Estimating, costing and professional Practice Subject Code

EC&PP⇒Lecture 1

1

Mr. Sanjeet Sahoo

Assistant Professor

Department of Civil Engineering

Estimating, costing and professional Practice

Subject Code:- CE40102

Credit-03

Prerequisites: The students have knowledge of

1. Studying and interpreting drawings.

Course Outcome:

CO1. Able to understand principle of estimation, method and units of different

items of work and ideas to measure the quantity of different types of work

for building.

CO2. Able to gain ideas to measure the quantity of different type of culvert and

bridges.

CO3. Able to gain knowledge about the specification for various types of

construction works.

CO4. Able to analyze the rate of different types of construction works.

CO5. Able to understand the network techniques, CPM/PERT method and their

use in project planning.

Course Details:

Unit1:

U1.1: Introduction and principle of estimation, methods of building estimate –

long wall short wall method and centerline method.

U 1.2: Units of different items of work, Estimation of quantity of different

materials in building –estimation of single room building, estimation of

two room building with front verandah.

Unit2:

U 2.1: Different parts of culverts, calculation of quantity for abutment and wing

wall, arch culvert, slab culvert, pipe culvert and bridges

Unit3:

U 3.1:Introduction to specification, principle of general specification, general

specification of different class of building and principle of detailed

specification for various type of works.

Unit 4:

U.4.1Analysis of rate, description, prime cost, schedule rate, cost of different

material and labour, analysis of rates for various types of works like-

plastering, rcc work, mortar work, earth work, brick work , concrete work

etc.

EC&PP⇒Lecture 1

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Mr. Sanjeet Sahoo

Assistant Professor


Unit 5:

U.5.1: Network techniques, introduction to CPM/PERT methods, critical path

calculation, float and slack calculation, EOT,LOT calculation and their use

in project planning construction schedules for jobs, materials equipments,

labour and finance.

Text books:

• 1. Estimating and costing in civil engineering theory and practice, B.N

Dutta, UBS Publishers.

• 2. PERT and CPM, L.S Sreenath, East west press.

• 3. Civil engineering contracts and estimates by B.S Patil, University press

ESTIMATION

Definition:-

• Estimation is the technique of calculating the various quantities and the

expected expenditure to be incurred on a particular work or project.

Before sanction or approval of any project or work, its estimated cost is

worked out and necessary funds are sanctioned by the competent

authority. In case funds available are less than the estimated cost, the

work is done in part or by reducing it or specifications are altered so that

the work can be completed within available funds.

• The primary object of the estimate is to enable one to know beforehand

cost of the work (buildings, structures etc.). Accurate estimate is prepared

by detailed estimated cost.

ACTUAL COST:

• The actual cost of work is known after the completion of work. The

actual cost should not differ much from the estimated cost worked out

at the beginning.

EC&PP⇒Lecture 1

3

Mr. Sanjeet Sahoo

Assistant Professor


DETAILED ESTIMATE:

• Preparation of detailed estimate consists of working out the quantity of

different items of work and then working out the cost. It is prepared in two

states.

(i) Detail of measurement and calculation of quantity:

➢ The whole work is divided into different item of works like earthwork,

concrete, brickwork etc.

Sl

no

Description

Or

Particulars

No Length Breadth Height Quantity Remark

1 Earthwork

in

excavation

x

2 DPC work y

n Brick work z

(ii) Abstract of estimated cost:

➢ The cost under each item of work is calculated from the quantity already

computed at workable rate, and the total cost is workout in a prescribed

form. A percentage of 3% to 5% is added for contingencies (unforeseen

expenditure, change in design, change in rates etc.).

➢ A percentage of 1.5% to 2% is also added to meet the expenditure of work

charge establishment (chowkidar, guard etc.).

Item

no

Description

Or

Particulars

Quantity Unit Rate Amount

1 Earthwork

in

excavation

x

2 DPC work y

n Brick work z

EC&PP⇒Lecture 1

4

Mr. Sanjeet Sahoo

Assistant Professor


NEED FOR ESTIMATION AND COSTING:

• Estimate gives an idea of the cost of the work and hence its feasibility can

be determined that is whether the project could be taken up in the fund

available or not.

• Estimate gives an idea of time required for the completion of work.

• Estimate is also required to control the expenditure during the execution of

work.

RULES FOR MEASUREMENT

The rules for measurement of each item are invariably described in IS- 1200.

