Ethernet in the First Mile

Ethernet in the First Mile

...Access for Everyone

Wael William DiabHoward M. Frazier

Published byStandards Information NetworkIEEE Press

ii Ethernet in the First Mile

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Jennifer McClain Longman, Managing EditorLinda Sibilia, Cover Designer

Diab, Wael William, 1976–Ethernet in the first mile : access for everyone / Wael William Diab, Howard Frazier.

p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 0-7381-4838-51.Ethernet (Local area network system) I. Frazier, Howard, (Howard M.), 1961–II.

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Ethernet in the First Mile iii

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Ethernet in the First Mile v

Acknowledgement

The IEEE 802.3 standard for Ethernet is the product of many great minds. Over the years, hundreds ofpeople have contributed to the standard, and we are grateful to have had the opportunity to work withmost of them. There is no doubt that Ethernet will continue to evolve and grow far into the future, andit is a good thing for all of us that the fate of Ethernet is in the hands of such capable individuals.

IEEE Std 802.3ah-2004 for Ethernet in the First mile was crafted by an exceptional group of task forceofficers, task force members and IEEE staff editors, all of whom deserve thanks and praise for theirefforts.

We also offer thanks to Kevin Q Daines, Vipul Bhatt, and the anonymous reviewers who helped usrefine our book. Any errors that may remain in the text are our fault, not theirs.

We would also like to take this opportunity to acknowledge our immediate families for their support,love and patience throughout the writing of this book, without which we would not have been able toundertake this project. Author Diab would also like to acknowledge his Aunt Helen and Uncle Hannain addition to his immediate family.

Lastly, we offer our thanks to the IEEE Standards Information Network/IEEE press, with heartfeltthanks to our editor, Jennifer McClain Longman.


vi Ethernet in the First Mile

Authors

Wael William Diab has over ten years experience in defining, architecting, and building next generation networking products. He has been a key member in industry, as well as in the standards community setting strategy for emerging networking technologies. He is currently with Broadcom as Director of Marketing looking at next generation products for the Networking Infrastructure Group. Prior to Broadcom, he worked at Cisco Systems in various capacities ranging in scope from technical and architectural leadership to business leadership, focused on next generation networking products and technologies.

Mr. Diab has been responsible for representing Cisco and Broadcom at industry forums like the IEEE and others. He has given a number of industry talks and keynote addresses on Ethernet in the First Mile (IEEE 802.3ah), access technologies, and emerging Ethernet technologies. He is an active member and contributor within the IEEE standards community. During the Ethernet in the First Mile (EFM) project, he was elected Chief Optics Editor in 2001 and was later elected and promoted to the position of Chief Editor for the entire IEEE 802.3ah standard where he oversaw all of EFM’s technical teams including optics, copper (DSL), OAM, and P2MP (EPON). Mr. Diab has been a key contributor on previous Ethernet projects such as IEEE 802.3af (Power over Ethernet) and 802.3ae (10 Gigabit Ethernet). He was also a key member of the team at Cisco that delivered the first Gigabit Ethernet products to the industry.

Today, Mr. Diab serves as Secretary of IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) and is an Officer in Ethernet’s Executive Committee overseeing on organization of 300+ members as well as all current projects and Ethernet standards. He has served on the Board of Directors for the Ethernet in the First Mile Alliance, as well as vice-chairman for the Marketing (MSAD) group of the Fiber to the Home (FTTH) Council and several program committees focused on networking and first mile activities. Mr. Diab has also been a contributing author on Ethernet. He is a strong advocate of academic research and innovation focused on the networking space. At Cisco he served as a technology research Director in addition to his regular duties and was a member of both Cisco’s University Research Board as well as Cisco’s Patent Committee. In the area of academic research, he has championed several projects including an optical PON project with UNH and a high speed copper PHY project with PDG (now The Technology Collaborative, TTC).

Mr. Diab holds BS and MS degrees in Electrical Engineering from Stanford University, a BA degree in Economics from Stanford, and an MBA with honors from the Wharton School of Business. He has developed over twelve patents in the networking space.

Ethernet in the First Mile vii

Howard M. Frazier is an independent consultant on matters relating to networking standards and technology. He was the founder and Chief Technical Officer of Dominet Systems, Inc., a Silicon Valley startup building Ethernet in the First Mile systems for broadband subscriber access networks.

Previously, Mr. Frazier was a Distinguished Engineer at Cisco Systems. He is one of the co-inventors of Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, and 10 Gigabit Ethernet, as well as the Chairman of the IEEE 802.3 Task Forces that wrote the standards for Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet. He also served a term as the Recording Secretary of the IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee. Among other accomplishments in high-speed networking, he developed the world’s first 10/100BASE-T network interface card in 1993 while working at Sun Microsystems. Mr. Frazier served as the Chairman of the IEEE 802.3ah Ethernet in the First Mile Task Force, is a former Chairman of the IEEE Standards Association’s Review Committee (RevCom), and was the Vice Chairman of the IEEE-SA Standards Board. He is a graduate of Carnegie-Mellon University.

viii Ethernet in the First Mile

Foreword

If Ethernet could talk it would say, like Samuel Clemens, “Reports of my death are greatly exaggerated”.

In the more than thirty years since Ethernet was invented, it has survived more attacks, with greater ferocity,from a larger number of wanna-be competitors, than any other computer network. Each time, the standardemerges stronger, more versatile, and better able to survive in a world otherwise marked by ever-increasingtechnological turmoil. Ethernet has endured and overcome Token bus, Token Ring, VG-ANYLan, FDDI, FibreChannel, ATM-to-the-desktop, and now, with these latest first-mile extensions, ATM-to-the-home, as thenetwork of choice for end-user interconnection.

Each battle brings a fresh challenge. And each time, the IEEE 802.3 standards-setting body, the folks responsiblefor maintaining and improving the Ethernet standard, rise over and above that challenge to provide a new level ofservice, at a lower level of cost, to an ever-broader spectrum of users.

Three key factors facilitate Ethernet's continued dominance in the field of computer networking.

1) The people in the committee2) The secret formula they follow3) The speed with which they act

I cannot say enough about the hardworking folks in the Ethernet committee that write these standards. Inparticular, I should like to thank my good friends Howard Frazier, Bob Grow, Jonathan Thatcher, and GeoffThompson for their long-term commitment to the success of Ethernet as a standard, and for building the supportorganization that Ethernet enjoys today. Hundreds of other people, obviously, participate in the technical work,the writing, the testing, the product development and the marketing involved in the creation of a majorinternational standard, but I have singled out these four as being, primarily, responsible for creating andmaintaining the secret formula from which Ethernet derives its unique success.

Mr. Thompson first articulated to me the secret formula upon my election in November of 1994 as chief technicaleditor of 802.3u (Fast Ethernet). I cite this formula as an explanation of Ethernet’s success to date, and as a guideto anyone who wishes to duplicate the success of the Ethernet committee (in another field).

First, one precipitates a small handful of technical experts from among the hundreds of participants at meetings.Ever try to get three engineers to agree on anything? How about 450? Believe me, nothing technically productivehappens in a committee meeting. Such meetings are not places where technical problems are solved. They are,quite simply, either roadblocks, or chances to sweep everyone along on a pre-determined, safe pathway. Theexperts plan in advance a safe pathway around, over, or through any technical obstacles that arise.

Between meetings, the experts fly all over the country, coordinating engineers at multiple companies, helpingthem prepare solution ideas, experimental results, and conclusions. At the next committee fracas, the committeehears a review of whatever “problem” arose at the last meeting, and then at least two, and possibly more,coordinated reports from independent laboratories converging on a common, shared solution. This is the military

Ethernet in the First Mile ix

equivalent of “overwhelming force”. Faced with that sort of powerful technical presentation most committeemembers are happy to vote for the coordinated solution.

Given this approach, Ethernet committees can strike hard, and strike fast, overtaking in a short period of timecompeting standards that have in some cases been under development for ten, twenty years or more.

The speed of operation benefits greatly from the independent marketing alliance associated with each Ethernetstandard. The alliance includes most companies supporting the development of the new standard. Thesecompanies promote the use of the standard, keep the world appraised of its progress, and keep their ownengineers focused squarely on the task at hand: writing a good standard that benefits everyone, and getting itdone quickly. Without this immediate pressure from a high-level marketing organization, a standard wanders,like Moses in the desert, for forty years without reaching a conclusion.

The last hallmark of a good standards-setting body is its willingness to embrace whole sections of other people’sstandards, thereby saving years of development agony. Successful use of another standard requires that you adoptcertain key parts, but intentionally change others in annoying little ways, forcing everyone to start over fromscratch. That places all the members an even footing, and that is a compromise anybody can vote for.

So far I have not mentioned the technology. I won’t, because that is the subject of this outstanding book byWael Diab and Howard Frazier, and because the technology changes—Ethernet adapts. What stays the same isthat Ethernet settles controversy; it does not create it. Ethernet crystallizes the computer industry around acommon set of principles and formats that, by their nature, create huge market opportunities for everyone. That iswhat matters, and that is why Ethernet in the First Mile holds such great promise.

Welcome to the world of Ethernet in the First Mile.

Howard JohnsonChief Technical Editor, IEEE 802.3u Fast Ethernet and IEEE 802.3z Gigabit Ethernet, Author of High-SpeedDigital Design: A Handbook of Black Magic, the Signal Integrity columnist for EDN Magazine, and a frequentguest lecturer at Oxford University. http://www.sigcon.com.

x Ethernet in the First Mile

PrefaceIt is virtually impossible today to buy or set up a computer without hearing the word Ethernet—the hallmark ofhigh-speed, easy-to-use computer communication, which has become a household name. It is also virtuallyimpossible to avoid answering the question of ‘what broadband technology best suits my needs?’ WhereEthernet had provided consumers with scalable and easy-to-use networking solutions over the past two decades,the broadband landscape has been confusing and cryptic for the consumer and equally as confusing andunprofitable for the providers.

On September 7, 2004, the Ethernet in the First Mile (EFM) standard, formally known as IEEE Std 802.3ah™-2004, was published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) and made available tothe world. The publication of the standard marked the culmination of four years of effort by industry leaders andinnovators to address the broadband subscriber access network market and its challenges. More importantly, thepublication of EFM introduced a suite of native Ethernet broadband technology, which, as a set, marked yetanother successful extension of Ethernet into a new market and definitively answered the question of ‘whatbroadband technology best suits my needs’ with a set of Ethernet technologies that mirrored the traditionalEthernet technologies in price, simplicity, and profitability.

IEEE Std 802.3ah-2004 is an outstanding resource for someone who wants to build equipment that is compatiblewith the EFM standard. This book brings the standard to life by explaining the basic principles behind thestandard, presenting the tradeoffs that led to the standardization of the specific technologies, and providing aguide to help you navigate through the formal prose.

We wrote this text as two individuals who were passionate in their efforts to raise the bar on the broadbandservices that every individual should enjoy. Together, we led the EFM project and we present to you theevolution of the standard along with our perspective on the various technologies.

Our book starts by introducing the Ethernet standards committee, its long and successful history, its language andnomenclature, along with its structure and decision-making process. We then re-enact the business andtechnology evolution that set the stage for a successful launch of EFM by introducing our readers to thepreceding and competing technologies that failed to capture the hearts of the consumer and the backing of theindustry leaders.

Next we introduce the EFM standard by giving an overview of its massive scope and various technology tracks,after which we dive into each technology devoting chapters that explain the technical, economic, and marketingaspects of the choices that were made in the EFM task force and written into IEEE Std 802.3ah-2004.

