INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONEthan Bloomer, Mattew Lutz, Salvatore Presti

Decembrists planned a coup for a constitution

Nicholas took the throne, coup was unsuccessful

Westerners wanted Russia to develop with the rest of Europe

Slavophiles wanted Russia to remain “unique”

Russia

Magyars pushed for Hungarian independence

Hungarians pushed for a more representative parliament

This caused other Hapsburg rule countries to revolt

Were divided by class, religion, and language

Austria

Ran by ambassadors instead of an assembly

Had little power, most was still with the princes

Prussia had a reasonable hold on the politics

Zollverein – Prussian customs that promoted free trade

Unified the German Confederation economically

German Confederation

Formed a constitutional monarchy due to colony revolts

Disagreements between the church, the state, and the people

France invaded in 1823

Little resistance

The constitution was disbanded after only 3 years

Spain

New rulers were under pressure from Napoleon’s rule

Promised constitutions, lower taxes, peace but the rulers were too insecure

Carbonari (charcoal burners) middle class men, these groups discussed Italy’ situation

Talked of peace and equality, tyranncide

Italy

The Charter – constitution from King Louis XVIII

Granted more power to legislature but also to the king

Chamber of Peers/Deputies

Ultraloyalist supported the divine-right monarchy and for emigres land to be returned

Emigres are ones who have moved out

Such people as nobility, Catholic royalist sympathizers and anti-republicans

France

Napoleonic Era cleared way for the Revolution

Land became less of an issue Landowners could meet the needs of

the national market Guilds abolished Allowed workers to freely move Replaceable parts made machines

easier

A New Era

Napoleonic code favored a open market Favored free contracts

Standardized Weights and Measures

Napoleon caused highways and bridges to be built

Continental System collapsed with Napoleon

Post-Napoleon Europe

Semi-stunted by Continental System Burdened with heavy debt after war Soldiers asking for pay Found compensation in American

markets Suffered economic slump postwar

England on the Rise

Experienced technological boom Used large amounts of resources to gain

an edge Inventions spurred new industry Revived others Factories sprang up due to capital and

workforce Factories led to roads, canals, and

railways

England on the Rise II

Scotland

Coal: Used because the forests were cut downTurned into Coke coal

Iron:New material of a new ageendorsed by the ironmaster John Wilkinson

Tech. of the Revolution

Coal on Right, Coke on Left

Originated as a pump for mines Several prototypes were invented James Watt patents the steam engine in

1782 It was three times as efficient as the first

one invented Used gears to convert pump into engine Produced 6 to 20 horse power Solved the Industrial Era power crisis

The Steam Engine

Steam technology applied to transportation

First railroad with engine built in 1825 Won prestige by outracing a horse England built up to 7000 miles of rail by

1851 Brought about a totally new industry Required multiple improvements to be

competitive

Railroads

Railroads

Brought raw materials to factories

Manufactured Products to Cities, connected cities to country and other cities

Brought chemical fertilizers to country, helped rural workers

move to find jobs

Used in conjunction with

telegraphs

Cotton!

1760: 2.5 million pounds imported to England

1830: 366 million imported to England Textile became the largest and most

important industry Almost exclusively organized in factories Price of cotton yarn fell to 1/20 the cost in

1760 Lancashire and Manchester became

textile capitals

National Differences: Start of Nationalism

Industrialization limited to Northern Europe

Areas with little coal or iron suffered Germany largely relied on trade fairs

and peddlers Eastern Europe remained agrarian Belgium become first industrialized

nation on continent

Everyone Sucks Except England

France and Germany slowly developed railways

Frances production of raw material increased threefold

England’s production was still 7x more! International financial ties began to form National banks would give loans to one

another The banking policies of the US started a

financial crisis

State Policies

Governments began to regulate and standardize

Railroads came under heavy regulation Tariffs were imposed in most of Europe When England repealed its grain tariff, it

proved an economic shift Policy was in favor of commercialists

instead of land owners

State Policies II

Bank of England had a monopoly on money issueing

Companies were forced to register with the bank

Forced to print budget guides (prototype to quarterly reports for investors)