However some of the general rules are listed below.

1. Measurement shall be made for finished item of work and description of each

item shall include materials, transport, labour, fabrication tools and plant and all

types of overheads for finishing the work in required shape, size and

specification.

2. In booking, the order shall be in sequence of length, breadth and height or

thickness.

3. All works shall be measured subject to the following tolerances.

I. linear measurement shall be measured to the nearest 0.01m.

II. Areas shall be measured to the nearest 0.01 sq.m

III. Cubic contents shall be worked-out to the nearest 0.01 cum

4. Same type of work under different conditions and nature shall be measured

separately under separate items.

5. The bill of quantities shall fully describe the materials, proportions,

workmanships and accurately represent the work to be executed.

EC&PP⇒Lecture 1

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Mr. Sanjeet Sahoo

Assistant Professor


6. In case of masonry (stone or brick) or structural concrete, the categories shall

be measured separately and the heights shall be described:

a) From foundation to plinth level

b) From plinth level to first floor level

c) From Fist floor to second floor level and so on.

REQUIREMENTS OF ESTIMATION AND COSTING

1. Estimate gives an idea of the cost of the work and hence its feasibility can be

determined i.e. whether the project could be taken up with in the funds available

or not.

2. Estimate gives an idea of time required for the completion of the work.

3. Estimate is required to invite the tenders and Quotations and to arrange

contract.

4. Estimate is also required to control the expenditure during the execution of

work.

5. Estimate decides whether the proposed plan matches the funds available or

not.

PROCEDURE OF ESTIMATING OR METHOD OF ESTIMATING.

Estimating involves the following operations

1. Preparing detailed Estimate.

2. Calculating the rate of each unit of work

3. Preparing abstract of estimate

EC&PP⇒Lecture 1

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Mr. Sanjeet Sahoo

Assistant Professor


DATA REQUIRED TO PREPARE AN ESTIMATE

1. Drawings i.e. plans, elevations, sections etc.

2. Specifications.

3. Rates.

DRAWINGS

If the drawings are not clear and without complete dimensions the preparation

of estimation become very difficult. So, it is very essential before preparing an

estimate.

SPECIFICATIONS:

General Specifications: This gives the nature, quality, class and work and

materials in general terms to be used in various parts of wok. It helps no form a

general idea of building. Detailed Specifications: These gives the detailed

description of the various items of work laying down the Quantities and

qualities of materials, their proportions, the method of preparation workmanship

and execution of work.

RATES

For preparing the estimate the unit rates of each item of work are required.

1. for arriving at the unit rates of each item.

2. The rates of various materials to be used in the construction.

3. The cost of transport materials.

4. The wages of labor, skilled or unskilled of masons, carpenters, Amador, etc.,

EC&PP⇒Lecture 1

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Mr. Sanjeet Sahoo

Assistant Professor


Different Parts of building

Basic components a building structure:-

1. Roof

2. Parapet

3. Lintels

4. Beams

5. Columns

6. Damp proof course (DPC)

7. Walls

8. Floor

9. Stairs

10. Plinth Beam

11. Foundation

12. Plinth

EC&PP⇒Lecture 1

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Mr. Sanjeet Sahoo

Assistant Professor


1. Roof

The roof forms the topmost component of a building structure. It covers the top

face of the building. Roofs can be either flat or sloped based on the location and

weather conditions of the area.

2. Parapet

Parapets are short walls extended above the roof slab. Parapets are installed for

flat roofs. It acts as a safety wall for people using the roof.

3. Lintels

Lintels are constructed above the wall openings like Doors, windows, Shelves,

etc. These structures support the weight of the wall coming over the opening.

Normally, lintels are constructed by reinforced cement concrete. In residential

buildings, lintels can be either constructed from concrete or from bricks.

4. Beams and slabs

Beams and slabs form the horizontal members in a building. For a single storey

building, the top slab forms the roof. In case of a multi-storey building, the

beam transfers the load coming from the floor above the slab which is in turn

transferred to the columns. Beams and slabs are constructed by reinforced

cement concrete (R.C.C).

5. Columns

Columns are vertical members constructed above the ground level. Columns

can be of two types: Architectural columns and structural columns.

Architectural columns are constructed to improve the building’s aesthetics

while a structural column takes the load coming from the slab above and

transfers safely to the foundation.

6. Damp Proof Course (DPC)

DPC is a layer of waterproofing material applied on the basement level to

prevent the rise of surface water into the walls. The walls are constructed over

the DPC.