Throughout the text, we complement the technology discussions with practical issues such as implementationtradeoffs, design strategies, network topologies, interoperability and testing. All of which are things thatproviders, consumers, builders, and suppliers of EFM should be acutely aware of.

We also emphasize a core theme throughout the text, which is the distinct ability of EFM to carry information inthe broadband domain using native Ethernet frames. Moreover, we interlace the technology discussions withbusiness cases and considerations associated with deploying EFM. We present the insights of the leading

Ethernet in the First Mile xi

proponents who helped define the standard along with the parameters and issues that will guide our readers to theEFM technology that is best suited to address their needs. We conclude the text with a summary of the chaptersalong with our thoughts on its evolution.

We have put our thoughts together in a way that may be useful to end users, deployers, service providers, venturecapitalists, IT professionals, and research students. Each chapter starts with a summary along with our thoughtson the target audience and concludes with a summary of the concepts along with references for further reading.This format allows our readers quick access to the information they seek.


Ethernet in the First Mile xiii

Table of ContentsIntroduction................................................................................................................................ xxii

Chapter 1 Background and history ..............................................................................................1

1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................21.1 Overview of the chapter .........................................................................................................21.2 What to expect and who would benefit from reading this chapter.........................................21.3 What is the IEEE and where did that 802 number come from? .............................................21.4 A few words on the structure of IEEE 802 and its sub-groups ..............................................31.5 What is an IEEE 802 standard? ..............................................................................................5

1.5.1 Summary of steps for the creation of a standard............................................................61.5.2 Flow chart representation ...............................................................................................7

1.6 The IEEE 802.3 family—Ethernet .......................................................................................111.7 History of IEEE Std 802.3ah ................................................................................................111.8 EFM as a new addition to the IEEE 802.3 family................................................................121.9 Summary of Concepts Covered in this Chapter ...................................................................131.10 Additional References ........................................................................................................13

Chapter 2 The evolution of broadband ethernet ......................................................................15

2. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................162.1 Overview of the chapter .......................................................................................................162.2 What to expect, and who would benefit from reading this chapter......................................162.3 Broadband access—Data to the people!...............................................................................17

2.3.1 ISDN—I Still Don’t Know ..........................................................................................172.3.2 Cable modem—It’s not nice to share ...........................................................................182.3.3 ATM—This machine isn’t giving out any money .......................................................212.3.4 Satellite—Is there anybody out there? .........................................................................242.3.5 Broadband wireless—Can you hear me now? .............................................................242.3.6 Summarizing the landscape..........................................................................................25

2.4 Ethernet to the rescue ...........................................................................................................262.4.1 What makes Ethernet better?........................................................................................262.4.2 The standard in a nutshell.............................................................................................27

2.5 Defining the scope of work ..................................................................................................282.5.1 Passive optical networks ..............................................................................................282.5.2 Point-to-point optical fiber links ..................................................................................292.5.3 Twisted pair copper cabling .........................................................................................302.5.4 Management .................................................................................................................34

2.6 Summary and concepts covered in this chapter ...................................................................362.7 Additional References ..........................................................................................................36

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xiv Ethernet in the First Mile

Chapter 3 Overview of the EFM standard ................................................................................37

3. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................383.1 Overview of the chapter .......................................................................................................383.2 What to expect and the benefit of reading this chapter ........................................................383.3 Overview of the solutions introduced by EFM ....................................................................383.4 The scope of ethernet: The 7-layer OSI model ....................................................................393.5 The Ethernet Naming Convention and the Physical Layer Signaling System .....................433.6 EFM’s nine technologies and fourteen port types................................................................45

3.6.1 Optical point-to-point technologies..............................................................................453.6.2 Optical point-to-multipoint technologies .....................................................................493.6.3 Copper point-to-point technologies..............................................................................513.6.4 Management and the environment ...............................................................................52

3.7 A closer look at the architectural positioning of EFM .........................................................533.7.1 Architectural positioning of the point-to-point technologies .......................................543.7.2 Architectural positioning of the point-to-multipoint technologies...............................57

3.8 The scope of EFM ................................................................................................................603.9 What to read and where to find it: Structure of the EFM document ....................................613.10 Summary of concepts covered in this chapter....................................................................61

Chapter 4 Overview of the EFM optical specifications ............................................................63

4. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................644.1 Overview of the chapter .......................................................................................................654.2 What to expect and who would benefit from reading this chapter.......................................654.3 What is an optical PMD, and why should I care? ................................................................654.4. A Cost enabling philosophy ................................................................................................664.5 The style and structure of the optical clauses.......................................................................684.6 Common framework.............................................................................................................69

4.6.1 The fiber plant ..............................................................................................................694.6.2 The optical link model..................................................................................................744.6.3 The parameters .............................................................................................................804.6.4 A little more on the test points .....................................................................................814.6.5 BER ..............................................................................................................................90

4.7 An introduction to the optical tests.......................................................................................924.8 Killer packets: A life-saving contribution to the system folks .............................................934.9 Jitter: The important ‘normative’ information .....................................................................974.10 Summary and concepts covered in this chapter .................................................................984.11 Additional references..........................................................................................................98

Chapter 5 EFM’s point-to-point optical solutions .................................................................... 99

5. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................1005.1 Overview of the chapter .....................................................................................................100

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5.2 What to expect and who would benefit from reading this chapter.....................................1015.3 A few more words on the transceiver and the underlying laser technologies ....................101

5.3.1 Summarizing the landscape........................................................................................1015.3.2 The Transmitter Optical Sub-Assemby (TOSA)........................................................1035.3.3 The Receive Optical Sub-Assemby (ROSA) .............................................................1045.3.4 The Bidirectional Optical Sub-Assembly (BOSA) ....................................................104

5.4 Architectural decisions .......................................................................................................1045.4.1 Operating speed..........................................................................................................1055.4.2 Link span ....................................................................................................................1065.4.3 Fiber count..................................................................................................................1075.4.4 Single vs dual wavelength..........................................................................................1085.4.5 Leveraging the installed base .....................................................................................113

5.5 100 Mbps dual fiber P2P ....................................................................................................1145.5.1 The market and motivating applications ....................................................................1145.5.2 Laser and receiver technologies .................................................................................1155.5.3 Measuring BER at 100 Mbps using special extrapolation techniques .......................119

5.6 100 Mbps single fiber P2P .................................................................................................1205.6.1 The Market and Motivating Applications ..................................................................1205.6.2 Laser and receiver technologies .................................................................................1215.6.3 Similarities to and differences from the 100 Mbps dual fiber P2P solution ..............1245.6.4 Similarities to and differences from the Japanese TTC 1000 standard......................125

5.7 1000 Mbps dual fiber P2P ..................................................................................................1265.7.1 The market and motivating applications ....................................................................1275.7.2 Laser and receiver technologies .................................................................................1295.7.3 Similarities to and differences from 1000BASE-LX .................................................1345.7.4 Similarities to and differences from the 100 Mbps dual fiber solution......................137

5.8 1000 Mbps single fiber P2P ...............................................................................................1395.8.1 A detailed description.................................................................................................1405.8.2 Laser and receiver technologies .................................................................................1405.8.3 Similarities to and differences from the 1000 Mbps dual fiber solution....................1445.8.4 Similarities to and differences from the 100 Mbps dual fiber solution......................1445.8.5 Rationale for using different wavelength plans for 100BASE-BX10

and 1000BASE-BX10 ................................................................................................1445.9 Extended temperature operation.........................................................................................1465.10 Platform design: Leveraging the optical commonalities for cost-effective

implementations ...............................................................................................................1495.11 Summary of concepts covered in this chapter..................................................................1505.12 Additional references........................................................................................................150

Chapter 6 Looking above the PMDs for EFM’s point-to-point optical solutions ...............151

6. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................1526.1 Overview of the chapter .....................................................................................................1526.2 What to expect and who would benefit from reading this chapter.....................................1526.3 The purpose of Clause 66 ...................................................................................................152

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6.4 Review of the layer model for EFM optical point-to-point links.......................................1536.5 Layers common to 100 Mbps and 1000 Mbps ...................................................................154

6.5.1 The MAC....................................................................................................................1546.5.2 MAC Control..............................................................................................................1556.5.3 OAM...........................................................................................................................155

6.6 100BASE-X........................................................................................................................1566.6.1 Relationship to previous standards.............................................................................1566.6.2 RS and MII .................................................................................................................1566.6.3 PCS.............................................................................................................................1586.6.4 PMA ...........................................................................................................................1596.6.5 How it all fits together in the 100BASE-X PHY .......................................................160

6.7 1000BASE-X......................................................................................................................1626.7.1 Relationship to previous standards.............................................................................1636.7.2 RS and GMII ..............................................................................................................1636.7.3 The PCS......................................................................................................................1676.7.4 The PMA ....................................................................................................................1706.7.5 How it all fits together in the 1000BASE-X PHY .....................................................173

6.8 Summary of concepts covered in this chapter ....................................................................1756.9 Additional References ........................................................................................................175

Chapter 7 An introduction to EPONs and a discussion of the P2MP PMDs .......................177

7. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................1787.1 Overview of the chapter .....................................................................................................1787.2 What to expect and who would benefit from reading this chapter.....................................1797.3 Background and Basic PON and EPON Frameworks........................................................179

7.3.1 What is PON?.............................................................................................................1797.3.2 What is an EPON?......................................................................................................1817.3.3 The simplicity behind deploying PONs .....................................................................1827.3.4 New concepts when looking at a PON network vs a traditional P2P network ..........183

7.4 An architectural introduction..............................................................................................1857.5 Architectural decisions .......................................................................................................186

7.5.1 Why specify two distances.........................................................................................1867.5.2 Cost optimization .......................................................................................................1877.5.3 Leveraging Gagabit Ethernet .....................................................................................188

7.6 The guts of an EPON transceiver: Similarities between 1000BASE-BX and 1000BASE-PX transceivers ...............................................................................................189

7.7 New PMD parameters ........................................................................................................1907.7.1 Additional transmitter parameters ..............................................................................1907.7.2 Additional receiver parameters ..................................................................................191

7.8 1000BASE-PX10: Single fiber 10 km P2MP ....................................................................1927.8.1 The market and motivating applications ....................................................................1947.8.2 Laser and receiver technologies .................................................................................1957.8.3 The power budget.......................................................................................................201

7.9 1000BASE-PX20: Single fiber 20 km P2MP ....................................................................208

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7.9.1 The market and motivating applications ....................................................................2097.9.2 Laser technologies......................................................................................................2107.9.3 Receiver technologies ................................................................................................2147.9.4 The power budget.......................................................................................................216

7.10 Interoperability between the various EPON PMDs..........................................................2207.11 EPON topologies ..............................................................................................................2217.12 Summary of concepts covered in this chapter ..................................................................223

Chapter 8 The EPON PHY .......................................................................................................225

8. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................2268.1 Overview of the chapter .....................................................................................................2278.2 What to expect and who would benefit from reading this chapter.....................................2278.3 65: The “reader’s digest”....................................................................................................2278.4 The Gigabit Ethernet layers................................................................................................228

8.4.1 A review of the layering model for P2P.....................................................................2298.4.2 The P2MP layering model..........................................................................................2308.4.3 Similarities and differences between P2P GigE and P2MP GigE layering diagrams231

