006) 1723} {SEC(2007) 12}
• CCS technical and economic issues{SEC(2006) 1722}{SEC(2006) 1723} {SEC(2007) 12}
• COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS Supporting Early Demonstration of Sustainable Power Generation from Fossil Fuels{COM(2008) 30 final} {SEC(2008) 47}{SEC(2008) 48}
• 28/03/2013 - 02/07/2013: Communication on The Future of Carbon Capture and Storage in Europe
• 20/12/2012 - 15/03/2013: Communication on energy technologies and innovation
28
EU policies supporting CCS
A POLICY FOR ENERGY
• A strategy for competitive, sustainable and secure energy
• European Energy Programme for
MARKET-BASED INSTRUMENTS
• Greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme
• Community framework for the taxation of energy
RESEARCH AND INNOVATION
• SET-Plan for the development of low carbon technologies
• Sustainable power generation from fossil fuels
FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
• Competitiveness and Innovation Framework Programme (CIP) (2007-2013)
• Seventh Framework Programme (2007 to Programme for
Recovery
• Energy Security and Solidarity Action Plan
• An Energy Policy for Europe
• Green Paper: A European strategy for sustainable, competitive and secure energy
taxation of energy products and electricity
fuels
• Demonstration of the capture and storage of CO2
• Strategic Energy Technology Plan (SET Plan)
• Towards a European Strategic Energy Technology Plan
Programme (2007 to 2013)
29
Others Policy Supports: G8 aspect:
20052005 Gleneagles Plan of Action on Climate Change and Sustainable Development
• We will work to accelerate the deployment and commercialization of Carbon Capture and Storage technology by:
• . . . inviting the International Energy Agency to work with the Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum to hold a workshop on short term opportunities for carbon capture and storage, including from Enhanced Oil Recovery and removal of CO2 from natural gas production.including from Enhanced Oil Recovery and removal of CO2 from natural gas production.
2008/2009
• G8 leaders at Hokkaido Toyako Summit (2008) affirmed: …strong support for the launching of 20 large-scale CCS demonstration projects globally by 2010, taking into account various national circumstances, with a view to beginning broad deployment of CCS by 2020.
• In 2009, at the L'Aquila Summit, G8 leaders reaffirmed: …the commitment made in Toyako for the launch of 20 large-scale Carbon Capture and Storage demonstration projects globally by 2010
30
National Policy Supports • The Member of CSLF (Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum )
Australia Brazil
Canada China
Colombia Denmark
European
CommissionFrance
Commission
Germany Greece
India Italy
Japan Korea
Mexico Netherlands
New Zealand Norway
Poland Russia
Saudi Arabia South Africa
United Arab Emirates United Kingdom
United
States31
CCS Policy in Taiwan
Many policies relating to CCS
Technology Policy:
•general direction of Low carbon environment
•White Paper of Science and Technology R&D in Taiwan (2011-2014) (中華民國科學技術白皮書100~103)
•Specific:
•NSC Energy Programme: Clean Coal Master Programme
•MOEA: Energy R&D White Paper of 2007 (2007能源科技研究發展白皮書)•MOEA: Energy R&D White Paper of 2007 (2007能源科技研究發展白皮書)
Industrial Policy:
•MOEA: White Paper on Energy Technology and Industry of 2012 (2012年能源產業技術白皮書)、White Paper on Energy Technology and
Industry of 2010 (2010年能源產業技術白皮書)
Energy Policy :
•MOEA: 2008 Sustainable Energy Policy Framework, the conclustion report of 2009 National Energy Conference ( 2009年全國能源會議)、2011
New Energy policy（穩健減核，逐步邁向非核家園） (missing？) 、2012 Energy Development Framework (2012 能源發展綱領能源發展綱領 )
Climate and Energy Policy Package:
•2010 National Emission Reduction and Energy Conservation Programme (Master Plan on Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction 2010) (2010 國家節能減碳總計畫) by Carbon Emission Reduction and Energy Saving Commission, The Executive Yuan 32
Policy Barriers(!) in Taiwan (1)
Policy target setting is important
•Europe: 20-20-20 target: binding emission target: RES contribute to 20%, while CCS contribute partly to 20% emission reduction
•The setting of several CCS demonstration sites in European policies ex: EU and •The setting of several CCS demonstration sites in European policies ex: EU and
UK design a “quantitative target ” for CCS
Taiwan
• No legally binding emission reduction Target ? Unclear (merely a policy option after 2020?)