EC&PP⇒Lecture 1

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Mr. Sanjeet Sahoo

Assistant Professor


7. Walls

Walls are vertical elements which support the roof. It can be made from stones,

bricks, concrete blocks, etc. Walls provide an enclosure and protect against

wind, sunshine, rain etc. Openings are provided in the walls for ventilation and

access to the building(Door, Window,etc).

8. Floors

The floor is the surface laid on the plinth level. Flooring can be done by a

variety of materials like tiles, granites, marbles, concrete, etc. Before flooring,

the ground has to be properly compacted and levelled.

9. Stairs

A stair is a sequence of steps that connects different floors in a building

structure. The space occupied by a stair is called as the stairway. There are

different types of stairs like a wooden stair, R.C.C stair, metal stairs, etc.

10. Plinth Beam

Plinth beam is a beam structure constructed either at or above the ground level

to take up the load of the wall coming over it.

11. Plinth

The plinth is constructed above the ground level. It is a cement-mortar layer

lying between the substructure and the superstructure.

12. Foundation

The Foundation is a structural unit that uniformly distributes the load from the

superstructure to the underlying soil. This is the first structural unit to be

constructed for any building construction. A good foundation prevents

settlement of the building.

EC&PP⇒Lecture 1

10

Mr. Sanjeet Sahoo

Assistant Professor


Unit of different items of works

Serial no Particulars of item Units in MKS

1 Earthwork in excavation in ordinary soil, hard soil,

mixed soil with kankar, bajri etc

Cu m

2 Rock excavation Cu m

3 Earthwork in excavation of foundation and sand

filling

Cu m

4 Quarrying of stone Cu m

5 Cutting of tree Nos

6 Earthwork in cutting, banking, in road and irrigation

canal

Cu m

7 Cement concrete in foundation Cu m

8 RCC work Cu m

9 Lime concrete in foundation Cu m

10 Precast cement concrete Cu m

11 DPC(Thickness specified) Sq m

12 Brickwork in foundation, plinth, superstructure and

arches

Cu m

13 Reinforced brick work Cu m

14 Thin partition wall Sq m

EC&PP⇒Lecture 1

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Mr. Sanjeet Sahoo

Assistant Professor


15 Stone work in wall facing(thickness specified) Sq m

16 Wood work, door and window frame or chowkath,

roof trusses etc

Cu m

17 Door and window shutter Sq m

18 Wood work in partition, ply wood, etc Sq m

19 Steel work(rolled steel joist,, angle, etc) quintal

20 Steel reinforcement bar quintal

21 Cast iron pipe(diameter specified) meter

22 Threading of iron cm

23 Boring holes in iron Nos

24 Cutting of iron joist, channels cm

25 Flooring Sq m

26 Roofing- tile, asbestos, etc.. Sq m

27 RCC roof Cu m

28 Plastering- cement plaster, lime plaster, mud,

etc.(thickness and proportion specified)

Sq m

29 Pointing Sq m

30 Dado(thickness specified) Sq m

31 White washing, colour washing and distempering Sq m

32 Pipe(Rain water, sanitary, waste water pipes) meter

33 Fixing door and windows Nos

34 Lining of irrigation Canal Sq m

35 Bituminous road surfacing Sq m

36 Water closet, wash basin Nos

37 Fan, plug point Point

38 Dismantling of brickwork Cu m

39 Explosive for blasting Kg

40 Supply of bitumen Ton

41 Supply of bare electric wire quintal

42 Paint Litre

Q. Calculate different items of work like, earthwork in excavation of

foundation, cement concrete in foundation, brickwork in superstructure, plinth

and footing work, DPC work and both side (no side and top wall)plastering

and colouring work of a single wall.