8.5 Point-to-point emulation.....................................................................................................2328.5.1 Why do anything special in the first place .................................................................2338.5.2 Introducing the Logical Link ID (LLID)....................................................................2348.5.3 LLID makeup and its impact on the receiver’s RS ....................................................2378.5.4 Implementations: Physical vs virtual .........................................................................2388.5.5 Why have such a BIG LLID value.............................................................................238

8.6 Burst mode operation .........................................................................................................2408.6.1 Overview of the PCS sublayer extenstion..................................................................2408.6.2 A review of the burst mode timing diagram and paramters .......................................2438.6.3 Transmission: Introducing Tx_Enable and PMD_SIGNAL.request .........................2468.6.4 Reception....................................................................................................................2498.6.5 Normative vs informative parameters in the burst receiver path ...............................2518.6.6 Implementation: Architectural overhaul vs tweaking ................................................2528.6.7 Doing better than the minimum requirement: The protocol allowances....................259

8.7 Forward error correction (FEC) for 1000BASE-PX ..........................................................2608.7.1 FEC sublayer functionality.........................................................................................2618.7.2 Sequence of transmit operations ................................................................................2638.7.3 Sequence of receive operations ..................................................................................265

8.8 Delay through the PHY ......................................................................................................2688.9 Summary of concepts covered in this chapter ....................................................................2698.10 Additional references........................................................................................................269

Chapter 9 EPON multipoint control protocol .........................................................................271

9. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................2729.1 Overview of the chapter .....................................................................................................272

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9.2 Who will benefit from reading this chapter........................................................................2729.3 Overview of MPCP ............................................................................................................272

9.3.1 An EPON view from an Ethernet frame’s perspective ..............................................2769.3.2 Multipoint MAC control sublayer functions..............................................................2789.3.3 Ranging and calculation of round trip time................................................................2819.3.4 Clock synchronization and timestamp drift ...............................................................283

9.4 MPCPDUs ..........................................................................................................................2849.4.1 GATE MPCPDU........................................................................................................2859.4.2 REPORT MPCPDU ...................................................................................................2859.4.3 REGISTER_REQ MPCPDU .....................................................................................2889.4.4 REGISTER MPCPDU ...............................................................................................2889.4.5 REGISTER_ACK MPCPDU.....................................................................................289

9.5 Discovery and registration process.....................................................................................2919.6 GATE and REPORT messages ..........................................................................................2929.7 Single copy broadcasting....................................................................................................2939.8 Summary of concepts covered in this chapter ....................................................................2939.9 Additional References ........................................................................................................293

Chapter 10 Copper physical layers ..........................................................................................295

10. Introduction ................................................................................................................................29610.1 Overview of the chapter ...................................................................................................29610.2 Who will benefit from reading this chapter......................................................................29610.3 The premise of Ethernet over telephone wire...................................................................29610.4 Relationship to ATIS, ETSI, and ITU-T ..........................................................................29810.5 The need for two modulation techniques .........................................................................301

10.5.1 Service characteristics ..............................................................................................30110.5.2 Available modulation techniques .............................................................................30210.5.3 Selection of modulation techniques .........................................................................303

10.6 Layering and sublayer interfaces......................................................................................30510.6.1 The gamma interface ................................................................................................30710.6.2 The alpha (Beta) interface ........................................................................................309

10.7 Physical coding sublayer (PCS) functions .......................................................................31010.7.1 MAC-PHY rate matching.........................................................................................31010.7.2 PME aggregation function (PAF) ............................................................................312

10.8 Transmission convergence (TC) sublayer functions ........................................................31410.8.1 Encapsulation and encoding.....................................................................................31410.8.2 TC synchronization ..................................................................................................31810.8.3 Bit ordering ..............................................................................................................319

10.9 Management .....................................................................................................................32110.10 Summary of the concepts presented in this chapter .......................................................32410.11 For further reference.......................................................................................................324

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Chapter 11 Copper physical layer signalling .......................................................................... 325

11. Introduction ................................................................................................................................32611.1 Overview of the chapter ...................................................................................................32611.2 Who will benefit from reading this chapter......................................................................32611.3 10PASS-TS (Ethernet over VDSL)..................................................................................326

11.3.1 10PASS-TS physical medium attachment (PMA) sublayer ....................................32911.3.2 10PASS-TS physical medium dependent sublayer..................................................33211.3.3 Performance characteristics......................................................................................335

11.4 2BASE-TL (Ethernet over SHDSL).................................................................................33911.4.1 2BASE-TL physical medium attachment sublayer..................................................33911.4.2 2BASE-TL physical medium dependent sublayer ...................................................34211.4.3 Performance characteristics......................................................................................343

11.5 Summary of concepts covered in this chapter ..................................................................34411.6 Additional references........................................................................................................345

Chapter 12 Simplified full-duplex media access control ........................................................347

12. Introduction ................................................................................................................................34812.1 Overview of the chapter ...................................................................................................34812.2 Who will benefit from reading this chapter......................................................................34812.3 The evolution of the Ethernet MAC.................................................................................34812.4 Full-duplex flow control using ‘Pause’ ............................................................................35212.5 IPG stretching...................................................................................................................35412.6 Full-duplex flow control using carrier deferral ................................................................35512.7 The simplified full-duplex MAC......................................................................................35612.8 Applicability for EFM ......................................................................................................36012.9 Applicability beyond EFM...............................................................................................36012.10 Summary of the concepts presented in this chapter .......................................................36112.11 For further reference.......................................................................................................361

Chapter 13 Management ...........................................................................................................363

13. Introduction ................................................................................................................................36413.1 Overview of the chapter ...................................................................................................36413.2 What to expect and who would benefit from reading this chapter...................................36413.3 Enterprise network management ......................................................................................36413.4 Broadband subscriber access network management ........................................................36813.5 Review of the OAM objective..........................................................................................36913.6 Overview of the protocol..................................................................................................37413.7 OAM protocol data units ..................................................................................................377

13.7.1 Information OAMPDU ............................................................................................37813.7.2 Event notification .....................................................................................................38013.7.3 Variable requests and responses...............................................................................380

Table of Contents

xx Ethernet in the First Mile

13.7.4 Loopback control......................................................................................................38113.7.5 Organization specific OAMPDUs............................................................................38313.7.6 OAM TLVs ..............................................................................................................38413.7.7 Variable descriptors and variable containers ...........................................................385

13.8 Modes ...............................................................................................................................38613.9 Discovery..........................................................................................................................38713.10 Multiplexer and parser....................................................................................................38813.11 Additions to Clause 30 ...................................................................................................390

13.11.1 MPCP managed object class ..................................................................................39113.11.2 OAM managed object class....................................................................................39113.11.3 OMPEmulation.......................................................................................................39213.11.4 PAF.........................................................................................................................39313.11.5 PME........................................................................................................................39313.11.6 MAU.......................................................................................................................393

13.12 Additions to Clause 45 ...................................................................................................39413.13 Summary of concepts covered in this chapter ................................................................39413.14 Additional references......................................................................................................395

Chapter 14 Summary and conclusions ....................................................................................397

14. Introduction ................................................................................................................................39814.1 Overview of the chapter ...................................................................................................39814.2 What to expect, and who would benefit from reading this chapter..................................39814.3 Summary...........................................................................................................................398

14.3.1 Background and history ...........................................................................................39914.3.2 Evolution of broadband subscriber access networks................................................39914.3.3 Overview of the EFM standard ................................................................................40114.3.4 Introduction to optical interfaces..............................................................................40214.3.5 Point to point optical interfaces................................................................................40314.3.6 Point to point optical physical layers .......................................................................40514.3.7 Point to point multi-point optical interfaces.............................................................40614.3.8 The EPON PHY .......................................................................................................40814.3.9 Multipoint control protocol ......................................................................................40914.3.10 Copper physical layers ...........................................................................................40914.3.11 Copper physical layer signalling ............................................................................41014.3.12 Simplified full duplex media access control ..........................................................41114.3.13 Management ...........................................................................................................412

14.4 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................414

Annex A The different PONs.....................................................................................................417

A. Introduction .................................................................................................................................418A.1 Overview of the Annex......................................................................................................418A.2 What to expect and who would benefit from reading this Annex .....................................418

Table of Contents

Ethernet in the First Mile xxi

A.3 What are the other PONs? .................................................................................................418A.4 Physical layer and protocol differences.............................................................................420

A.4.1 APON/BPON ............................................................................................................421A.4.2 GPON ........................................................................................................................425

A.5 Summary of concepts covered in this Annex ....................................................................432A.6 Additional references.........................................................................................................432

Index ...........................................................................................................................................433

xxii Ethernet in the First Mile

Introduction

Ever since Bob Metcalfe and David Boggs invented Ethernet at Xerox® Palo Alto Research Center in 1973, ithas enjoyed unparalleled success as the computer communications network of choice. Ethernet has grown inpopularity over the past three decades, surpassing all rivals and exceeding all expectations. Originally envisionedas a means for connecting dozens of computers within a building or a corporate campus with a Local AreaNetwork (LAN), Ethernet quickly achieved preeminence in that environment. Today, while Ethernet continues tobe the dominant technology for building corporate LANs, it has expanded into many other areas, includingindustrial control, home automation, home entertainment, musical instruments, Metropolitan Area Networks(MANs), Wide Area Networks (WANs), and even submarine networks.

The reason for Ethernet’s success, and the key to its versatility, is its inherent elegance and simplicity. Ethernetworks so well because it does exactly what is needed, no more and no less. Eschewing fads and fashion, Ethernetmaintains a low profile in the universe of high technology. Transparent is an adjective that is much in voguethese days, whether one is discussing a political process, corporate governance, the behavior of a machine suchas an automotive transmission, or a computer program. It is used to praise a complex system that performs itsintended function in a reliable and predictable manner without corrupting the results. In this sense, Ethernet is astransparent as a network can be. Because this is so, Ethernet lends itself to any application that requires a highspeed, low cost, and dependable communication mechanism. Because Ethernet serves these applications betterthan any alternative, it has become ubiquitous to the point where it is difficult to purchase a piece of computerequipment that does not include an Ethernet interface. In the case of Ethernet, ubiquity will extend intoperpetuity, since everything created in the future must communicate with everything created in the past.

Since 1980, the evolution of Ethernet has been guided and overseen by the IEEE 802.3 Carrier Sense MultipleAccess with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) Working Group of the IEEE 802 LAN/MAN StandardsCommittee (LMSC). The IEEE 802.3 Working Group is made up of hundreds of individuals who are employedby the stalwart corporations of the computer networking industry. Via the decisions of these individuals, theindustry has carefully nurtured the technical development of Ethernet over numerous generations, all the whileincreasing its popularity and growing its base of applications. It is no small feat to balance the competitiveinterests of a hundred or so companies and create voluntary, consensus-based industry standards that rendercutting edge technology to a form that can be mass-produced, bubble-packed, and sold as a commodity, all thewhile maintaining backwards compatibility with the over one billion instances of products that were previouslysold.

An industry standard is usually written as a very formal document that follows a strict set of conventions. Aproperly written standard contains only the set of essential requirements that must be met in order to be able toclaim compliance with the standard. It should not contain tutorial information, nor much in the way ofexplanation. It should contain, as Sergeant Joe Friday from the old television serial Dragnet would say, ‘Thefacts, ma’am, just the facts.’ Industry standards are also usually written by a committee, with each memberbringing their own preferences, biases, and factual contributions to the writing and review process. A mature andsuccessful standards committee, such as the IEEE 802.3 CSMA/CD (aka Ethernet) Working Group, also has its

xxiii Ethernet in the First Mile

own history, traditions, conventions, and legends. All of these factors influence the development of an industrystandard, from the first germ of an idea through to the finished product.