• Demonstration numbers? Unclear ; Only “qualitative”: a lack of quantitative
target for CCS; 33
Policy Barriers(!) in Taiwan (2)
Main lessons: From R&D to real demo & commercialization
• Both are emphasized.
Taiwan Taiwan
• Focus on R&D (by EPA, MOEA, NSC); too few real demo actions
• Why put CCS in Landmark Programe 7, instead of 2 under Master Plan on Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction 2010?
CCS is merely a “tech”, instead of a viable option under Landmark Program II: Low Carbon Energy System before 2020.
34
Remedy to Policy barriers in Taiwan
The role of CCS should be integrated into EnergyPolicy, instead of just under Energy R&D Policy.
35
Policy, instead of just under Energy R&D Policy.
Taiwan government shall consider set quantitative target for CCS.
Good news in 2015?
the role of CCS under the forthcoming
“National Climate Plan” under
the new GHG Reduction andManagement Act of 2015 (July 2015)?Management Act of 2015 (July 2015)?
36
V. Law : Incentives Aspect technology development V. Law : Incentives Aspect development cycle thinking
Life cycle support thinking
37
The LEADER of CCS Legal Regime
• IEA CCS Directive
38
Lessons for Legal Incentives
TTechnology echnology DDevelopment evelopment CCycle ycle thinking
R&D
small demo ( large demo
commercializat
ion)
39
Life cycleLife cycle support thinking
The main incentives for CCSIEA suggestion
1.Carbon Tax2.Cap and
trade
3.Project
Page 35: http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/model_framework-1.pdf
3.Project Based
mechanism4.Feed in Tariff
5. Emission performance
standards
6. CCS Technology Mandate)：
40
The main incentives for CCSEU Regime
• Capture Ready Obligation (正面的獎勵措施(例如：針對300MW的電廠強制義務))
• R&D Exemption (This Directive shall not apply to geological storage of CO2, with a total intended storage below 100 kilotonnes, undertaken for research, development or testing of new products and processes.)
• Exemption of environmental law (ex. Waste Directive, Waste transportation, waste shipping)
CCS Directive
41
• Funding for demonstration projects NER 300
•12 big demonstration projects before 2015
•The networking role of ZEP FP (7, 8..)
Current Situation in Taiwan
• Current: funding for preliminary, feasible and small pilot test
research.
• Energy Research and Development Fund under Energy Management Act
• Petroleum Fund under Petroleum Management Act • Petroleum Fund under Petroleum Management Act
• National R&D Budget
• Weakness
• Lack of “Life Cycle Incentives” and “Technology cycle incentives”(R&D→ small demo ( large demo → commercialization)
• Lack of “investment subsidy”: Only sufficed for small pilot test, Insufficient for medium to large-scale demonstration site
• lack of “feed in tariff” or other direct support scheme: to encourage the market application of CCS
42
Suggestions for Taiwan
• under a non-electricity liberalization environment
Tai-Power CPC
• The main players
• Tai-Power
• CPC
• Private IPPs
• energy intensive industries: cement, steel, etc.
43
Private IPPs energy intensive
industries: cement, steel, etc.
Technology cycle Aspect (1) Small demo:
• Enact “CCS demo subsidy Ordinance” (similar to: Geothermal, and offshore wind) Provided to: Tai-Power,
CPC, Private IPPs, and energy intensive industries (cement, steel, etc.]