Corporations formed to share debts and profit

Governments in Society

Most cities had subsidized improvements (sidewalks, omnibuses, street lights)

As they became costly, gov’ts took over slowly

Most gov’t set up postal services

Government Action

Subsidized public works and maintenance

Registered patents and sponsored education

Enforced contracts and prevented strikes

English gov’t employees increased fourfold

Another factor in the rise of nationalism

1851, 1st British industrial exhibition Built a giant greenhouse pavilion in

London Architectural milestone that attracted

crowds from all over Europe Major industrial countries brought

exhibits for display

THE CRYSTAL PALACE

Russia- raw materials (iron, coal, peat) Austria- luxury hand crafts (furniture,

musical instruments, etc.) Germany/Italian States- luxury goods

(some of the things that Austria brought except worse)

WHO BROUGHT WHAT: THE SUCKY COUNTRIES

America- fossils, soap, Colt revolvers, sewing machines, McCormick’s reaper

France- envelopes, submarines, other machines

Britain- everything everyone else brought but better

WHO BROUGHT WHAT

Economic growth caused social change New social problems requiring new

social policies Rise of middle class, decline of urban

poor

Social Effects

Power of technology, transformation of cities, competition

Most dominate in production of textilesPreviously a domestic taskEfficient factories increased

productionDrove older forms of production

out of businessWorkers driven by poverty,

children & women paid less

THE FACTORY

12 hour work day Employers maintained

efficiency through whips and fines

Poor conditions, poor health Law in England in 1847

limited day to 10 hours Workers had higher income

than ½ all laborers Separated work from family

life

Factory Life

Spread of specialization among groups and institutions

○ Collecting taxes, inspecting factories & schools, welfare fell to separate agencies

Nations differentiatedBritain left public matters to local gov’t and

private groupsFrance role of national gov’t increasedGermany combined centralization w/ local

autonomy

Differentiation

No longer based on rank or orderClasses based on occupation or source of

income Aristocracy – Nobles & relatives, upper

gentry, large landlords, wealthy patrician familiesDeclined after French RevolutionStill controlled most of wealthCriticized middle class for materialism

Social Structure & Aristocracy

Majority of Europeans Tied to land and tradition

Most tenants, poor & recruited for factory work

Agriculture more commercial after feudal obligations abolished

Problem integrating agricultural economy in Industrial RevolutionIn Britain peasants largely

eliminatedIn France owned 1/3 of land

Peasants

Dependence on wages set by employers

Often earned too little to support familyWomen and children worked

Many lived in slums Semiskilled workers better paid and

better offCarpenters, tailors, etc

Workers & Artisans

Skilled workers formed labor organizationsBanned everywhere

but in EnglandAssisted workers and

aimed to increase rights

Led to organization of strikes

Early Labor Movements

Most confident and assertive Opposed to aristocratic privilege Mainly urban, connected w/ cities

Fairly prosperous, only class from which one could fall

Wanted legal & economic freedom

Middle Classes

Family basic economic unit Men often migrated to find work

Women gained larger role Factories weakened family ties Middle class characterized by stay-at-

home wivesDomestic duties, unlike poorer classesStronger family ties

FAMILY LIFE

Terrible crowding in industrial areas and dependence on employers

Poor working conditions & nutrition made tuberculosis widespread

Common for 1/3 of males to be without work10% of population in poverty in

Britain & France

LIVING CONDITIONS

Wages increased in mid-1840s & 1850sWorkers forced to buy expensive goods in

company stores Alcoholism Use of soap increased health Brick construction and iron pipes

improved housing More luxuries available to lower-middle

classSugar, tea, meat

ADVANCES

Population growth – decline in diseased, increase in food, improved sanitationBetter transportation and techniques = more

foodPotato became staple of peasant diet

UrbanizationLondon reached 1 million peopleGrowth of cities

Changing Population