Given the popularity of Ethernet and the role of the IEEE 802.3 Working Group as its gatekeeper and theprotector of its eternal flame, it comes as no surprise that many ‘brilliant’ ideas for the next big thing innetworking are vetted in the hallowed meeting halls of this committee. Indeed, virtually every meeting of theIEEE 802.3 Working Group bears witness to yet another proposal for tweaking, twisting, poking, prodding,pushing, pulling, folding, spindling, or otherwise mutilating Ethernet. This is the inevitable consequence ofsuccess. .

In Tampa, Florida, on November 7, 2000, the IEEE 802.3 Working Group heard the first presentations on thetopic of 'Ethernet in the Last Mile'. This ‘brilliant’ idea was inaugurated by one of the authors of this tome,shortly after he founded a startup company to develop products based on this concept. Identifying the last mile as‘the critical link between users and the internet’ and claiming that current technology offerings for this marketwere found to be lacking, author Frazier led the call for interest (CFI) and suggested to the IEEE 802.3 WorkingGroup that they study the concept of using Ethernet as the foundation for broadband subscriber access networks.1

There was a great deal of support for this proposal, as evidenced by the ten other speakers who embraced theconcept.2 When asked the question: ‘Should IEEE 802.3 form a study group to develop a project proposal forEthernet in the Last Mile?’ the response was 159 individuals voting in favor, with 0 voting in opposition.Three-and-a-half years, twenty-two week-long meetings, thousands of detailed comments, uncounted man yearsof effort, 692 pages, and several defunct startup companies later, IEEE Std 802.3ah™-2004 was formally andfinally approved, giving the world a definitive standard for the use of Ethernet technology in broadbandsubscriber access networks.

This book provides the story of why it happened, how it happened, what exactly happened, and what it will dofor you. As the leaders of the standards project, your humble authors saw it all, from beginning to end. We willseparate the facts from fiction, giving you the straight scoop, and the inside story. This work is meant to serve asa companion to the IEEE standard; a Rosetta stone to help you decipher the hieroglyphics. We will provide thetutorial material that is forbidden in formal standards documents, providing insights and illuminating the murkycorners of the arcana. Our goal is to give you a better understanding of Ethernet in the First Mile, and maybe achuckle or two.

1 http://www.ieee802.org/3/efm/public/nov00/frazier_1_1100.pdf2 http://www.ieee802.org/3/efm/public/nov00/index.html

Ethernet in the First Mile 1

Chapter 1 Background and History

Overview of the ChapterWhat to Expect and Who Would Benefit from Reading this ChapterWhat is the IEEE and where did that 802 number come from?A Few Words on the Structure of 802 and its Sub-GroupsWhat is an IEEE 802 standard?

Summary of Steps for the Creation of a StandardFlow Chart Representation

The IEEE 802.3 Family—EthernetHistory of IEEE Std. 802.3ahEFM as a new addition to the IEEE 802.3 FamilySummary of Concepts Covered in this ChapterAdditional References

Chapter 1: Background and History

2 Ethernet in the First Mile

1. Introduction

The IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee (LMSC) is the world’s most renowned and influential entity insetting voluntary, consensus-based standards for computer networks. IEEE 802 and its daughter committee IEEE802.3, which is responsible for the standardization of Ethernet, consistently push the boundaries of networkingtechnology through the development of ever more ambitious projects. Thus, it should come as no surprise thatIEEE 802 would take on the tumultuous field of broadband access networks, and apply the time-tested andproven technology of Ethernet to this emerging market.

This book will explore the various facets of IEEE Std 802.3ah-2004, colloquially known as Ethernet in the FirstMile, or EFM. We will explain the evolution of the standard as well as the architectural model, technical details,applications, and business drivers. The text is intended to serve as a companion to the standard as well as anindepth resource, giving insight into the technology and providing guidance for developers, deployers, and users.

We hope that our words help advance the evolution of broadband subscriber access networks. Just as Ethernetmade networking connectivity ubiquitous for computers in corporate environments, we believe that EFM willmake true broadband access networking ubiquitous for residential and business consumers.

1.1 Overview of the chapter

This chapter will give you a historical perspective on the IEEE, its successful 802 LMSC, and its extraordinary802.3 (Ethernet) Working Group. We will briefly discuss some of the stellar (and not so stellar) milestones thathave been reached in the course of developing the IEEE 802.3 standard. We conclude the chapter by introducingEFM as part of the Ethernet standard.

1.2 What to expect and who would benefit from reading this chapter

This chapter is mainly intended for historical background. We recommend this chapter to readers that arecurious, looking to learn more about the standardization process, or may be thinking of participating in the workof IEEE 802 in the future.

1.3 What is the IEEE and where did that 802 number come from?

IEEE stands for the ‘Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.’, an organization that was officiallyfounded on January 1, 19631 when the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE) and the Institute ofRadio Engineers (IRE) merged. Today, the IEEE is the world’s largest technical professional society, with morethan 365,000 members in 150 countries.

1 The origins of the IEEE Computer Society, however, can be traced as far back as 1946 when a Subcommittee on Large-Scale Computing of the AIEE was formed. A similar group focusing on Electronic Computers was formed by the IRE in 1949, but it was not until 1963 that both parent societies merged to form the IEEE, under which the IEEE Computer Society was created.



Among the many activities within the IEEE, the IEEE Standards Association (IEEE-SA) has committees that arecharged with the development of voluntary, consensus-based industry standards. Voluntary standards do notcarry the weight of law or government regulation (although IEEE standards are sometimes adopted bygovernment bodies), and consensus-based standards are arrived at through an open, transparent, and democraticdevelopment process. One of the largest and most prolific standards development committees in the IEEE-SA isthe IEEE 802 LMSC and it functions as the sponsor for a number of networking-related standards projects in itsvarious working groups.

Today, the number 802 has been associated with many successful networking standards and has become knownto many inside and outside the networking community. Ironically, the origins of the number 802 were verysimple; it was the next available number for the original IEEE project focussed on local area network (LAN)standards. The group’s first meeting was in February of 1980. The group became known as the TechnicalCommittee on Computer Communications (TCCC or ‘T-Triple-C’). The scope of the group was widened toinclude metropolitan area network (MAN) standards after its inception, and the group’s name was modified toreflect the broader scope.

1.4 A few words on the structure of IEEE 802 and its sub-groups

The IEEE 802 LMSC consists of several groups, each of which is designated by a decimal number following the802 project designation. There are three types of standing committees that exist under 802: the sponsor ExecutiveCommittee (EC), working groups (WGs) and technical advisory groups (TAGs). The EC is responsible for theoverall leadership and governance of the LMSC. The members of the EC include the LMSC Chair, variousappointed officers, and the elected chairs of each of the WGs and TAGs. WGs are charged with the developmentof individual networking standards. Their products are usually designated as IEEE Standards. These documentscontain specific technical requirements that are identified by the use of the word shall, e.g., ‘The amplitude of thesignal shall be between 500 and 750 mV.’ TAGs may produce either IEEE Recommended Practices or Guides.These documents do not define mandatory requirements for compliance. TAGs may also produce various otherforms of correspondence, such as responses to a Notice of Proposed Rule Making from the United States FederalCommunications Commission (FCC). In addition to these standing committees, study groups may be charteredfor a brief (usually no more than six month) period to investigate a new area for standards development prior tothe initiation of a formal project.

The family of standards produced by the IEEE 802 LMSC is shown in Figure 1–1, which is reproduced from theintroduction to IEEE Std 802.3™-2002.



As of this writing, the active groups within the LMSCare: 802.1 (Higher Layer Interfaces and Bridging) WG,802.3 (CSMA/CD aka Ethernet) WG, 802.11 (WirelessLAN) WG, 802.15 (Wireless Personal Area Network)WG, 802.16 (Wireless MAN) WG, 802.17 (ResilientPacket Ring) WG, 802.18 (Radio Regulatory) TAG,802.19 (Wireless Coexistence) TAG, 802.20 (MobileWireless MAN) WG, 802.21 (Wireless Hand-off) WG,and the 802.22 (Wireless Regional Area Network) WG.Over the history of the LMSC, some of its workinggroups have gone into hibernation, or been disbanded,because they have concluded the work on theirstandards. Two groups, the 802.8 Fiber Optic TAG andthe 802.14 CATV LAN WG, have failed in their effortsto complete a project. Interestingly, two of the oldestgroups in the LMSC, 802.1 and 802.3, continue to existand are very active in producing new standards.Furthermore, IEEE standard 802.3 continues to be boththe most widely implemented (in terms of the numberof different physical implementations) and most widelydeployed (in terms of the number of units deployed)local area networking standard in history, surpassing itsclosest competitor by at least an order of magnitude.Not bad for a technology that is over 32 years old.2

2 The invention of Ethernet is dated from a May, 1973 memo by Dr. Robert Metcalf of the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center.

* Formerly IEEE Std 802.1A®.

DATALINK

LAYER

PHYSICAL

802.2® LOGICAL LINK

802.1® BRIDGING

802.

1® M

AN

AG

EM

EN

T

802®

OVE

RVIE

W &

AR

CH

ITEC

TUR

E*

802.

10®

SE

CU

RIT

Y

802.3®

MEDIUMACCESS

.

802.3®

PHYSICAL

802.4®

MEDIUMACCESS

802.4®

PHYSICAL

802.5®

MEDIUMACCESS

802.5®

PHYSICAL

802.6®

MEDIUMACCESS

802.6®

PHYSICAL

802.11®

MEDIUMACCESS

802.11®

PHYSICAL

802.12®

MEDIUMACCESS

802.12®

PHYSICAL LAYER

802.16®

MEDIUMACCESS

802.16®

PHYSICAL

Figure 1–1—The IEEE 802 family of standards

Lucky 13

There has never been an 802.13 WG or TAG,because networking engineers are a superstitiouslot. The LMSC jumped right from 802.12(Demand Priority Access Method) to 802.14(CATV LAN) without even proposing theformation of an 802.13 WG. Consider that the802.12 standard was an abject failure in themarketplace, despite ardent support from no lessthan Hewlett-Packard, IBM, and AT&T, and that itwas withdrawn at the first opportunity. Consideralso that the 802.14 WG was disbanded withoutever producing a standard (to date, the only WG tosuffer this ignominy), having been overtaken by acompeting industry group called DOCSIS. Wasmere numeric proximity sufficient to doom theseefforts? Someday, it might be wise to challengesuperstition by creating an 802.13 WG. If 802.13were only half as successful as 802.1 and 802.3have been, it would still be the third mostsuccessful networking standard in history.



An idea for new standards work in an area of computer networking is usually proposed to a particular workinggroup within 802. If there is evidence of sufficient interest in this area, the working group creates a study groupto examine and more precisely define the scope of work, and to develop a rudimentary business case for theproject. The final products of the study group are a formal contract for the development of the standard (knownas a Project Authorization Request, or PAR) and the business case for the project, known as the ‘5 Criteria.’ Oncethe PAR has been approved by the 802 Executive Committee, and by the IEEE-SA Standards Board, a task forcecan be formed, usually within an existing working group, to carry out the work of developing the new standard.