• Tendering: the above subsidy can be allocated via tendering process.
• Long term PPA for [existing or new IPPs] willing to do CCS demo
• Tax incentive
Large demo:Large demo:
• Low-interest loan and guarantee Ordinance for CCS
• Emission peformance standard
• Technology mandate for new power plants: CCS Ready
• Tax incentive
Commercialization
• RPS, or tendering, FIP, fixed FIT for [IPP, Tai-power]
• Tax incentives
• Net metering for [energy intensive industries - cement, steel, etc.]
44
Technology cycle Aspect (2)
R＆D Small demo Large demo Commercialization
R&D budget Special investment
grant, tendering Emission performance standards, CCS ready
Feed in tariff, CDM, JI, ETS, etc
45
Life Cycle Aspect (1) • Exploration stage: the provision of exploration subsidy
• The enact of Exploration Subsidy Ordinance (探勘補貼標準)
• Exploitation stage: the provision of demonstration subsidy (investment subsidy) for demonstration pilot projects
• Enacting CCS Demonstration Subsidy Ordinance (示範計畫
LIFE CYCLE
INCENTIVE
THINKING!!
46
• Enacting CCS Demonstration Subsidy Ordinance (示範計畫補貼辦法)
• Lesson from Renewable: The development of “CCS project finance ” (low-interest loan and guarantee programme)
• Operational stage: the provision of “feed in tariff” or “long term Power Purchase Agreement PPA”
• Purchasing electricity from CCS power plants in a preferential price. (「第五階段」開放民間設立發電廠方開放民間設立發電廠方開放民間設立發電廠方開放民間設立發電廠方案案案案) )，將CCS與淨煤電廠納入, 以優惠收購價格保障之。
Good news in 2015
Climate Change Fund under the GHG
Emission tradingscheme
Fossil fuel carbontax(?)
under the GHG Reduction Act of 2015
• Similar to theconcept of EU NER300
scheme tax(?)
47
VI. Law : Regulatory AspectVI. Law : Regulatory Aspect
48
TWO WAY OF THINKNGS
CCS Installations
chain chain
LIFE CYCLE of Carbon Storage
49
Focus on Life-cycle regulation of Carbon Storage
five similarity between EU and IEA CCS Regulatory Regime 1. Seamless “Permission” (or. notification)