EC&PP⇒Lecture 1

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Mr. Sanjeet Sahoo

Assistant Professor


Sl no Description Nos Length(m) Breadth(

m)

Height(m) Quantity Remark

1 Earthwork in

excavation of

foundation

1 6 0.8 0.9 4.32 cu

m

2 Cement concrete in

foundation

1 6 0.8 0.3 1.44 cu

m

3 Brickwork in

plinth and footing

• 1st footing

• 2nd footing

• Plinth wall

1

1

1

6

6

6

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.2

0.2

0.8

0.72cu m

0.60cu m

1.92cu m

4 2.5 cm DPC work 1 6 0.4 ----- 2.4 sq m

5 Brickwork in

superstructure

1 6 0.3 3.5 6.3 cu m

6 Plastering

• Inside

• outside

1

1

6

6

--

--

3.5

4.2

21sq m

25.2 sqm

3.5+0.6+0.1

(10 cm

below G.l)

7 Colouring

• Inside

• outside

1

1

6

6

--

--

3.5

4.1

21sq m

24.6 sqm

3.5+0.6

EC&PP⇒Lecture 1

13

Mr. Sanjeet Sahoo

Assistant Professor


Methods of Building Estimation

1. Long wall – Short wall Method. • In Long wall – Short wall method of estimation, the external wall along

the length of the room is intended to be Long wall while the wall

perpendicular to the long wall is stated to be a Short wall.

• To get the length of the long wall or short wall, calculate first the

centerline lengths of the particular wall.

• Then the length of the long wall, (out to out) may be measured after

adding half breadth at each end to its centerline length.

• Thus, the length of short wall measured into in and may be found by

deducting half breadth from its centerline length at each end.

• The length of the short wall usually increases from earthwork to

brickwork in superstructure while the long wall decreases.

• These lengths are then multiplied by depth and breadth to get quantities.

• In short wall and long wall method, the wall along the length of the room

is considered to be a long wall, while the wall perpendicular to a long

wall is known to be a short wall.

• This method is also called separate or individual wall method. This is

simplest method of calculation with minimum error.

Note:-

➢ Long wall out-to-out= c/c length of long wall+ 1 width

➢ Short wall in-to-in== c/c length of short wall- 1 width

2. Center Line Method.

• In Center Line method of estimation, measurements of the wall are taken

up-to center. Internal measurements are generally taken.

• The thickness of half wall from one side and thickness of half wall from

another side in internal measurements are added in order to determine the

length of Center Line of room walls.

• If all of the steps are symmetrical in cross-section of the wall, then the

total length of the Center Line will be uniform for all items of the wall.

• If these steps are not symmetrical, then the length will be determined

separately for each step.

• Despite, if the design of walls is same throughout in building then it is

quite easy to find the length of Center Line.

EC&PP⇒Lecture 1

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Mr. Sanjeet Sahoo

Assistant Professor


• Center Line method is employed easily in circular and polygonal shaped

buildings.

• Despite, this method is also suitable to use in small buildings with few

rooms.

• Wall having different thickness and different foundation details are

difficult to find the quantity in this method.

3. PARTLY CENTRE LINE AND PARTLY CROSS WALL METHOD

• This method is adopted when external (i.e., around the building) wall is of

one thickness and the internal walls having different thicknesses. In such

cases, centre line method is applied to external walls and long wall-short

wall method isused to internal walls.

• This method suits for different thicknesses walls and different level of

foundations. Because of this reason, all engineering departments are

practicing this method.

Q. Calculate different items of work like, earthwork in excavation of

foundation, cement concrete in foundation, brickwork in superstructure, plinth

and footing work, Dpc work of a single room building by both the methods and

compare their quantity.

EC&PP⇒Lecture 1

15

Mr. Sanjeet Sahoo

Assistant Professor


➢ Long wall short wall method:

Sl.

no

Description Nos Length(

m)

Breadth

(m)

Height(

m)

Quanti

ty

Rema

rk

1 Earthwork in excavation of

foundation

➢ Long wall

➢ Short wall

2

2

6.2

3.4

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

10.04c

um

5.51cu

m

5.3+0.

9

4.3-0.9


foundation

➢ Long wall

➢ Short wall

2

2

6.2

3.4

0.9

0.9

0.3

0.3

3.35cu

m

1.83cu

m

3 Brickwork in plinth and

footing

➢ Long wall

• 1st footing

• Plinth wall

➢ Short wall

• 1st footing

• Plinth wall

2

2

2

2

5.9

5.8

3.7

3.8

0.6

0.5

0.6

0.5

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

2.13cu

m

1.74cu

m

1.33cu

m

1.14cu

m

4 2.5 cm DPC work

➢ Long wall

➢ Short wall

2

2

5.8

3.8

0.5

0.5

--

--

5.8sqm

3.8sqm

5 Brickwork in

superstructure

➢ Long wall

➢ Short wall

2

2

5.6

4

0.3

0.3

3.5

3.5

11.76c

um

8.40cu

m

EC&PP⇒Lecture 1

16

Mr. Sanjeet Sahoo

Assistant Professor


➢ Centreline Method:

Total centreline= 5.3+4.3+5.3+4.3=1.2m

Sl.

no

Description Nos Length(

m)

Breadt

h(m)

Heigh

t(m)

Quan

tity

Rem

ark

1 Earthwork in

excavation of

foundation

1 19.2 0.9 0.9 15.55

cum


foundation

1 19.2 0.9 0.3 5.18c

um

3 Brickwork in plinth

and footing

• 1st

footing

• Plinth

wall

1

1

19.2

19.2

0.6

0.5

0.3

0.3

3.46c

um

2.88c

um

4 2.5 cm DPC work

1 19.2 0.5 --

9.6sq

m

5 Brickwork in

superstructure

1 19.2 0.3 3.5 20.16

cum

Q. Calculate different items of work like, earthwork in excavation of foundation,

cement concrete in foundation, brickwork in superstructure, plinth and footing

work, dpc work, RCC work and plastering work of a single room building by

long-wall and short-wall method.

Data:

Thickness of lintel is 10 cm, foundation depth is 10 cm for staircase and length

of staircase is 1.5m(R=10cm, T=30cm),roof slab projection is 10cm on each

side and thickness is 15cm,chajja thickness 5cm.

EC&PP⇒Lecture 1

17

Mr. Sanjeet Sahoo

Assistant Professor


EC&PP⇒Lecture 1

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Mr. Sanjeet Sahoo

Assistant Professor


Sl.no Description No

s

Length(

m)

Breadth(

m)

Height(

m)

Quantity Remar

k

1 Earthwork in excavation

of foundation

➢ Long wall

➢ Short wall

Staircase

2

2

1

6.2

3.4

1.5

0.9

0.9

0.6

0.9

0.9

0.1

.04cum

5.51cum

0.09cum

5.3+0.9

4.3-0.9


foundation

➢ Long wall

➢ Short wall

Staircase

2

2

1

6.2

3.4

1.5

0.9

0.9

0.6

0.3

0.3

0.1

3.35cum

1.83cum

0.09cum

3 Brickwork in plinth and

footing

➢ Long wall

• 1st footing

• Plinth wall

➢ Short wall

• 1st footing

• Plinth wall

2

2

2

2

5.9

5.8

3.7

3.8

0.6

0.5

0.6

0.5

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

2.13cum

1.74cum

1.33cum

1.14cum

4 2.5 cm DPC work

➢ Long wall

➢ Short wall

➢ Deduction door

sill

2

2

1

5.8

3.8

1.2

0.5

0.5

0.5

--

--

--

5.8sqm

3.8sqm

.72sqm

5 Brickwork in

superstructure

➢ Long wall

➢ Short wall

Staircase

Step-1

Step-2

Deduction

Door opening

Window opening

Lintel over window

Lintel over door

and window

2

2

1

1

1

2

1

1

5.6

4

1.5

1.5

1.2

1

1.4

2.55

0.3

0.3

0.60

0.30

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

3.5

3.5

0.10

0.10

2.1

1.5

0.10

0.10

11.76cum

8.40cum

0.09cum

0.045cum

0.756cum

0.9cum

0.042cum

0.072cum

10cm

bearing

6 RCC work

➢ Roof slab

room(15cm)

➢ Chajja projection

Front

Side

1

1

1

4.8

3

1.2

5.8

0.45

0.45

0.15

0.05

0.05

4.176cum

0.0675cu

m

0.027cum

EC&PP⇒Lecture 1

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Mr. Sanjeet Sahoo

Assistant Professor


7 Plastering work

Inside

➢ Long wall

➢ Short wall

Outside

➢ Long wall

➢ Short wall

➢ Plinth side out

Deduction

➢ Door

➢ Window

2

2

2

2

1

1

2

5

4

5.6

4.6

19.2(5.6+

5.6+4+4)

1.2

1

--

--

--

--

---

3.5

3.5

3.9

3.9

0.10

2.1

1.5

36sqm

28sqm

43.68sqm

35.88sqm

1.92sqm

2.52 sq m

3 sq m

3.5+0.3

+0.1(10

cm

inside

bearing

into

ground

)

Q. Assignment:-

EC&PP⇒Lecture 1

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Mr. Sanjeet Sahoo

Assistant Professor


Documents

Estimating, costing and professional Practice Subject Code