Study groups and task forces usually work under the charter of a specific working group, which in turn worksunder the charter of the LMSC. This structure allows for innovation by experts in a particular field of networkingwhile maintaining a level of cultural and technical continuity. Typically, a new project will bring together thetalents of both an ‘old guard’ of experienced professionals, some of whom have been attending 802 meetings fordecades, as well as enthusiastic newcomers who bring fresh ideas to the committee. Occasionally, the LMSCdetermines that it is appropriate to form a new working group or technical advisory group to pursue a new area ofstandardization. This is a fairly infrequent occurrence, as only 22 WGs and TAGs have been formed in the25-year history of IEEE 802.

Large task forces working on a large and complexproject, such as the IEEE 802.3ah EFM task force, areoften further divided into specialized sub-groups. In thecase of EFM, four such sub-task forces were formed:Optics, OAM, P2MP, and Copper. There will be moreon the acronyms and the work later.

1.5 What is an IEEE 802 standard?

The LMSC’s chief responsibility is the creation ofnetworking standards, specifically standards for the twolowest layers of the International Organization forStandardization’s (ISO’s) seven-layer Open SystemsInterconnection (OSI) model. Typically, an 802standard begins within a working group, whereby agroup of individuals representing various companiesand interests in the industry come together to perform aCall For Interest (CFI). As mentioned above, asuccessful call will result in the formation of a studygroup, the charter of which is to identify a set ofobjectives that describe the scope of the project.

It is noteworthy to mention two items at this point that may provide some insight into the philosophy and successof the 802 standards in general and the Ethernet standard in particular. First, 802 sticks to a fairly narrowly-defined area, limited to the Physical layer and Data Link layer of the OSI model. Despite frequent suggestions toexpand the scope to include upper layers, the LMSC generally stays within the bounds of this relatively narrowscope, thus avoiding the temptation to attempt to solve all of the problems in the world of computer networking.

Remember the Member1

The IEEE-SA is unique among the majorstandards development organizations in the world,in that it offers individual as well as corporatemembership. In the authors’ opinion, this is one ofthe organization’s greatest strengths, and nowhereis this more evident than in the IEEE 802 LMSC.The individual voices and talents of more than1500 highly intelligent networking professionalsare exercised at every 802 meeting, and while thissometimes results in odd debates betweenemployees of the same company, it guarantees thatthe standards generated by IEEE 802 are theproduct of unfettered creative thought that is thensubjected to the highest degree of objectivetechnical scrutiny. There is no better way to writenetworking standards.1 An old slogan of the IEEE.



Second, proposals are rigorously evaluated with respect to the ‘5 Criteria’ (sometimes referred to as the‘5 Critters’) by long-term participants in the standards process. The 5 Criteria are summarized as: Broad MarketPotential, Compatibility, Distinct Identity, Technical Feasibility, and Economic Feasibility.

Third, as is the case in every IEEE standards project, all technical issues require a majority of greater than orequal to 75% voting in favor for approval. This is clearly a very high bar to reach since a mere 25% of the votingmembership voting against approval can block progress. Decisions are therefore the product of a true andenduring consensus, ensuring that once a decision is made, it will be widely supported. Thus, compromise,partnerships and teamwork are essential for success.

The combination of these factors provides a platform that thoroughly vets technology proposals and fosters earlyadoption. It is important to note that market potential and economic feasibility are given equal weight totechnical issues when evaluating proposals. ‘Brilliant’ ideas that ignore economic reality seldom make it throughthe filter of the ‘5 Criteria.’

1.5.1 Summary of steps for the creation of a standard

The process of creating an IEEE 802 networking standard can be summarized in the following sequence of steps:1) The Call For Interest—CFIOutput: A new idea is brought forth to a working group, such as IEEE 802.3. Milestone: Enough support, interest, and resources to pursue the project.Voting: Simple > 50% Majority of the members of the working group. The ‘bar’ is deliberately set at thislow threshold to encourage the exploration of new ideas.2) Study Group Phase—SG Output: A PAR with objectives that satisfy the 5 Criteria.Milestone: A more precise definition of the problem to be solved as well as the scope of work.Voting: ≥75% Majority of the members of the working group. The ‘bar’ is raised at this point to ensurethat only ‘good’ ideas proceed to standardization.3) Task Force formation and baseline proposals—TF(B) Output: Baseline presentation ‘slideware’ for the technology.Milestone: Selection the technology or technologies to address the project objectives.Voting: ≥75% Majority of the task force and working group members. The work is evaluated at theconceptual level, without constraining the material to the dry language of a standards document. Thisphase is characterized by rigorous investigation, sometimes rancorous contention, and brutal Darwinianselection.4) Task Force Ballot—TF(D) Output: Draft of Standard approved by the TF, typically draft 1.xx.Milestone: The formalization of the technology proposals into a draft that meets the TF approval. Also,unofficially, a demonstration of the technology is typically conducted at the end of this phase.Voting: ≥75% TF Majority.



5) Working Group Ballot—WGOutput: Draft of the standard approved by the WG, typically draft 2.xx.Milestone: The last major technical changes happen at this phase. Also, issues that may affect previouslypublished standards are addressed here. Unofficially, a demonstration of the technology interoperabilityis typically conducted at the end of this phase.Voting: ≥75% Majority of the working group members. This ballot is conducted very formally, using astrict process for commenting on the document and resolving the comments. 6) IEEE 802 LMSC Sponsor ballotOutput: Draft of the standard balloted by a self-selected group drawn from the IEEE 802 LMSC,typically draft 3.xx.Milestone: Any last technical changes happen at this phase. Unofficially, major vendors may startshipment of pre-standard products here reflecting the stability of the draft.Voting: ≥ 75% approval by the members of the sponsor ballot group. This ballot is conducted by theIEEE-SA staff, ensuring that the IEEE-SA’s rules for balloting and comment resolution are followed inmeticulous detail.7) REVCOM Approval—RVCOutput: Recommendation to the IEEE-SA Standards Board.Milestone: The Standards Review Committee, or RevCom, is a standing committee of the IEEE-SAStandards Board. RevCom reviews with meticulous detail all new, revised, and reaffirmed standardsproduced by the various sponsors within the IEEE-SA to ensure that the IEEE-SA’s policies andprocedures for standards development have been followed. Voting: Simple majority of RevCom members to recommend either approval or disapproval.8) IEEE-SA Standards Board Approval—STBOutput: Final approval of the standard.Milestone: The technical work on the standard has been completed, and the document is now an IEEEstandard. As the IEEE is accredited to develop standards by the American National Standards Institute(ANSI), the document now also enjoys the status of being a U.S. national standard.Voting: Simple majority of the IEEE-SA Standards Board

1.5.2 Flow chart representation

Sometimes, a picture is worth more than a thousand words. If the textual description of the IEEE-SA’s standardsdevelopment process recited above leaves one confused, perhaps the flow chart on pages 9 and 10 will make theprocess easier to comprehend.



The 5 ‘Critters’

IEEE 802 has developed a set of five criteria that establish a rudimentary business case for the development of a newstandard. Many of the members that have been involved with the group over multiple projects have come to refer tothese as the ‘5 Critters.’

We would like to give you a little more insight into these criteria:

1) Broad Market Potential: This criteria attempts to capture or quantify the perceived demand and degreeof support for a technology if it is standardized. Very often, prior standards that have addressed the samemarket space (like previous lower bandwidth solutions) or the aggregate of proprietary technologies thatmay exist are used. For technologies that are on the cusp of innovation with very little or reliable historicdata, such as some areas of EFM, applications are used to infer demand. These are often called drivingapplications that would require a successful standard to succeed. In the case of EFM and the access market,VoIP and Video are good examples, and they are discussed in more detail in the following chapter. This isclearly not a scientific criteria but one where good judgement and careful assumptions are key.

2) Compatibility: One of the more subtle and sometimes overlooked criteria, compatibility is used to ensurearchitectural consistency with previous projects. For example, every new Ethernet standard must maintain compatibility with the existing bridging and management standards.

3) Distinct Identity: Clearly, there is very little use for standardizing or re-standardizing something that has already been done. It may come to our readers as a surprise that, while this may be the case, some still try! The idea is to avoid complete overlap between different standards, thus preventing duplication and confusion in the marketplace. When combined with the Broad Market Potential criterion, this alsoensures that IEEE 802 does not take the ‘shotgun’ approach by creating a myriad of narrowly focusedstandards.

4) Technical Feasibility: Perhaps the most basic criteria, this criteria links the technology’s availability tothe timeline of the project. If the technology is perceived to be unready for prime time, so to speak,or well outside the projected completion date of the project then it could be a show stopper.

5) Economic Feasibility: This criteria attempts to capture whether or not the cost of the technology will becommensurate with its perceived benefits. While the standards committees are prohibited from talkingabout prices or absolute costs for antitrust reasons, discussions of relative costs in comparison towell-established technologies are used to present the group with a baseline as to how expensive thetechnology may be. This criteria is frequently used down the line in the standardization process topick between competing solutions to one or more project objectives.

It is important to note that any technology proposal must satisfy all five of these criteria simultaneously. The 5 Crittersare certainly extensive and thorough in their nature. Consequently, many find the process burdensome in comparison to other standards organizations. In our opinion, the 5 Criteria are one of the principle factors behind the success of IEEE 802 networking standards.



Idea

Study Group?Form 802.3 No

Yes

Study GroupMeetings

PAR

Objectives

Approval?802.3

Approval?802 EC

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

Approval?StB RIP

No

ApprovedPAR

Selected?Proposals

No

Yes

Task ForceMeetings

Objectives

Draft 1

Review Done?Task Force

Draft 1.n

Task ForceReview

No

Yes

WG Ballot?To 802.3

Yes

No

RIP

RIP

RIP

RIP

> 50%

Draft 2A

Yes

Call ForInterest

Approval?NesCom

5 Criteria



802.3WG Ballot

≥ 75%? No

received?Comments

Yes

NoDraft 2.n

Yes

A

Draft 3

to LMSC802.3 forward

Yes

ballot?

No

to LMSC802 EC forward

Yes

ballot?

No

802 LMSCsponsor ballot

A

A

≥ 75%? B

B

A

received?Comments

Draft 3.n

Yes

No

Yes

No

to RevCom802.3 forward

Yes

BNo

to RevCom802 EC forward No

B

Yes

approvalRevCom

Yes

NoB

approvalStB

ApprovedStd!

BNo

RevComreview



1.6 The IEEE 802.3 family—Ethernet

The IEEE 802.3 Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) Working Group, morecommonly referred to as Ethernet, has enjoyed wide success in the networking world. To date it has deliveredextremely successful standards such as 10BASE-T, Fast Ethernet (100BASE-T), Gigabit Ethernet(1000BASE-T), 10 Gigabit Ethernet, link aggregation and many others. While there are many reasons for thesuccess of these and other standards that the Ethernet group has put out, we thought to say a few words from ourperspective.

In conjunction with the voting rules and the 5 Criteria mentioned previously, perhaps the other single mostimportant factor is the diversity of participants that both contribute to the standard and review it. In most Ethernettask forces these participants range from sub-component suppliers to end users with every other entity in the‘food chain’ such as component vendors, system manufacturers, media manufacturers, and deployersrepresented. In the case of EFM, this diverse crowd included the traditional system and box manufacturers thatone might expect but also brought service providers from around the globe to the standardization table. For manyof the participants, the EFM project presented the unique opportunity, and the unique challenge, of requiringthem to think and speak as individual professionals.