2. Seamless “Plan” of Storage Operators
EHS
Disaster
Risk
3. Seamless “Distribution of Duties” between authority and Operators
4. Seamless “Distribution of Liability” between Authority and Operators
5. Seamless Distribution of “Monitoring” Duty Between Authority and Operators
50
1. Seamless “Permission” (or. notification)
IEA modeling framework EU CCS directive
Exploration 6.3 5Exploration
permit
6.3 5
Site
selection
6.4 4
Storage permit 6.5 6～9
Injection permit 6.5(5) 9III
Closure or transfer of
responsibility permit
6.10 17 and 18 51
2. Seamless “Plan” of Storage Operators
IEA modeling
framework
EU CCS directive
framework
• Monitoring Plan
• Emergency Response Plan
• Human Health and Environmental
Safety Plan
• Closure Plan
• Post-Closure Plan
6.5 Art. 13, 16, 17, 18.
52
3. Seamless “Distribution of Duties” between authority and Operators
IEA modeling framework EU CCS directive
Authority 檢測(inspection) 6.6 第15條
監督(monitoring) 6.7 第13條監督(monitoring) 6.7 第13條
碳漏情況之措施 (corrective measures and
remediation measures)
6.8 第16條
Operator 碳漏情況之措施 (corrective measures and
remediation measures)
6.8 第16條第1、2、3項
定期報告義務(regular reporting duty) 6.7(4) 第14條
根據特定情形關閉廠址後的責任(duty during
closure period)
6.10(1)(a)(i) 第17條第2項
53
4. Seamless Distribution of Liability between Authority and Operators
IEA modeling
framework
EU CCS directive
前 階 段 (project
period)
Operator 6.9 Art. 18 (第18條第1項本文反面解釋)
後 階 段 (post
closure period)
State (國家)
（ financial liability:
from the operator 財務責
任：經營者）
6.11、6.12 Art 18-20 (第18條~第20條)
Operators (經營者) 6.10(1)(a)(i) Art.17(2), 18(7)第17條第2項、第18條第7項
54
5. Seamless Distribution of “Monitoring” Duty Between Authority and Operators
IEA modeling framework EU CCS directive
前 階 段 (Project
Period)：
operators and the
State (經營者+國家)
6.7(3) 第13條
後 階 段 (post-
closure Period) ：
State (國家)
6.11(2)(b) 第18條第1項55
6. Special Regulation in EU CCS Directive
The composition of CO2 stream
EU’s supervision power of storage permit issued by Member States
Open access to CO2 pipeline and
storage
Information disclosure
Forbidden of ocean storage
EIA and SEA
IPPC Directive Water directive Environmental
Liability Directive 56
Regulatory Vacuum of Carbon Storage in Taiwan
the lack of lifethe lack of life--cycle regulatory thinking cycle regulatory thinking • the urgency to integrate CO2 in existing legal system
Planning law
PollutioDisast
Pollution Laws
Q: Is CO2 air pollutant under Air Pollution Act?
Q: Is CO2 (may affect water PH value) a pollutant under Water Act?
57
CCS
Pollution law
Environment
al impact assessment EIA law
SEA Law?
Law on public
participation
Law on Information
disclosure
Disaster act
Q: Is CO2 (may affect water PH value) a pollutant under Water Act?
Q: Should Taiwan follow Japan and regulate CCS under Marine Pollution Act?
Q: Should Taiwan follow US and regulate CCS under Ground Water and Soil
Protection Act?
Q: should Taiwan adopt its approach and design CO2 as Toxic Chemicals
under Toxic Chemical Substances Control Act?
EIA laws:
Q: R&D exemption?
Q: EIA threshold for capture installation and CO2 pipeline?
The Potential Way-out “Mining Act” could play the key role of regulation
Regulatory measures 一、管制措施1. Seamless “Permission” (or. notification)許可：無縫接軌： Exploration permit 探勘許可 Articles of Mining Acts礦業法條文
Site selection 選址 第12、15條第1項→storage permit 開始封存許可 第13、17、18、26、43、58條→injection permit 注入同意 第20條→closure permit (liability transfer)關閉(責任移轉)許可 第37、38條、礦場安全法第18條
2. Seamless “Plan” of Storage Operators計畫無縫接軌 Monitor plan
Corrective measures plan
H&S emergency response plan
第15條第2項、第49條、礦場安全法第10、13條Closure Plan
Post closure plan
第48條3. Seamless “Distribution of Duties” between authority and Operators二、主管機關與經營者之職責（主管機關-經營者責任妥善分工）Authority 主管機關 Inspection 檢測 第63條Authority 主管機關 Inspection 檢測 第63條
Monitor 監督 礦場安全法第34條、第57條碳漏情況之措施(corrective measures and remediation measures) 礦場安全法第37條Operator 經營者 碳漏情況之措施(corrective measures and remediation measures) 第15條第2項、第49條
Report duty定期報告義務等 第59、60條4. Seamless Distribution of Liability between Authority and Operators三、損害賠償(法律)責任liability（損害賠償責任無縫接軌）Project period 前階段 Operator 經營者 第49條Post closure period 後階段 The State 原則：國家（財務責任：經營者） ???
Operator 例外：經營者 第48條5. Seamless Distribution of “Monitoring” Duty Between Authority and Operators四、監控monitoring （針對封存場持續保持監控）Project period 前階段 Operators and the State 經營者+國家 第15條第2項、礦場安全法第27條Post closure period 後階段 The State 國家 ???五、雜項(歐盟CCS指令)
The composition of co2 stream二氧化碳流之組成 ?