1.7 History of IEEE Std 802.3ah

For all of the reasons listed previously, as well as the technological and business pressures of the access market,it should be no surprise that the access portion of the network came to Ethernet’s doorstep in the fall of 2000.Author Frazier organized and led a Call For Interest on the topic of ‘Ethernet in the Last Mile’ at the November,2000 meeting of the IEEE 802 LMSC in Tampa, Florida. The concept of using Ethernet in subscriber accessnetworks proved to be a powerful lure, as reflected by the large number of companies and individuals inattendance. More than three hundred people attended the CFI, and when asked, 87 individuals representing 67different companies expressed interest in participating in the work of a study group on Ethernet in the Last Mile.

Perhaps more impressive than the sheer number of people that turned up was their diverse interest in differenttechnologies. On the one hand, companies and individuals were focused on Ethernet over Digital SubscriberLoop (DSL) (i.e., copper-cabling-based) solutions, while other companies and individuals were focused onEthernet over dedicated fiber optic media, while still others were focused on Ethernet over shared fiber opticmedia.

Yet other interests lay in the management of the subscriber communications link. Economic arguments werepresented showing how inadequate link management would lead to higher Operational Expense (OpEx) costsand ultimately prove to be a barrier to the technology’s success. Even within the optical and copper communities,there were interests in different speeds and different views of the media properties stemming from differingopinions of the optimum market timing to address broadband access while maximizing the breadth of the market.



While many of these arguments about bandwidth andmedia were common to most new projects in Ethernet,two aspects of this endeavor represented uncharted ter-ritory: the geographic diversity and its implications foraccess networks as well as the sheer number of diver-gent technologies suggested. It is vital to understandthat traditional Ethernet, as used in corporate computingenvironments, is nearly identical all over the world. TheEthernet built into a computer made in the United Stateswill work perfectly well in any country in the world,without any need for adapters, patches, or otherkludges. This is another unique aspect of Ethernet, anda testament to its degree of refinement. In contrast, thesubscriber access marketplace is highly fragmented,with multiple flavors of every standard, eachspecifically tailored to the needs of a particulargeopolitical region. For instance, while CATV-basednetworks are a dominant player in the United States,they are rarely found in Europe. Even within the realmof DSL technologies, multiple different and incompati-ble signaling technologies and spectrum allocationsexist to serve exactly the same application, theirdeployment depending on regional regulations.

From the beginning, it was obvious that the task of applying Ethernet technology to subscriber access networkswould present a unique set of challenges for the IEEE 802.3 CSMA/CD working group. While some membersexpressed deep reservations about taking on these challenges, the overwhelming majority of the group concludedthat it was time to explore this new territory.

1.8 EFM as a new addition to the IEEE 802.3 family

We conclude this chapter with an interesting but often overlooked aspect of EFM, and that is its relationship tothe Ethernet family.

As we discuss in the next chapter, the ability to run native Ethernet on the media used for subscriber accessnetworks was a major factor driving the evolution of EFM. Similarly, the ability to combine any one of theexisting Ethernet port types with the EFM port types is just as exciting when building real end-to-end networks.

Moreover, the EFM technologies benefit from the converse application: the ability for non-access networks tomake use of the technologies. For instance, in the course of the effort to specify the 100 Megabit point-to-pointdual fiber solution over single mode fiber (100BASE-LX10), one of the applications suggested was for high-endmedical equipment in hospitals that had deployed single mode fiber, as opposed to the more commonmulti-mode fiber often found in enterprise environments.

EFM vs. ELM

How did Ethernet in the Last Mile morph intoEthernet in the First Mile? During the debate onwhether to form a study group in this area, one ofthe members of the IEEE 802.3 WG, Mr. JonathanThatcher, stated that the term ‘Last Mile,’ whilepopular in the industry, reflected a telephonecompany (i.e., service provider)-centric view ofthe world. In order to increase the appeal of ournew approach, Mr. Thatcher suggested, we shouldput the consumer first, rather than the provider.Thus, he proposed naming the project ‘Ethernet inthe First Mile.’ The populist theme carried the day,necessitating a frantic rush to revise a pre-writtenpress release, and update various presentationmaterials. The naming of things is always a strug-gle for the IEEE 802.3 working group, so the ELMvs. EFM debate continued to rage in e-mailexchanges for the next two years.



Just as with any other flavor of Ethernet, one can buildtransparent, layer 2 bridges (aka switches) with anycombination of ‘old’ and ‘new’ port types. Theseswitches can act as aggregation devices (funneling manyslower speed links into one or more higher speed links),media converters (between for example, copper and fiberoptic media) and intelligent wiring hubs (providingpoints for monitoring and control of the network).

There is nothing to preclude the mixing and matching ofEFM with non-EFM (but Ethernet) port types inapplications, making an Ethernet-based solution for theaccess space more attractive, and hopefully more widelydeployed than the various technologies that had beentried to date.

1.9 Summary of Concepts Covered in this Chapter

In this chapter we gave our readers a historical perspec-tive on the IEEE, the IEEE-SA, and the IEEE 802 LMSC. We covered the process by which an IEEE standardsproject is initiated as well as all the steps that a successful standard goes through along its way to formalapproval. We concluded the chapter by introducing the parent organization of EFM, the IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet)Working Group. We showed how the EFM technologies complement the widespread and successful arsenal ofdeployed Ethernet interfaces.

1.10 Additional References

For more information on the organizations that we mentioned, we refer our readers to their respective websiteslisted below:

IEEE: http://www.ieee.org/

IEEE-SA: http://standards.ieee.org/

Ethernet working group (IEEE 802.3): http://www.ieee802.org/3/

Archived EFM task force Materials: http://www.ieee802.org/3/efm/

More about the naming of things

Parsing the names of the various Ethernet porttypes is simplicity itself. Take 10BASE-T as anexample. This refers to Ethernet running at 10million bits per second, using a basebandsignaling technique, over twisted pair cabling. Inlike fashion, 1000BASE-LX refers to Ethernetrunning at 1000 million bits per second (i.e., onegigabit per second) using a baseband signalingtechnique, over fiber optic cabling using longwavelength lasers. The port types introduced inEFM, as described in later chapters, follow thesame convention of being named in accordancewith the operating speed, signaling method, andtransmission medium. Before reading ahead, try todecipher the nature of a 2BASE-TL port. Extracredit will be given to the readers who can divinethe meaning of 10BROAD36.

Index


IndexNumerics10/100BASE-T 23, 139, 2971000BASE-BX10 47, 48, 50, 62, 100, 104, 121, 127,

128, 139, 141, 142, 143, 144, 153, 155, 182,190, 198, 202, 207, 406

1000BASE-BX10-D 109, 113, 140, 141, 142, 144,206

1000BASE-BX10-U 140, 141, 1441000BASEBX10-U 1131000BASE-CX 162, 163, 1701000BASE-LX 29, 47, 107, 126, 127, 128, 129, 134,

135, 136, 137, 163, 360, 401, 4041000BASE-LX10 47, 52, 57, 62, 70, 75, 78, 80, 100,

108, 127, 128, 129, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138,139, 140, 141, 144, 149, 153, 155, 170, 202,206, 371, 402, 404, 413

1000BASE-PX 232, 2601000BASE-PX10 50, 104, 178, 192, 195, 202, 203,

204, 209, 210, 211, 214, 215, 216, 218, 219,223, 406, 407, 419

1000BASE-PX10-D 62, 195, 196, 197, 198, 200, 406,407

1000BASE-PX10-U 62, 195, 196, 197, 200, 212, 247,406, 407, 416

1000BASE-PX20 50, 104, 178, 180, 192, 208, 209,216, 217, 218, 219, 223, 407, 419

1000BASE-PX20-D 62, 210, 211, 214, 215, 4071000BASE-PX20-U 62, 198, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214,

215, 247, 407, 4161000BASE-SX 104, 127, 162, 163, 3601000BASE-T 166, 298, 303, 360, 409, 4151000BASE-X 31, 56, 88, 159, 162, 167, 169, 170, 173,

175, 188, 209, 226, 228, 229, 230, 236, 240,243, 246, 247, 251, 261, 263, 264, 265, 268,298, 371, 372, 394, 405

1000BASE-X PHY 173, 227, 4081000BASE-ZX 162100BASE-BX0-U 124100BASE-BX10 47, 48, 62, 71, 78, 89, 98, 100, 104,

112, 121, 123, 124, 125, 126, 140, 141, 143,144, 153, 155, 156, 202, 404

100BASE-BX10-D 121, 124, 206100BASE-BX10-U 121100BASE-Cu 31100BASE-FX 67, 69, 70, 91, 103, 115, 125, 126, 156,

160, 350, 360, 371100BASE-FX over SM Fiber 114100BASE-LX 98, 107100BASE-LX10 47, 60, 62, 71, 77, 78, 80, 82, 85, 86,

87, 89, 98, 100, 107, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119,120, 121, 122, 124, 125, 134, 138, 139, 140,143, 144, 146, 149, 152, 153, 155, 156, 159,171, 202, 206, 403, 404

100BASE-T 297, 409100BASE-T4 156100BASE-TX 54, 55, 60, 67, 158, 159, 166, 171, 350,

360, 401100BASE-X 31, 88, 101, 152, 159, 162, 169, 175, 226,

228, 229, 230, 246, 372, 374, 405100BASE-X PHY 57, 113, 117, 160100-Gigabit Ethernet 41610BASE- 40910BASE2 29710BASE5 29710BASE-FP 2810BASE-T 23, 30, 33, 54, 55, 158, 166, 297, 301, 35010GBASE-R 360, 37210GBASE-T 41510GBASE-W 360, 372, 41210GBASE-X 152, 153, 360, 37210-Gigabit Ether net 42810-Gigabit Ethernet 66, 67, 68, 69, 85, 97, 153, 265,

314, 321, 354, 355, 394, 412, 416, 42610PASS-TS 48, 52, 61, 62, 260, 296, 305, 307, 310,

312, 315, 321, 322, 324, 360, 401, 410, 4152BASE-TL 52, 61, 62, 296, 305, 307, 310, 312, 315,

316, 322, 324, 360, 377, 401, 4102BASE-TL-O 462BASE-TL-R 464B/5B NRZI code 117, 1247-layer OSI model 38, 39, 54, 61, 65, 66, 152, 306,

399, 401, 402, 406, 414, 420

AABR 23active mode 386, 387

Index


ADSL 302, 303AGC 256Alliance for Telecommunication Industry Standards

(ATIS) 30American National Standards Institute (ANSI) 31, 399Angled Polished (APC) 73APD 115, 214, 255, 403APON 28, 193, 194, 406, 419, 421, 422, 424, 425, 428,

429, 430, 432Application layer 39Asynchronous transfer mode 21ATIS 298, 409ATM 21, 22, 23, 26, 51, 162, 194, 356, 398, 399, 400,

401, 406, 411, 422, 423, 424, 428, 429, 430,431

ATM-PON 419Automatic Gain Control (AGC) 255Auto-Negotiation 159Avalanche Photo Diode (APD) 104, 407Avalanche Photo-Diode (APD) 102

BBER 30, 69, 80, 87, 90, 91, 93, 112, 117, 118, 119,

124, 133, 207, 214, 260, 400, 404, 408, 425Bi-CMOS 256, 257Bidirectional Optical Sub-Assembly (BOSA) 104Bit Error Ratio (BER) 200, 314, 403Bluetooth 25BOSA 143, 190BPON 193, 194, 406, 419, 421, 422, 424, 425, 428,

429, 430, 432broadband 16broadband Internet access 16broadband subscriber access network 368, 399, 413broadband wire less 399Broadband wireless 24, 26broadband wireless 24, 25