Information disclosure 提供資訊給民眾 ?
EIA, risk assessment 環境影響評估、風險評估 第15條第2項、第43條第3項、開發行為應實施環境影響評估細目及範圍認定標準第11條第1項
Problem remains……1.the the lack of lifelack of life--cycle regulatory thinking cycle regulatory thinking
• the intervene is still needed….
• Current Taiwan legal system doesn’t deal with “closure” and “post-closure period” of CCS “closure” and “post-closure period” of CCS
59
Problem remains……2. Challenge for New Drilling
• Easiest Approach: EOR
• Reuse of existing oil wells and storage space in existing near-exhaustive wells-EHR, EOR purpose under Mining Act
• Red-tap of Mining Act is not required.
• Only need to watch out Pollution Acts
60
• Only need to watch out Pollution Acts
• Difficult Approach: CCS activities requires new drillings.
• Mining Act Approach: The Executive Yuan should designate CO2 as one type of mine under
the Mining Act. The designation of CO2 mining zone requires the almost-impossible and political sensitive “water and soil" permission from local government before approval of Mining Zone by the Central government.
• Non-Mining Act approach: Marine Pollution Act?
Almost impossible for new drilling!!
Problem remains……3. No EIA exemption for RD&D Projects; no
SEA(strategic environmental assessment) for the CCS
Pilot and CCS demonstration and experimental project should be exempted from EIA
• Copy the Ordinance of EIA concerning geothermal and oceanic
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• Copy the Ordinance of EIA concerning geothermal and oceanic energy.
The Use of SEA to rationalize the development of CCS beyond Project level
• The Application of SEA to Future CCS development
Break-through10 kiloton EIA exemption for RD&D of carbon storage in August 20131. Gao investigates into the 10
kilotone Exemption from CCS Directive 2.5 year ago.
2. Idea was proposed by Gao to Mr. Ou-yang(ITRI) two years ago. Ou-yang(ITRI) two years ago.
3. …standstill………. A long time
4. The Apple Daily accusation of 10 kilo tonne issue
5. EPA accommodate for the needs of RD&D(?) or the need of CPC and Tai-power(?)
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Good news for regulations in 2014 and 2015?
• EPA Minister’s background
• Professor, Department of Geology, 2014
• EU visit tour in 2014 on CCS
• The successful works of ournational energy researchprogramme team on “inter-governmental communication”
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VII. Conclusion VII. Conclusion
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Comparing the CCS Development framework in Taiwan and IEA/EU
IEA/EU colorful Taiwan is black
and white
Tech RD Reality:
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Tech RD&D
Authority
Policy
law
Reality: many demo
projects
Tech RD without
D?
Authority?
Policy?
law ?
Reality: none demo
projects?
Why does Taiwan lesson matter?
• Similar legal barriers in a lot
of developing and and developed countries
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Beyond technology roadmap:A much-needed “legal roadmap” and “law” to brighten the Future of CCS Development
CCS tech
policy
Law: authority, incentive, regulation
Reality: demo
projects
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Public Perception, Acceptance, and Image of CCS
• The NIMBYism and NUMbyism remains unresolved!!!!
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Collaboration Collaboration
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With German Professors
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With Norway professors
• Agreement of Scientific Cooperation
between the National Science
Council, Taipei and the Council, Taipei and the Research Council of Norway, Oslo
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Future possibility for EU-Asia Networkon climate, energy policy and law • GCCSI
• Clare Penrose | General Manager Asia Pacific
• Ian hovercraft
• South Korea• Prof. Koh• Prof. Koh
• China• China environmental law
association
• Japan• Japan environmental policy and law
association
• US• Hart Craig
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Academic and publication collaborationI am editing one book on CCSlegal and policy framework in Asia regionoffshore wind farm legal regime offshore wind farm legal regime in US, Europe, Asia and Australia
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Thanks for your attentionwelcome your comments
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