CCable modem 18, 26cable modem 399carrier deferral 355, 356, 357, 360Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detec-

tion (CSMA/CD) 412carrierSense 356, 357

CATV 16, 19, 20C-Band 145CBR 23CDR 191, 251, 252, 256, 258, 259cell phones 24, 25Clock and Data Recovery (CDR) 97, 250CMIP 385, 386CMOS 256, 257coaxial cable 18, 349, 350common management information protocol (CMIP)

385copper 39, 51, 52, 64, 66, 193, 296, 299, 310, 322, 324,

360, 394, 398, 400, 401, 402, 409, 410CPE 147CRC 94, 316, 357, 410CRS 159, 166, 241, 311, 412CSMA/CD 275, 297, 311, 349, 355, 356, 359, 360,

375, 398, 399CSMA/CD protocol 274Customer Premise Equipment (CPE) 180, 254Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) 313, 314cyclic redundancy check (CRC) 94

DData Detector 247, 248Data Link layer 56, 57, 399, 401Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) 365Delay Locked Loop (DLL) 251Demand Priority Access Method (DPAM) 349Deterministic Jitter (DJ) 79Device Under Test (DUT) 81DFB laser 83, 112, 115, 141, 142, 144, 162, 195, 198,

211, 213, 403, 405, 406, 407DFB lasers 78differential mode delay (DMD) 138digital signal processing (DSP) 257Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) 401, 409Digital Subscriber Line Access Mul tiplexers

(DSLAMs) 146Digitally Locked Loop (DLL) 168Discrete Multi Tone (DMT) 410Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT) 299dispersion 80, 206dispersion limit 219dispersion slope 80, 89

Index


Distributed Feedback (DFB) laser 103DMT 31, 302, 303, 304, 321DOCSIS 19, 20, 398DPAM 350DSL 16, 26, 51, 52, 296, 298, 303, 309, 314, 324, 399,

411, 420DSLAM 64DTE 374, 379, 387DUT 85, 91, 129Duty Cycle Distortion (DCD_DJ) 79Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation (DBA) 274, 431

EEEE Std 802.3ah 381, 412EFM 16, 25, 26, 27, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 52, 53, 60, 61,

64, 65, 67, 68, 69, 80, 105, 106, 125, 145,162, 348, 360, 369, 372, 374, 376, 377, 380,383, 390, 394, 398, 401, 402, 404, 405, 407,408, 409, 412, 413, 414, 415, 416, 421, 431

ELED 70EoDS 64EPO 197EPON 28, 39, 49, 51, 59, 60, 67, 71, 72, 80, 81, 82, 83,

87, 88, 90, 94, 105, 106, 121, 141, 152, 153,178, 179, 181, 182, 183, 185, 186, 188, 189,190, 192, 193, 194, 201, 202, 204, 207, 208,209, 217, 220, 221, 222, 223, 226, 227, 228,232, 233, 234, 237, 238, 239, 240, 242, 243,247, 249, 252, 253, 254, 256, 258, 259, 261,268, 269, 272, 274, 275, 276, 277, 284, 292,293, 360, 375, 398, 401, 406, 407, 408, 409,412, 414, 416, 418, 420, 421, 422, 425, 426,427, 430, 431, 432

erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) 162Etherloop 31Ethernet 16Ethernet LAN 351Ethernet link model 74Ethernet MAC 348, 349, 350, 361, 412Ethernet Passive Optical Networks (EPONs) 406Ethernet passive optical networks (EPONs) 272, 356Ethernet PHY 372, 412ETSI 31, 298European Telecommunications Standards Institute

(ETSI) 30

extinction ratio (ER) 84

FFabry-Perot laser 71, 83, 103, 112, 115, 116, 121, 138,

141Fanry-Perot laser 142Far End Fault Indication (FEFI) 371Far-End Fault Indication 159Far-end OAM 369, 400, 413Fast Ethernet 67, 69, 106, 117, 119, 120, 152, 156,

172, 175, 193, 226, 310, 314, 321, 350, 390,394, 401, 405

FDDI 70, 91, 113, 156, 160FEC 51, 185, 188, 202, 208, 209, 210, 216, 219, 221,

227, 228, 231, 232, 240, 243, 248, 250, 261,263, 264, 268, 272, 293, 318, 394, 408, 414

Federal Communications Commission 17fiber attenuation 89fiber optic cable 349, 350, 354, 403fiber optic cabling 18, 70, 72fiber optic PMD 129, 178Fiber To The Home (FTTH) access network 114Fiber-To-The-Business (FTTB) 100Fiber-To-The-Curb (FTTC) 100Fiber-To-The-Home (FTTH) 100Fibre Channel 261Fibre Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) 365FIFO 248First In First Out (FIFO) 247flow control 352, 354, 355, 356, 412Forward Error Correction (FEC) 178, 207, 226, 269,

407, 408Forward error correction (FEC) 260FP laser 143, 144, 211, 212, 213, 403, 404, 406, 407Frame Check Sequence (FCS) 313frame check sequence (FCS) 166FrameCheckSequenceErrors 366Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) 299Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) 299, 411FSAN 259FTTC 146

GGATE MPCPDU 285GEM 429, 430, 431

Index


Generic Encapsulation Method (GEM) 428Generic Framing Protocol (GFP) 428GE-PON 39, 420GFP 420Gigabit Ether net 258Gigabit Ethernet 29, 30, 31, 56, 67, 87, 94, 101, 103,

113, 117, 127, 138, 152, 162, 163, 172, 173,175, 178, 188, 189, 193, 195, 200, 214, 226,227, 228, 243, 250, 253, 254, 256, 259, 261,263, 269, 301, 314, 321, 354, 357, 377, 394,401, 403, 404, 405, 408, 415, 419, 426, 427,428

Gigabit Interface Converter (GBIC) 162GigE 231GPON 194, 259, 375, 406, 419, 420, 422, 424, 425,

426, 427, 429, 430, 431, 432GTC 430

HHDLC 315, 374High level Data Link Control (HDLC) 296, 314High-speed Digital Subscriber Line (HDSL) 301hot swap 101

IIEEE 802 LMSC 19, 25IEEE 802.1 Working Group 275, 415IEEE 802.11b 25IEEE 802.14 19IEEE 802.15 25IEEE 802.16 25IEEE 802.3 31, 35IEEE 802.3 Work ing Group 275, 315IEEE 802.3 Working Group 25, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33,

34, 36, 38, 66, 91, 119, 120, 127, 146, 153,199, 296, 298, 303, 311, 314, 318, 321, 349,350, 352, 354, 356, 360, 367, 385, 390, 399,400, 401, 403, 409, 411, 413, 414, 416, 426

IEEE 802.3ah 27IEEE 802.3ah EFM Task Force 60IEEE 802.3ah EFM task force 16, 33, 36IEEE Std 802 402IEEE Std 802.1 194IEEE Std 802.12 350IEEE Std 802.1ae 194

IEEE Std 802.1af 194IEEE Std 802.1D 188, 293IEEE Std 802.1Q 285IEEE Std 802.3 30, 38, 56, 61, 68, 90, 93, 94, 109, 127,

155, 156, 163, 164, 182, 194, 251, 272, 275,278, 305, 348, 350, 354, 364, 365, 367, 368,374, 399, 412, 414

IEEE Std 802.3a 359IEEE Std 802.3ab 303, 409IEEE Std 802.3ad 34, 312, 377, 414IEEE Std 802.3ae 48, 66, 85, 97, 126, 265, 321, 394,

416IEEE Std 802.3af 415IEEE Std 802.3ah 35, 48, 49, 52, 54, 56, 61, 65, 70, 71,

72, 73, 82, 84, 85, 88, 89, 93, 94, 97, 101,112, 113, 115, 117, 123, 127, 129, 140, 141,142, 147, 152, 155, 179, 181, 185, 190, 191,193, 195, 197, 198, 202, 204, 210, 212, 213,214, 216, 221, 222, 228, 235, 242, 245, 248,249, 250, 251, 253, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264,265, 266, 267, 268, 272, 273, 275, 276, 278,279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 286, 287, 288,289, 290, 291, 292, 296, 300, 306, 307, 308,309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 316, 317, 318, 319,320, 322, 348, 356, 358, 360, 361, 364, 371,372, 374, 375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 380, 382,383, 384, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389, 394, 398,405, 406, 408, 409, 410, 411, 414, 426

IEEE Std 802.3ah-2004 38IEEE Std 802.3d 297IEEE Std 802.3h 365IEEE Std 802.3i 297, 409IEEE Std 802.3k 365IEEE Std 802.3p 365IEEE Std 802.3u 48, 69, 113, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160,

164, 306, 321, 349, 350, 390, 394, 405, 409IEEE Std 802.3x 56, 311, 354IEEE Std 802.3z 48, 51, 85, 97, 113, 126, 127, 134,

135, 137, 162, 164, 165, 168, 169, 172, 173,244, 251, 256, 263, 405

IEEE Std 802.3z™-1998 29IETF 413in-band communication 367Inter Packet Gap (IPG) 248International Telecommunica tions Union (ITU-T) 30

Index


Internet Engineering Task Force 35Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) 367internet pro tocol 22inter-packet gap (IPG) 355, 409Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI) 88IP over Ethernet 421, 423IP over Ethernet, 420IPG 265, 354, 355IPG stretching 357, 412ISDN 17, 18, 19, 20, 26, 298, 303, 399, 411ITU-T 31, 253, 298, 318, 409, 418, 419, 420, 421, 422,

428, 432

JJapanese TTC 1000 125, 144Japanese TTC T1000 404, 405jitter 88, 97, 98, 191, 258, 403, 415

LLACP 377LAN 350, 364, 365, 366, 375, 412lateCollisionErrorStatus 356, 357Least Significant Bit (LSB) 319least significant bit (LSB) 234light emitting diode 70Light Emitting Diode (LED) 156Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) 103LLID 234, 235, 237, 238, 239, 240, 256, 276, 288,

289, 290, 292, 293LLID (Logical Link ID) 269LMSC 398, 399local area network 19local loop 32Logical Link Control (LLC) 155Logical Link ID 59, 226, 233Logical Link Identification (LLID) 275Logical Link Identifier (LLID) 408LSB 235, 320

MMA_CONTROL.request 280MA_DATA.indication 280MA_DATA.request 280MAC 30, 31, 34, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 66, 67, 93, 94, 126,

154, 155, 156, 162, 163, 164, 167, 171, 173,

186, 188, 226, 231, 232, 233, 234, 237, 238,241, 243, 265, 268, 272, 274, 275, 276, 278,279, 280, 284, 285, 288, 292, 293, 306, 307,310, 312, 324, 348, 350, 352, 354, 355, 356,357, 358, 360, 365, 367, 374, 375, 376, 382,388, 390, 405, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412, 416

MAC Client 374, 412MAC Control 352, 353, 354, 356, 377, 390, 402, 405,

414MAC, 389manageable devices (MMDs) 394Management Information Base (MIB) 321, 367MAU 393max launch power 134MDI 54, 59, 72, 109, 189, 240MDU 238mean time between failures (MTBF) 106Media Independent Interface (MII) 306, 321, 350Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) 354MIB 369, 370, 372, 376, 380, 385, 413MII 54, 126, 153, 156, 157, 158, 159, 162, 164, 166,

167, 171, 240, 307, 311, 312, 405, 412min launch power 134MMF 47, 69, 72Mode Partition Noise (MPN) 207, 407mode partition noise (MPN) 260Most Significant Bit (MSB) 319most significant bit (MSB) 234MPCP 50, 187, 251, 275, 278, 280, 281, 283, 284MPCP managed object class 391MPCPDU 281, 282, 283, 284, 291, 409MPMC 59, 60, 185MPN 210, 212MSA 66, 255MSB 235MSO 24MTBF 181Multi Carrier Modulation (MCM) 410Multi-Dwelling Unit 127Multi-Dwelling Unit (MDU) 105multi-mode fiber 70multi-mode fiber (MMF 127multi-mode fiber (MMF) 129Multiple Carrier Modu lation 299Multipoint Control Protocol (MPCP) 178, 272

Index


Multipoint control protocol (MPCP) 409multipoint control protocol (MPCP) 272Multi-Service Offerers 20Multi-Source Agreements (MSAs) 101

NNetwork Interface Cards (NICs) 106network operation center (NOC) 366NIC 139, 158nominal wavelength 89Non-Return-to-Zero (NRZ) 160

OOAM 34, 35, 38, 39, 52, 57, 61, 126, 153, 154, 155,

185, 193, 226, 227, 231, 234, 307, 308, 371,372, 374, 375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381,382, 383, 384, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 394,401, 402, 404, 405, 409, 413, 414, 430

OAM discovery process 387, 414OAM managed object class 391OAM Protocol Data Units (OAMPDUs) 375OAMPDU 52, 53, 126, 155, 227, 377, 378, 379, 380,

381, 382, 383, 384, 385, 387, 388, 389, 394,413, 414

ODN 191OEM 106, 139OLT 50, 51, 59, 60, 81, 84, 105, 108, 152, 153, 184,

187, 188, 190, 191, 193, 195, 197, 198, 199,201, 202, 204, 209, 210, 211, 212, 214, 215,216, 220, 221, 226, 228, 230, 231, 233, 234,237, 238, 239, 240, 243, 249, 251, 252, 253,254, 255, 256, 257, 259, 260, 268, 269, 272,274, 275, 276, 278, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285,288, 291, 292, 293, 407, 408, 425, 426, 431

OLTs 223OMA 84, 85, 93, 118, 134OMPEmulation 390, 392ONU 50, 51, 59, 81, 83, 84, 88, 105, 108, 127, 147,

180, 184, 187, 188, 190, 193, 195, 197, 198,199, 201, 202, 204, 209, 210, 211, 212, 214,215, 216, 217, 220, 221, 223, 227, 228, 230,231, 233, 237, 238, 239, 243, 247, 248, 249,250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 259, 260,268, 269, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278,281, 283, 284, 285, 288, 289, 291, 292, 293,

407, 408, 413, 419, 421, 425, 426, 431Operation, Administration and Maintenance (OAM)

364Operations Administration and Management (OAM)

152Operations, Administration and Maintenance (OAM)

321OpEx 52Optical Distribution Network (ODN) 191Optical Line Terminals (OLTs) 179Optical Networking Units (ONUs) 179optical PMD 65, 68, 88, 93, 178, 246Optical Return Loss (ORL) 191Optical Return Loss Tolerance (ORLT) 85Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI) 383

PP2MP 38, 39, 48, 49, 50, 51, 57, 58, 59, 60, 67, 105,

108, 145, 146, 178, 181, 185, 188, 189, 191,192, 193, 202, 203, 206, 207, 216, 217, 223,227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 240, 243, 245,250, 269, 401, 418

P2P 38, 39, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 57, 58, 59, 82, 100, 102,104, 106, 108, 112, 126, 127, 129, 145, 150,152, 153, 154, 155, 159, 162, 167, 170, 178,180, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 188, 189, 190,193, 197, 202, 206, 207, 208, 209, 223, 227,228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 240, 247,250, 251, 253, 254, 255, 256, 258, 360, 375,401, 406, 419, 426, 427

P2PE 59, 226, 234, 238PAF 313, 393PARSE TIMESTAM 284passive mode 386, 387Passive Optical Networks (PONs) 178PCB 430PCS 51, 54, 56, 57, 127, 152, 153, 156, 159, 160, 162,

163, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 173, 240, 243,247, 248, 250, 261, 264, 307, 310, 312, 315,405

PDU 377, 409PH 55Phase Locked Loop (PLL) 168, 251Phase Locked Loops (PLL) 256PHY 29, 30, 32, 34, 47, 48, 51, 54, 57, 59, 60, 61, 64,

Index


65, 66, 67, 68, 97, 101, 126, 156, 158, 162,163, 166, 175, 226, 227, 229, 230, 232, 233,238, 240, 241, 248, 250, 260, 265, 268, 269,272, 293, 296, 302, 304, 306, 307, 309, 310,318, 321, 322, 324, 350, 360, 371, 374, 379,382, 390, 394, 400, 413, 416

phys ical layer 360Physi cal Medium Attachment (PMA) 306Physical Coding Sublayer (PCS) 158, 306, 410Physical Contact (PC) 73Physical Control Block (PCB) 429Physical layer 39, 57, 152, 164, 321, 398, 399, 401,

404, 408, 409, 412, 414physical layer 356, 357, 367, 394, 420Physical layer (PHY) 405Physical Medium Attachment (PMA) 410physical medium attachment (PMA) 152Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) 306, 371, 403,

410Physical Medium Entity (PME) 306, 310Physical medium entity (PME) 390PICS 68, 69PIN 115, 117, 124, 200, 214, 255, 403, 404P-Intrinsic-N (PIN) 104Plain Old Telephone Service 422plain old telephone service 18Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS) 259, 301plain old telephone service (POTS) 18, 30PLL 258PLS 164, 232PMA 51, 54, 56, 57, 59, 67, 127, 138, 153, 156, 159,

160, 162, 163, 166, 167, 168, 170, 171, 173,187, 188, 226, 228, 231, 240, 243, 247, 248,249, 250, 257, 258, 259, 261, 264, 309, 318,322, 405, 408

PMD 54, 56, 59, 64, 67, 69, 77, 81, 87, 88, 91, 97, 98,103, 107, 108, 112, 113, 117, 119, 121, 124,125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 134, 135, 136, 138,139, 145, 152, 156, 159, 162, 163, 170, 171,173, 179, 182, 183, 184, 186, 192, 197, 201,206, 208, 209, 210, 212, 213, 220, 222, 226,227, 230, 240, 248, 249, 250, 256, 259, 293,309, 322, 371, 405, 406, 416, 425, 426

PMD_SIGNAL.indicate 247PMD_SIGNAL.request 246, 247, 248

PMD_UNITDATA.indicate 247PMD_UNITDATA.request 246PME 311, 313, 393PME Aggregation Function 307, 360PME aggregation function 390PME aggregation function (PAF) 312Point-to-Multipoint (P2MP) 178point-to-point (P2P) 178Point-to-Point Emulation (P2PE) 269point-to-point emulation (P2PE) 226, 227point-to-point optical fiber links 29PON 28, 39, 51, 108, 179, 180, 181, 183, 184, 185,

193, 194, 209, 227, 252, 273, 275, 293, 356,375, 406, 415, 418, 420, 421, 422, 426, 427,431, 432

Post, Telephone, and Telegraph companies (PTTs)298

POT 415, 421Protocol Data Unit 423Protocol Data Units (PDUs) 372

QQAM 31, 303QoS 21, 22, 239, 240, 400, 421Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) 299Quality of service 21Quality of Service (QoS) 21

RReceive Optical Sub-Assembly (ROSA) 103, 104receiveDataValid 357receiver power 87receiver sensitivity parameter 87Recon ciliation Sublayer (RS) 408Reconciliation sublayer (RS) 153, 164, 233, 306Reed-Solomon code 409Reed-Solomon coding 261Reed-Solomon decoder 315Reed-Solomon encoding 318reflectance 87Regional Bell Operating Companies (RBOCs) 298REGISTER MPCPDU 288, 289REGISTER_ACK MPCPDU 289, 290REGISTER_REQ MPCPDU 288Remote Failure Indication 371

Index


Remote Fault (RF) 371Remote Fault Indication 405Remote loopback 373, 374remote loopback 381, 382, 383, 389Remote Terminal (RT) 106, 107, 146repeater 365REPORT MPCPDU 285, 287RMS 78ROSA 109, 138, 139, 144, 188round trip delay (RTT) 268round trip time (RTT) 281, 409RS 54, 60, 153, 156, 162, 163, 164, 173, 232, 237, 238,

261, 264, 268, 275, 405RTT 269, 282, 283, 284, 285, 288

SSatellite 24, 26satellite 399Segmentation and Reassembly (SAR) 423SerDes 82, 171, 172, 188, 240, 243, 250, 256, 257,

258, 259, 269serializer/deserializer (SerDes) 81SFD 235, 236, 352SFF 255SHDSL 303Side Mode Suppression Ratio (SMSR) 103signal to noise ratio (SNR) 109, 207Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) 80Simple Net work Manage ment Protocol (SNMP) 367Single Carrier Modulation 299single copy broadcast (SCB) 293single mode fiber 70single mode fiber (SMF) 107, 126, 129, 162single-pair high-speed DSL (SHDSL) 410single-wavelength coupler 111SLED 70Small Form Factor (SFF) 66, 101, 254SMF 70, 71, 115, 127, 134, 137, 141, 212SNMP 35, 369, 370, 413SNR 91SONET 115, 119, 162, 195, 258, 355, 404, 412, 428,

431specification and the management protocol (SNMP)

413Start Frame Delimiter (SFD) 234

Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL) 301Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC) 315Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) 354

TT_off 198, 210T_on 198, 210TBI 167, 171, 172, 240, 243, 244, 249, 269TC 55, 56, 57, 307, 309, 313, 314, 318, 320TCP/IP 35, 367TC-PAM 304TDM 418, 421TDMA 50, 238, 278, 414TDM-PON 418TDP 118, 119, 129, 198, 210, 211Ten Bit Interface (TBI) 166, 171Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) 184Time Domain Multiple Access (TDMA) 275TLV 384, 385Toff 190, 246, 252, 253, 255Ton 190, 246, 252, 253, 255, 259TOSA 109, 138, 139, 144, 188, 255Trans mission Dispersion Penalty (TDP) 126Trans-Impedance Amplifier (TIA) 103, 255Transmis sion Convergence (TC) 429Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 314Transmission Convergence (TC) 306, 410Transmit Dispersion Penalty 85transmit mask 85Transmit Optical Sub-Assemblies (TOSAs) 78Transmit Optical Sub-Assembly (TOSA) 103Transmitter and Dispersion Penalty (TDP) 404Trellis coded pulse amplitude modulation scheme

(TC-PAM) 411Trellis-coded Pulse Amplitude Modu lation (TC-

PAM) 303twisted pair cable 349twisted pair copper 350twisted pair copper cabling 30TX_ENABLE 247, 248Tx_Enable 246Type/Length/Value (TLV) 378

UUBR 23

Index


unidirectional transmission 371upstream power back-off (UPBO) 411

VVBR 23VCSEL 115, 195, 212VDSL 31, 298, 300, 304, 321Vertical Cavity Surfacing Emitting Lasers (VCSELs)

103Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL) 104Vertical Eye Closure Penalty (VECP) 88Very High Bit Rate DSL (VDSL) 409Virtual LANs (VLANs) 240VLAN 240Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) 302Voice over IP 195, 209, 421, 422VoIP 259, 415

WWave Division Multiplexed Passive Optical Network

(WDM PON) 419Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) 405wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) 145WDM 179, 406, 418WMAN 25WPAN 25WPANs 25

XXON/XOFF 352

Zzero dispersion wavelength 89

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Ethernet in the First Mile